1
|
Modes of action considerations in threshold expectations for health effects of benzene. Toxicol Lett 2020; 334:78-86. [DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2020.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2020] [Revised: 09/05/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
|
2
|
Luijten M, Ball NS, Dearfield KL, Gollapudi BB, Johnson GE, Madia F, Peel L, Pfuhler S, Settivari RS, ter Burg W, White PA, van Benthem J. Utility of a next generation framework for assessment of genomic damage: A case study using the industrial chemical benzene. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 2020; 61:94-113. [PMID: 31709603 PMCID: PMC6972600 DOI: 10.1002/em.22346] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Revised: 10/31/2019] [Accepted: 11/06/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
We recently published a next generation framework for assessing the risk of genomic damage via exposure to chemical substances. The framework entails a systematic approach with the aim to quantify risk levels for substances that induce genomic damage contributing to human adverse health outcomes. Here, we evaluated the utility of the framework for assessing the risk for industrial chemicals, using the case of benzene. Benzene is a well-studied substance that is generally considered a genotoxic carcinogen and is known to cause leukemia. The case study limits its focus on occupational and general population health as it relates to benzene exposure. Using the framework as guidance, available data on benzene considered relevant for assessment of genetic damage were collected. Based on these data, we were able to conduct quantitative analyses for relevant data sets to estimate acceptable exposure levels and to characterize the risk of genetic damage. Key observations include the need for robust exposure assessments, the importance of information on toxicokinetic properties, and the benefits of cheminformatics. The framework points to the need for further improvement on understanding of the mechanism(s) of action involved, which would also provide support for the use of targeted tests rather than a prescribed set of assays. Overall, this case study demonstrates the utility of the next generation framework to quantitatively model human risk on the basis of genetic damage, thereby enabling a new, innovative risk assessment concept. Environ. Mol. Mutagen. 61:94-113, 2020. © 2019 The Authors. Environmental and Molecular Mutagenesis published by Wiley Periodicals, Inc. on behalf of Environmental Mutagen Society.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mirjam Luijten
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - George E. Johnson
- Swansea University Medical School, Swansea UniversitySwanseaUnited Kingdom
| | - Federica Madia
- European Commission, Joint Research Centre (JRC)IspraItaly
| | - Lauren Peel
- Health and Environmental Sciences InstituteWashingtonDistrict of Columbia
| | | | | | - Wouter ter Burg
- Centre for Safety of Substances and ProductsNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| | - Paul A. White
- Department of BiologyUniversity of OttawaOttawaOntarioCanada
| | - Jan van Benthem
- Centre for Health ProtectionNational Institute for Public Health and the Environment (RIVM)BilthovenThe Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Piper JD, Piper PW. Benzoate and Sorbate Salts: A Systematic Review of the Potential Hazards of These Invaluable Preservatives and the Expanding Spectrum of Clinical Uses for Sodium Benzoate. Compr Rev Food Sci Food Saf 2017; 16:868-880. [PMID: 33371618 DOI: 10.1111/1541-4337.12284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2017] [Accepted: 06/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Sodium benzoate and potassium sorbate are extremely useful agents for food and beverage preservation, yet concerns remain over their complete safety. Benzoate can react with the ascorbic acid in drinks to produce the carcinogen benzene. A few children develop allergy to this additive while, as a competitive inhibitor of D-amino acid oxidase, benzoate can also influence neurotransmission and cognitive functioning. Model organism and cell culture studies have raised some issues. Benzoate has been found to exert teratogenic and neurotoxic effects on zebrafish embryos. In addition, benzoate and sorbate are reported to cause chromosome aberrations in cultured human lymphocytes; also to be potently mutagenic toward the mitochondrial DNA in aerobic yeast cells. Whether the substantial human consumption of these compounds could significantly increase levels of such damages in man is still unclear. There is no firm evidence that it is a risk factor in type 2 diabetes. The clinical administration of sodium benzoate is of proven benefit for many patients with urea cycle disorders, while recent studies indicate it may also be advantageous in the treatment of multiple sclerosis, schizophrenia, early-stage Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease. Nevertheless, exposure to high amounts of this agent should be approached with caution, especially since it has the potential to generate a shortage of glycine which, in turn, can negatively influence brain neurochemistry. We discuss here how a small fraction of the population might be rendered-either through their genes or a chronic medical condition-particularly susceptible to any adverse effects of sodium benzoate.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joseph D Piper
