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García-Méndez J, López-Torres A, Fernández-Herrera MA. Improved synthesis and characterization of bile acid esters: Organogelation and supramolecular properties. Steroids 2025; 214:109560. [PMID: 39793913 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2025.109560] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2024] [Revised: 01/02/2025] [Accepted: 01/07/2025] [Indexed: 01/13/2025]
Abstract
Bile acid esters and their derivatives hold significant interest due to their applications in fields such as supramolecular chemistry, biomedicine, and nanomaterials. This study revisits the synthesis and characterization of esters derived from cholic, deoxycholic, and lithocholic acids using short-chain alcohols in combination with microwave-assisted heating. The synthesized esters were analyzed for their potential as gel-forming agents, and their organogelation properties were evaluated. Microwave-assisted synthesis offers rapid and efficient esterification, leading to high yields with improved selectivity. The organogels were characterized through techniques such as differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), revealing distinct structural and thermal properties. The study highlights the potential of these bile acid esters in materials science and supramolecular chemistry, contributing to the development of novel functional materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jair García-Méndez
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc, México
| | - Adolfo López-Torres
- Centro de Investigaciones Científicas, Instituto de Química Aplicada, Universidad del Papaloapan, Circuito Central Num. 200, Col. Parque Industrial, 68301 Tuxtepec, Oax, México
| | - María A Fernández-Herrera
- Departamento de Física Aplicada, Centro de Investigación y de Estudios Avanzados del Instituto Politécnico Nacional, Unidad Mérida. Km 6 Antigua Carretera a Progreso. Apdo. Postal 73, Cordemex, 97310 Mérida, Yuc, México.
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2
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de Médina P, Ayadi S, Soulès R, Payre B, Rup-Jacques S, Silvente-Poirot S, Samadi M, Poirot M. Chemical synthesis and biochemical properties of cholestane-5α,6β-diol-3-sulfonate: A non-hydrolysable analogue of cholestane-5α,6β-diol-3β-sulfate. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2023; 234:106396. [PMID: 37683773 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2023.106396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2023] [Revised: 08/22/2023] [Accepted: 09/04/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
Cholestane-3β,5α,6β-triol (CT) is a primary metabolite of 5,6-epoxycholesterols (5,6-EC) that is catalyzed by the cholesterol-5,6-epoxide hydrolase (ChEH). CT is a well-known biomarker for Niemann-Pick disease type C (NP-C), a progressive inherited neurodegenerative disease. On the other hand, CT is known to be metabolized by the 11β-hydroxysteroid-dehydrogenase of type 2 (11β-HSD2) into a tumor promoter named oncosterone that stimulates the growth of breast cancer tumors. Sulfation is a major metabolic transformation leading to the production of sulfated oxysterols. The production of cholestane-5α,6β-diol-3β-O-sulfate (CDS) has been reported in breast cancer cells. However, no data related to CDS biological properties have been reported so far. These studies have been hampered because sulfate esters of sterols and steroids are rapidly hydrolyzed by steroid sulfatase to give free steroids and sterols. In order to get insight into the biological properties of CDS, we report herein the synthesis and the characterization of cholestane-5α,6β-diol-3β-sulfonate (CDSN), a non-hydrolysable analogue of CDS. We show that CDSN is a potent inhibitor of 11β-HSD2 that blocks oncosterone production on cell lysate. The inhibition of oncosterone biosynthesis of a whole cell assay was observed but results from the blockage by CDSN of the uptake of CT in MCF-7 cells. While CDSN inhibits MCF-7 cell proliferation, we found that it potentiates the cytotoxic activity of post-lanosterol cholesterol biosynthesis inhibitors such as tamoxifen and PBPE. This effect was associated with an increase of free sterols accumulation and the appearance of giant multilamellar bodies, a structural feature reminiscent of Type C Niemann-Pick disease cells and consistent with a possible inhibition by CDSN of NPC1. Altogether, our data showed that CDSN is biologically active and that it is a valuable tool to study the biological properties of CDS and more specifically its impact on immunity and viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philippe de Médina
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV: Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations, Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, France; French network for Nutrition physical Acitivity And Cancer Research (NACRe network), France.
