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Dabizzi S, Maggi M, Torcia MG. Update on known and emergent viruses affecting human male genital tract and fertility. Basic Clin Androl 2024; 34:6. [PMID: 38486154 PMCID: PMC10941432 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-024-00222-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/28/2024] [Indexed: 03/17/2024] Open
Abstract
Many viruses infect the male genital tract with harmful consequences at individual and population levels. In fact, viral infections may induce damage to different organs of the male genital tract (MGT), therefore compromising male fertility. The oxidative stress, induced during viral-mediated local and systemic inflammation, is responsible for testicular damage, compromising germinal and endocrine cell functions. A reduction in sperm count, motility, number of normal sperm and an increase in DNA fragmentation are all common findings in the course of viral infections that, however, generally regress after infection clearance. In some cases, however, viral shedding persists for a long time leading to unexpected sexual transmission, even after the disappearance of the viral load from the blood.The recent outbreak of Zika and Ebola Virus evidenced how the MGT could represent a reservoir of dangerous emergent viruses and how new modalities of surveillance of survivors are strongly needed to limit viral transmission among the general population.Here we reviewed the evidence concerning the presence of relevant viruses, including emergent and re-emergent, on the male genital tract, their route of entry, their adverse effects on male fertility and the pattern of viral shedding in the semen.We also described laboratory strategies to reduce the risk of horizontal or vertical cross-infection in serodiscordant couples undergoing assisted reproductive technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Dabizzi
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Center for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy.
| | - Mario Maggi
- Endocrinology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy.
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Biomedical Sciences "Mario Serio", University of Florence, Viale G. Pieraccini 6, Florence, Italy.
| | - Maria Gabriella Torcia
- Andrology, Women's Endocrinology and Gender Incongruence Unit, Center for the Prevention, Diagnosis and Treatment of Infertility, Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria Careggi Hospital, Florence, Italy
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
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Ketchem JM, Bowman EJ, Isales CM. Male sex hormones, aging, and inflammation. Biogerontology 2023; 24:1-25. [PMID: 36596999 PMCID: PMC9810526 DOI: 10.1007/s10522-022-10002-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Adequate levels of androgens (eugonadism), and specifically testosterone, are vital compounds for male quality of life, longevity, and positive health outcomes. Testosterone exerts its effects by binding to the androgen receptor, which is expressed in numerous tissues throughout the body. Significant research has been conducted on the impact of this steroid hormone on skeletal, muscle and adipose tissues and on the cardiovascular, immune, and nervous systems. Testosterone levels have also been studied in relation to the impact of diseases, aging, nutrition and the environment on its circulating levels. Conversely, the impact of testosterone on health has also been evaluated with respect to its cardiac and vascular protective effects, body composition, autoimmunity and all-cause mortality. The male aging process results in decreasing testosterone levels over time. The exact mechanisms and impact of these changes in testosterone levels with age on health- and life-span are still not completely clear. Further research is needed to determine the optimal testosterone and androgen levels to protect from chronic age-related conditions such as frailty and osteoporosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin M. Ketchem
- grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
| | | | - Carlos M. Isales
- grid.410427.40000 0001 2284 9329Departments of Medicine, Neuroscience and Regenerative Medicine, Augusta University, Augusta, GA 30912 USA
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de Albuquerque BHDR, de Oliveira MTFC, Aderaldo JF, de Medeiros Garcia Torres M, Lanza DCF. Human seminal virome: a panel based on recent literature. Basic Clin Androl 2022; 32:16. [PMID: 36064315 PMCID: PMC9444275 DOI: 10.1186/s12610-022-00165-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2022] [Accepted: 06/16/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The seminal virome and its implications for fertility remain poorly understood. To date, there are no defined panels for the detection of viruses of clinical interest in seminal samples. Results In this study, we characterized the human seminal virome based on more than 1,000 studies published over the last five years. Conclusions The number of studies investigating viruses that occur in human semen has increased, and to date, these studies have been mostly prospective or related to specific clinical findings. Through the joint analysis of all these studies, we have listed the viruses related to the worsening of seminal parameters and propose a new panel with the main viruses already described that possibly affect male fertility and health. This panel can assist in evaluating semen quality and serve as a tool for investigation in cases of infertility.
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Tale of Viruses in Male Infertility. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1358:275-323. [PMID: 35641875 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89340-8_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Male infertility is a condition where the males either become sterile or critically infertile. The World Health Organisation assessed that approximately 9% of the couple have fertility issues where the contribution of the male partner was estimated to be 50%. There are several factors that can amalgamate to give rise to male infertility. Among them are lifestyle factors, genetic factors and as well as several environmental factors. The causes of male infertility may be acquired, congenital or sometimes idiopathic. All these factors adversely affect the spermatogenesis process as well as they impart serious threats to male genital organs thus resulting in infertility. Viruses are submicroscopic pathogenic agents that rely on host for their replication and survival. They enter the host cell, hijack the host cell machinery to aid their own replication and exit the cell for a new round of infection. With the growing abundance of different types of viruses and the havoc they have stirred in the form of pandemics, it is very essential to decipher their route of entry inside the human body and understand their diverse functional roles in order to combat them. In this chapter, we will review how viruses invade the male genital system thus in turn leading to detrimental consequence on male fertility. We will discuss the tropism of various viruses in the male genital organs and explore their sexual transmissibility. This chapter will summarise the functional and mechanistic approaches employed by the viruses in inducing oxidative stress inside spermatozoa thus leading to male infertility. Moreover, we will also highlight the various antiviral therapies that have been studied so far in order to ameliorate viral infection in order to combat the harmful consequences leading to male infertility.