- Centre for Genomics and Child Health, Blizard Inst., Queen Mary Univ. of London, London, E1 2AT, United Kingdom
| | - Peter W Piper
- Dept. of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, Univ. of Sheffield, Sheffield, S10 2TN, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Choi J, Polcher A, Joas A. Systematic literature review on Parkinson's disease and Childhood Leukaemia and mode of actions for pesticides. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.2903/sp.efsa.2016.en-955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
|
5
|
Lymphohematopoietic cancers induced by chemicals and other agents and their implications for risk evaluation: An overview. MUTATION RESEARCH-REVIEWS IN MUTATION RESEARCH 2014; 761:40-64. [PMID: 24731989 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2014.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2013] [Revised: 04/02/2014] [Accepted: 04/03/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Lymphohematopoietic neoplasia are one of the most common types of cancer induced by therapeutic and environmental agents. Of the more than 100 human carcinogens identified by the International Agency for Research on Cancer, approximately 25% induce leukemias or lymphomas. The objective of this review is to provide an introduction into the origins and mechanisms underlying lymphohematopoietic cancers induced by xenobiotics in humans with an emphasis on acute myeloid leukemia, and discuss the implications of this information for risk assessment. Among the agents causing lymphohematopoietic cancers, a number of patterns were observed. Most physical and chemical leukemia-inducing agents such as the therapeutic alkylating agents, topoisomerase II inhibitors, and ionizing radiation induce mainly acute myeloid leukemia through DNA-damaging mechanisms that result in either gene or chromosomal mutations. In contrast, biological agents and a few immunosuppressive chemicals induce primarily lymphoid neoplasms through mechanisms that involve alterations in immune response. Among the environmental agents examined, benzene was clearly associated with acute myeloid leukemia in humans, with increasing but still limited evidence for an association with lymphoid neoplasms. Ethylene oxide and 1,3-butadiene were linked primarily to lymphoid cancers. Although the association between formaldehyde and leukemia remains controversial, several recent evaluations have indicated a potential link between formaldehyde and acute myeloid leukemia. The four environmental agents examined in detail were all genotoxic, inducing gene mutations, chromosomal alterations, and/or micronuclei in vivo. Although it is clear that rapid progress has been made in recent years in our understanding of leukemogenesis, many questions remain for future research regarding chemically induced leukemias and lymphomas, including the mechanisms by which the environmental agents reviewed here induce these diseases and the risks associated with exposures to such agents.
Collapse
|
6
|
McHale CM, Zhang L, Smith MT. Current understanding of the mechanism of benzene-induced leukemia in humans: implications for risk assessment. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:240-52. [PMID: 22166497 PMCID: PMC3271273 DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 203] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2011] [Revised: 11/21/2011] [Accepted: 12/07/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Benzene causes acute myeloid leukemia and probably other hematological malignancies. As benzene also causes hematotoxicity even in workers exposed to levels below the US permissible occupational exposure limit of 1 part per million, further assessment of the health risks associated with its exposure, particularly at low levels, is needed. Here, we describe the probable mechanism by which benzene induces leukemia involving the targeting of critical genes and pathways through the induction of genetic, chromosomal or epigenetic abnormalities and genomic instability, in a hematopoietic stem cell (HSC); stromal cell dysregulation; apoptosis of HSCs and stromal cells and altered proliferation and differentiation of HSCs. These effects modulated by benzene-induced oxidative stress, aryl