| | - Silia Ayadi
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV: Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations, Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, France
| | - Régis Soulès
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV: Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations, Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, France; French network for Nutrition physical Acitivity And Cancer Research (NACRe network), France
| | - Bruno Payre
- Centre de Microscopie Electronique Appliquée à la Biologie, Faculté de Médecine Rangueil, Toulouse, France
| | - Sandrine Rup-Jacques
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France
| | - Sandrine Silvente-Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV: Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations, Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, France; French network for Nutrition physical Acitivity And Cancer Research (NACRe network), France.
| | - Mohammad Samadi
- Laboratory of Chemistry and Physics Multi-Scale Approach to Complex Environments, Department of Chemistry, University Lorraine, 57070 Metz, France.
| | - Marc Poirot
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), Inserm, CNRS, University of Toulouse, Team INOV: Cholesterol Metabolism and Therapeutic Innovations, Toulouse, France; Equipe labellisée par la Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, France; French network for Nutrition physical Acitivity And Cancer Research (NACRe network), France.
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3
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Agarwal DS, Sakhuja R, Beteck RM, Legoabe LJ. Steroid-triazole conjugates: A brief overview of synthesis and their application as anticancer agents. Steroids 2023:109258. [PMID: 37330161 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2023.109258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/31/2023] [Accepted: 06/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
Steroids are biomolecules that play pivotal roles in various physiological and drug discovery processes. Abundant research has been fuelled towards steroid-heterocycles conjugates over the last few decades as potential therapeutic agents against various diseases especially as anticancer agents. In this context various steroid-triazole conjugates have been synthesized and studied for their anticancer potential against various cancer cell lines. A thorough search of the literatures revealed that a concise review pertaining the present topic is not compiled. Therefore, in thus review we summarize the synthesis, anticancer activity against various cancer cell lines and structure activity relationship (SAR) of various steroid-triazole conjugates. This review can lay down the path towards the development of various steroid-heterocycles conjugates with lesser side effects and profound efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devesh S Agarwal
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Rajeev Sakhuja
- Department of Chemistry, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani 333 031, India
| | - Richard M Beteck
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
| | - Lesetja J Legoabe
- Centre of Excellence for Pharmaceutical Sciences, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
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4
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Vasiljević BR, Petri ET, Bekić SS, Ćelić AS, Grbović LM, Pavlović KJ. Microwave-assisted green synthesis of bile acid derivatives and evaluation of glucocorticoid receptor binding. RSC Med Chem 2021; 12:278-287. [PMID: 34046616 PMCID: PMC8128055 DOI: 10.1039/d0md00311e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Herein, we present microwave-assisted AlCl3 catalyzed oxidation of bile acid hydroxyl groups in the presence of Oxone® in water media. Significant rate enhancements were observed for Wolff-Kishner reduction of synthesized bile acids oxo derivatives to the 5β-cholanic acid. Reaction of amidation of the simplest bile acid and aminolysis of the deoxycholic acid was accomplished in the absence of solvent and catalysts under sealed vessel microwave conditions. Because 5β-cholanic acid reportedly modulates glucocorticoid receptor signaling in cell models of Parkinson's disease, we tested the affinity of 5β-cholanic acid and deoxycholic acid derivatives for the glucocorticoid receptor in vitro using a yeast-based fluorescent screen. Treatment of GR-expressing yeast with prednisolone resulted in a dose-dependent increase in fluorescence; whereas 5β-cholanic acid binds to the glucocorticoid receptor with more moderate affinity. Similarly, molecular docking also suggests that 5β-cholanic acid can bind to the glucocorticoid receptor, with similar geometry to known GR ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bojana R Vasiljević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Edward T Petri
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Sofija S Bekić
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Andjelka S Ćelić
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 2 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Ljubica M Grbović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
