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Endres Júnior D, Sasamori MH, Cassanego M, Droste A. Biomonitoring of water genotoxicity in a Conservation Unit in the Sinos River Basin, Southern Brazil, using the Tradescantia micronucleus bioassay. BRAZ J BIOL 2015; 75:91-7. [PMID: 26270220 DOI: 10.1590/1519-6984.0713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassay was used to investigate genotoxicity of water bodies in the Parque Municipal Henrique Luís Roessler (PMHLR), a conservation unit in the city of Novo Hamburgo, Southern Brazil, from November 2010 to October 2011. Every month, cuttings with young inflorescences of Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea were exposed for 24 hours to water collected at three sites in the park: (S1) head of the main stream; (S2) head of a secondary stream; (S3) a point past the junction of the two water bodies in which S1 and S2 were located. As a negative control, cuttings were exposed to distilled water for 24 h every quarter. Micronuclei (MCN) frequency was determined in young tetrads of pollen mother cells and described as MCN/100 tetrads. Rainfall data were also recorded. In nine months at S1 and S2, and in eleven months at S3, micronuclei frequencies were significantly higher than in quarterly controls, in which frequencies varied from 1.19 to 1.62. During sampling, no significant differences were found in MCN frequencies at S1, which ranged from 2.2 to 3.6. At the other sampling sites, there were significant differences between the months evaluated, and MCN frequencies ranged from 1.3 to 6.5 at S2 and from 2.3 to 5.2 at S3. There were no associations between rainfall and MCN frequencies at the three sampling sites. Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea confirmed genotoxicity in the water bodies of the PMHLR, even at the head of the streams, which suggests that actions should be promoted to control anthropogenic effects in the streams of this conservation unit.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Endres Júnior
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, BR
| | - M H Sasamori
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, BR
| | - Mbb Cassanego
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, BR
| | - A Droste
- Laboratório de Biotecnologia Vegetal, Universidade Feevale, Novo Hamburgo, RS, BR
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Thewes MR, Junior DE, Droste A. Genotoxicity biomonitoring of sewage in two municipal wastewater treatment plants using the Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea bioassay. Genet Mol Biol 2011; 34:689-93. [PMID: 22215975 PMCID: PMC3229126 DOI: 10.1590/s1415-47572011005000055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The genotoxicity of untreated and treated sewage from two municipal wastewater treatment plants (WTP BN and WTP SJN) in the municipality of Porto Alegre, in the southern Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul, was evaluated over a one-year period using the Tradescantia pallida var. purpurea (Trad-MCN) bioassay. Inflorescences of T. pallida var. purpurea were exposed to sewage samples in February (summer), April (autumn), July (winter) and October (spring) 2009, and the micronuclei (MCN) frequencies were estimated in each period. The high genotoxicity of untreated sewage from WTP BN in February and April was not observed in treated sewage, indicating the efficiency of treatment at this WTP. However, untreated and treated sewage samples from WTP SJN had high MCN frequencies, except in October, when rainfall may have been responsible for reducing these frequencies at both WTPs. Physicochemical analyses of sewage from both WTPs indicated elevated concentrations of organic matter that were higher at WTP SJN than at WTP BN. Chromium was detected in untreated and treated sewage from WTP SJN, but not in treated sewage from WTP BN. Lead was found in all untreated sewage samples from WTP SJN, but only in the summer and autumn at WTP BN. These results indicate that the short-term Trad-MCN genotoxicity assay may be useful for regular monitoring of municipal WTPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Márcia Regina Thewes
- Departamento Municipal de Água e Esgotos, Divisão de Pesquisa, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil
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Espinoza-Quiñones FR, Szymanski N, Palácio SM, Módenes AN, Rizzutto MA, Silva FG, Oliveira AP, Oro ACP, Martin N. Inhibition effect on the Allium cepa L. root growth when using hexavalent chromium-doped river waters. BULLETIN OF ENVIRONMENTAL CONTAMINATION AND TOXICOLOGY 2009; 82:767-771. [PMID: 19280093 DOI: 10.1007/s00128-009-9682-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2008] [Accepted: 02/26/2009] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
The effect of Cr(6+) on Allium cepa root length was studied using both clean and polluted river waters. Seven series of Cr(6+)-doped polluted and non-polluted river waters were used to grow onions. Chromium concentration (Cr(6+)) of 4.2 mg L(-1)(EC(50) value), doped in clean river water caused a 50% reduction of root length, while in organically polluted samples similar root growth inhibition occurred at 12.0 mg Cr(6+) L(-1). The results suggested that there was a dislocation to higher values in toxic chromium concentration in polluted river water due to the eutrophization level of river water.