hydrocarbon receptor dysregulation and reduced immunosurveillance, lead to the generation of leukemic stem cells and subsequent clonal evolution to leukemia. A mode of action (MOA) approach to the risk assessment of benzene was recently proposed. This approach is limited, however, by the challenges of defining a simple stochastic MOA of benzene-induced leukemogenesis and of identifying relevant and quantifiable parameters associated with potential key events. An alternative risk assessment approach is the application of toxicogenomics and systems biology in human populations, animals and in vitro models of the HSC stem cell niche, exposed to a range of levels of benzene. These approaches will inform our understanding of the mechanisms of benzene toxicity and identify additional biomarkers of exposure, early effect and susceptibility useful for risk assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Martyn T. Smith
- Division of Environmental Health Sciences, Genes and Environment Laboratory, School of Public Health, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720-7356, USA
| |
Collapse
|
7
|
Shiga T, Suzuki H, Yamamoto A, Yamamoto H, Yamamoto K. Hydroquinone, a benzene metabolite, induces Hog1-dependent stress response signaling and causes aneuploidy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. JOURNAL OF RADIATION RESEARCH 2010; 51:405-415. [PMID: 20467201 DOI: 10.1269/jrr.10014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Previously, we have shown that phenyl hydroquinone, a hepatic metabolite of the Ames test-negative carcinogen o-phenylphenol, efficiently induced aneuploidy in Saccharomyces cerevisiae by arresting the cell cycle at the G2/M transition as a result of the activation of the Hog1 (p38 MAPK homolog)-Swe1 (Wee1 homolog) pathway. In this experiment, we examined the aneuploidy forming effects of hydroquinone, a benzene metabolite, since both phenyl hydroquinone and hydroquinone are Ames-test negative carcinogens and share similar molecular structures. As was seen in phenyl hydroquinone, hydroquinone induced aneuploidy in yeast by delaying the cell cycle at the G2/M transition. Deficiencies in SWE1 and HOG1 abolished the hydroquinone-induced delay at the G2/M transition and aneuploidy formation. Furthermore, Hog1 was phosphorylated by hydroquinone, which may stabilize Swe1. These data indicate that the hydroquinone-induced G2/M transition checkpoint, which is activated by the Hog1-Swe1 pathway, plays a role in the formation of aneuploidy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Takeki Shiga
- Graduate School of Life Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
8
|
Albertini RJ, Judice SA, Recio L, Walker VE. Hprt mutant frequency and p53 gene status in mice chronically exposed by inhalation to benzene. Chem Biol Interact 2010; 184:77-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2009.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2009] [Revised: 12/11/2009] [Accepted: 12/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
|
9
|
Xie Z, Zhang Y, Guliaev AB, Shen H, Hang B, Singer B, Wang Z. The p-benzoquinone DNA adducts derived from benzene are highly mutagenic. DNA Repair (Amst) 2005; 4:1399-409. [PMID: 16181813 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2005.08.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Benzene is a human leukemia carcinogen, resulting from its cellular metabolism. A major benzene metabolite is p-benzoquinone (pBQ), which can damage DNA by forming the exocyclic base adducts pBQ-dC, pBQ-dA, and pBQ-dG in vitro. To gain insights into the role of pBQ in benzene genotoxicity, we examined in vitro translesion synthesis and in vivo mutagenesis of these pBQ adducts. Purified REV1 and Polkappa were essentially incapable of translesion synthesis in response to the pBQ adducts. Opposite pBQ-dA and pBQ-dC, purified human Poliota was capable of error-prone nucleotide insertion, but was unable to perform extension synthesis. Error-prone translesion synthesis was observed with Poleta. However, DNA synthesis largely stopped opposite the lesion. Consistent with in vitro results, replication of site-specifically damaged plasmids was strongly inhibited by pBQ adducts in yeast cells, which depended on both Polzeta and Poleta. In wild-type cells, the majority of translesion products were deletions at the site of damage, accounting for 91%, 90%, and 76% for pBQ-dA, pBQ-dG, and pBQ-dC, respectively. These results show that the pBQ-dC, pBQ-dA, and pBQ-dG adducts are strong blocking lesions, and are highly mutagenic by predominantly inducing deletion mutations. These results are consistent with the lesion structures predicted by molecular dynamics simulation. Our results led to the following model. Translesion synthesis normally occurs by directly copying the lesion site through base insertion and extension synthesis. When the lesion becomes incompatible in accommodating a base opposite the lesion in DNA, translesion synthesis occurs by a less efficient lesion loop-out mechanism, resulting in avoiding copying the damaged base and leading to deletion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhongwen Xie