| | - Ksenija J Pavlović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad Trg Dositeja Obradovića 3 21 000 Novi Sad Serbia
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Grbović LM, Pavlović KJ, Jovanović-Šanta SS, Vasiljević BR. Microwave-Assisted Synthesis of Bile Acids Derivatives: An Overview. CURR ORG CHEM 2019. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272823666190213114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
:
The first attempts at microwave-assisted (MW) syntheses of bile acid derivatives
were performed in domestic MW appliances. However, the reproducibility of these
syntheses, which were performed in uncontrolled conditions, was very low. In the first
part of this overview, compounds synthesized under such conditions are presented. Consequently,
with the development of MW technology, MW-assisted reactions in MW reactors
became reproducible. Thus, in the second part of this review, syntheses of bile acidsbased
compounds in MW reactors are presented. Among others, publications dealing with
the following topics will be covered:
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− Chemical transformations of hydroxyl and/or carboxyl functions of bile acids into
esters or amides,
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− Hydroxyl group oxidations,
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− Derivatization of oxo-compounds with different nitrogen-containing compounds (e.g. 4-amino-3-
substituted-1H-1,2,4-triazole-5-thiones, thiocarbohydrazides and thiosemicarbazides)
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Bile acid-based molecular tweezers, capable of stereospecific molecular recognition
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Reactions of hydroxyl functions to give chlorine derivatives, presenting reactive intermediates in substitution
reactions with N- or O-containing nucleophilic arylhydrazides, urea derivatives, substituted thiadiazoles or
triazoles or amino acid methyl esters, mainly in solvent-free conditions.
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Some of the synthesized compounds expressed antimicrobial potential and/or good recognition properties as
artificial receptors for specific amino acids or anions.
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Detailed comparisons between conventional and MW-assisted procedures for chemical transformations of bile
acids are given in most of the presented publications. Based on these results, MW irradiation methods are simpler,
more efficient, cleaner and faster than conventional synthetic methods, meeting the requirements of green
chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ljubica M. Grbović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ksenija J. Pavlović
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Suzana S. Jovanović-Šanta
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Bojana R. Vasiljević
- Department of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Environmental Protection, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sciences, Trg Dositeja Obradovica 3, 21000 Novi Sad, Serbia
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6
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Enzymatic synthesis of bile acid derivatives and biological evaluation against Trypanosoma cruzi. Bioorg Med Chem 2015; 23:4804-4814. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2015.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 05/13/2015] [Accepted: 05/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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7
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Quintana PG, Canet A, Marciello M, Valero F, Palomo JM, Baldessari A. Enzyme-catalyzed preparation of chenodeoxycholic esters by an immobilized heterologous Rhizopus oryzae lipase. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2015.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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8
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Perrone D, Bortolini O, Fogagnolo M, Marchesi E, Mari L, Massarenti C, Navacchia ML, Sforza F, Varani K, Capobianco ML. Synthesis and in vitro cytotoxicity of deoxyadenosine–bile acid conjugates linked with 1,2,3-triazole. NEW J CHEM 2013. [DOI: 10.1039/c3nj00513e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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9
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Tian Y, Meng X, Duan JY, Shi L. A Novel Application of Methanesulfonic Acid as Catalyst for the Alkylation of Olefins with Aromatics. Ind Eng Chem Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/ie302015v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Tian
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237,
P.R. China
| | - Xuan Meng
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237,
P.R. China
| | - Ji-yun Duan
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237,
P.R. China
| | - Li Shi
- The State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering,
East China University of Science and Technology, Shanghai 200237,
P.R. China
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10
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Solvent-free tetrahydropyranylation of alcohols catalyzed by amine methanesulfonates. RESEARCH ON CHEMICAL INTERMEDIATES 2010. [DOI: 10.1007/s11164-010-0222-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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11