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Jiang Q, Linn T, Drlica K, Shi L. Diabetes as a potential compounding factor in COVID-19-mediated male subfertility. Cell Biosci 2022; 12:35. [PMID: 35307018 PMCID: PMC8934536 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-022-00766-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2022] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent work indicates that male fertility is compromised by SARS-CoV-2 infection. Direct effects derive from the presence of viral entry receptors (ACE2 and/or CD147) on the surface of testicular cells, such as spermatocytes, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells. Indirect effects on testis and concentrations of male reproductive hormones derive from (1) virus-stimulated inflammation; (2) viral-induced diabetes, and (3) an interaction between diabetes and inflammation that exacerbates the deleterious effect of each perturbation. Reproductive hormones affected include testosterone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone. Reduction of male fertility is also observed with other viral infections, but the global pandemic of COVID-19 makes demographic and public health implications of reduced male fertility of major concern, especially if it occurs in the absence of serious symptoms that would otherwise encourage vaccination. Clinical documentation of COVID-19-associated male subfertility is now warranted to obtain quantitative relationships between infection severity and subfertility; mechanistic studies using animal models may reveal ways to mitigate the problem. In the meantime, the possibility of subfertility due to COVID-19 should enter considerations of vaccine hesitancy by reproductive-age males.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingkui Jiang
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Thomas Linn
- grid.8664.c0000 0001 2165 8627Clinical Research Unit, Centre of Internal Medicine, Justus-Liebig-University (JLU), Giessen, Germany
| | - Karl Drlica
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Public Health Research Institute and Department of Microbiology, Biochemistry, and Molecular Genetics, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA
| | - Lanbo Shi
- grid.430387.b0000 0004 1936 8796Public Health Research Institute, New Jersey Medical School, Rutgers Biomedical and Health Sciences, Rutgers The State University of New Jersey, Newark, NJ USA
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Akhigbe RE, Dutta S, Hamed MA, Ajayi AF, Sengupta P, Ahmad G. Viral Infections and Male Infertility: A Comprehensive Review of the Role of Oxidative Stress. FRONTIERS IN REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH 2022; 4:782915. [PMID: 36303638 PMCID: PMC9580820 DOI: 10.3389/frph.2022.782915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have been a part of human existence to date, though viruses have posed a huge threat with various outbreaks lately. These threats are associated with reproductive health challenges, especially male infertility. The prime focus of this review is to highlight the mechanisms associated with viral infection-induced male infertility/subfertility and identify new treatment strategies with the aim to preserve male fertility. The reviewed data showed that viral infections stimulate inflammatory responses, resulting in the release of proinflammatory cytokines, which induces oxidative stress. This oxido-inflammatory cycle could continue in a vicious cycle and threaten male fertility. Existing data from human and experimental studies show that viral infection-induced oxido-inflammatory response results in testicular damage, atrophy of the seminiferous tubules and Sertoli cells, and reduced Leydig cell mass. This is accompanied by reduced circulatory testosterone, impaired spermatogenesis, reduced sperm motility, lipid peroxidation, DNA fragmentation and apoptosis of the sperm cells. Based on the available pieces of evidence, antioxidant therapy, in vivo and in vitro, may be beneficial and protects against the potential risk of male infertility from viral infection. It is, however recommended that more clinical studies be conducted to demonstrate the possible protective roles of antioxidants used as adjuvant therapy in viral infections, and in the in vitro treatment of semen samples for those utilizing semen washing and artificial reproductive techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roland E. Akhigbe
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Sulagna Dutta
- Department of Oral Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Faculty of Dentistry, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
| | - Moses A. Hamed
- Reproductive Biology and Toxicology Research Laboratories, Oasis of Grace Hospital, Osogbo, Nigeria
- Brainwill Laboratories, Osogbo, Nigeria
| | - Ayodeji F. Ajayi
- Department of Physiology, Ladoke Akintola University of Technology, Ogbomoso, Nigeria
| | - Pallav Sengupta
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Biosciences and Nursing, MAHSA University, Jenjarom, Malaysia
- *Correspondence: Pallav Sengupta
| | - Gulfam Ahmad
- Redox Biology Group, Discipline of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine and Health, Charles Perkins Centre, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
- Gulfam Ahmad
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Hypogonadism: a neglected comorbidity in young and middle-aged HIV-positive men on effective cART. AIDS 2022; 36:1061-1071. [PMID: 35113044 DOI: 10.1097/qad.0000000000003176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Male hypogonadism (MH) is poorly characterized in young-to-middle-aged people living with HIV (PLHIV). We used a reliable free testosterone (FT) assay to assess the prevalence and predictive factors for MH in PLHIV on effective combined antiretroviral therapy (cART). DESIGN A French cross-sectional study from January 2013 to June 2016. METHODS We included HIV-1-infected men aged between 18 and 50 years with HIV loads ≤50 RNA copies/mL, on effective cART for ≥6 months. Hypogonadism was defined, according to guidelines, as a mean calculated serum FT concentration <70 pg/mL (Vermeulen equation). Sociodemographic, anthropometric, bone-densitometry, hormonal, immunovirological, metabolic and therapeutic parameters were collected. The IIEF-5, HAM-D and AMS scales respectively assessed erectile function, depression and quality of life. RESULTS Overall, 240 patients were enrolled, 231 were analyzed. Low FT concentrations (<70 pg/mL) were recorded in 20 patients (8.7%), and were exclusively of secondary origin. In multivariable analysis, the risk factors predictive of MH were: age >43 years (aOR 3.17, 95%CI 1.02-9.86;p = 0.04), total fat percentage >19% (aOR 3.5, 95%CI 1.18-10.37;p = 0.02), and treatment including Efavirenz (aOR 3.77, 95%CI 1.29-10.98;p = 0.02). A nadir CD4 T-cell count >200/mm3 (aOR 0.22, 95%CI 0.07-0.65;p < 0.01) were protective. CONCLUSIONS MH remains common in young-to-middle-aged PLHIV with stably suppressed viral replication. Treatment including Efavirenz, being over 43 years old and having a total body fat percentage greater than 19% could be used as criteria for identifying PLHIV at risk. Early screening for MH might improve care by identifying patients requiring testosterone replacement.
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Sarkar D, Dutta S, Roychoudhury S, Poduval P, Jha NK, Dhal PK, Roychoudhury S, Kesari KK. Pathogenesis of Viral Infections and Male Reproductive Health: An Evidence-Based Study. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1358:325-343. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-89340-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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9
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Testosterone, HIV, and cardiovascular disease risk. Cardiovasc Endocrinol Metab 2021; 10:72-79. [PMID: 34124602 PMCID: PMC8189608 DOI: 10.1097/xce.0000000000000236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
There has been a recent increase in the use of testosterone supplementation among young adults in the United States, despite the controversy of testosterone replacement therapy (TRT) and cardiovascular safety. The lower testosterone levels and earlier age of TRT use in persons living with HIV (PLHIV) is of particular relevance for this population because cardiovascular disease (CVD) comorbidities are known to be increased among PLHIV. There is very limited data on TRT in PLHIV, as such, in this article, we sought to compile current evidence regarding the diagnosis and management of testosterone deficiency and its link to CVD risk including among PLHIV.