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Affiliation(s)
- F R Espinoza-Quiñones
- Chemical Engineering Postgraduate Program-NBQ, West Paraná State University, Rua da Faculdade, 645, Jardim Sta. Maria, Toledo, PR, 85903-000, Brazil.
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Prajapati SK, Tripathi BD. Assessing the genotoxicity of urban air pollutants in Varanasi City using Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassay. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2008; 34:1092-1096. [PMID: 18455797 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2008.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2007] [Revised: 03/13/2008] [Accepted: 03/17/2008] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
In the present study Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassay was performed to assess the genotoxicity of air pollutants in Varanasi City. The experiment was performed during October 2006 to April 2007. For Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassay four sites were selected, three in the city having different traffic characteristics and one control site virtually free from traffic intervention. Twenty young Tradescantia pallida inflorescences were collected from each sampling site during the study period and micronuclei frequencies were determined in early tetrads of pollen mother cells and expressed as MCN/100 tetrads. During the same period the concentration of different air pollutants were also measured. Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassay showed that the plants kept in areas having higher traffic emissions evidence higher micronuclei frequencies than samples kept at control site. The study indicates that in situ biomonitoring using higher plants may be useful for characterizing genotoxic air pollutants in areas even without any sophisticated instrument.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santosh Kumar Prajapati
- Pollution Ecology Research Laboratory, Centre of Advanced Study in Botany, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
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Kovalchuk I, Kovalchuk O. Transgenic Plants as Sensors of Environmental Pollution Genotoxicity. SENSORS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2008; 8:1539-1558. [PMID: 27879779 PMCID: PMC3663010 DOI: 10.3390/s8031539] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2008] [Accepted: 03/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Rapid technological development is inevitably associated with manyenvironmental problems which primarily include pollution of soil, water and air. In manycases, the presence of contamination is difficult to assess. It is even more difficult toevaluate its potential danger to the environment and humans. Despite the existence ofseveral whole organism-based and cell-based models of sensing pollution and evaluationof toxicity and mutagenicity, there is no ideal system that allows one to make a quick andcheap assessment. In this respect, transgenic organisms that can be intentionally altered tobe more sensitive to particular pollutants are especially promising. Transgenic plantsrepresent an ideal system, since they can be grown at the site of pollution or potentiallydangerous sites. Plants are ethically more acceptable and esthetically more appealing thananimals as sensors of environmental pollution. In this review, we will discuss varioustransgenic plant-based models that have been successfully used for biomonitoringgenotoxic pollutants. We will also discuss the benefits and potential drawbacks of thesesystems and describe some novel ideas for the future generation of efficient transgenicphytosensors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Igor Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada.
| | - Olga Kovalchuk
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Lethbridge, Lethbridge, AB, T1K 3M4, Canada
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Misík M, Solenská M, Micieta K, Misíková K, Knasmüller S. In situ monitoring of clastogenicity of ambient air in Bratislava, Slovakia using the Tradescantia micronucleus assay and pollen abortion assays. Mutat Res 2006; 605:1-6. [PMID: 16702021 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2005.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2005] [Revised: 11/30/2005] [Accepted: 12/15/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aim of this study was to monitor the genotoxic effects of polluted air in Bratislava (Slovakia) with the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MN) test. In situ monitoring was carried out at five locations during two seasons (years 2003 and 2004). Flower pots with Tradescantia paludosa (clone 03) plants were exposed for 6-8 weeks at the different sites each year. The highest MN levels were observed in the vicinity of an agrochemical factory (3.1 times higher than background level in 2003 and 2.7 times higher in 2004). Lower effects were seen when plants were exposed to urban traffic emissions or in the vicinity of a glass-producing plant (the MN frequencies ranged between 2.8 and 4.4 per 100 tetrads, respectively, while the control frequencies were 2.1-2.6 per 100 tetrads); exposure near a petrochemical plant had no significant effects. In pollen abortion assays, three wild growing species were used, namely, chicory (Cichorium intybus L.), old man's beard (Clematis vitalba L.) and common toadflax (Linaria vulgaris Mill.). Again, the strongest effects were observed close to the agrochemical industry (reduction of fertile pollen by 5.6%, 11.1% and 8.3% in chicory, old mans beard and in toadflax, respectively). Cichorium intybus was the most sensitive species and the number of abortive pollen grains was 5.1 times higher in specimens collected near the agrochemical factory than that seen at the control location. These observations indicate that contaminated urban air has an impact on the fertility of wild plants. Furthermore, it is interesting that the same rank order of effects was seen in pollen abortion assays as in the Trad-MN test (agrochemical industry>technical glass industry≥traffic>city incinerator/petrochemical plant). These results confirm the sensitivity of the Tradescantia MN test and pollen abortion assays for the detection of air pollution, and show that distinct differences exist in genotoxicity of different sources of pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miroslav Misík