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Liang ZY, Lü CX, Luo J, Dong LB. A polymer imidazole salt as phase-transfer catalyst in halex fluorination irradiated by microwave. J Fluor Chem 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jfluchem.2007.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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12
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Kuhajda K, Kevresan S, Kandrac J, Fawcett JP, Mikov M. Chemical and metabolic transformations of selected bile acids. Eur J Drug Metab Pharmacokinet 2007; 31:179-235. [PMID: 17136861 DOI: 10.1007/bf03190713] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
This article surveys chemical transformations of selected bile acids. Chemical transformations were initially carried out with the aim of determining the structure of bile acids. More recently they have been concerned with bile acid interconversions as well as with the synthesis of steroid hormones, vitamins and therapeutc agents. Studies of similarities and differences in the biosynthesis of bile acids from cholesterol have occupied many researches. However, this article reviews only papers dealing with the synthesis of potential intermediates in the biosynthesis of bile acids. Steroid hormones such as pregnenolone, progesterone and testosterone are synthesized from methyl thiodeoxycholate whereas cortisone is synthesized from methyl deoxycholiate. Numerous papers and patents devoted to the synthesis of ursodeoxycholic acid from cholic or chenodeoxycholic acid testify to its effectiveness in the treatment of cholelithiasis. Chenodeoxycholic acid appears to be an excellent precursor in the synthesis of steroid plant growth regulators, as well as in the synthesis of metabolites and vitamin D analogues. Chirality of bile acids has been exploited in the synthesis of cyclic and acyclic receptors and solvents. Cholic and deoxycholic acids have been used to create new macrocyclic structures which show different capacities to bind and transport other compounds. Another important trend in the chemistry of bile acids is their application in combinatorial chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- K Kuhajda
- Faculty of Science, Department of Biochemistry, University of Novi Sad, Serbia
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Wang SM, Zhang YB, Liu HM, Yu GB, Wang KR. Mild and selective deprotection method of acetylated steroids and diterpenes by dibutyltin oxide. Steroids 2007; 72:26-30. [PMID: 17194467 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2006.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2006] [Revised: 10/10/2006] [Accepted: 10/12/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Dibutyltin oxide (DBTO) was first utilized for the deacetylation of steroid and diterpene esters. The results showed the deprotection of acetylated steroids and diterpenes separately with moderate catalysis dibutyltin oxide in methanol selectively removed part acetyl groups of these substrates, whereas several functional groups of the steroids and diterpenes were retained and neither isomerization nor degradation of these substrates was observed. It seems that the acetyl groups with lower steric hindrance or near carbonyl, alkoxy, or hydroxyl groups can be cleaved by the reaction, whereas the acetyl groups with higher steric hindrance or without carbonyl, alkoxy, or hydroxyl groups neighboring were retained under the same conditions. One of the interesting results obtained was the selective hydrolysis of the 3beta-O-acetyl group in the presence of the 6beta group in 3beta,6beta-Di-O-acetyl-5alpha-hydroxypregn-16-en-20-one. This allows for subsequent introduction of one unit at C-3 and the other unit at C-6. This procedure is useful for the synthesis of a series of closely related isomers of 3beta,5alpha,6beta-trihydroxypregn-16-en-20-one and other widespread polyhydroxysteroids in marine organisms and some terrestrial species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Min Wang
- Department of Chemistry, New Drug Research & Development Center, Zhengzhou University, No. 75 Da Xue Road, Zhengzhou 450052, PR China
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Cravotto G, Boffa L, Turello M, Parenti M, Barge A. Chemical modifications of bile acids under high-intensity ultrasound or microwave irradiation. Steroids 2005; 70:77-83. [PMID: 15631863 DOI: 10.1016/j.steroids.2004.09.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2004] [Revised: 09/20/2004] [Accepted: 09/24/2004] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
High-intensity ultrasound (HIU) and microwave (MW) irradiation, having emerged as effective promoters of organic reactions, were exploited for the synthesis of bile acids derivatives. Esterification, amidation, hydrolysis, oxidation, and reduction were investigated. Compared to conventional methods, both techniques proved much more efficient, increasing product yields and dramatically cutting down reaction times. Scaled-up studies are now under way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giancarlo Cravotto
- Dipartimento di Scienza e Tecnologia del Farmaco, Università di Torino, Via Giuria 9, 10125 Torino, Italy.