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10
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Teixeira TA, Oliveira YC, Bernardes FS, Kallas EG, Duarte-Neto AN, Esteves SC, Drevet JR, Hallak J. Viral infections and implications for male reproductive health. Asian J Androl 2021; 23:335-347. [PMID: 33473014 PMCID: PMC8269834 DOI: 10.4103/aja.aja_82_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral infections have haunted humankind since times immemorial. Overpopulation, globalization, and extensive deforestation have created an ideal environment for a viral spread with unknown and multiple shedding routes. Many viruses can infect the male reproductive tract, with potential adverse consequences to male reproductive health, including infertility and cancer. Moreover, some genital tract viral infections can be sexually transmitted, potentially impacting the resulting offspring's health. We have summarized the evidence concerning the presence and adverse effects of the relevant viruses on the reproductive tract (mumps virus, human immunodeficiency virus, herpes virus, human papillomavirus, hepatitis B and C viruses, Ebola virus, Zika virus, influenza virus, and coronaviruses), their routes of infection, target organs and cells, prevalence and pattern of virus shedding in semen, as well as diagnosis/testing and treatment strategies. The pathophysiological understanding in the male genital tract is essential to assess its clinical impact on male reproductive health and guide future research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thiago A Teixeira
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo 04534-011, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Amapa, Macapa 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - Yasmin C Oliveira
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo 04534-011, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, School of Medicine, Federal University of Amapa, Macapa 68903-419, AP, Brazil
| | - Felipe S Bernardes
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo 04534-011, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, SP, Brazil
| | - Esper G Kallas
- Department of Infectious and Parasitic Diseases, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Amaro N Duarte-Neto
- BIAS - Brazilian Image Autopsy Study Group, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
| | - Sandro C Esteves
- ANDROFERT, Andrology and Human Reproduction Clinic, Campinas 13075-460, SP, Brazil.,Department of Surgery (Division of Urology), University of Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas 13083-968, SP, Brazil.,Department of Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Health, Aarhus University, Aarhus 8000, Denmark
| | - Joël R Drevet
- GReD Institute, CNRS-INSERM-Université Clermont Auvergne, Faculty of Medicine, Clermont-Ferrand 63000, France
| | - Jorge Hallak
- Androscience, Science and Innovation Center in Andrology and High-Complex Clinical and Research Andrology Laboratory, São Paulo 04534-011, SP, Brazil.,Division of Urology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil.,Men's Health Study Group, Institute for Advanced Studies, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05508-060, SP, Brazil.,Reproductive Toxicology Unit, Department of Pathology, University of São Paulo, São Paulo 05403-000, SP, Brazil
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11
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Abstract
Mammalian spermatogenesis is a carefully orchestrated male germ cell differentiation process by which spermatogonia differentiate to spermatozoa in the testis. A highly organized testicular microenvironment is therefore necessary to support spermatogenesis. Regarding immunologic aspects, the testis adapts a specialized immune environment for the protection of male germ cells and testicular functions. The mammalian testis possesses two immunologic features: (1) it is an immunoprivileged organ where immunogenic germ cells do not induce deleterious immune responses under physiologic conditions; and (2) it creates its own effective innate defense system against microbial infection. Various pathologic conditions may disrupt testicular immune homeostasis, thereby resulting in a detrimental immune response and perturbing testicular functions, one of the etiologic factors of male infertility. Understanding the mechanisms underlying immunoregulation in the testis can aid in establishing strategies for the prevention and therapy of immunologic testicular dysfunction and male infertility. This chapter focuses on the mechanisms underlying immune privilege, local innate immunity, and immunologic diseases of the testis.
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Papadopoulos V, Li L, Samplaski M. Why does COVID-19 kill more elderly men than women? Is there a role for testosterone? Andrology 2020; 9:65-72. [PMID: 32681716 PMCID: PMC7404939 DOI: 10.1111/andr.12868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/13/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Recent epidemiological data indicate that there may be a gender predisposition to COVID‐19, with men predisposed to being most severely affected, and older men accounting for most deaths. Objectives Provide a review of the research literature, propose hypotheses, and therapies based on the potential link between testosterone (T) and COVID‐19 induced mortality in elderly men. Materials and Methods A search of publications in academic electronic databases, and government and public health organization web sites on T, aging, inflammation, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) due to coronavirus (CoV) 2 (SARS‐CoV‐2) infection, and COVID‐19 disease state and outcomes was performed. Results The link between T, the immune system, and male aging is well‐established, as is the progressive decline in T levels with aging. In women, T levels drop before menopause and variably increase with advanced age. Elevated IL‐6 is a characteristic biomarker of patients infected with COVID‐19 and has been linked to the development of the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). Thus far, half of the admitted COVID‐19 patients developed ARDS, half of these patients died, and elderly male patients have been more likely to develop ARDS and die. Low T is associated with ARDS. These data suggest that low T levels may exacerbate the severity of COVID‐19 infection in elderly men. It may also stand to reason that normal T levels may offer some protection against COVID‐19. SARS‐CoV‐2 binds to the angiotensin‐converting enzyme 2, present in high levels in the testis. Conclusion At present, it is not known whether low T levels in aging hypogonadal males create a permissive environment for severe responses to COVID‐19 infection or if the virus inhibits androgen formation. Given the preponderance of COVID‐19 related mortality in elderly males, additional testing for gonadal function and treatment with T may be merited.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vassilios Papadopoulos
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Lu Li
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Mary Samplaski
- Keck School of Medicine, Institute of Urology, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA, USA
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Zaid D, Greenman Y. Human Immunodeficiency Virus Infection and the Endocrine System. Endocrinol Metab (Seoul) 2019; 34:95-105. [PMID: 31257738 PMCID: PMC6599897 DOI: 10.3803/enm.2019.34.2.95] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In the current era of effective antiretroviral therapies (ARTs), human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection became a chronic disorder that requires long term follow-up. Among other medical issues, these patients may develop endocrine problems, specific to HIV infection and its treatment. The purpose of this review is to give an overview of common endocrine complications associated with HIV infection, and to propose diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. HIV can affect the endocrine system at several levels. Adrenal and gonadal dysfunction, osteoporosis with increased fracture risk, dyslipidemia with increased cardiovascular risk, are some of the endocrine disorders prevalent in HIV-infected patients that may negatively influence quality of life, and increase morbidity and mortality. While ARTs have dramatically increased life expectancy in the HIV-infected population, they are not devoid of adverse effects, including endocrine dysfunction. Physicians caring for HIV-infected patients should be knowledgeable and exercise a high index of suspicion for the diagnosis of endocrine abnormalities, and in particular be aware of those that can be life threatening. Endocrine evaluation should follow the same strategies as in the general population, including prevention, early detection, and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Zaid
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
| | - Yona Greenman
- Institute of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Hypertension, Tel Aviv-Sourasky Medical Center, Tel Aviv, Israel
- Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel.
