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Essaidi O, Laaroussi M, Malqui H, Berroug L, Anarghou H, Fetoui H, Chigr F. Prenatal restraint stress affects early neurobehavioral response and oxidative stress in mice pups. Behav Brain Res 2024; 468:115025. [PMID: 38710451 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2024.115025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2024] [Revised: 04/27/2024] [Accepted: 04/28/2024] [Indexed: 05/08/2024]
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS), in both humans and animals, presents a potential risk to the mother and her fetus throughout gestation. PS is always associated with physiological changes that alter embryonic development and predispose the individual to lifelong health problems, including susceptibility to mental illness. This study aims to identify the harmful effects of prenatal restraint stress (PRS), commonly employed to induce stress painlessly and without any lasting debilitation during gestation. This stress is applied to pregnant Swiss albino mice from E7.5 to delivery for three hours daily. Our results show that PS affects dams' weight gain during the gestational period; moreover, the PS dams prefer passive nursing, exhibit a lower percentage of licking and grooming, and impair other maternal behaviors, including nesting and pup retrieval. Concerning the offspring, this stress induces neurobehavioral impairments, including a significant increase in the time of recovery of the young stressed pups in the surface righting reflex, the latency to avoid the cliff in the cliff avoidance test, longer latencies to accomplish the task in negative geotaxis, and a lower score in swimming development. These alterations were accompanied by increased Malondialdehyde activity (MDA) at PND17 and 21 and downregulation of AchE activity in the whole brain of pups on postnatal days 7 and 9. These findings demonstrated that PS causes deleterious neurodevelopmental impairments that can alter various behaviors later in life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oumaima Essaidi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Meriem Laaroussi
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hafsa Malqui
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco; Polydisciplinary Faculty of Khouribga, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Laila Berroug
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hammou Anarghou
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco
| | - Hamadi Fetoui
- Toxicology-Micorbiology and Environmental Health Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences, Sfax University, Sfax, Tunisia
| | - Fatiha Chigr
- Biological Engineering Laboratory, Faculty of Sciences and Techniques, Sultan Moulay Sliman University, Beni Mellal, Morocco.
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2
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Wei W, Xu Q, Wu L, Gong G, Tian Y, Huang H, Li Z. Drug development and potential targets for Cushing's syndrome. Eur J Med Chem 2024; 270:116333. [PMID: 38569434 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2024.116333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2023] [Revised: 03/11/2024] [Accepted: 03/13/2024] [Indexed: 04/05/2024]
Abstract
Cushing's syndrome (CS) is a complex disorder characterized by the excessive secretion of cortisol, with Cushing's disease (CD), particularly associated with pituitary tumors, exhibiting heightened morbidity and mortality. Although transsphenoidal pituitary surgery (TSS) stands as the primary treatment for CD, there is a crucial need to optimize patient prognosis. Current medical therapy serves as an adjunctive measure due to its unsatisfactory efficacy and unpredictable side effects. In this comprehensive review, we delve into recent advances in understanding the pathogenesis of CS and explore therapeutic options by conducting a critical analysis of potential drug targets and candidates. Additionally, we provide an overview of the design strategy employed in previously reported candidates, along with a summary of structure-activity relationship (SAR) analyses and their biological efficacy. This review aims to contribute valuable insights to the evolving landscape of CS research, shedding light on potential avenues for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Wei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Qianqian Xu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Liuyi Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Guangyue Gong
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Yucheng Tian
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China
| | - Huidan Huang
- Center of Drug Screening & Evaluation, Wannan Medical College, Wuhu, Anhui, 241000, PR China.
| | - Zhiyu Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, Department of Medicinal Chemistry, School of Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, 210009, PR China.
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3
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Liu L, Wen Y, Ni Q, Chen L, Wang H. Prenatal ethanol exposure and changes in fetal neuroendocrine metabolic programming. Biol Res 2023; 56:61. [PMID: 37978540 PMCID: PMC10656939 DOI: 10.1186/s40659-023-00473-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Accepted: 11/08/2023] [Indexed: 11/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal ethanol exposure (PEE) (mainly through maternal alcohol consumption) has become widespread. However, studies suggest that it can cause intrauterine growth retardation (IUGR) and multi-organ developmental toxicity in offspring, and susceptibility to various chronic diseases (such as neuropsychiatric diseases, metabolic syndrome, and related diseases) in adults. Through ethanol's direct effects and its indirect effects mediated by maternal-derived glucocorticoids, PEE alters epigenetic modifications and organ developmental programming during fetal development, which damages the offspring health and increases susceptibility to various chronic diseases after birth. Ethanol directly leads to the developmental toxicity of multiple tissues and organs in many ways. Regarding maternal-derived glucocorticoid-mediated IUGR, developmental programming, and susceptibility to multiple conditions after birth, ethanol induces programmed changes in the neuroendocrine axes of offspring, such as the hypothalamus-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) and glucocorticoid-insulin-like growth factor 1 (GC-IGF1) axes. In addition, the differences in ethanol metabolic enzymes, placental glucocorticoid barrier function, and the sensitivity to glucocorticoids in various tissues and organs mediate the severity and sex differences in the developmental toxicity of ethanol exposure during pregnancy. Offspring exposed to ethanol during pregnancy have a "thrifty phenotype" in the fetal period, and show "catch-up growth" in the case of abundant nutrition after birth; when encountering adverse environments, these offspring are more likely to develop diseases. Here, we review the developmental toxicity, functional alterations in multiple organs, and neuroendocrine metabolic programming mechanisms induced by PEE based on our research and that of other investigators. This should provide new perspectives for the effective prevention and treatment of ethanol developmental toxicity and the early prevention of related fetal-originated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Liu
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Yinxian Wen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Qubo Ni
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China
| | - Liaobin Chen
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Joint Disease Research Center of Wuhan University, Zhongnan Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
| | - Hui Wang
- Hubei Provincial Key Laboratory of Developmentally Originated Disease, Wuhan, 430071, China.
- Department of Pharmacology, Wuhan University School of Basic Medical Sciences, Wuhan, 430071, China.
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4
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Dai HR, Guo HL, Hu YH, Xu J, Ding XS, Cheng R, Chen F. Precision caffeine therapy for apnea of prematurity and circadian rhythms: New possibilities open up. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:1053210. [DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.1053210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/18/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Caffeine is the globally consumed psychoactive substance and the drug of choice for the treatment of apnea of prematurity (AOP), but its therapeutic effects are highly variable among preterm infants. Many of the molecular underpinnings of the marked individual response have remained elusive yet. Interestingly, the significant association between Clock gene polymorphisms and the response to caffeine therapy offers an opportunity to advance our understanding of potential mechanistic pathways. In this review, we delineate the functions and mechanisms of human circadian rhythms. An up-to-date advance of the formation and ontogeny of human circadian rhythms during the perinatal period are concisely discussed. Specially, we summarize and discuss the characteristics of circadian rhythms in preterm infants. Second, we discuss the role of caffeine consumption on the circadian rhythms in animal models and human, especially in neonates and preterm infants. Finally, we postulate how circadian-based therapeutic initiatives could open new possibilities to promote precision caffeine therapy for the AOP management in preterm infants.