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15
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Itonori S, Takahashi M, Kitamura T, Aoki K, Dulaney JT, Sugita M. Microwave-mediated analysis for sugar, fatty acid, and sphingoid compositions of glycosphingolipids. J Lipid Res 2004; 45:574-81. [PMID: 14679161 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.d300030-jlr200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
For chemical characterization of glycosphingolipids, it is necessary to determine the chemical compositions of three constituents, i.e., sugars, fatty acids, and sphingoids. A new rapid analytical method is described using a one-pot reaction in a household microwave oven, producing sugars, fatty acids, and especially sphingoids free of by-products, from a single aliquot of a biological sample. Glycosphingolipids were hydrolyzed by microwave exposure with 0.1 M NaOH/CH(3)OH for 2 min followed by 1 M HCl/CH(3)OH for 45 s. The alkaline methanolysis step produced intermediate lysoglycosphingolipids virtually free of by-products such as the O-methyl ethers usually seen. The fatty acid methyl esters were extracted with n-hexane, and other reaction products were dried, taken up in aqueous alkaline methanol, and shaken with chloroform. Sphingoids partitioned into the organic phase under these conditions, whereas the sugar portion that partitioned into the aqueous phase was re-N-acetylated and remethanolyzed for 30 s by microwave exposure. Analysis of the profiles of glycosphingolipid constituents obtained using the microwave oven method showed that they were quantitatively and qualitatively comparable to those obtained by time-consuming conventional methods, which require reaction for several hours. Analysis of the three constituents, including analysis by gas chromatography, may be obtained within 1 day using the method described here.
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Affiliation(s)
- Saki Itonori
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Liberal Arts and Education, Shiga University, Hiratsu, Otsu, Shiga 520-0862, Japan.
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16
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Cheng K, Khurana S, Chen Y, Kennedy RH, Zimniak P, Raufman JP. Lithocholylcholine, a bile acid/acetylcholine hybrid, is a muscarinic receptor antagonist. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2002; 303:29-35. [PMID: 12235229 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.102.036376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Previous work from our laboratory indicates that bile acids, specifically lithocholic acid conjugates, interact with muscarinic receptors on gastric chief cells. Structural similarities between acetylcholine and lithocholyltaurine suggest a potential molecular basis for their interaction with the same receptor. We synthesized a hybrid molecule consisting of the steroid nucleus of lithocholyltaurine and the choline moiety of acetylcholine. The new molecule, lithocholylcholine, is hydrolyzed by acetyl-cholinesterase. Lithocholylcholine inhibited binding of a cholinergic radioligand to Chinese hamster ovary cells expressing each of the five muscarinic receptor subtypes. The binding affinities (K(i); micromolar) of lithocholylcholine for these receptors were: M3 (1.0) > M1 (2.7) > M2 (4.1) = M4 (4.9) > M5 (6.2). Lithocholylcholine inhibited intracellular signaling pathways mediated by interaction with M1, M2, and M3 muscarinic receptors. Regarding M3 receptors, lithocholylcholine was 10-fold more potent than lithocholyltaurine in terms of binding affinity and inhibition of acetylcholine-induced increases in inositol phosphate formation and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation. In a functional assay, lithocholylcholine inhibited acetylcholine-induced relaxation of rat aortic rings. These observations indicate that lithocholylcholine is a muscarinic receptor antagonist and provide further evidence that bile acids may have gastrointestinal signaling functions that extend beyond their effects on sterol metabolism, lipid absorption, and cholesterol elimination. Hybrid molecules created from bile acids and acetylcholine may be used to develop selective muscarinic receptor ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunrong Cheng