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14
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Liu W, Han R, Wu H, Han D. Viral threat to male fertility. Andrologia 2019; 50:e13140. [PMID: 30569651 DOI: 10.1111/and.13140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 07/24/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The detrimental effects of Zika virus (ZIKV) infection on mouse testicular functions have reminded a viral threat to male fertility. A broad range of virus families has tropism for male reproductive system, particularly the testes. Certain virus types of these viruses, such as mumps virus and human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), may severely damage the testes and consequently lead to male infertility. ZIKV has been recently found to damage testicular functions and lead to male infertility in mice. Many other viruses also have detrimental effects on host reproduction. Public attention has been paid to sexually transmitted viruses, such as HIV and hepatitis B and C viruses in humans and likewise in economically important farm animals. This article provides an overview on main viruses affecting the male reproductive system and their detrimental effects on fertility, and outlines some important issues for future study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weihua Liu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Ruiqin Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Han Wu
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Daishu Han
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, School of Basic Medicine, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
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15
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Nassoro DD, Mkhoi ML, Sabi I, Meremo AJ, Lawala PS, Mwakyula IH. Adrenal Insufficiency: A Forgotten Diagnosis in HIV/AIDS Patients in Developing Countries. Int J Endocrinol 2019; 2019:2342857. [PMID: 31341472 PMCID: PMC6612386 DOI: 10.1155/2019/2342857] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/02/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is one of the most common endocrine disease in patients with HIV/AIDS, leading to high morbidity and mortality in HIV patients who become critically ill. Various etiologies are associated with the condition, including cytomegalovirus (CMV), Mycobacterium tuberculosis, lymphoma, Kaposi's sarcoma, and drugs such as rifampin, among others. HIV patients with advanced disease develop relative cortisol deficiency largely due to the reduction of cortisol reserve, which predisposes patients to adrenal crisis in periods of stress or critical illness. The prevalence of AI in HIV/AIDS patients during HAART era is higher in developing than developed countries, probably due to limited access to both diagnosis and adequate treatments which increases the risk of opportunistic infections. The clinical features of functional adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients can be masked by various infectious, noninfectious, and iatrogenic causes, which reduce clinical recognition of the condition. Development of simple screening algorithms may help clinicians reach the diagnosis when approaching these patients. In many low-income countries, most HIV patients are diagnosed with advanced disease; thus, further research is necessary to elucidate the prevalence of adrenal insufficiency in HIV/AIDS patients and the condition's impact on mortality in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- David D. Nassoro
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Mkhoi L. Mkhoi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Issa Sabi
- National Institute for Medical Research, Mbeya Medical Research Center, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Alfred J. Meremo
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine & Dentistry, College of Health Sciences, The University of Dodoma, Dodoma, Tanzania
| | - Paul S. Lawala
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
- Department of Psychiatry and Mental Health, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania
| | - Issakwisa Habakkuk Mwakyula
- Department of Internal Medicine, Mbeya Zonal Referral Hospital, Mbeya, Tanzania
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Dar es Salaam, Mbeya College of Health and Allied Sciences, Mbeya, Tanzania
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16
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Molina PE, Simon L, Amedee AM, Welsh DA, Ferguson TF. Impact of Alcohol on HIV Disease Pathogenesis, Comorbidities and Aging: Integrating Preclinical and Clinical Findings. Alcohol Alcohol 2018; 53:439-447. [PMID: 29546271 DOI: 10.1093/alcalc/agy016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Short Summary : Effective combined antiretroviral therapy regimens have extended survival of persons living with HIV (PLWH). Heavy alcohol consumption is common in PLWH. This overview integrates evidence from clinical and preclinical research to identify salient alcohol-related mechanisms and comorbidities contributing to disease pathogenesis and accelerated aging and senescence in PLWH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia E Molina
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Liz Simon
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Angela M Amedee
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - David A Welsh
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA, USA
| | - Tekeda F Ferguson
- Comprehensive Alcohol-HIV/AIDS Research Center and Alcohol and Drug Abuse Center of Excellence, LSUHSC, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA, USA
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17
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Zangeneh M, Sedaghat Jou M, Sadighi Gilani MA, Jamshidi Makiani M, Sadeghinia S, Salman Yazdi R. The prevalence of HBV, HCV and HIV infections among Iranian infertile couples referring to Royan institute infertility clinic: A cross-sectional study. Int J Reprod Biomed 2018. [DOI: 10.29252/ijrm.16.9.595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
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18
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Gomes AC, Aragüés JM, Guerra S, Fernandes J, Mascarenhas MR. Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: uncommonly low testosterone levels. Endocrinol Diabetes Metab Case Rep 2017; 2017:EDM170104. [PMID: 28924485 PMCID: PMC5592708 DOI: 10.1530/edm-17-0104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (HH) is common and occurs prematurely in HIV-infected men. However, HH with very low testosterone has not been described. Three men with normal pubertal development and HIV1 diagnosis at the ages of 22, 34 and 35 years. All complained of decreased libido, anejaculation and erectile dysfunction thirteen years, six months and one year after HIV diagnosis, respectively. Two had depressive syndrome and two were treated with antiretroviral therapy. Laboratory tests revealed isolated HH in all. Sellar and head CT scans were normal and all had normal CD4 count. They started testosterone replacement therapy, with symptoms improvement. Causes of HH in HIV-infected men include undernutrition, severe illness, drugs, pituitary dysfunction and comorbidities. Despite having none of these conditions (except two that were treated with low-dose psychotropics), our patients had HH with uncommonly low testosterone. This suggests that a different mechanism contributes to severe HH in HIV-infected men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Coelho Gomes
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | | | - Sílvia Guerra
- Endocrinology Department, Hospital Beatriz Ângelo, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Joana Fernandes
- Infectious Diseases Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mário Rui Mascarenhas
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism Department, Hospital de Santa Maria, Lisbon, Portugal
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19
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20
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Chen Q, Deng T, Han D. Testicular immunoregulation and spermatogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 59:157-165. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.01.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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21
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Schafer JJ, Gill TK, Sherman EM, McNicholl IR. ASHP Guidelines on Pharmacist Involvement in HIV Care. Am J Health Syst Pharm 2016; 73:468-94. [PMID: 26892679 DOI: 10.2146/ajhp150623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Jason J Schafer
- Department of Pharmacy Practice, Jefferson School of Pharmacy, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Taylor K Gill
- Internal Medicine, Via Christi Hospitals Wichita, Wichita, KS
| | - Elizabeth M Sherman
- College of Pharmacy, Nova Southeastern University, Fort Lauderdale, FL, and South Broward Community Health Services, Memorial Healthcare System, Hollywood, FL
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22
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Abstract
Androgen deficiency occurs frequently in men with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Antiretroviral treatments had reduced the prevalence of male hypogonadism. The pathogenesis of testosterone (T) deficiency in HIV is multifactorial. Several mechanisms have been proposed; among them, drugs, fat redistribution, and a poor health status could explain the mechanism leading to gonadotropins inhibition and hypogonadotropic hypogonadism. The diagnosis of hypogonadism in HIV-infected men should be made based on clinical symptoms and a specific workup including T measurement. The interpretation of the results of biochemical testing is more difficult in men with HIV due to several confounding factors. T treatment should be offered to HIV-infected men with documented clinical hypogonadism and symptoms, especially if they are losing lean mass.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Rochira
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Biomedical, Metabolic and Neural Sciences, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Modena, Italy; Azienda USL of Modena, Modena, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Guaraldi
- Infectious and Tropical Disease Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences of Mother, Child and Adult, Metabolic Clinic, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, Via del Pozzo 71, Modena 41124, Italy
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23
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Molina PE, Bagby GJ, Nelson S. Biomedical consequences of alcohol use disorders in the HIV-infected host. Curr HIV Res 2014; 12:265-75. [PMID: 25053365 PMCID: PMC4222574 DOI: 10.2174/1570162x12666140721121849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2013] [Revised: 04/08/2014] [Accepted: 04/08/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Alcohol abuse is the most common and costly form of drug abuse in the United States. It is well known that alcohol abuse contributes to risky behaviors associated with greater incidence of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infections. As HIV has become a more chronic disease since the introduction of antiretroviral therapy, it is expected that alcohol use disorders will have an adverse effect on the health of HIV-infected patients. The biomedical consequences of acute and chronic alcohol abuse are multisystemic. Based on what is currently known of the comorbid and pathophysiological conditions resulting from HIV infection in people with alcohol use disorders, chronic alcohol abuse appears to alter the virus infectivity, the immune response of the host, and the progression of disease and tissue injury, with specific impact on disease progression. The combined insult of alcohol abuse and HIV affects organ systems, including the central nervous system, the immune system, the liver, heart, and lungs, and the musculoskeletal system. Here we outline the major pathological consequences of alcohol abuse in the HIV-infected individual, emphasizing its impact on immunomodulation, erosion of lean body mass associated with AIDS wasting, and lipodystrophy. We conclude that interventions focused on reducing or avoiding alcohol abuse are likely to be important in decreasing morbidity and improving outcomes in people living with HIV/AIDS.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steve Nelson
- LSUHSC Physiology, 1901 Perdido St., New Orleans, LA 70112, USA.