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Kupczyk D, Studzińska R, Kołodziejska R, Baumgart S, Modrzejewska M, Woźniak A. 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 as a Potential Treatment Target in Cardiovascular Diseases. J Clin Med 2022; 11:jcm11206190. [PMID: 36294507 PMCID: PMC9605099 DOI: 10.3390/jcm11206190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2022] [Revised: 09/27/2022] [Accepted: 10/18/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Glucocorticoids (GCs) belong to the group of steroid hormones. Their representative in humans is cortisol. GCs are involved in most physiological processes of the body and play a significant role in important biological processes, including reproduction, growth, immune responses, metabolism, maintenance of water and electrolyte balance, functioning of the central nervous system and the cardiovascular system. The availability of cortisol to the glucocorticoid receptor is locally controlled by the enzyme 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). Evidence of changes in intracellular GC metabolism in the pathogenesis of obesity, metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular complications highlights the role of selective 11β-HSD1 inhibition in the pharmacotherapy of these diseases. This paper discusses the role of 11β-HSD1 in MetS and its cardiovascular complications and the importance of selective inhibition of 11β-HSD1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daria Kupczyk
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Studzińska
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
- Correspondence: (D.K.); (R.S.)
| | - Renata Kołodziejska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Szymon Baumgart
- Department of Organic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Jurasza 2, 85-089 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Martyna Modrzejewska
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
| | - Alina Woźniak
- Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toruń, Karłowicza 24, 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland
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Jain V, Chodankar RR, Maybin JA, Critchley HOD. Uterine bleeding: how understanding endometrial physiology underpins menstrual health. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:290-308. [PMID: 35136207 PMCID: PMC9098793 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-021-00629-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Menstruation is a physiological process that is typically uncomplicated. However, up to one third of women globally will be affected by abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB) at some point in their reproductive years. Menstruation (that is, endometrial shedding) is a fine balance between proliferation, decidualization, inflammation, hypoxia, apoptosis, haemostasis, vasoconstriction and, finally, repair and regeneration. An imbalance in any one of these processes can lead to the abnormal endometrial phenotype of AUB. Poor menstrual health has a negative impact on a person's physical, mental, social, emotional and financial well-being. On a global scale, iron deficiency and iron deficiency anaemia are closely linked with AUB, and are often under-reported and under-recognized. The International Federation of Gynecology and Obstetrics have produced standardized terminology and a classification system for the causes of AUB. This standardization will facilitate future research endeavours, diagnosis and clinical management. In a field where no new medications have been developed for over 20 years, emerging technologies are paving the way for a deeper understanding of the biology of the endometrium in health and disease, as well as opening up novel diagnostic and management avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varsha Jain
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Rohan R Chodankar
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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Kim YJ. Glucocorticoid therapy in assisted reproduction. Clin Exp Reprod Med 2021; 48:295-302. [PMID: 34875736 PMCID: PMC8651763 DOI: 10.5653/cerm.2021.04819] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As glucocorticoids are well-known as important regulators of stress and the immune system, their function and clinical use have elicited substantial interest in the field of reproduction. In particular, the effect of glucocorticoid therapy on endometrial receptivity during assisted reproduction, including in vitro fertilization (IVF) cycles, has led to a great deal of interest and controversy. However, previous studies have not been able to provide consistent and reliable evidence due to their small, non-controlled designs and use of different criteria. Considering the potential risk of exposure to glucocorticoids for mothers and fetuses in early pregnancy, the use of glucocorticoids in IVF cycles should be carefully evaluated, including the balance between risk and benefit. To date, there is no conclusive evidence that the use of glucocorticoids improves the pregnancy rate in IVF cycles with unselected subjects, and a further investigation should be considered with a proper study design.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Jin Kim
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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8
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Abraham J, Florentine S. Licorice ( Glycyrrhiza glabra) Extracts-Suitable Pharmacological Interventions for COVID-19? A Review. PLANTS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2021; 10:2600. [PMID: 34961070 PMCID: PMC8708549 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 11/12/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Even though vaccination has started against COVID-19, people should continue maintaining personal and social caution as it takes months or years to get everyone vaccinated, and we are not sure how long the vaccine remains efficacious. In order to contribute to the mitigation of COVID-19 symptoms, the pharmaceutical industry aims to develop antiviral drugs to inhibit the SARS-CoV-2 replication and produce anti-inflammatory medications that will inhibit the acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), which is the primary cause of mortality among the COVID-19 patients. In reference to these tasks, this article considers the properties of a medicinal plant named licorice (Glycyrrhiza glabra), whose phytochemicals have shown both antiviral and anti-inflammatory tendencies through previous studies. All the literature was selected through extensive search in various databases such as google scholar, Scopus, the Web of Science, and PubMed. In addition to the antiviral and anti-inflammatory properties, one of the licorice components has an autophagy-enhancing mechanism that studies have suggested to be necessary for COVID-19 treatment. Based on reviewing relevant professional and historical literature regarding the medicinal properties of licorice, it is suggested that it may be worthwhile to conduct in vitro and in vivo studies, including clinical trials with glycyrrhizic and glycyrrhetinic acids together with other flavonoids found in licorice, as there is the potentiality to provide natural interventions against COVID-19 symptoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joji Abraham
- School of Engineering, Information Technology, and Physical Sciences, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia
| | - Singarayer Florentine
- Centre for Environmental Management, School of Science, Psychology, and Sport, Mt Helen Campus, Federation University Australia, Ballarat, VIC 3353, Australia;
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9
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Nichting TJ, Frenken MWE, van der Woude DAA, van Oostrum NHM, de Vet CM, van Willigen BG, van Laar JOEH, van der Ven M, Oei SG. Non-invasive fetal electrocardiography, electrohysterography and speckle-tracking echocardiography in the second trimester: study protocol of a longitudinal prospective cohort study (BEATS-study). BMC Pregnancy Childbirth 2021; 21:791. [PMID: 34823483 PMCID: PMC8613985 DOI: 10.1186/s12884-021-04265-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Accepted: 11/10/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Worldwide, hypertensive disorders of pregnancy (HDP), fetal growth restriction (FGR) and preterm birth remain the leading causes of maternal and fetal pregnancy-related mortality and (long-term) morbidity. Fetal cardiac deformation changes can be the first sign of placental dysfunction, which is associated with HDP, FGR and preterm birth. In addition, preterm birth is likely associated with changes in electrical activity across the uterine muscle. Therefore, fetal cardiac function and uterine activity can be used for the early detection of these complications in pregnancy. Fetal cardiac function and uterine activity can be assessed by two-dimensional speckle-tracking echocardiography (2D-STE), non-invasive fetal electrocardiography (NI-fECG), and electrohysterography (EHG). This study aims to generate reference values for 2D-STE, NI-fECG and EHG parameters during the second trimester of pregnancy and to investigate the diagnostic potential of these parameters in the early detection of HDP, FGR and preterm birth. Methods In this longitudinal prospective cohort study, eligible women will be recruited from a tertiary care hospital and a primary midwifery practice. In total, 594 initially healthy pregnant women with an uncomplicated singleton pregnancy will be included. Recordings of NI-fECG and EHG will be made weekly from 22 until 28 weeks of gestation and 2D-STE measurements will be performed 4-weekly at 16, 20, 24 and 28 weeks gestational age. Retrospectively, pregnancies complicated with pregnancy-related diseases will be excluded from the cohort. Reference values for 2D-STE, NI-fECG and EHG parameters will be assessed in uncomplicated pregnancies. After, 2D-STE, NI-fCG and EHG parameters measured during gestation in complicated pregnancies will be compared with these reference values. Discussion This will be the a large prospective study investigating new technologies that could potentially have a high impact on antepartum fetal monitoring. Trial registration Registered on 26 March 2020 in the Dutch Trial Register (NL8769) via https://www.trialregister.nl/trials and registered on 21 October 2020 to the Central Committee on Research Involving Human Subjects (NL73607.015.20) via https://www.toetsingonline.nl/to/ccmo_search.nsf/Searchform?OpenForm.