- Department of Botany, Comenius University in Bratislava, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Révová 39, 81102 Bratislava 1, Slovakia
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Solenská M, Micieta K, Misík M. Plant bioassays for an in situ monitoring of air near an industrial area and a municipal solid waste: Zilina (Slovakia). ENVIRONMENTAL MONITORING AND ASSESSMENT 2006; 115:499-508. [PMID: 16617421 DOI: 10.1007/s10661-006-7240-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 05/10/2005] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
The process of a bioindication of genotoxic effects of complex mixtures on the environment using higher plants is very appropriate and effective. We present the results of an in situ indication of the genotoxic effects of polluted environment near Zilina city. For a more complex monitoring we used: the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay, the Tradescantia microspore test and an evaluation of the abortivity of the pollen grains of native plant species. We found significant differences in the frequency of the micronuclei when using the Trad-MCN test in local of Duben. The Tradescantia pollen abortivity test showed significant differences in the frequency of the abortive pollen grains between the exposed groups and the control group. By using native plant species in the pollen abortivity test we found significant differences in both of the two locations for the four following species during two consecutive years: Artemisia vulgaris, Melilotus albus, Trifolium pratense, Typha latifolia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martina Solenská
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Révová 39, Bratislava 1, Slovakia.
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Fatigoni C, Dominici L, Moretti M, Villarini M, Monarca S. Genotoxic effects of extremely low frequency (ELF) magnetic fields (MF) evaluated by the Tradescantia-micronucleus assay. ENVIRONMENTAL TOXICOLOGY 2005; 20:585-91. [PMID: 16302171 DOI: 10.1002/tox.20148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extremely low frequency (ELF) electric fields (EF) and magnetic fields (MF) are generated during the production, transmission, and use of electrical energy. Although epidemiology studies suggest that there is a cancer risk associated with exposure to ELF-MF, short-term genotoxicity assays with bacteria and mammalian cells have produced inconsistent results. In the present study, we investigated the possible genotoxicity of ELF-MF by using the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MN) assay, a sensitive, reproducible, well-standardized assay for genotoxicity testing. A 50 Hz ELF-MF was generated by a laboratory exposure system consisting of a pair of parallel coils in a Helmholtz configuration. Exposure of Tradescantia (clone # 4430) inflorescences to the ELF-MF, at a flux density (B) corresponding to 1 mT, for 1, 6, and 24 h resulted in a time-dependent increase in MN frequency. The results indicate that a 50 Hz MF of 1 mT field strength is genotoxic in the Trad-MN bioassay and suggest that this assay may be suitable as a biomonitor for detecting the genotoxicity of ELF-MF in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Fatigoni
- Department of Medical-Surgical Specialities and Public Health, University of Perugia, Via del Giochetto, I-06126 Perugia, Italy
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Use of Plant Bioassays for the Detection of Genotoxins in the Aquatic Environment. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005. [DOI: 10.1002/aheh.200300557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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White PA, Claxton LD. Mutagens in contaminated soil: a review. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2004; 567:227-345. [PMID: 15572286 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2004.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 170] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The intentional and accidental discharges of toxic pollutants into the lithosphere results in soil contamination. In some cases (e.g., wood preserving wastes, coal-tar, airborne combustion by-products), the contaminated soil constitutes a genotoxic hazard. This work is a comprehensive review of published information on soil mutagenicity. In total, 1312 assessments of genotoxic activity from 118 works were examined. The majority of the assessments (37.6%) employed the Salmonella mutagenicity test with strains TA98 and/or TA100. An additional 37.6% of the assessments employed a variety of plant species (e.g., Tradescantia clone 4430, Vicia faba, Zea mays, Allium cepa) to assess mutagenic activity. The compiled data on Salmonella mutagenicity indicates significant differences (p<0.0001) in mean potency (revertents per gram dry weight) between industrial, urban, and rural/agricultural sites. Additional