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24
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Kushnir VA, Lewis W. Human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome and infertility: emerging problems in the era of highly active antiretrovirals. Fertil Steril 2011; 96:546-53. [PMID: 21722892 DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2011.05.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the effects of human immunodeficiency virus/acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (HIV/AIDS) in terms of its associated comorbid conditions and the side effects of antiretroviral treatment on fertility. DESIGN PubMed computer search to identify relevant articles. SETTING Research institution. PATIENT(S) None. INTERVENTION(S) None. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) None. RESULT(S) Biological alterations in reproductive physiology may account for subfertility in patients infected with HIV. Psychosocial factors in patients with HIV infection may affect their reproductive desires and outcomes. Antiretroviral medications may have direct toxicity on gametes and embryos. Available evidence indicates that fertility treatments can be a safe option for couples with HIV-discordant infection status, although the potential risk of viral transmission cannot be completely eliminated. CONCLUSION(S) Because their potential reproductive desires are increasingly becoming a concern in the health care of young HIV-infected patients, additional data are needed to address the effect of HIV and its treatments on their fertility and reproductive outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vitaly A Kushnir
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia 30312, USA.
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25
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Abstract
Although lifespan has dramatically improved in the human immunodeficiency virus-positive (HIV+) population, HIV and its treatment continue to be a source of substantial morbidity in many organ systems, including the genitourinary tract. As the number of long-term survivors increases with advances in antiretroviral therapy, age-associated urologic symptoms are also becoming increasingly relevant considerations for people living with HIV. Primary care physicians have a major role to play in maintaining the genitourinary health of their HIV+ patients. This role is of great importance not just for the well-being of the individual patient but for the public health, as the genitourinary tract is a common vector for HIV transmission. In this article the authors review the management of the genitourinary system in patients with HIV infection. Particular consideration is given to urinary tract infections, lower urinary tract symptoms, renal insufficiency, sexual and fertility problems, and cancers of the genitourinary tract. Management algorithms are outlined and indications for referral to a urologist are emphasized.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan W Shindel
- Department of Urology, University of California at San Francisco, 400 Parnassus Avenue, Suite A-660, San Francisco, CA 94143-0738, USA
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26
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Lorusso F, Palmisano M, Chironna M, Vacca M, Masciandaro P, Bassi E, Selvaggi Luigi L, Depalo R. Impact of chronic viral diseases on semen parameters. Andrologia 2010; 42:121-6. [PMID: 20384803 DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2009.00970.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The aim of this study was to assess the effect of human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), hepatitis C (HCV) and B (HBV) virus infection on semen parameters. Semen samples were obtained from 27 HCV, 34 HIV, 30 HBV and 41 HCV-HIV-seropositive patients and compared with those of a control population of healthy seronegative subjects. Tests for detection of HIV, HCV and HBV were performed on seminal samples. The sperm concentration was significantly decreased in HCV- and HBV-seropositive males compared to that of controls (P < 0.001). The mean sperm motility (a + b) was significantly decreased in HCV- and HBV-seropositive (P < 0.001) and in HCV-HIV-seropositive subjects (P < 0.05) compared to that of controls. The sperm viability was significantly lower in HCV- and HBV-seropositive men than in controls (P < 0.001). The normal morphology was significantly reduced in HCV-seropositive and HBV-seropositive men (P < 0.05) with respect to that of controls (P < 0.05). The sperm concentration after sperm wash was significantly higher in controls than in HCV-, HIV-, HBV- and HIV-HCV-seropositive men (P < 0.001). We can conclude that HBV- and HCV-infected men have a significantly impaired sperm quality compared with that of controls. The reason for the better sperm quality in our series of HIV- and HCV-HIV-infected men is still under debate. Further investigations in a larger case series are warranted.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Lorusso
- Department of Gynaecology, Obstetrics and Neonatology, University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
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27
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Doi K. Experimental encephalomyocarditis virus infection in small laboratory rodents. J Comp Pathol 2010; 144:25-40. [PMID: 20594559 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcpa.2010.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2010] [Revised: 03/24/2010] [Accepted: 05/18/2010] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Encephalomyocarditis virus (EMCV) is a cardiovirus that belongs to the family Picornaviridae. EMCV is an important cause of acute myocarditis in piglets and of fetal death or abortion in pregnant sows. Small rodents, especially rats, have been suspected to be reservoir hosts or carriers. This virus also induces type 1 diabetes mellitus, encephalomyelitis, myocarditis, orchitis and/or sialodacryoadenitis in small laboratory rodents. This paper reviews the pathology and pathogenesis of experimental infection with EMCV in small laboratory rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Doi
- Nippon Institute for Biological Science, 9-2221-1, Shin-Machi, Ome, Tokyo 198-0024, Japan.
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28
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Muehlenbein MP, Hirschtick JL, Bonner JZ, Swartz AM. Toward quantifying the usage costs of human immunity: Altered metabolic rates and hormone levels during acute immune activation in men. Am J Hum Biol 2010; 22:546-56. [DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.21045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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29
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Vertebral compression fractures in an HIV-positive patient with steroid-induced Cushing syndrome: a case report. CASES JOURNAL 2009; 2:7034. [PMID: 19829900 PMCID: PMC2740235 DOI: 10.4076/1757-1626-2-7034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2009] [Accepted: 05/30/2009] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
The following case describes the presentation, diagnosis, and treatment of a 49 year-old patient with back pain in the thoracic spine and lower extremity edema. His initial presentation, coupled with a history of trauma, required an extensive work-up to determine the source of the back pain and edema. The patient was determined to have two thoracic vertebral compression fractures, bilateral lower extremity edema of unknown origin, and osteoporosis. After diagnosis, several specialists were consulted to determine the cause of the patient’s osteoporosis. Treatment consisted of kyphoplasty, physical therapy, and medication to prevent the progression of osteoporosis.