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Affiliation(s)
- T J Nichting
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Máxima MC, P.O. Box 7777, 5500 MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands. .,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands. .,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.
| | - M W E Frenken
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Máxima MC, P.O. Box 7777, 5500 MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - D A A van der Woude
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Máxima MC, P.O. Box 7777, 5500 MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - N H M van Oostrum
- Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, University Hospital Gent, 9000, Gent, Belgium
| | - C M de Vet
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Máxima MC, P.O. Box 7777, 5500 MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - B G van Willigen
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Máxima MC, P.O. Box 7777, 5500 MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - J O E H van Laar
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Máxima MC, P.O. Box 7777, 5500 MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - M van der Ven
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Máxima MC, P.O. Box 7777, 5500 MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - S G Oei
- Department of Gynaecology and Obstetrics, Máxima MC, P.O. Box 7777, 5500 MB, Veldhoven, The Netherlands.,Department of Electrical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands.,Eindhoven MedTech Innovation Centre, P.O. Box 513, 5600 MB, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
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10
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Hashiba R, Hashimoto R, Nishiguchi M, Kobayashi T, Hanaya K, Higashibayashi S, Sugai T. Comprehensive semisyntheses of catathelasmols C, D, and E from D-glutamic acid, utilizing lipase-catalyzed site-selective reactions on intermediates. Biosci Biotechnol Biochem 2020; 84:1339-1344. [DOI: 10.1080/09168451.2020.1754159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Catathelasmols C, D, and E, which had been isolated from Catathelasma imperiale as inhibitors for 11-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases, were comprehensively semisynthesized from commercially available D-glutamic acid. The key synthetic intermediate, (R)-pentane-1,2,5-triol, was site-selectively acetylated by treatment with vinyl acetate and Candida antarctica lipase B (Novozym 435) in tetrahydrofuran (THF) at 25°C to furnish 1,5-diacetate (catathelasmol E, quantitative). The acetylation occurred site-selectively on the primary alcohols at the C-1 and C-5 positions over the secondary alcohol at the C-2 position. Dichromic acid oxidation provided 2-oxopentane-1,5-diyl diacetate (catathelasmol C, 78%). Burkholderia cepacia lipase-catalyzed transesterification with methanol in THF at – 5°C proceeded preferentially on the acetate at C-1 located adjacent to the C-2 carbonyl group over the other terminal acetate at the C-5 position. 5-Hydroxy-4-oxopentyl acetate (catathelasmol D) was obtained in 53% yield.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | - Kengo Hanaya
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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11
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Critchley HOD, Maybin JA, Armstrong GM, Williams ARW. Physiology of the Endometrium and Regulation of Menstruation. Physiol Rev 2020; 100:1149-1179. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00031.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiological functions of the uterine endometrium (uterine lining) are preparation for implantation, maintenance of pregnancy if implantation occurs, and menstruation in the absence of pregnancy. The endometrium thus plays a pivotal role in reproduction and continuation of our species. Menstruation is a steroid-regulated event, and there are alternatives for a progesterone-primed endometrium, i.e., pregnancy or menstruation. Progesterone withdrawal is the trigger for menstruation. The menstruating endometrium is a physiological example of an injured or “wounded” surface that is required to rapidly repair each month. The physiological events of menstruation and endometrial repair provide an accessible in vivo human model of inflammation and tissue repair. Progress in our understanding of endometrial pathophysiology has been facilitated by modern cellular and molecular discovery tools, along with animal models of simulated menses. Abnormal uterine bleeding (AUB), including heavy menstrual bleeding (HMB), imposes a massive burden on society, affecting one in four women of reproductive age. Understanding structural and nonstructural causes underpinning AUB is essential to optimize and provide precision in patient management. This is facilitated by careful classification of causes of bleeding. We highlight the crucial need for understanding mechanisms underpinning menstruation and its aberrations. The endometrium is a prime target tissue for selective progesterone receptor modulators (SPRMs). This class of compounds has therapeutic potential for the clinical unmet need of HMB. SPRMs reduce menstrual bleeding by mechanisms still largely unknown. Human menstruation remains a taboo topic, and many questions concerning endometrial physiology that pertain to menstrual bleeding are yet to be answered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilary O. D. Critchley
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jacqueline A. Maybin
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Gregory M. Armstrong
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alistair R. W. Williams
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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12
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Bates K, Herzog ED. Maternal-Fetal Circadian Communication During Pregnancy. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2020; 11:198. [PMID: 32351448 PMCID: PMC7174624 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2020.00198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This article reviews evidence for maternal-fetal communication about the time of day. We explore the hypothesis that key maternal hormones synchronize daily rhythms in the fetus to regulate gestation duration. These findings may help to predict and prevent preterm birth.
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13
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Cantuaria ML, Usemann J, Proietti E, Blanes-Vidal V, Dick B, Flück CE, Rüedi S, Héritier H, Wunderli JM, Latzin P, Frey U, Röösli M, Vienneau D. Glucocorticoid metabolites in newborns: A marker for traffic noise related stress? ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2018; 117:319-326. [PMID: 29778832 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2018.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/10/2017] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traffic noise has been associated with an increased risk for several non-auditory health effects, which may be explained by a noise-induced release of stress hormones (e.g. glucocorticoids). Although several studies in children and adults have indicated an increased secretion of glucocorticoids after exposure to noise, information regarding newborns is scarce. OBJECTIVES To investigate the association between residential exposure to road traffic noise and postnatal stress response, as assessed by the concentration of glucocorticoids at five weeks of age. METHODS Residential noise exposure was estimated for each infant based on spatially detailed modeled data. Adjusted multivariable linear regression models were used to estimate the association between noise exposure and the concentration of nine glucocorticoid metabolites measured in urine of 165 infants from a prospective birth cohort in Bern, Switzerland. Noise exposure (Lden, dB) was categorized into tertiles: low (reference), medium and high. RESULTS Indications of a positive association were found between high road traffic noise and cortisol (% change relative to the reference: 12.1% [95% confidence interval: -10.3, 40.1%]) and cortisone (22.6% [-1.8, 53.0%]), but just the latter was borderline significant. Borderline significant associations were also found between downstream metabolites and higher road traffic noise levels; associations were found to be both positive (i.e. for β-cortolone (51.5% [-0.9, 131.5%])) and negative (i.e. for α-cortolone (-18.3% [-33.6, 0.6%]) and tetrahydrocortisol (-23.7% [-42.8, 1.9%])). CONCLUSIONS Our findings suggest a potential association between exposure to higher road traffic noise levels and changes in glucocorticoid metabolism in early postnatal life. A possible physiological relevance and associations with short- and long-term adverse health effects in a larger study population need to be further investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuella Lech Cantuaria
- The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Jakob Usemann
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Switzerland; Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Elena Proietti
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Switzerland; Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Victoria Blanes-Vidal
- The Maersk Mc-Kinney Moller Institute, Faculty of Engineering, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | - Bernhard Dick
- Nephrology & Hypertension, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Christa E Flück
- Pediatric Endocrinology, Diabetology and Metabolism, Bern University Children's Hospital, Bern, Switzerland
| | - Simone Rüedi
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Harris Héritier
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | | | - Philipp Latzin
- Pediatric Respiratory Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urs Frey
- University Children's Hospital Basel (UKBB), University of Basel, Switzerland
| | - Martin Röösli
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Danielle Vienneau
- Swiss Tropical and Public Health Institute, Basel, Switzerland; University of Basel, Basel, Switzerland.
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Iturra-Mena AM, Arriagada-Solimano M, Luttecke-Anders A, Dagnino-Subiabre A. Effects of prenatal stress on anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours are sex-specific in prepubertal rats. J Neuroendocrinol 2018; 30:e12609. [PMID: 29772083 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2017] [Revised: 05/03/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
The foetal brain is highly susceptible to stress in late pregnancy, with lifelong effects of stress on physiology and behaviour. The present study aimed to determine the physiological and behavioural effects of prenatal stress during the prepubertal period of female and male rats. We subjected pregnant Sprague-Dawley rats to a restraint stress protocol from gestational day 14 to 21, a critical period for foetal brain susceptibility to stress effects. Male and female offspring were subsequently assessed at postnatal day 24 for anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, as well as spontaneous social interaction. We also assessed maternal behaviours and 2 stress markers: basal vs acute-evoked stress levels of serum corticosterone and body weight gain. Prenatal stress did not affect the maternal behaviour, whereas both female and male offspring had higher body weight gain. On the other hand, lower levels of corticosterone after acute stress stimulation, as well as anxiety- and depressive-like behaviours, were only evident in stressed males compared to control males. These results suggest that prenatal stress induced sex-specific effects on hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis activity and on behaviour during prepuberty. The HPA axis of prenatally stressed male rats was less active compared to control males, and they were also more anxious and experienced depressive-like behaviours. These results are useful with respect to studying the neurobiological basis of childhood depression at a preclinical level.