analyses showed significant empirical relationships between S9-activated TA98 mutagenicity and soil polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) concentration (r2=0.19 to 0.25, p<0.0001), and between direct-acting TA98 mutagenicity and soil dinitropyrene (DNP) concentration (r2=0.87, p<0.0001). The plant assay data revealed excellent response ranges and significant differences between heavily contaminated, industrial, rural/agricultural, and reference sites, for the anaphase aberration in Allium cepa (direct soil contact) and the waxy locus mutation assay in Zea mays (direct soil contact). The Tradescantia assays appeared to be less responsive, particularly for exposures to aqueous soil leachates. Additional data analyses showed empirical relationships between anaphase aberrations in Allium, or mutations in Arabidopsis, and the 137Cs contamination of soils. Induction of micronuclei in Tradescantia is significantly related to the soil concentration of several metals (e.g., Sb, Cu, Cr, As, Pb, Cd, Ni, Zn). Review of published remediation exercises showed effective removal of genotoxic petrochemical wastes within one year. Remediation of more refractory genotoxic material (e.g., explosives, creosote) frequently showed increases in mutagenic hazard that remained for extended periods. Despite substantial contamination and mutagenic hazards, the risk of adverse effect (e.g., mutation, cancer) in humans or terrestrial biota is difficult to quantify.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul A White
- Mutagenesis Section, Safe Environments Program, Health Canada, Tunney's Pasture 0803A, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2.
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Zamora-Perez A, Zúñiga-González GM, Gómez-Meda BC, Ramos-Ibarra ML, Batista-González CM, Torres-Bugarín O. Induction of micronucleated cells in the shed skin of salamanders (Ambystoma sp.) treated with colchicine or cyclophosphamide. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2004; 44:436-440. [PMID: 15540193 DOI: 10.1002/em.20074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
The micronucleus (MN) assay can be used to detect the genotoxic effects of chemical agents in virtually any cell that divides frequently. Salamanders (Ambystoma sp.) are amphibians that can be easily maintained and bred in the laboratory and spontaneously shed their skin every 2.5-4 days. In this present study, we have evaluated the usefulness of this shed skin for the MN assay. We exposed salamanders to different concentrations of both the aneugen colchicine (COL) and the clastogen cyclophosphamide (CP) and we determined the frequency of micronucleated cells (MNCs) in their sheds. Fragments of shed skin were placed on clean slides, fixed, stained, observed with a light microscope, and the number of MNCs was counted. The MNC frequency was increased significantly by all doses of COL and CP tested, administered either as single or repeated exposures. The presence of MNCs in the shed skin and the speed of sloughing lead us to propose that the sheds of Ambystoma sp., or other amphibians that slough their skin, are suitable alternative models for detecting genotoxic exposures relevant to aquatic environments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana Zamora-Perez
- Laboratorio de Mutagénesis, Centro de Investigación Biomédica de Occidente, Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social, Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico.
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Lazutka JR, Stapulionyte A, Bjerketvedt DK, Odland A. Seasonal variation in the frequency of abnormal anaphases and mitotic index values in wild populations of herb-Paris (Paris quadrifolia L., Trilliaceae): implications for genetic monitoring. Mutat Res 2003; 534:113-22. [PMID: 12504760 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00247-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The main aim of our study was to investigate seasonal variation in the frequency of abnormal anaphases and mitotic index values in wild populations of herb-Paris (Paris quadrifolia L., Trilliaceae). Plant material was collected in the year 2000 in Norway and in the year 2001 in Lithuania. There was statistically significant variation in the mitotic index values (chi(2)=1087.9, d.f.=16, P<0.0001) with the highest values during the active growth period in May and the lowest values at the end of vegetation period in September. Seasonal variation in the frequency of abnormal anaphases was statistically significant as well (chi(2)=28.23, d.f.=16, P=0.0297). The most frequent type of anaphase abnormality was vagrant chromosomes (64.2%) followed by bridges (28.6%), fragments (3.6%), sticky chromosomes (2.4%) and multipolar anaphases (1.2%). During the fieldwork, quite deep late frosts occurred. Mitotic index was lower in the plants collected immediately after the frosts or 1 week later than in the plants sampled before the frosts (52+/-13 and 123+/-15, respectively, P=0.0014). On the contrary, frequency of abnormal anaphases was statistically significantly elevated (P=0.0082) in plants after the frosts (6.35+/-1.54%) when compared to plants before the frosts (2.49+/-0.56%). Our results clearly indicated significant variation in the mitotic index values and frequency of abnormal anaphases in the wild populations of herb-Paris during the growth season. This variation may be related to the physiological conditions of the analysed plants as well as to certain ecological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juozas R Lazutka
- Department of Botany and Genetics, Laboratory of Ecological Genetics, Vilnius University, Lithuania.