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System and University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, Little Rock, USA
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17
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Dayal B, Ertel NH. Rapid hydrolysis of bile acid conjugates using microwaves: retention of absolute stereochemistry in the hydrolysis of (25R) 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oyltaurine. Lipids 1998; 33:333-8. [PMID: 9560809 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-998-0213-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
In recent years, defects of bile acid synthesis caused by disorders of peroxisome biogenesis have led to increased interest in C27 bile acids. In humans, while the majority of bile acids are C24 carboxylic acids, the presence of increased concentrations of C27 bile acids and their metabolites in hereditary diseases associated with peroxisomal dysfunction can serve as a useful marker for the intensity of the metabolic disorder. Our present studies describe an efficient method for the rapid hydrolysis of C27 and C24 bile acid conjugates using a commercial microwave oven. The advantages of this method include freedom from racemization, minimal activation, mild reaction conditions, and the highly stereocontrolled nature of the reaction, thus allowing for free bile acid recovery in high yield. For example, when (25R) 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oyl taurine, a major compound present in the bile of Alligator mississippiensis, was deconjugated with 4% NaOH/diethylene glycol or 1 M LiOH/propylene glycol in the microwave oven for 4-6 min, 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestan-26-oic acid (THCA) was obtained in 81% yield with retention of configuration at C-25. It is suggested that present studies will be helpful in delineating the absolute stereochemistry of 3 alpha,7 alpha,12 alpha-trihydroxy-5 beta-cholestanoyl-CoA oxidase, the peroxisomal enzyme that catalyzes the first step in the oxidation of THCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dayal
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey 07018, USA.
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Dayal B, Ertel NH. Studies on N-nitroso bile acid amides in relation to their possible role in gastrointestinal cancer. Lipids 1997; 32:1331-40. [PMID: 9438245 DOI: 10.1007/s11745-006-0172-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Cancers of the gastrointestinal tract account for a large proportion of neoplastic diseases which afflict humans. The etiology of gastrointestinal cancer has been attributed in part to exogenous carcinogens, such as food substances and environmental pollutants. Recent hypotheses suggest that carcinogens may arise endogenously. Evidence suggests that some bile acids and their isomeric metabolites may be involved in the pathogenesis of colon cancer. However, the mechanisms responsible for their cancer-promoting effect is not clear. We and others propose that one mechanism for the mitogenic effects of bile acids may be N-nitrosation of their glycine and taurine amides; human gastric aspirates do contain small quantities of N-nitroso compounds of other substrates. Many foods contain nitrites and nitrates, which can react with bile acid amides to form N-nitroso derivatives. Our recent studies demonstrated the potential for N-nitroso conjugate formation from ursodeoxycholic acid, a 7 beta-epimer of chenodeoxycholic acid used as a drug Actigall to dissolve gallstones. The N-nitroso derivative of this compound, a direct-acting carcinogen, has a long half-life and, once nitrosated is stable enough to survive passage through the gastrointestinal tract. We describe the synthesis of N-nitrosated derivatives of various bile acid conjugates and mechanisms of decomposition of (Z)- and (E)-bile acid diazoates. Studies of the effects of enzymes such as cholylglycine hydrolase on the N-nitroso bile acid conjugates and their reaction with DNA are also described. These studies may have important implications in the interplay of diet with endogenous substrates in the etiology of cancers of the stomach, liver, and colon.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dayal
- Department of Medicine, New Jersey Health Care System, V.A. Medical Center, East Orange 07018, USA.