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Affiliation(s)
- A M Iturra-Mena
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- School of Psychology, Faculty of Social Sciences, Universidad de las Américas, Viña del Mar, Chile
| | - M Arriagada-Solimano
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - A Luttecke-Anders
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
| | - A Dagnino-Subiabre
- Laboratory of Stress Neurobiology, Institute of Physiology, Faculty of Sciences, Universidad de Valparaíso, Valparaíso, Chile
- Auditory and Cognition Center, AUCO, Santiago, Chile
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Concepcion KR, Zhang L. Corticosteroids and perinatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury. Drug Discov Today 2018; 23:1718-1732. [PMID: 29778695 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2018.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2018] [Revised: 04/13/2018] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Perinatal hypoxic-ischemic (HI) brain injury is the major cause of neonatal mortality and severe long-term neurological morbidity. Yet, the effective therapeutic interventions currently available are extremely limited. Corticosteroids act on both mineralocorticoid (MR) and glucocorticoid (GR) receptors and modulate inflammation and apoptosis in the brain. Neuroinflammatory response to acute cerebral HI is a major contributor to the pathophysiology of perinatal brain injury. Here, we give an overview of current knowledge of corticosteroid-mediated modulations of inflammation and apoptosis in the neonatal brain, focusing on key regulatory cells of the innate and adaptive immune response. In addition, we provide new insights into targets of MR and GR in potential therapeutic strategies that could be beneficial for the treatment of infants with HI brain injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine R Concepcion
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA.
| | - Lubo Zhang
- Lawrence D. Longo, MD Center for Perinatal Biology, Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University School of Medicine, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
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16
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Ryu RJ, Easterling TR, Caritis SN, Venkataramanan R, Umans JG, Ahmed MS, Clark S, Kantrowitz-Gordon I, Hays K, Bennett B, Honaker MT, Thummel KE, Shen DD, Hebert MF. Prednisone Pharmacokinetics During Pregnancy and Lactation. J Clin Pharmacol 2018; 58:1223-1232. [PMID: 29733485 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.1122] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 02/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
To evaluate the steady-state pharmacokinetics of prednisone and its metabolite prednisolone in pregnant and lactating female subjects, 19 subjects received prednisone (4-40 mg/day orally) in early (n = 3), mid (n = 9), and late (n = 13) pregnancy as well as postpartum with (n = 2) and without (n = 5) lactation. Serial blood and urine samples were collected over 1 dosing interval. Prednisone and its metabolite, prednisolone, steady-state noncompartmental pharmacokinetic parameters were estimated. During pregnancy, prednisone apparent oral clearance increased with dose (35.1 ± 11.4 L/h with 5 mg, 52.6 ± 5.2 L/h with 10 mg, and 64.3 ± 6.9 L/h with 20 mg, P = .001). Similarly, unbound prednisone apparent oral clearance increased with dose. In addition, prednisolone renal clearance increased with dose (0.3 ± 0.3 L/h with 5 mg, 0.5 ± 0.4 L/h with 10 mg, and 1.3 ± 1.1 L/h with 20 mg, P = .002). Higher prednisone (r = 0.57, P ≤ .05) and prednisolone (r = 0.75, P ≤ .05) concentrations led to a higher percentage of unbound drug. Breast-milk/plasma area under the concentration-time curve ratios were 0.5-0.6 for prednisone and 0.02-0.03 for prednisolone. Relative infant doses were 0.35% to 0.53% and 0.09% to 0.18%, for prednisone and prednisolone, respectively. Prednisone and prednisolone exhibit dose- and concentration-dependent pharmacokinetics during pregnancy, and infant exposure to these agents via breast milk is minimal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel J Ryu
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Thomas R Easterling
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Steve N Caritis
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Raman Venkataramanan
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason G Umans
- MedStar Health Research Institute, and the Georgetown-Howard, Hyattsville, MD, USA.,Universities Center for Clinical and Translational Science, Washington, DC, USA
| | - Mahmoud S Ahmed
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | - Shannon Clark
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Texas Medical Branch, Galveston, TX, USA
| | | | - Karen Hays
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Brooke Bennett
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Matthew T Honaker
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Kenneth E Thummel
- Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Danny D Shen
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
| | - Mary F Hebert
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA.,Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, University of Washington, Seattle, WA, USA
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Placental 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) expression very early during human pregnancy. J Dev Orig Health Dis 2017; 8:149-154. [DOI: 10.1017/s2040174416000611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Maternal physiologic stress during gestation has been reported to be associated with negative developmental outcomes, including intra-uterine growth restriction and reduced birth weight, which can impact postnatal development, behavior and health. The human fetus is partially protected from elevated cortisol exposure by placental 11 β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2), which oxidizes bioactive cortisol into bio-inactive cortisone. Importantly, despite the critical protective role hypothesized for 11β-HSD2, the onset of its placental expression has yet to be clearly established. To this aim, we present immunocytochemical analysis of placentas collected 3–6 weeks post-conception. 11β-HSD2 was present as early as 3 weeks post-conception in syncytiotrophoblasts, where most maternal–fetal exchange occurs, and in columnar epithelial cells encircling uterine endometrial glands, which provide early histiopathic nutrition to the embryo. 11β-HSD2 expression in these critical maternal–fetal exchange areas is consistent with its hypothesized protective role. Future studies should investigate the mechanisms that may modulate embryonic glucocorticoid exposure earlier, immediately post-conception.
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18
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Gohlke B, Wudy SA, Stutte S, Bartmann P, Hartmann MF, Woelfle J. Increased Steroid Excretion in Children with Extremely Low Birth Weight at a Median Age of 9.8 years. Horm Res Paediatr 2016; 84:331-7. [PMID: 26440939 DOI: 10.1159/000441031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Events during foetal or early extrauterine life may affect bodily structure and/or functions and even pave the way for adult diseases. AIMS To find whether extremely low birth weight (ELBW) infants differ from healthy controls regarding the excretion of steroid metabolites. METHODS The study compared 17 female and 10 male ELBW infants, all prepubertal, aged 8-11 years, birth weight <1,000 g, with 27 age- and sex-matched controls. All were healthy at the time of the study. Height, weight and BMI did not differ between the groups. Results were adjusted according to body surface area. 36 urinary steroid metabolites were quantified by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. RESULTS In the ELBW girls 33/36 steroid metabolites were higher (19 significantly) than in the controls. All 36 steroid metabolites were higher in the ELBW boys (9 significantly) than in the controls. Sums of mineralocorticoid precursors, metabolites descriptive for cortisol and parameters of adrenal androgen production were significantly higher in ELBW infants (both sexes). Only the sum of the metabolites known to be illustrative for adrenal 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase activity was not different. CONCLUSION Prepubertal ELBW children have an augmented urinary excretion of adrenal androgens, cortisol and mineralocorticoid precursors. These findings corroborate and help to explain the link between early-life adversity and subsequent adrenocortical function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bettina Gohlke
- Paediatric Endocrinology Division, Children's Hospital, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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19
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Morgese MG, Trabace L. Maternal Malnutrition in the Etiopathogenesis of Psychiatric Diseases: Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Brain Sci 2016; 6:E24. [PMID: 27472366 PMCID: PMC5039453 DOI: 10.3390/brainsci6030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence from human studies indicates that maternal metabolic state and malnutrition dramatically influence the risk for developing psychiatric complications in later adulthood. In this regard, the central role of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and particularly n-3 PUFAs, is emerging considering that epidemiological evidences have established a negative correlation between n-3 PUFA consumption and development of mood disorders. These findings were supported by clinical studies indicating that low content of n-3 PUFAs in diet is linked to an increased susceptibility to psychiatric disorders. PUFAs regulate membrane fluidity and exert their central action by modulating synaptogenesis and neurotrophic factor expression, neurogenesis, and neurotransmission. Moreover, they are precursors of molecules implicated in modulating immune and inflammatory processes in the brain. Importantly, their tissue concentrations are closely related to diet intake, especially to maternal consumption during embryonal life, considering that their synthesis from essential precursors has been shown to be inefficient in mammals. The scope of this review is to highlight the possible mechanisms of PUFA functions in the brain during pre- and post-natal period and to evaluate their role in the pathogenesis of psychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Grazia Morgese
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy.