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Falistocco E, Torricelli R, Feretti D, Zerbini I, Zani C, Monarca S. Enhancement of micronuclei frequency in the Tradescantia/micronuclei test using a long recovery time. Hereditas 2001; 133:171-4. [PMID: 11338430 DOI: 10.1111/j.1601-5223.2000.t01-1-00171.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
The Tradescantia/micronuclei test (TRAD/MCN) is a well-validated test for monitoring environmental genotoxicants. These pollutants induce at the early meiotic stage of pollen mother cells chromosome fragments which become micronuclei at the tetrad stage. The standard test protocol requires some hours of exposure of the inflorescences and a recovery time of about 24 hours to reach the early tetrad stage. Since the recovery period represents a critical step of the TRAD/MCN, experiments were performed to establish its length in plants of clone #4430 of the hybrid T. hirsutiflora x T. subacaulis which is widely used in environmental monitoring. The aim of the present research was to ascertain the exact duration of recovery time in order to improve the sensitivity of the TRAD/MCN test. First, studies were performed to select the flowers at the beginning of the meiosis, and then anthers were sampled and studied for a period of 48-86 hours. The complete meiosis in the plants examined required about 80 hours. Second, exposure to genotoxic substances followed by different recovery times was carried out to demonstrate that effectiveness of the TRAD/MCN test is closely related to the duration of the recovery time. The test was carried out by exposing inflorescences to known mutagens (sodium azide and maleic hydrazide) for six hours followed by different recovery times (24-72 hours). The results showed that the frequency of micronuclei in the pollen mother cells increased with the length of the recovery time.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Falistocco
- Department of Plant Biology and Agro-Environmental Biotechnology, Section of Genetics and Breeding, Borgo XX Giugno, 74, University of Perugia, I-06121 Perugia, Italy.
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Fomin A, Paschke A, Arndt U. Assessment of the genotoxicity of mine-dump material using the Tradescantia-stamen hair (Trad-SHM) and the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassays. Mutat Res 1999; 426:173-81. [PMID: 10350594 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00064-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
The Tradescantia-stamen hair (Trad-SHM) and -micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassays were used to determine the genotoxicity of two eluates derived from mine tailings. The goal was to test the suitability of the Tradescantia bioassays as screening tools for this kind of waste material. Leachates obtained using the current standard German leaching test methods (S4 eluate) as well as leachates obtained using a new eluation method (pHstat4) were tested and compared. Concentration of heavy metals in the pHstat4 eluate were much higher than in the S4 eluate. The chemical analysis corresponded well with the results of the bioassays. Exposure to solutions containing more than 1% pHstat4 eluate caused a significantly higher number of micronuclei. The Trad-SHM bioassay also showed an increased pink mutation rate when plants were exposed to 8 or 16% eluate solutions. In contrast, the S4 eluate only caused increased mutation rates when solutions containing more than 32% eluate were used. The low pH of the pHstat4 eluate was not responsible for the genotoxicity observed using both bioassays, as indicated by the lack of significant mutation rates in the nitric acid controls. This demonstrates that the Tradescantia bioassays can be used as tools to assess the genotoxic potential of environmental samples with a wide range of pH values, without the need for sample modification.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Fomin
- Institute of Landscape and Plant Ecology, Department of Plant Ecology and Ecotoxicology, University of Hohenheim, Germany.