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Affiliation(s)
- J R Hanson
- School of Molecular Sciences, University of Sussex, Brighton, UK
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Dayal B, Ertel NH, Padia J, Rapole KR, Salen G. 7 beta-hydroxy bile alcohols: facile synthesis and 2D 1H NMR studies of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 beta, 12 alpha, 25-tetrol. Steroids 1997; 62:409-14. [PMID: 9178427 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(97)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
A rapid and easily performed procedure for the synthesis of 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 beta, 12 alpha, 25-tetrol by means of an efficient homologation sequence of the intermediate, 3 alpha, 7 beta, 12 alpha-triformyloxy-24-oxo-25-diazo-25-homo-5 beta-cholane is described. The reaction sequence involved treating the intermediate, alpha-diazoketone in methanol with 3% AgNO3 or Ag2O, anhydrous Na2CO3, Na2S2O/H2O resulting in the formation of homoursocholic acid in high yield. Esterification of the homoursocholic acid in methanol containing a catalytic amount of methanesulfonic acid under microwave irradiation conditions gave methyl homourscholate. The subsequent treatment of methyl homoursocholate with methyl magnesium iodide provided 5 beta-cholestane-3 alpha, 7 beta, 12 alpha, 25-tetrol in 88% yield. The products and synthetic intermediates prepared in these studies were fully characterized by the results of 1D and 2D NMR, and high-resolution mass spectral studies. These studies will help in further investigation of the defect of cholic acid biosynthesis in patients with cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX) as well as other inborn errors of bile acid metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dayal
- Department of Medicine, University of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey, New Jersey Medical School, Newark, USA
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Dayal B, Ertel NH, Rapole KR, Asgaonkar A, Salen G. Rapid hydrogenation of unsaturated sterols and bile alcohols using microwaves. Steroids 1997; 62:451-4. [PMID: 9178433 DOI: 10.1016/s0039-128x(97)00010-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
This paper describes an operationally simple, rapid hydrogenation of unsaturated sterols and bile alcohols in a domestic microwave oven. This has been achieved by the addition of catalytic amounts of Pd/C in methylene chloride/propylene glycol solvents in the presence of ammonium formate followed by microwave irradiation. It is suggested that this methodology will be helpful in the identification of saturated and unsaturated sterols with different side-chain structures in rare diseases: sitosterolemia, cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), as well as atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. Sterols, such as cholesterol, campesterol, sitosterol, and bile alcohols with unsaturated side chains, were converted to their reduced congeners with high yield and purity.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dayal
- Medical Service, Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, East Orange, New Jersey 07018, USA
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Dayal B, Bhojawala J, Rapole KR, Pramanik BN, Ertel NH, Shefer S, Salen G. Chemical synthesis, structural analysis, and decomposition of N-nitroso bile acid conjugates. Bioorg Med Chem 1996; 4:885-90. [PMID: 8818239 DOI: 10.1016/0968-0896(96)00084-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
N-nitrosoamides of 7 beta-hydroxylated bile acid conjugates, particularly of the ursodeoxycholic acid family have been synthesized. The products and synthetic intermediates were fully characterized by the results of high-resolution 1H NMR, FT-IR, FABMS and ESI-MS studies. The compounds, N-nitrosoglycoursodeoxycholic acid (NOGUDCA), N-nitrosoglycoursocholic acid (NOGUCA) and N-nitrosoglycodeoxycholic acid (NOGDCA) decomposed between pH 6 and 9 in aqueous buffer solutions, indicating a t1/2 of 5-7 h while N-nitrosotauroursodeoxycholic acid (NOTUDCA) indicated a much longer t1/2 of 15-17 h. These results suggest that the compounds are relatively stable and may enter the enterohepatic circulation. Their decomposition is similar to that of other N-nitrosamides, which generate alkylating agents and thereby act as DNA mutagens.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Dayal
- Medical Service, Veterans Administration Medical Center, East Orange, NJ 07019, USA
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Dayal B, Rapole K, Patel C, Pramanik B, Shefer S, Tint G, Salen G. Microwave-induced rapid synthesis of sarcosine conjugated bile acids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1995. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(95)00211-b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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