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia 71122, Italy.
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20
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Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Sifaldin AZ. Prenatal corticosterone exposure programs growth, behavior, reproductive function and genes in the chicken. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.06.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022] Open
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21
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Abstract
The early life environment is a crucial time for establishing the trajectory of future health. Low birthweight is considered a marker of an adverse in utero environment and predisposes to cardio-metabolic disease later in life. It has been proposed that this is mediated by glucocorticoids, with life-long activation of the HPA axis. Here we review the evidence to support this hypothesis, with particular emphasis on the effects of fetal growth and nutrient stresses in utero on steroid pathways of the HPA axis. A better understanding of the mechanisms underlying these processes could help to optimize in utero health, and identify individuals at greatest risk of future disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura I Stirrat
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Rebecca M Reynolds
- Tommy's Centre for Maternal and Fetal Health, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom; University/BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom.
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22
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Ahmed AA, Sifaldin AZ, Musa HH, Musa TH, Fedail JS. Prenatal corticosterone altered glucocorticoid receptor and glucocorticoid metabolic enzyme gene expression in chicken ovary. ASIAN PACIFIC JOURNAL OF REPRODUCTION 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.apjr.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
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Morton JS, Cooke CL, Davidge ST. In Utero Origins of Hypertension: Mechanisms and Targets for Therapy. Physiol Rev 2016; 96:549-603. [DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00015.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The developmental origins of health and disease theory is based on evidence that a suboptimal environment during fetal and neonatal development can significantly impact the evolution of adult-onset disease. Abundant evidence exists that a compromised prenatal (and early postnatal) environment leads to an increased risk of hypertension later in life. Hypertension is a silent, chronic, and progressive disease defined by elevated blood pressure (>140/90 mmHg) and is strongly correlated with cardiovascular morbidity/mortality. The pathophysiological mechanisms, however, are complex and poorly understood, and hypertension continues to be one of the most resilient health problems in modern society. Research into the programming of hypertension has proposed pharmacological treatment strategies to reverse and/or prevent disease. In addition, modifications to the lifestyle of pregnant women might impart far-reaching benefits to the health of their children. As more information is discovered, more successful management of hypertension can be expected to follow; however, while pregnancy complications such as fetal growth restriction, preeclampsia, preterm birth, etc., continue to occur, their offspring will be at increased risk for hypertension. This article reviews the current knowledge surrounding the developmental origins of hypertension, with a focus on mechanistic pathways and targets for therapeutic and pharmacologic interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jude S. Morton
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada; and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Christy-Lynn Cooke
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada; and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Edmonton, Canada
| | - Sandra T. Davidge
- Departments of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and of Physiology, University of Alberta, Edmonton, Canada; Women and Children's Health Research Institute, Edmonton, Canada; and Cardiovascular Research Centre, Edmonton, Canada
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Ahmed AA, Musa HH, Fedail JS, Sifaldin AZ, Musa TH. Gum arabic decreased visceral adipose tissue associated with downregulation of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type I in liver and muscle of mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcdf.2015.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
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25
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Brooks K, Burns G, Spencer TE. Biological Roles of Hydroxysteroid (11-Beta) Dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1), HSD11B2, and Glucocorticoid Receptor (NR3C1) in Sheep Conceptus Elongation. Biol Reprod 2015; 93:38. [PMID: 26085523 DOI: 10.1095/biolreprod.115.130757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Accepted: 06/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
In sheep, the elongating conceptus synthesizes and secretes interferon tau (IFNT) as well as prostaglandins (PGs) and cortisol. The enzymes, hydroxysteroid (11-beta) dehydrogenase 1 (HSD11B1) and HSD11B2 interconvert cortisone and cortisol. In sheep, HSD11B1 is expressed and active in the conceptus trophectoderm as well as in the endometrial luminal epithelia; in contrast, HSD11B2 expression is most abundant in conceptus trophectoderm. Cortisol is a biologically active glucocorticoid and ligand for the glucocorticoid receptor (NR3C1 or GR) and mineralocorticoid receptor (NR3C2 or MR). Expression of MR is not detectable in either the ovine endometrium or conceptus during early pregnancy. In tissues that do not express MR, HSD11B2 protects cells from the growth-inhibiting and/or proapoptotic effects of cortisol, particularly during embryonic development. In study one, an in utero loss-of-function analysis of HSD11B1 and HSD11B2 was conducted in the conceptus trophectoderm using morpholino antisense oligonucleotides (MAOs) that inhibit mRNA translation. Elongating, filamentous conceptuses were recovered on Day 14 from ewes infused with control morpholino or HSD11B2 MAO. In contrast, HSD11B1 MAO resulted in severely growth-retarded conceptuses or conceptus fragments with apoptotic trophectoderm. In study two, clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR)/Cas9 genome editing was used to determine the role of GR in conceptus elongation and development. Elongating, filamentous-type conceptuses (12-14 cm in length) were recovered from ewes gestating control embryos (n = 7/7) and gestating GR-edited embryos (n = 6/7). These results support the idea that the effects of HSD11B1-derived cortisol on conceptus elongation are indirectly mediated by the endometrium and are not directly mediated through GR in the trophectoderm.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kelsey Brooks
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Gregory Burns
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
| | - Thomas E Spencer
- Department of Animal Sciences and Center for Reproductive Biology, Washington State University, Pullman, Washington
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Boersma GJ, Tamashiro KL. Individual differences in the effects of prenatal stress exposure in rodents. Neurobiol Stress 2015; 1:100-8. [PMID: 27589662 PMCID: PMC4721332 DOI: 10.1016/j.ynstr.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2014] [Revised: 10/20/2014] [Accepted: 10/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Exposure to prenatal stress alters the phenotype of the offspring in adulthood. When the prenatal and adult environments do not match, these alterations may induce pathology risk. There are, however, large individual differences in the effects of prenatal stress. While some individuals seem vulnerable, others appear to be relatively resistant to its effects. In this review we discuss potential mechanisms underlying these individual differences with a focus on animal models. Differences between rodent models selected for stress coping traits are discussed. In addition, the role of circulating factors, like glucocorticoids and cytokines, factors involved in brain development and influences of epigenetic and genetic factors in prenatal stress induced phenotype are covered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretha J. Boersma
- Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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27
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Yam KY, Naninck EFG, Schmidt MV, Lucassen PJ, Korosi A. Early-life adversity programs emotional functions and the neuroendocrine stress system: the contribution of nutrition, metabolic hormones and epigenetic mechanisms. Stress 2015; 18:328-42. [PMID: 26260665 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2015.1064890] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Clinical and pre-clinical studies have shown that early-life adversities, such as abuse or neglect, can increase the vulnerability to develop psychopathologies and cognitive decline later in life. Remarkably, the lasting consequences of stress during this sensitive period on the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis and emotional function closely resemble the long-term effects of early malnutrition and suggest a possible common pathway mediating these effects. During early-life, brain development is affected by both exogenous factors, like nutrition and maternal care as well as by endogenous modulators including stress hormones. These elements, while mostly considered for their independent actions, clearly do not act alone but rather in a synergistic manner. In order to better understand how the programming by early-life stress takes place, it is important to gain further insight into the exact interplay of these key elements, the possible common pathways as well as the underlying molecular mechanisms that mediate their effects. We here review evidence that exposure to both early-life stress and early-life under-/malnutrition similarly lead to life-long alterations on the neuroendocrine stress system and modify emotional functions. We further discuss how the different key elements of the early-life environment interact and affect one another and next suggest a possible role for the early-life adversity induced alterations in metabolic hormones and nutrient availability in shaping later stress responses and emotional function throughout life, possibly via epigenetic mechanisms. Such knowledge will help to develop intervention strategies, which gives the advantage of viewing the synergistic action of a more complete set of changes induced by early-life adversity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kit-Yi Yam
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam , XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands and
| | - Eva F G Naninck
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam , XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands and
| | - Mathias V Schmidt
- b Department Stress Neurobiology and Neurogenetics , Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry , Munich , Germany
| | - Paul J Lucassen
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam , XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands and
| | - Aniko Korosi
- a Swammerdam Institute for Life Sciences, Center for Neuroscience, University of Amsterdam , XH Amsterdam , The Netherlands and
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Robb GR, Boyd S, Davies CD, Dossetter AG, Goldberg FW, Kemmitt PD, Scott JS, Swales JG. Design of pyrazolo-pyrimidines as 11β-HSD1 inhibitors through optimisation of molecular electrostatic potential. MEDCHEMCOMM 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5md00043b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Rapid and efficient lead optimisation through quantification of the molecular electrostatic potential using quantum mechanics.