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Steinkellner H, Kassie F, Knasmüller S. Tradescantia-micronucleus assay for the assessment of the clastogenicity of Austrian water. Mutat Res 1999; 426:113-6. [PMID: 10350581 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00051-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Seven water samples collected from Vienna and Salzburg areas in Austria were tested for their clastogenicity with the Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay. There was no indication of clastogenic activity in two drinking water samples; likewise, samples from two major rivers (Danube and Salzburg) and of a river that received effluents from a paper mill also gave negative results. Urban river water as well as ground water samples which were collected near an industrial waste dump site caused a statistically significant and dose dependent increase of the MCN frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Steinkellner
- Institut für Tumorbiologie-Krebsforschung, Universität Wien, Borschkegasse 8a, A-1090, Vienna, Austria
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Cabrera GL, Rodriguez DM, Maruri AB. Genotoxicity of the extracts from the compost of the organic and the total municipal garbage using three plant bioassays. Mutat Res 1999; 426:201-6. [PMID: 10350598 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00068-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The production of compost is one of the alternatives for the disposal of non-hazardous solid wastes. Compost is used in agriculture and gardening as fertilizer. In the State of Queretaro, Mexico, there is a project to produce compost from the municipal garbage which could be used as a fertilizer. The presence of mutagenic compounds in the compost could be a major disadvantage for the selection of this alternative. For the above reason, this study was initiated as a pilot project to determine the potential mutagenic activity in the compost using three plant bioassays: Tradescantia-micronucleus (Trad-MCN), Tradescantia stamen hair mutations (Trad-SHM) and Allium root anaphase aberrations (AL-RAA). Compost was produced using both aerobic and anaerobic processes from either organic waste (from the residential area) or from the total components of the municipal garbage. Extractions from the compost were done using distilled water and organic solvents and shaking the sample for about 12 h under relatively low temperatures (15-20 degrees C). Plant cuttings of Tradescantia or the roots of Allium were treated by submerging them in the extracts. Three replicates of each sample were analyzed in each one of the three bioassays. As expected the samples of compost from the total garbage showed a higher genetoxicity than those from organic waste. In conclusion, there are some substances present in the compost capable of inducing genotoxicity in the plant assays and therefore there must be some restrictions for its use as a fertilizer.
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Affiliation(s)
- G L Cabrera
- Centro de Estudios Academicos sobre Contaminacion Ambiental, Universidad Autonoma de Queretaro, Queretaro, Qro. 76010, Mexico
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Grant WF. Higher plant assays for the detection of chromosomal aberrations and gene mutations-a brief historical background on their use for screening and monitoring environmental chemicals. Mutat Res 1999; 426:107-12. [PMID: 10350580 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(99)00050-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Higher plants are recognized as excellent indicators of cytogenetic and mutagenic effects of environmental chemicals and are applicable for the detection of environmental mutagens both indoor and outdoor. They are highly reliable bioassays with a high sensitivity for monitoring and testing for genotoxins. A brief review of major steps in the development of higher plant genotoxic assays is given.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Grant
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Macdonald Campus, P. O. Box 4000, Ste. Anne de Bellevue, Quebec, Canada.
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Rodrigues GS, Ma TH, Pimentel D, Weinstein LH, Ichikawa S. TradescantiaBioassays as Monitoring Systems for Environmental Mutagenesis: A Review. CRITICAL REVIEWS IN PLANT SCIENCES 1997. [PMID: 0 DOI: 10.1080/07352689709701953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
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Houk VS, Waters MD. Genetic toxicology and risk assessment of complex environmental mixtures. Drug Chem Toxicol 1996; 19:187-219. [PMID: 8933023 DOI: 10.3109/01480549608998234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- V S Houk
- United States Environmental Protection Agency, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina, USA
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Smaka-Kincl V, Stegnar P, Lovka M, Toman MJ. The evaluation of waste, surface and ground water quality using the Allium test procedure. Mutat Res 1996; 368:171-9. [PMID: 8692223 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1218(96)90059-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The bulbs of Allium cepa were grown in test liquids of various pollution levels as follows: undiluted industrial and municipal waste water; biological treatment plant output water; water from the Drava river upstream and downstream of the city of Maribor; and non-chlorinated drinking water as a negative control test. The paper presents the response of the Allium cepa genetic material to the presence of potential cytotoxic and genotoxic substances in test liquids and the suitability of the Allium cepa testing procedure as a method for short-term determination of water pollution level. The suitability of the Allium test procedure as a system for environmental monitoring is presented. The influence of water pollution on macroscopic and cytologic parameters of the common onion by application of the biological testing method was examined. The macroscopic parameter was inhibition of root growth. The cytological parameters were: aberrant cells in metaphase and anaphase, index of micronuclei appearance and inhibition of cell division. The possibility of categorization the different polluted test liquids into quality classes is presented according to the influence of the test liquids on macroscopic and cytologic parameters. Test liquids are divided into 8 quality classes: the first class is the least polluted surface waters, the second and the third classes are more polluted surface water, the fourth and the fifth classes are biological treatment plant output waters, the sixth till the eighth quality classes are untreated waste waters. The most polluted test liquids (untreated industrial and municipal waste waters) caused sublethal and even lethal effects. The most polluted tested liquids cause the inhibition of root growth over 50% (even up to 74%), decrease of mitotic index over 36% (even up to 66%), increase of presence of interphase cells with micronuclei over 3% and increase of presence of aberrant cells for more than 10 times in comparison to control test.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Smaka-Kincl