- Graduate Center for Toxicology, University of Kentucky, Lexington, 40536, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
10
|
Lambert IB, Singer TM, Boucher SE, Douglas GR. Detailed review of transgenic rodent mutation assays. Mutat Res 2005; 590:1-280. [PMID: 16081315 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrrev.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2005] [Revised: 04/04/2005] [Accepted: 04/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Induced chromosomal and gene mutations play a role in carcinogenesis and may be involved in the production of birth defects and other disease conditions. While it is widely accepted that in vivo mutation assays are more relevant to the human condition than are in vitro assays, our ability to evaluate mutagenesis in vivo in a broad range of tissues has historically been quite limited. The development of transgenic rodent (TGR) mutation models has given us the ability to detect, quantify, and sequence mutations in a range of somatic and germ cells. This document provides a comprehensive review of the TGR mutation assay literature and assesses the potential use of these assays in a regulatory context. The information is arranged as follows. (1) TGR mutagenicity models and their use for the analysis of gene and chromosomal mutation are fully described. (2) The principles underlying current OECD tests for the assessment of genotoxicity in vitro and in vivo, and also nontransgenic assays available for assessment of gene mutation, are described. (3) All available information pertaining to the conduct of TGR assays and important parameters of assay performance have been tabulated and analyzed. (4) The performance of TGR assays, both in isolation and as part of a battery of in vitro and in vivo short-term genotoxicity tests, in predicting carcinogenicity is described. (5) Recommendations are made regarding the experimental parameters for TGR assays, and the use of TGR assays in a regulatory context.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Iain B Lambert
- Mutagenesis Section, Environmental Health Sciences Bureau, Healthy Environments and Consumer Safety Branch, 0803A, Health Canada, Ottawa, Ont., Canada K1A 0L2.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
11
|
Wahnschaffe U, Bitsch A, Kielhorn J, Mangelsdorf I. Mutagenicity testing with transgenic mice. Part I: Comparison with the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. J Carcinog 2005; 4:3. [PMID: 15655069 PMCID: PMC548135 DOI: 10.1186/1477-3163-4-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2004] [Accepted: 01/17/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
As part of a larger literature study on transgenic animals in mutagenicity testing, test results from the transgenic mutagenicity assays (lacI model; commercially available as the Big Blue(R) mouse, and the lacZ model; commercially available as the Mutatrade markMouse), were compared with the results on the same substances in the more traditional mouse bone marrow micronucleus test. 39 substances were found which had been tested in the micronucleus assay and in the above transgenic mouse systems. Although, the transgenic animal mutation assay is not directly comparable with the micronucleus test, because different genetic endpoints are examined: chromosome aberration versus gene mutation, the results for the majority of substances were in agreement. Both test systems, the transgenic mouse assay and the mouse bone marrow micronucleus test, have advantages and they complement each other. However, the transgenic animal assay has some distinct advantages over the micronucleus test: it is not restricted to one target organ and detects systemic as well as local mutagenic effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- U Wahnschaffe
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Department of Chemical Risk Assessment, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - A Bitsch
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Department of Chemical Risk Assessment, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - J Kielhorn
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Department of Chemical Risk Assessment, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - I Mangelsdorf