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30
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Moreno-Pérez O, Picó Alfonso AM, Portilla J. Hipogonadismo, disfunción eréctil y disfunción endotelial en varones con infección por el virus de la inmunodeficiencia humana. Med Clin (Barc) 2009; 132:311-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.medcli.2008.07.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2008] [Accepted: 07/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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31
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Abstract
Children with perinatal HIV infection may present with clinical features of endocrine dysfunction such as growth failure and pubertal delay. Pediatric care providers and pediatric endocrinologists should implement appropriate preventive, screening, and therapeutic strategies to maximize survival and quality of life in these children. Growth and pubertal delay can be exacerbated by a variety of treatable infectious, endocrine, nutritional, and immunological disorders. Timely diagnosis and appropriate treatment of these conditions may lead to improvement or even normalization of growth and puberty. HIV-infected children with advanced disease should undergo periodic growth evaluation, including GH levels, IGF-I, IGF binding protein 3 and androgens, in order to identify subclinical endocrine dysfunction. However, little is known about the association between HIV infection and endocrine dysfunction in children. Highly active antiretroviral therapy may also be associated with endocrine dysfunction with consequences on growth and puberty. Growth retardation and pubertal delay are always seen in children with advanced HIV infection and are often related to the proinflammatory milieu found in advanced AIDS. Growth and pubertal impairment are markers of advanced disease and require proper evaluation. A dysregulation of the hypothalamic-pituitary axis, toxic or allergic drug reactions may play a role in growth and pubertal delay of HIV-infected children. These dysfunctions require careful monitoring, in order to assess metabolic alterations that may be important in regulation of growth among HIV infected children. Better understanding of the mechanisms leading to impairment of growth and puberty in children with perinatal HIV-1 infection might lead to appropriate treatment when required.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Majaliwa
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Chieti, 66100 Chieti, Italy.
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32
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Torres Vela E. [Not Available]. ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION : ORGANO DE LA SOCIEDAD ESPANOLA DE ENDOCRINOLOGIA Y NUTRICION 2008; 55:279-282. [PMID: 22975519 DOI: 10.1016/s1575-0922(08)72181-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2007] [Accepted: 04/28/2008] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Elena Torres Vela
- Servicio de Endocrinología y Nutrición. Hospital Clínico San Cecilio. Granada. España.
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33
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Schuppe HC, Meinhardt A, Allam JP, Bergmann M, Weidner W, Haidl G. Chronic orchitis: a neglected cause of male infertility? Andrologia 2008; 40:84-91. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1439-0272.2008.00837.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
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34
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Abstract
Systemic illnesses are associated with alterations in the hypothalamic-pituitary-peripheral hormone axes, which represent part of the adaptive response to stressful events and may be influenced by type and severity of illness and/or pharmacological therapy. The pituitary gland responds to an acute stressful event with two secretory patterns: adrenocorticotropin (ACTH), prolactin (PRL) and growth hormone (GH) levels increase, while luteinizing hormone (LH), follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and thyrotropin (TSH) levels may either decrease or remain unchanged, associated with a decreased activity of their target organ. In protracted critical illness, there is a uniformly reduced pulsatile secretion of ACTH, TSH, LH, PRL and GH, causing a reduction in serum levels of the respective target-hormones. These adaptations are initially protective; however, if inadequate or excessive they may be dangerous and may contribute to the high morbidity and mortality risk of these patients. There is no consensus regarding the type of approach, as well as the criteria to use to define pituitary axis function in critically ill patients. We here provide a critical approach to pituitary axis evaluation during systemic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta Bondanelli
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Advanced Therapies, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
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35
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Wasserman P, Segal-Maurer S, Rubin D. Low sex hormone-binding globulin and testosterone levels in association with erectile dysfunction among human immunodeficiency virus-infected men receiving testosterone and oxandrolone. J Sex Med 2007; 5:241-7. [PMID: 17961146 DOI: 10.1111/j.1743-6109.2007.00634.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Men with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) wasting and hypogonadism are frequently treated with testosterone and oxandrolone, an orally administered anabolic-androgenic steroid hormone. We observed reductions in testosterone and sex hormone-binding globulin (SHBG) levels, in association with complaints of erectile dysfunction, after prolonged exposure to this therapeutic regimen. AIM First description of an association between long-term receipt of oxandrolone with erectile dysfunction, low SHBG and testosterone. METHODS Case report of three human immunodeficiency virus-infected hypogonadal male patients receiving treatment for wasting syndrome and hypogonadism, and highly active antiretroviral therapy. All three patients received long-term oxandrolone in addition to testosterone replacement therapy. RESULTS Testosterone and SHBG levels for patients 1, 2, and 3, respectively: total testosterone 183, 71, and 151 ng/dL (260-1,000 ng/dL); free testosterone (not done for patient 3) 58.3 and 26.9 pg/mL (50-210 pg/mL); SHBG 6, 9, and 6 nmol/L (7-50 nmol/L). No other hormonal abnormalities were detected. Following discontinuation of oxandrolone, levels of total testosterone rose, consistent with increase in SHBG. One patient received repeat SHBG assay documenting rise in SHBG level. Patient 2 reported return of libido and early morning erections several weeks after discontinuation of oxandrolone. CONCLUSIONS Patients had erectile dysfunction in association with low testosterone and SHBG, in spite of exogenous testosterone replacement. Discontinuation of oxandrolone led to the normalization or improvement of testosterone levels in all three patients with symptomatic improvement in one patient. First pass metabolism of orally administered oxandrolone may decrease hepatic synthesis of SHBG, allowing exogenously supplied testosterone to be excreted. Further work is necessary to elucidate the relationship.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wasserman
- Infectious Disease Division, Department of Medicine--New York Hospital Queens, Flushing, NY, USA.