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Goldberg FW, Dossetter AG, Scott JS, Robb GR, Boyd S, Groombridge SD, Kemmitt PD, Sjögren T, Gutierrez PM, deSchoolmeester J, Swales JG, Turnbull AV, Wild MJ. Optimization of Brain Penetrant 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type I Inhibitors and in Vivo Testing in Diet-Induced Obese Mice. J Med Chem 2014; 57:970-86. [DOI: 10.1021/jm4016729] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - James S. Scott
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Graeme R. Robb
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Scott Boyd
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Sam D. Groombridge
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul D. Kemmitt
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Tove Sjögren
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - John G. Swales
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew V. Turnbull
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Wild
- AstraZeneca, Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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McCoull W, Augustin M, Blake C, Ertan A, Kilgour E, Krapp S, Moore JE, Newcombe NJ, Packer MJ, Rees A, Revill J, Scott JS, Selmi N, Gerhardt S, Ogg DJ, Steinbacher S, Whittamore PRO. Identification and optimisation of 3,3-dimethyl-azetidin-2-ones as potent and selective inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1). MEDCHEMCOMM 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3md00234a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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de Kloet ER, Claessens SEF, Kentrop J. Context modulates outcome of perinatal glucocorticoid action in the brain. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2014; 5:100. [PMID: 25071717 PMCID: PMC4088189 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2014.00100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2014] [Accepted: 06/11/2014] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Prematurely born infants may be at risk, because of inadequate maturation of tissues. If there are signs of preterm birth, it has become common practice therefore to treat either antenatally the mother or postnatally the infant with glucocorticoids to accelerate tissue development, particularly of the lung. However, this life-saving early glucocorticoid treatment was found to increase the risk of adverse outcome in later life. In one animal study, the authors reported a 25% shorter lifespan of rats treated as newborns with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone, but so far this finding has not been replicated. After a brief clinical introduction, we discuss studies in rodents designed to examine how perinatal glucocorticoid action affects the developing brain. It appears that the perinatal action of the glucocorticoid depends on the context and the timing as well as the type of administered steroid. The type of steroid is important because the endogenous glucocorticoids cortisol and corticosterone bind to two distinct receptor populations, i.e., mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid receptors (GR), while synthetic glucocorticoids predominantly bind to the GR. In addition, if given antenatally hydrocortisone is inactivated in the placenta by 11β-HSD type 2, and dexamethasone is not. With respect to timing, the outcome of glucocorticoid effects is different in early vs. late phases of brain development. The context refers to the environmental input that can affect the susceptibility to glucocorticoid action in the newborn rodent brain; early handling of pups and maternal care obliterate effects of post-natal dexamethasone treatment. Context also refers to coping with environmental conditions in later life, for which the individual may have been programed epigenetically by early-life experience. This knowledge of determinants affecting the outcome of perinatal glucocorticoid exposure may have clinical implications for the treatment of prematurely born infants.
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Affiliation(s)
- E. Ronald de Kloet
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
- *Correspondence: E. Ronald de Kloet, Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Division of Medical Pharmacology, LACDR, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, PO Box 9503, Leiden 2300 RA, Netherlands e-mail: ;
| | - Sanne E. F. Claessens
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Jiska Kentrop
- Department of Medical Pharmacology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden University, Leiden, Netherlands
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Goeders NE, Guerin GF, Schmoutz CD. The combination of metyrapone and oxazepam for the treatment of cocaine and other drug addictions. ADVANCES IN PHARMACOLOGY (SAN DIEGO, CALIF.) 2014; 69:419-79. [PMID: 24484984 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-420118-7.00011-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Although scientists have been investigating the neurobiology of psychomotor stimulant reward for many decades, there is still no FDA-approved treatment for cocaine or methamphetamine abuse. Research in our laboratory has focused on the relationship between stress, the subsequent activation of the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis, and psychomotor stimulant reinforcement for almost 30 years. This research has led to the development of a combination of low doses of the cortisol synthesis inhibitor, metyrapone, and the benzodiazepine, oxazepam, as a potential pharmacological treatment for cocaine and other substance use disorders. In fact, we have conducted a pilot clinical trial that demonstrated that this combination can reduce cocaine craving and cocaine use. Our initial hypothesis underlying this effect was that the combination of metyrapone and oxazepam reduced cocaine seeking and taking by decreasing activity within the HPA axis. Even so, doses of the metyrapone and oxazepam combination that consistently reduced cocaine taking and seeking did not reliably alter plasma corticosterone (or cortisol in the pilot clinical trial). Furthermore, subsequent research has demonstrated that this drug combination is effective in adrenalectomized rats, suggesting that these effects must be mediated above the level of the adrenal gland. Our evolving hypothesis is that the combination of metyrapone and oxazepam produces its effects by increasing the levels of neuroactive steroids, most notably tetrahydrodeoxycorticosterone, in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Additional research will be necessary to confirm this hypothesis and may lead to the development of improved and specific pharmacotherapies for the treatment of psychomotor stimulant use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas E Goeders
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA.
| | - Glenn F Guerin
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
| | - Christopher D Schmoutz
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology & Neuroscience, LSU Health Sciences Center, Shreveport, Louisiana, USA
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Goldstein JM, Handa RJ, Tobet SA. Disruption of fetal hormonal programming (prenatal stress) implicates shared risk for sex differences in depression and cardiovascular disease. Front Neuroendocrinol 2014; 35:140-58. [PMID: 24355523 PMCID: PMC3917309 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2013.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2013] [Revised: 10/31/2013] [Accepted: 12/04/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Comorbidity of major depressive disorder (MDD) and cardiovascular disease (CVD) represents the fourth leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, and women have a two times greater risk than men. Thus understanding the pathophysiology has widespread implications for attenuation and prevention of disease burden. We suggest that sex-dependent MDD-CVD comorbidity may result from alterations in fetal programming consequent to the prenatal maternal environments that produce excess glucocorticoids, which then drive sex-dependent developmental alterations of the fetal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis circuitry impacting mood, stress regulation, autonomic nervous system (ANS), and the vasculature in adulthood. Evidence is consistent with the hypothesis that disruptions of pathways associated with gamma aminobutyric acid (GABA) in neuronal and vascular development and growth factors have critical roles in key developmental periods and adult responses to injury in heart and brain. Understanding the potential fetal origins of these sex differences will contribute to development of novel sex-dependent therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Goldstein
- Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA; Brigham and Women's Hospital (BWH), Connors Center for Women's Health & Gender Biology, 1620 Tremont St. BC-3-34, Boston, MA 02120, USA; BWH, Departments of Psychiatry and Medicine, 1620 Tremont St. BC-3-34, Boston, MA 02120, USA.