- Fraunhofer Institute of Toxicology and Experimental Medicine ITEM, Department of Chemical Risk Assessment, Nikolai-Fuchs-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Gaskell M, McLuckie KIE, Farmer PB. Comparison of the mutagenic activity of the benzene metabolites, hydroquinone and para-benzoquinone in the supF forward mutation assay: a role for minor DNA adducts formed from hydroquinone in benzene mutagenicity. Mutat Res 2004; 554:387-98. [PMID: 15450434 DOI: 10.1016/j.mrfmmm.2004.06.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2004] [Revised: 05/28/2004] [Accepted: 06/09/2004] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Benzene, a ubiquitous environmental pollutant and occupational hazardous chemical, is a recognised human leukaemogen and rodent carcinogen. The mechanism by which benzene exerts its carcinogenic effects is to date unknown but it is considered that mutations induced by benzene-DNA adducts may play a role. The benzene metabolite, para-benzoquinone (p-BQ) following reaction in vitro with DNA, forms four major adducts, which include two adducts on 2'-deoxyguanosine 3'-monophosphate (dGp). Reaction of DNA with the benzene metabolite hydroquinone (HQ) results in only one major DNA adduct, which corresponds to one of the dGp adducts formed following reaction with p-BQ. The mutagenicity of the adducts formed from these two benzene metabolites was investigated using the supF forward mutation assay. Metabolite-treated plasmid (pSP189) containing the supF gene was replicated in human Ad293 cells before being screened in indicator bacteria. Treatment with 5-20 mM p-BQ gave a 12 to 40-fold increase in mutation rate compared to 5-20 mM HQ treatment, a result reflected in the level of DNA modification observed (8 to 26-fold increase compared to HQ treatment). Treatment with p-BQ gave equal numbers of GC --> TA transversions and GC --> AT transitions, whereas treatment with HQ gave predominantly GC-->AT transitions. The spectra of mutations achieved for the two individual treatments were shown to be significantly different (P = 0.004). A combination of both treatments also resulted in a high level of GC --> AT transitions and a synergistic increase in the number of multiple mutations, which again predominated as GC --> AT transitions. Sites of mutational hotspots were observed for both individual treatments and one mutational hotspot was observed in the multiple mutations for the combined treatment. These results suggest that the dGp adducts formed from benzene metabolite treatment may play an important role in the mutagenicity and myelotoxicity of benzene.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Margaret Gaskell
- Cancer Biomarkers and Prevention Group, The Biocentre, University Road, Leicester LE17RH, UK.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Abstract
The potential role of genotoxicity in human leukemias associated with benzene (BZ) exposures was investigated by a systematic review of over 1400 genotoxicity test results for BZ and its metabolites. Studies of rodents exposed to radiolabeled BZ found a low level of radiolabel in isolated DNA with no preferential binding in target tissues of neoplasia. Adducts were not identified by 32P-postlabeling (equivalent to a covalent binding index <0.002) under the dosage conditions producing neoplasia in the rodent bioassays, and this method would have detected adducts at 1/10,000th the levels reported in the DNA-binding studies. Adducts were detected by 32P-postlabeling in vitro and following high acute BZ doses in vivo, but levels were about 100-fold less than those found by DNA binding. These findings suggest that DNA-adduct formation may not be a significant mechanism for BZ-induced neoplasia in rodents. The evaluation of other genotoxicity test results revealed that BZ and its metabolites did not produce reverse mutations in Salmonella typhimurium but were clastogenic and aneugenic, producing micronuclei, chromosomal aberrations, sister chromatid exchanges and DNA strand breaks. Rodent and human data were compared, and BZ genotoxicity results in both were similar for the available tests. Also, the biotransformation of BZ was qualitatively similar in rodents, humans and non-human primates, further indicating that rodent and human genotoxicity data were compatible. The genotoxicity test results for BZ and its metabolites were the most similar to those of topoisomerase II inhibitors and provided less support for proposed mechanisms involving DNA reactivity, mitotic spindle poisoning or oxidative DNA damage as genotoxic mechanisms; all of which have been demonstrated experimentally for BZ or its metabolites. Studies of the chromosomal translocations found in BZ-exposed persons and secondary human leukemias produced by topoisomerase II inhibitors provide some additional support for this mechanism being potentially operative in BZ-induced leukemia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Whysner