- Public Services Administration, Department of Environmental Protection, Maribor, Slovenia
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Ma TH, Xu Z, Xu C, McConnell H, Rabago EV, Arreola GA, Zhang H. The improved Allium/Vicia root tip micronucleus assay for clastogenicity of environmental pollutants. Mutat Res 1995; 334:185-95. [PMID: 7885371 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1161(95)90010-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 214] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
The meristematic mitotic cells of plant roots are appropriate and efficient cytogenetic materials for the detection of clastogenicity of environmental pollutants, especially for in situ monitoring of water contaminants. Among several cytological endpoints in these fast dividing cells, such as chromosome/chromatid aberrations, sister-chromatid exchanges and micronuclei, the most effective and simplest indicator of cytological damage is micronucleus formation. Although the Allium cepa and Vicia faba root meristem micronucleus assays (Allium/Vicia root MCN) have been used in clastogenicity studies about 12 times by various authors in the last 25 years, there is no report on the comparison of the efficiency of these two plant systems and in different cell populations (meristem and F1) of the root tip as well as under adequate recovery duration. In order to maximize the efficiency of these bioassays, the current study was designed to compare the Allium and the Vicia root MCN assays on the basis of chromosome length, peak sensitivity of the mitotic cells, and the regions of the root tip where the MCN are formed. The total length of the 2n complement of Allium chromosomes is 14.4 microns and the total length of the 2n complement of Vicia is 9.32 microns. The peak sensitivity determined by serial fixation at 12-h intervals after 100 R of X-irradiation is 44 h. The slope of the X-ray dose-response curve of Allium roots derived from the meristematic regions was lower than that derived from cells in the F1 region. Higher efficiency was also demonstrated when the MCN frequencies were scored from the F1 cells in both Allium and Vicia treated with formaldehyde (FA), mitomycin C (MMC), and maleic hydrazide (MH). The results indicated that scoring of MCN frequencies from the F1 cell region of the root tip was more efficient than scoring from the meristematic region. The X-ray linear regression dose-response curves were established in both Allium and Vicia cell systems and the coefficients of correlations, slope values were used to verify the reliability and efficiency of these two plant cell systems. Based on the dose-response slope value of 0.894 for Allium and 0.643 for Vicia, the Allium root MCN was a more efficient test system. The greater sensitivity of the Allium roots is probably due to the greater total length of the diploid complement and the higher number of metacentric chromosomes.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb 61455, USA
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Ma TH. Application of quick and simple plant bioassays to assess the genotoxicity of environmental pollutants--detection of potential health hazards of air, water and soil contaminants. ARCHIVES OF TOXICOLOGY. SUPPLEMENT. = ARCHIV FUR TOXIKOLOGIE. SUPPLEMENT 1995; 17:420-33. [PMID: 7786178 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-79451-3_36] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- T H Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb 61455, USA
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Helma C, Knasmüller S, Schulte-Hermann R. Die Belastung von Wässern mit gentoxischen Substanzen. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02940361] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Abstract
Higher plants provide valuable genetic assay systems for screening and monitoring environmental pollutants. They are now recognized as excellent indicators of cytogenetic and mutagenic effects of environmental chemicals and are applicable for the detection of environmental mutagens both indoor and outdoor. Comparisons between plant and nonplant genetic assay systems indicate that higher plant genetic assays have a high sensitivity (i.e. few false negatives). Two assays which are considered ideal for in situ monitoring and testing of airborne and aqueous mutagenic agents are the Tradescantia stamen hair assay for mutations and the Tradescantia micronucleus assay for chromosome aberrations. Both assays can be used for in vivo and in vitro testing. Other higher plant genotoxicity assays which have a large number of genetic markers and/or data base and are also highly suitable for testing for genotoxic agents include Arabidopsis thaliana, Allium cepa, Hordeum vulgare, Vicia faba, and Zea mays. Since higher plant systems are now recognized as excellent indicators of the cytotoxic, cytogenetic, and mutagenic effects of environmental chemicals and have unique advantages for in situ monitoring and screening it is recommended that higher plant systems be accepted by regulatory authorities as an alternative first-tier assay system for the detection of possible genetic damage resulting from pollution or the use of environmental chemicals. The results from higher plant genetic assays could make a significant contribution in protecting the public from agents that can cause mutation and cancer. The advantages possessed by higher plant genetic assays, which are inexpensive and easy to handle, make them ideal for use by scientists in developing countries.