| | - R J Handa
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Arizona College of Medicine, 425 N. Fifth Street, Phoenix, AZ 85004, USA
| | - S A Tobet
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and School of Biomedical Engineering, Colorado State University, 1617 Campus Delivery, Fort Collins, CO 80523, USA
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Baias M, Dumez JN, Svensson PH, Schantz S, Day GM, Emsley L. De novo determination of the crystal structure of a large drug molecule by crystal structure prediction-based powder NMR crystallography. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:17501-7. [PMID: 24168679 DOI: 10.1021/ja4088874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 154] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The crystal structure of form 4 of the drug 4-[4-(2-adamantylcarbamoyl)-5-tert-butyl-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic acid is determined using a protocol for NMR powder crystallography at natural isotopic abundance combining solid-state (1)H NMR spectroscopy, crystal structure prediction, and density functional theory chemical shift calculations. This is the first example of NMR crystal structure determination for a molecular compound of previously unknown structure, and at 422 g/mol this is the largest compound to which this method has been applied so far.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Baias
- Centre de RMN à Très Hauts Champs, CNRS/ENS-Lyon/UCB Lyon 1, Université de Lyon , 5 rue de la Doua, 69100 Villeurbanne, France
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Crudo A, Petropoulos S, Suderman M, Moisiadis VG, Kostaki A, Hallett M, Szyf M, Matthews SG. Effects of antenatal synthetic glucocorticoid on glucocorticoid receptor binding, DNA methylation, and genome-wide mRNA levels in the fetal male hippocampus. Endocrinology 2013; 154:4170-81. [PMID: 24029241 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The endogenous glucocorticoid (GC) surge in late gestation plays a vital role in maturation of several organ systems. For this reason, pregnant women at risk of preterm labor are administered synthetic glucocorticoids (sGCs) to promote fetal lung development. Animal studies have shown that fetal sGC exposure can cause life-long changes in endocrine and metabolic function. We have previously shown that antenatal sGC treatment is associated with alterations in global DNA methylation and modifications to the hippocampal methylome and acetylome. In this study, we hypothesized that: 1) there are changes in the transcriptional landscape of the fetal hippocampus in late gestation, associated with the endogenous cortisol surge; 2) fetal sGC exposure alters genome-wide transcription in the hippocampus; and 3) these changes in transcription are associated with modified glucocorticoid receptor (GR) DNA binding and DNA methylation. sGC was administered as 2 courses on gestational days (GD) 40, 41, 50, and 51, and the hippocampi of fetal guinea pigs were examined before (GD52) and after (GD65) the endogenous cortisol surge (Term ∼GD67). We also analyzed fetal hippocampi 24 hours and 14 days following maternal sGC injections (n = 3-4/group). Genome-wide modification of transcription and GR DNA binding occurred in late gestation, in parallel with the normal GC surge. Further, sGC exposure had a substantial impact on the hippocampal transcriptome, GR-DNA binding, and DNA methylation at 24 hours and 14 days following the final sGC treatment. These data support the hypothesis that GC exposure in late gestation plays a significant role in modifying the transcriptional and epigenetic landscape of the developing fetal hippocampus and that substantial effects are evident for at least 2 weeks after sGC exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ariann Crudo
- Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, Canada M5S 1A8.
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Kuhn E, Lombès M. The mineralocorticoid receptor: a new player controlling energy homeostasis. Horm Mol Biol Clin Investig 2013; 15:59-69. [PMID: 25436733 DOI: 10.1515/hmbci-2013-0033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2013] [Accepted: 07/18/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Numerous studies have demonstrated the interaction that exists between adipocyte differentiation, energy balance and factors involved in fluid and electrolyte homeostasis, such as the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. More specifically, a potential impact of aldosterone on the function of several organs implicated in the control of energy homeostasis, such as adipose tissue, liver, skeletal muscle or pancreas, has been recently described. In addition, the mineralocorticoid receptor (MR, NR3C2), a transcription factor, was shown to play a crucial role on white and brown adipocyte differentiation and function, mediating the effects of both mineralocorticoid and glucocorticoid hormones on adipose tissues. Transgenic mouse models as well as pharmacological inactivation of MR signaling provided compelling evidence that MR is an important control point for energy homeostasis. Herein, we review recent findings on the involvement of aldosterone but also of MR on energy metabolism and discuss the therapeutic potential of manipulating MR signaling for the management of metabolic disorders in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emmanuelle Kuhn
- Univ Paris-Sud, Faculté de Médecine Paris-Sud, UMR-S693, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, F-94276, France
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Zulkafli IS, Waddell BJ, Mark PJ. Postnatal dietary omega-3 fatty acid supplementation rescues glucocorticoid-programmed adiposity, hypertension, and hyperlipidemia in male rat offspring raised on a high-fat diet. Endocrinology 2013; 154:3110-7. [PMID: 23782939 DOI: 10.1210/en.2013-1153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Fetal glucocorticoid excess programs several adverse outcomes in adult offspring, many of which can be prevented by postnatal, dietary omega-3 (n-3) fatty acids. Here we tested 2 separate hypotheses: 1) a postnatal high-fat diet exacerbates the glucocorticoid-programmed phenotype; and 2) postnatal, dietary n-3 fatty acids rescue programmed outcomes, even in the presence of a high-fat diet challenge. Pregnant Wistar rat dams were either untreated or administered dexamethasone acetate (Dex; 0.5 μg/mL drinking water) from day 13 of pregnancy. Offspring were cross-fostered to untreated mothers and males were weaned onto a standard (Std), high-fat, low n-3 (HF), or high-fat, high n-3 (HFHn-3) diet. Prenatal Dex reduced birth weight (26%) and delayed puberty onset by 1.2 days, irrespective of postnatal diet. Prenatal Dex programmed increased blood pressure in adult offspring, an effect worsened by the postnatal HF diet. Supplementation with high n-3 fatty acids, however, prevented both the Dex and HF-induced increases in blood pressure. Prenatal Dex also programmed increased adiposity, plasma cholesterol, and plasma triglyceride levels at 6 months of age, particularly in those offspring raised on the HF diet. But again, each of these adverse outcomes was rescued by supplementation of the HF diet with n-3 fatty acids. In conclusion, the capacity of n-3 fatty acids to overcome adverse programming outcomes remains evident, even in the presence of a HF diet challenge.