- Division of Pathology and Toxicology, American Heath Foundation, 1 Dana Road, Valhalla, NY 10595, USA.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Felix K, Kovalchuk AL, Park SS, Coleman AE, Ramsay ES, Qian M, Kelliher KA, Jones GM, Ried T, Bornkamm GW, Janz S. Inducible mutagenesis in TEPC 2372, a mouse plasmacytoma cell line that harbors the transgenic shuttle vector lambdaLIZ. Mutat Res 2001; 473:121-36. [PMID: 11166031 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(00)00143-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The plasmacytoma cell line, TEPC 2372, was derived from a malignant plasma cell tumor that developed in the peritoneal cavity of a BALB/c mouse that harbored the transgenic shuttle vector for the assessment of mutagenesis in vivo, lambdaLIZ. TEPC 2372 was found to display the typical features of a BALB/c plasmacytoma. It consisted of pleomorphic plasma cells that secreted a monoclonal immunoglobulin (IgG2b/lambda), was initially dependent on the presence of IL-6 to grow in cell culture, contained a hyperdiploid chromosome complement with a tendency to undergo tetraploidization, and harbored a constitutively active c-myc gene by virtue of a T(6;15) chromosomal translocation. TEPC 2372 was further characterized by the ability to respond to in vitro exposure with 4-NQO (4-nitroquinoline-1-oxide), an oxidative model mutagen, with a vigorous dose-dependent increase in mutagenesis that peaked at a 7.85-fold elevation of mutant rates in lambdaLIZ when compared to background mutant rates in untreated controls. Cotreatment with 4-NQO and BSO (buthionine sulfoximine), a glutathione-depleting compound that causes endogenous oxidative stress, resulted in a 9.03-fold increase in the mutant frequency in lambdaLIZ. These results demonstrated that TEPC 2372, the malignant plasma cell counterpart of the lambdaLIZ-based in vivo mutagenesis assay, may be useful as an in vitro reference point for the further elucidation of oxidative mutagenesis in lymphoid tissues.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- K Felix
- Laboratory of Genetics, DBS, NCI, Building 37, Room 2B10, Bethesda, MD 20892-4255, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Abstract
Transgenic mutation assays were developed to detect gene mutations in multiple organs of mice or rats. The assays permit (1) quantitative measurements of mutation frequencies in all tissues/organs including germ cells and (2) molecular analysis of induced and spontaneous mutations by DNA sequencing analysis. The protocols of recently developed selections in the lambda phage-based transgenic mutation assays, i.e. cII, Spi(-) and 6-thioguanine selections, are described, and a data set of transgenic mutation assays, including those using Big Blue and Muta Mouse, is presented.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Nohmi
- Division of Genetics and Mutagenesis, National Institute of Health Sciences, 1-18-1 Kamiyoga, Setagaya-ku, 158-8501, Tokyo, Japan.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Schmezer P, Eckert C, Liegibel UM, Zelezny O, Klein RG. Mutagenic activity of carcinogens detected in transgenic rodent mutagenicity assays at dose levels used in chronic rodent cancer bioassays. Mutat Res 1998; 405:193-8. [PMID: 9748572 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(98)00136-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Data on transgenic rodent mutagenicity of five human carcinogens were summarised and compared with the results from rodent carcinogenicity studies. Four out of five carcinogens showed mutagenic activity already at daily dose levels which induced cancer in long-term rodent bioassays in at least one target tissue of carcinogenesis. In several of these studies, even single dose applications were sufficient to significantly increase the mutation frequency in vivo. Other genotoxic carcinogens required application of multiple dosing at dose-levels used in rodent cancer bioassays to show their in vivo mutagenicity. A rodent respiratory tract carcinogen, 1,2-dibromoethane (DBE), following inhalation exposure, displayed no mutagenic activity, neither in lung nor in nasal mucosa, at a single 2-h exposure to 30 ppm, which is below the highest concentration used in a NTP cancer bioassay. In contrast, after multiple treatment for 10 days at the same daily doses, a significant increase of the mutation frequency in nasal mucosa was apparent. We conclude, that especially when studying new chemicals in these transgenic rodent mutation assays, a multiple dosing protocol should be preferred. For dose selection, the same criteria could be applied as for chronic rodent bioassays.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- P Schmezer
- Division of Toxicology and Cancer Risk Factors, German Cancer Research Centre (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Tsutsui T, Hayashi N, Maizumi H, Huff J, Barrett JC. Benzene-, catechol-, hydroquinone- and phenol-induced cell transformation, gene mutations, chromosome aberrations, aneuploidy, sister chromatid exchanges and unscheduled DNA synthesis in Syrian hamster embryo cells. Mutat Res 1997; 373:113-23. [PMID: 9015160 DOI: 10.1016/s0027-5107(96)00196-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