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Affiliation(s)
- W F Grant
- Department of Plant Science, McGill University, Que., Canada
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Ma TH, Cabrera GL, Chen R, Gill BS, Sandhu SS, Vandenberg AL, Salamone MF. Tradescantia micronucleus bioassay. Mutat Res 1994; 310:221-30. [PMID: 7523893 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(94)90115-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 130] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Four coded chemicals, azidoglycerol (AG), N-methyl-N-nitrosourea (MNU), sodium azide (NaN3), and maleic hydrazide (MH), were tested with the Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) bioassay by five independent laboratories from five different countries. The purpose of this international collaborative study was to evaluate four plant bioassays, of which the Trad-MCN assay was one, for their sensitivity, efficiency and reliability. The study was carried out under the sponsorship of the International Programme on Chemical Safety. All laboratories adhered to a standard Trad-MCN protocol which suggested that three replicate tests be conducted with each chemical. The results reported by all laboratories, although not equal, showed good agreement among the laboratories. In fact, all five laboratories obtained positive results with MH and MNU, while four of the five laboratories achieved positive results with NaN3. AG was tested in only three laboratories. Two reported negative results, while one reported positive results but only at a single high dose. The data from this study suggest that under normal conditions, the Trad-MCN bioassay is an efficient and reliable short-term bioassay for clastogens. It is suitable for the rapid screening of chemicals, and also is specially qualified for in situ monitoring of ambient pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Ma
- Department of Biological Sciences, Western Illinois University, Macomb 61455
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Helma C, Sommer R, Schulte-Hermann R, Knasmüller S. Enhanced clastogenicity of contaminated groundwater following UV irradiation detected by the Tradescantia micronucleus assay. Mutat Res 1994; 323:93-8. [PMID: 7509031 DOI: 10.1016/0165-7992(94)90081-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The Tradescantia micronucleus (Trad-MCN) assay was used to determine clastogenic effects of contaminated groundwater collected near a hazardous waste landfill. Water samples were taken from a purification plant (activated charcoal filtration, UV irradiation) which was built to avoid groundwater contamination by this landfill. Five series of experiments were conducted during approximately 4 months. In addition, water samples were irradiated under laboratory conditions with increasing doses of UV light. Several field water samples gave positive, dose-dependent effects before filtration and irradiation. Maximal values (6.1 +/- 4.7 micronuclei (MCN)/100 tetrads) were six-fold above controls. UV irradiation of activated charcoal-filtered water resulted in an enhancement of MCN frequencies. Exposure of groundwater to UV irradiation in the laboratory led to a dose-dependent increase of micronuclei. At the highest dose (1500 J/m2) the MCN frequency was more than six times higher than in the unirradiated sample (5.4 +/- 1.0 vs. 0.8 +/- 0.4 MCN/100 tetrads). The clastogenicity of UV-irradiated samples decreased with a half-life of approximately 1 day. Irradiation of tap water did not increase the MCN frequency. Our results indicate that irradiation of water with UV light for disinfection purposes might lead to a transiently increased genotoxicity of chemically polluted water samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Helma
- Institute for Tumor Biology-Cancer Research, Vienna, Austria
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