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36
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Abstract
Hypogonadism is often observed in the presence of common acute and chronic illnesses in men. Low testosterone levels in these patients can be associated with loss of lean body mass and bone mass density, decline in mood, loss of energy, and sexual dysfunction. The mechanisms explaining hypogonadism and various systemic diseases are not completely understood, but these conditions are likely caused by a combination of stress, nonspecific weight loss, inflammation, and medication. Testosterone replacement can be considered in this population to improve lean body mass, bone mass density, and quality of life. More information is needed regarding the risk benefits of testosterone treatment on health outcomes in men who have systemic illness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rita R Kalyani
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, 1830 E. Monument Street, Baltimore, MD 21287, USA
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37
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Wunder DM, Bersinger NA, Fux CA, Mueller NJ, Hirschel B, Cavassini M, Elzi L, Schmid P, Bernasconi E, Mueller B, Furrer H. Hypogonadism in HIV-1-Infected Men is common and does not resolve during antiretroviral therapy. Antivir Ther 2007. [DOI: 10.1177/135965350701200215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To assess the prevalence of abnormal testosterone and gonadotropin values in HIV-infected men before and after 2 years of combination antiretroviral therapy (cART). Design Multicentre cohort of HIV-infected adults. Methods We identified 139 Caucasian antiretroviral-naive male patients who started zidovudine/ lamivudine-based cART that was virologically successful over a 2 year period. Ninety-seven were randomly chosen and plasma hormone determinations of free testosterone (fT) and luteinizing hormone (LH) at baseline and after 2 years of cART were evaluated. Results At baseline 68 patients (70%) had subnormal fT levels. In these, LH levels were low in 44%, normal in 47% and high in 9%. There was a trend for an association between lower CD4+ T-cell counts and hypogonadism. Most participants had normal FSH levels. No significant changes of fT, LH and FSH levels were observed after 2 years of cART. Conclusions Low fT levels, mainly with normal or low LH levels and thus indicating secondary hypogonadism, are found in the majority of HIV-infected men and do not resolve during 2 years of successful cART.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorothea M Wunder
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Nick A Bersinger
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Christoph A Fux
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Nicolas J Mueller
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Bernard Hirschel
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Matthias Cavassini
- Infectious Diseases Services, University Hospital of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Luigia Elzi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Schmid
- Division of Internal Medicine, Cantonal Hospital of St Gall, St Gall, Switzerland
| | - Enos Bernasconi
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cantonal Hospital of Lugano, Lugano, Switzerland
| | - Bruno Mueller
- Division of Endocrinology, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
| | - Hansjakob Furrer
- Division of Infectious Diseases, University Hospital of Berne, Berne, Switzerland
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Stopforth A, Grobbelaar CJ, Crouch AM, Sandra P. Quantification of testosterone and epitestosterone in human urine samples by stir bar sorptive extraction – thermal desorption – gas chromatography/mass spectrometry: Application to HIV-positive urine samples. J Sep Sci 2007; 30:257-65. [PMID: 17390621 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.200600280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
A simple method is described for the measurement of testosterone (T) and epitestosterone (ET) in human urine samples. The deconjugated steroids were extracted directly from the samples by stir bar sorptive extraction (SBSE) and derivatized in situ on the stir bar by headspace acylation prior to thermal desorption and GC/MS. Extraction and derivatization parameters, namely salt addition, temperature, and time, were optimized to improve the recovery of T and ET by SBSE. The limits of quantification (S/N 10) were 0.9 ng/mL for T and 2.8 ng/mL for ET. Quantification of the steroids in urine samples was performed using standard addition to avoid the influence of matrix effects. The method was applied for the measurement of urinary T and ET in a group of healthy volunteers and HIV+ patients. Decreased levels of T were detected in the HIV+ group, whereas the excretion of ET was comparable for the two groups. Further clinical research is required to elucidate the biomarker significance of the T/ET ratio in HIV infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Stopforth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Stellenbosch, Matieland, South Africa
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39
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Poretsky L, Brillon DJ, Ferrando S, Chiu J, McElhiney M, Ferenczi A, Sison MCIP, Haller I, Rabkin J. Endocrine effects of oral dehydroepiandrosterone in men with HIV infection: a prospective, randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial. Metabolism 2006; 55:858-70. [PMID: 16784956 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2006.02.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2005] [Accepted: 02/10/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) is commonly used by HIV-infected men, but its endocrine effects in this population are not well defined. We conducted an 8-week randomized, placebo-controlled trial to determine the effects of escalating doses (100-400 mg/d) of DHEA on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal and hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axes, and on a number of metabolic parameters in 69 HIV-positive men (31 in DHEA-treated group, 38 in placebo group). High-dose (250 microg) corticotropin and luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone stimulation tests were carried out in all subjects. Fifty-four subjects (26 in the DHEA-treated group and 28 in the placebo group) also underwent optional corticotropin-releasing hormone test, and 67 subjects (31 in DHEA-treated group and 36 in placebo group) underwent optional low-dose (1 microg) corticotropin stimulation test. All tests were performed at baseline and at the end of week 8. Repeated-measures analysis of variance was used to analyze the data. We observed significant increases in circulating levels of DHEA, DHEA-sulfate, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, and estrone, and a decline in the serum concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin in the DHEA-treated group but not in the placebo group (P < .001). There were no differences between the groups in other endocrine or metabolic parameters or in the results of the stimulation tests. In conclusion, oral DHEA therapy in HIV-positive men significantly increases circulating levels of DHEA and DHEA-sulfate, free testosterone, dihydrotestosterone, androstenedione, and estrone and suppresses circulating concentration of sex hormone-binding globulin. Long-term studies are needed to assess the clinical significance of these hormonal changes in subjects with HIV infection receiving oral DHEA therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonid Poretsky
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, The New York Presbyterian Hospital, New York, NY 10021, USA.
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40
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Muehlenbein MP. Adaptive variation in testosterone levels in response to immune activation: empirical and theoretical perspectives. SOCIAL BIOLOGY 2006; 53:13-23. [PMID: 21516947 DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2006.9989113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
High testosterone levels reflect investment in male reproductive effort through the ability to produce and maintain muscle tissue and thus augment mate attraction and competitive ability. However, high testosterone levels can also compromise survivorship by increasing risk of prostate cancer, production of oxygen radicals, risk of injury due to hormonally-augmented behaviors such as aggression, violence and risk taking, reduced tissue and organ maintenance, negative energy balance from adipose tissue catabolism, and suppression of immune functions. Here, I briefly discuss how inter- and intra-individual variation in human male testosterone levels is likely an adaptive mechanism that facilitates the allocation of metabolic resources, particularly in response to injury, illness or otherwise immune activation. Maintaining low testosterone levels in resource-limited and/or high pathogen-risk environments may avoid some immunosuppression and suspend energetically-expensive anabolic functions. Augmenting testosterone levels in the presence of fertile and receptive mates, areas of high food resource availability, and low disease risk habitats will function to maximize lifetime reproductive success.
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41
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Xu J, Qi L, Chi X, Yang J, Wei X, Gong E, Peh S, Gu J. Orchitis: a complication of severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS). Biol Reprod 2005; 74:410-6. [PMID: 16237152 PMCID: PMC7109827 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.105.044776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 279] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) coronavirus has been known to damage multiple organs; however, little is known about its impact on the reproductive system. In the present study, we analyzed the pathological changes of testes from six patients who died of SARS. Results suggested that SARS caused orchitis. All SARS testes displayed widespread germ cell destruction, few or no spermatozoon in the seminiferous tubule, thickened basement membrane, and leukocyte infiltration. The numbers of CD3+ T lymphocytes and CD68+ macrophages increased significantly in the interstitial tissue compared with the control group (P < 0.05). SARS viral genomic sequences were not detected in the testes by in situ hybridization. Immunohistochemistry demonstrated abundant IgG precipitation in the seminiferous epithelium of SARS testes, indicating possible immune response as the cause for the damage. Our findings indicated that orchitis is a complication of SARS. It further suggests that the reproductive functions should be followed and evaluated in recovered male SARS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Xu
- Department of Anatomy, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Peking University, Beijing 100083, China
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42
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Crum NF, Furtek KJ, Olson PE, Amling CL, Wallace MR. A Review of Hypogonadism and Erectile Dysfunction Among HIV-Infected Men During the Pre- and Post-HAART Eras: Diagnosis, Pathogenesis, and Management. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005. [DOI: 10.1089/apc.2005.19.869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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43
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Crum NF, Furtek KJ, Olson PE, Amling CL, Wallace MR. A review of hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction among HIV-infected men during the pre- and post-HAART eras: diagnosis, pathogenesis, and management. AIDS Patient Care STDS 2005; 19:655-71. [PMID: 16232050 DOI: 10.1089/apc.2005.19.655] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypogonadism and erectile dysfunction (ED) appear to be more common among men infected with HIV compared to age-matched men within the general U.S. population. HIV providers should consider these conditions and utilize standardized evaluation and diagnostic criteria. Treatment of both hypogonadism and ED increases sexual function and quality of life; testosterone supplementation in the setting of hypogonadism may also improve lean body mass, mental status, and anemia. We review the epidemiology, diagnosis, pathogenesis, and treatment options of both hypogonadism and ED among HIV-infected men.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nancy F Crum
- Infectious Diseases Division, Naval Medical Center San Diego, San Diego, California 92134-1005, USA.