Benzene is a human carcinogen present naturally in petroleum and gasoline. For the simultaneous assessment of benzene-induced carcinogenicity and mutagenicity, benzene and its principal metabolites, phenol, catechol and hydroquinone were examined for their ability to induce cell transformation and genotoxic effects using the same mammalian cells in culture. Each of the four compounds induced morphological transformation of Syrian hamster embryo (SHE) cells. Catechol was the most potent, inducing transformation at concentrations of 1-30 microM, followed by hydroquinone (3-30 microM), phenol (10-100 microM) and benzene (only at 100 microM). Gene mutations at two loci in SHE cells were induced by all four compounds, with catechol being the most potent; both ouabain-resistant and 6-thioguanine-resistant mutant frequencies were increased. Chromosomal aberrations in SHE cells were especially induced by catechol, lesser by hydroquinone, and to a marginal extent by phenol at only the 100 microM concentration, whereas sister chromatid exchanges in SHE cells occurred with hydroquinone (1-30 microM), catechol (10-30 microM) and phenol (1000-3000 microM). Aneuploidy in the near diploid range of SHE cells was significantly induced by benzene and catechol. All three metabolites induced unscheduled DNA synthesis in SHE cells, whereas benzene did not. This is the first report that the cell transforming activity and mutagenicity of benzene and its metabolites were assessed with the same mammalian cells in culture. The results provide evidence that benzene and several of its metabolites are cell transforming and genotoxic to cultured mammalian cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Tsutsui
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Dentistry at Tokyo, Nippon Dental University, Japan
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Hersberger M, Kirby K, Phillips JP, Würgler FE, Koller T, Widmer RM. A plasmid rescue to investigate mutagenesis in transgenic D. melanogaster. Mutat Res 1996; 361:165-72. [PMID: 8980702 DOI: 10.1016/s0165-1161(96)90251-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
We present a plasmid rescue from transgenic Drosophila to study spontaneous and mutagen-induced mutations in vivo. Transgenic Drosophila lines were established by transformation with a shuttle vector containing the bacterial lacZ gene as a target for mutagenesis. The target gene can be recovered into bacteria by restriction endonuclease treatment of total genomic DNA, followed by ligation of the recircularized shuttle vectors. The resulting circular plasmids are then transformed back into E. coli lacZ- mutants, where the activity of the lacZ genes is scored on the induction substrate X-Gal. The number of inactivated versus intact lacZ genes directly indicates the mutation frequency. By the described target gene rescue procedure up to 5000 lacZ gene copies can be rescued from one fly routinely. Spontaneous background mutation rates using this system are 2.6 +/- 0.6 x 10(-4). Treatment of larvae with ethylnitrosourea (ENU) resulted in a dose-dependent increase of the mutation frequency to 4.8 +/- 0.6 x 10(-4) for 0.5 mM and 6.9 +/- 1.2 x 10(-4) for 1 mM ENU, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Hersberger
- Institute of Cell Biology, ETH-Hönggerberg, Zürich, Switzerland
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Provost GS, Mirsalis JC, Rogers BJ, Short JM. Mutagenic response to benzene and tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate in the lambda lacI transgenic mouse mutation assay: a standardized approach to in vivo mutation analysis. ENVIRONMENTAL AND MOLECULAR MUTAGENESIS 1996; 28:342-347. [PMID: 8991062 DOI: 10.1002/(sici)1098-2280(1996)28:4<342::aid-em7>3.0.co;2-d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The genotoxic response of benzene and tris(2,3-dibromopropyl)-phosphate (TDBP) have been evaluated in several tissues using the standardized lambda/lacI (Big Blue) transgenic mouse mutation assay. Separate groups of four to five male B6C3F1 transgenic lambda/lacI mice were given oral administrations of benzene or TDBP at varying concentrations. Tissues evaluated include lung, bone marrow, and spleen in benzene-treated animals, and liver, kidney, and stomach in TDBP-treated animals. Significant increases in lacI mutations were observed in the spleen and bone marrow of benzene treated mice, and the kidneys of TDBP-treated mice. Where applicable, mutagenesis patterns of tissue sensitivity were consistent with what has been observed previously in other assays. In addition, mutagenicity in tissues not traditionally evaluated for mutations correlated to sites of carcinogenicity for the chemicals tested.
Collapse
|