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44
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Miller MG, Mulligan T. Human Immunodeficiency Virus and Hypogonadal Bone Disease. Pharmacotherapy 2005; 25:632-4; discussion 634. [PMID: 15977925 DOI: 10.1592/phco.25.4.632.61027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Michael G Miller
- Medical Services Department, Solvay Pharmaceuticals, Inc., 2765 St. Andrews Square, #1851, Allison Park, PA 15101, USA
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45
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Muehlenbein MP, Bribiescas RG. Testosterone-mediated immune functions and male life histories. Am J Hum Biol 2005; 17:527-58. [PMID: 16136532 DOI: 10.1002/ajhb.20419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 328] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent advances in human life history theory have provided new insights into the potential selection pressures that were instrumental in the evolution of human and non-human primate males. However, gaps remain in our understanding of how primate males regulate and allocate energetic resources between survivorship and reproductive effort. Defense against parasitic infection is an important force shaping life history evolution. Proper performance of immunological responses against infection is influenced by many physiological systems, including metabolic, reproductive, and stress hormones. Because androgens influence and modulate immune, reproductive, and somatic metabolic functions, assessing changes in testosterone and immune factors during infection may yield insight into male physiological ecology. In this review, we examine male life history trade-offs between immune and reproductive endocrine functions as well as provide a comprehensive review of testosterone-immunocompetence relationships. Emphasis is placed on testosterone because it is a primary hormone shown to be crucial to energy-allocation processes in vertebrates. Non-primate species have been used more extensively in this research than humans or non-human primates, and therefore this extensive literature is organized and reviewed in order to better understand potential parallel relationships in primates, especially humans. Furthermore, we attempt to reconcile the many inconsistent results obtained from field studies on immune-endocrine interactions as well as detail various methodologies that may be used to forward this research in evolutionary anthropology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael P Muehlenbein
- Laboratory for Evolutionary Physiology and Parasitology, Department of Anthropology, University of Wisconsin-Milwaukee, Milwaukee, Wisconsin 53211, USA.
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46
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Kennedy N. Delayed puberty and parotitis: an unusual presentation of HIV 15 years after infection in an untreated 17-year-old Malawian. Trop Doct 2001; 31:233. [PMID: 11676069 DOI: 10.1177/004947550103100425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N Kennedy
- Embangweni Mission Hospital, Mzimba District, Malawi
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47
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Lee LK, Dinneen MD, Ahmad S. The urologist and the patient infected with human immunodeficiency virus or with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome. BJU Int 2001; 88:500-10. [PMID: 11678742 DOI: 10.1046/j.1464-410x.2001.02376.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L K Lee
- Department of Urology, Royal Bolton Hospitals, Lancashire, UK.
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48
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Mylonakis E, Koutkia P, Grinspoon S. Diagnosis and treatment of androgen deficiency in human immunodeficiency virus-infected men and women. Clin Infect Dis 2001; 33:857-64. [PMID: 11512091 DOI: 10.1086/322695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2001] [Revised: 03/14/2001] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deficiency is a common endocrine abnormality among men and women with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection. Low testosterone concentrations are associated with lower CD4 cell count, advanced stage of illness, medication use, and weight loss. Signs and symptoms may be nonspecific. The most useful laboratory indicator is the serum bioavailable (free) testosterone concentration. A number of different testosterone preparations for treatment of androgen deficiency in HIV-infected men now exist. Administration of im testosterone significantly increases weight and lean body mass, energy, quality of life, and depression scores in HIV-infected men with low testosterone levels. Newer transdermal and gel preparations provide more-consistent steady-state dosing but are not as well tested, and sufficient testosterone concentrations may not be achieved with their use. Androgen deficiency is also common among HIV-infected women. Preliminary studies suggest that use of physiological testosterone administration, to achieve testosterone levels within the normal range, is of benefit in HIV-infected women, but further studies are necessary to define the therapeutic role of androgen therapy in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Mylonakis
- Infectious Disease Division, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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Dejucq N, Jégou B. Viruses in the mammalian male genital tract and their effects on the reproductive system. Microbiol Mol Biol Rev 2001; 65:208-31 ; first and second pages, table of contents. [PMID: 11381100 PMCID: PMC99025 DOI: 10.1128/mmbr.65.2.208-231.2001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
This review describes the various viruses identified in the semen and reproductive tracts of mammals (including humans), their distribution in tissues and fluids, their possible cell targets, and the functional consequences of their infectivity on the reproductive and endocrine systems. The consequences of these viral infections on the reproductive tract and semen can be extremely serious in terms of organ integrity, development of pathological and cancerous processes, and transmission of diseases. Furthermore, of essential importance is the fact that viral infection of the testicular cells may result not only in changes in testicular function, a serious risk for the fertility and general health of the individual (such as a fall in testosteronemia leading to cachexia), but also in the possible transmission of virus-induced mutations to subsequent generations. In addition to providing an exhaustive account of the data available in these domains, this review focuses attention on the fact that the interface between endocrinology and virology has so far been poorly explored, particularly when major health, social and economical problems are posed. Our conclusions highlight the research strategies that need to be developed. Progress in all these domains is essential for the development of new treatment strategies to eradicate viruses and to correct the virus-induced dysfunction of the endocrine system.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Dejucq
- GERM-INSERM U435, Université de Rennes I, Campus de Beaulieu, 35042 Rennes Cedex, France.
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50
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Umapathy E, Simbini T, Chipata T, Mbizvo M. Sperm characteristics and accessory sex gland functions in HIV-infected men. ARCHIVES OF ANDROLOGY 2001; 46:153-8. [PMID: 11297070 DOI: 10.1080/01485010151094119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A comparative study was carried out in the andrology clinic, Parirenyatwa Hospital, Harare, Zimbabwe, to investigate the sperm characteristics and accessory sex gland functions in HIV-infected individuals. Sixty-two patients with infertility problems who attended the clinic were requested to donate semen and blood after consent was obtained. HIV antibodies in paired semen and blood samples, sperm morphology, sperm count, sperm motility, seminal leucocytes, seminal fructose, seminal neutral alpha-glucosidase, and citric acid were analyzed. Nine out of 31 blood samples tested positive, while 21 out of 62 semen samples were positive for HIV. Leucocytospermia was associated with HIV-seropositive men (p < .01). The accessory sex gland function, as evaluated by biochemical markers, was not affected in HIV-seropositive men. HIV causes impairment of sperm motility by activating seminal leucocytes, which in turn induce oxidative stress on the sperm. Leucocytospermia is almost always present in HIV-seropositive men.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Umapathy
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Transkei, Umtata, South Africa
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