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MESH Headings
- Adiposity
- Animals
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/adverse effects
- Anti-Inflammatory Agents, Non-Steroidal/therapeutic use
- Diet, High-Fat/adverse effects
- Dietary Supplements/adverse effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/adverse effects
- Fatty Acids, Omega-3/therapeutic use
- Female
- Fetal Development
- Glucocorticoids/blood
- Glucocorticoids/metabolism
- Hyperlipidemias/etiology
- Hyperlipidemias/immunology
- Hyperlipidemias/prevention & control
- Hypertension/etiology
- Hypertension/immunology
- Hypertension/prevention & control
- Male
- Maternal-Fetal Exchange
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications/blood
- Pregnancy Complications/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology
- Random Allocation
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Stress, Physiological
- Stress, Psychological/blood
- Stress, Psychological/immunology
- Stress, Psychological/physiopathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Intan S Zulkafli
- School of Anatomy, Physiology, and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Crawley 6009, Western Australia, Australia
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Nair SK, Matthews JJ, Cripps SJ, Cheng H, Hoffman JE, Smith C, Kupchinsky S, Siu M, Taylor WD, Wang Y, Johnson TO, Dress KR, Edwards MP, Zhou S, Hosea NA, LaPaglia A, Kang P, Castro A, Ermolieff J, Fanjul A, Vogel JE, Rejto P, Dalvie D. N-(Pyridin-2-yl) arylsulfonamide inhibitors of 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1: Strategies to eliminate reactive metabolites. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2013; 23:2344-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2013.02.066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2012] [Revised: 02/07/2013] [Accepted: 02/13/2013] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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Tokarz J, Norton W, Möller G, Hrabé de Angelis M, Adamski J. Zebrafish 20β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 is important for glucocorticoid catabolism in stress response. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54851. [PMID: 23349977 PMCID: PMC3551853 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/17/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress, the physiological reaction to a stressor, is initiated in teleost fish by hormone cascades along the hypothalamus-pituitary-interrenal (HPI) axis. Cortisol is the major stress hormone and contributes to the appropriate stress response by regulating gene expression after binding to the glucocorticoid receptor. Cortisol is inactivated when 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase (HSD) type 2 catalyzes its oxidation to cortisone. In zebrafish, Danio rerio, cortisone can be further reduced to 20β-hydroxycortisone. This reaction is catalyzed by 20β-HSD type 2, recently discovered by us. Here, we substantiate the hypothesis that 20β-HSD type 2 is involved in cortisol catabolism and stress response. We found that hsd11b2 and hsd20b2 transcripts were up-regulated upon cortisol treatment. Moreover, a cortisol-independent, short-term physical stressor led to the up-regulation of hsd11b2 and hsd20b2 along with several HPI axis genes. The morpholino-induced knock down of hsd20b2 in zebrafish embryos revealed no developmental phenotype under normal culture conditions, but prominent effects were observed after a cortisol challenge. Reporter gene experiments demonstrated that 20β-hydroxycortisone was not a physiological ligand for the zebrafish glucocorticoid or mineralocorticoid receptor but was excreted into the fish holding water. Our experiments show that 20β-HSD type 2, together with 11β-HSD type 2, represents a short pathway in zebrafish to rapidly inactivate and excrete cortisol. Therefore, 20β-HSD type 2 is an important enzyme in stress response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - William Norton
- Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique, Zebrafish Neurogenetics, Gif sur Yvette, France
| | - Gabriele Möller
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Martin Hrabé de Angelis
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
| | - Jerzy Adamski
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Neuherberg, Germany
- Lehrstuhl für Experimentelle Genetik, Technische Universität München, Freising-Weihenstephan, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Ahmed AA, Ma W, Guo F, Ni Y, Grossmann R, Zhao R. Differences in egg deposition of corticosterone and embryonic expression of corticosterone metabolic enzymes between slow and fast growing broiler chickens. Comp Biochem Physiol A Mol Integr Physiol 2013; 164:200-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbpa.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2012] [Revised: 09/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/10/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Scott JS, deSchoolmeester J, Kilgour E, Mayers RM, Packer MJ, Hargreaves D, Gerhardt S, Ogg DJ, Rees A, Selmi N, Stocker A, Swales JG, Whittamore PRO. Novel Acidic 11β-Hydroxysteroid Dehydrogenase Type 1 (11β-HSD1) Inhibitor with Reduced Acyl Glucuronide Liability: The Discovery of 4-[4-(2-Adamantylcarbamoyl)-5-tert-butyl-pyrazol-1-yl]benzoic Acid (AZD8329). J Med Chem 2012; 55:10136-47. [DOI: 10.1021/jm301252n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- James S. Scott
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Joanne deSchoolmeester
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Elaine Kilgour
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel M. Mayers
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Martin J. Packer
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - David Hargreaves
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Stefan Gerhardt
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Derek J. Ogg
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda Rees
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Nidhal Selmi
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew Stocker
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - John G. Swales
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
| | - Paul R. O. Whittamore
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, United Kingdom
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Whirledge S, Dixon D, Cidlowski JA. Glucocorticoids regulate gene expression and repress cellular proliferation in human uterine leiomyoma cells. Discov Oncol 2012; 3:79-92. [PMID: 22311344 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-012-0103-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Sex hormones and growth factors have been implicated in the pathogenesis of uterine leiomyomas. The uterus is also an abundant source of the glucocorticoid receptor but its role and function have been largely ignored. Human samples of uterine leiomyomas and matched myometrium retain expression of the glucocorticoid receptor (GR) suggesting a potential role for GR in leiomyoma function. However, hormone responsive gene expression varies between normal myometrium and leiomyoma cells. We now employ genome-wide microarray studies comparing glucocorticoid and estrogen-treated human uterine leiomyoma cells to those treated with both steroids to identify the potential role of glucocorticoids in uterine leiomyoma cells. Treatment with the synthetic glucocorticoid dexamethasone (Dex) regulated 3,128 probes. Estrogen (E(2)) treatment identified 2,094 probes, and in the presence of both hormones, 4,626 probes were regulated. Of the 552 probes identified, the majority of genes co-regulated by Dex, E(2), and Dex + E(2) exhibited co-downregulation. Interestingly, a small group of 17 genes displayed antagonistic regulation by Dex and E(2), where all genes in this group, Dex reversed the E(2) effect with. Ingenuity Pathway Analysis of the data identified cell growth, development, and differentiation as significant glucocorticoid regulated pathways. Flow cytometry confirmed that glucocorticoids regulated cell proliferation and significantly reduced the percentage of S-phase cells either in the presence or absence of estrogen in leiomyomas but not smooth muscle cells. Translation of our results suggest that glucocorticoids may play a significant role in regulating uterine leiomyoma gene expression and cell growth, and thus may have implications for therapeutic development of uterine leiomyoma treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shannon Whirledge
- Laboratory of Signal Transduction, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Department of Health and Human Services, 111 TW Alexander Drive, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
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Scott JS, Gill AL, Godfrey L, Groombridge SD, Rees A, Revill J, Schofield P, Sörme P, Stocker A, Swales JG, Whittamore PRO. Optimisation of pharmacokinetic properties in a neutral series of 11β-HSD1 inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:6756-61. [PMID: 23013933 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.08.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2012] [Revised: 08/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
11β-HSD1 is increasingly seen as an attractive target for the treatment of type II diabetes and other elements of the metabolic syndrome. In this program of work we describe how a series of neutral 2-thioalkyl-pyridine 11β-HSD1 inhibitors were optimized in terms of their pharmacokinetic properties to give compounds with excellent bioavailability in both rat and dog through a core change to pyrimidine. A potential reactive metabolite issue with 4-thioalkyl-pyrimidines was circumvented by a switch from sulfur to carbon substitution.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Scott
- Cardiovascular & Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
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Scott JS, Bowker SS, Deschoolmeester J, Gerhardt S, Hargreaves D, Kilgour E, Lloyd A, Mayers RM, McCoull W, Newcombe NJ, Ogg D, Packer MJ, Rees A, Revill J, Schofield P, Selmi N, Swales JG, Whittamore PRO. Discovery of a potent, selective, and orally bioavailable acidic 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) inhibitor: discovery of 2-[(3S)-1-[5-(cyclohexylcarbamoyl)-6-propylsulfanylpyridin-2-yl]-3-piperidyl]acetic acid (AZD4017). J Med Chem 2012; 55:5951-64. [PMID: 22691057 DOI: 10.1021/jm300592r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Inhibition of 11β-HSD1 is an attractive mechanism for the treatment of obesity and other elements of the metabolic syndrome. We report here the discovery of a nicotinic amide derived carboxylic acid class of inhibitors that has good potency, selectivity, and pharmacokinetic characteristics. Compound 11i (AZD4017) is an effective inhibitor of 11β-HSD1 in human adipocytes and exhibits good druglike properties and as a consequence was selected for clinical development.
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Affiliation(s)
- James S Scott
- Cardiovascular and Gastrointestinal Innovative Medicines Unit, AstraZeneca Mereside, Alderley Park, Macclesfield, Cheshire, SK10 4TG, UK.
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Heine VM, Griveau A, Chapin C, Ballard PL, Chen JK, Rowitch DH. A small-molecule smoothened agonist prevents glucocorticoid-induced neonatal cerebellar injury. Sci Transl Med 2012; 3:105ra104. [PMID: 22013124 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.3002731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Glucocorticoids are used for treating preterm neonatal infants suffering from life-threatening lung, airway, and cardiovascular conditions. However, several studies have raised concerns about detrimental effects of postnatal glucocorticoid administration on the developing brain leading to cognitive impairment, cerebral palsy, and hypoplasia of the cerebellum, a brain region critical for coordination of movement and higher-order neurological functions. Previously, we showed that glucocorticoids inhibit Sonic hedgehog-Smoothened (Shh-Smo) signaling, the major mitogenic pathway for cerebellar granule neuron precursors. Conversely, activation of Shh-Smo in transgenic mice protects against glucocorticoid-induced neurotoxic effects through induction of the 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2 (11β-HSD2) pathway. Here, we show that systemic administration of a small-molecule agonist of the Shh-Smo pathway (SAG) prevented the neurotoxic effects of glucocorticoids. SAG did not interfere with the beneficial effects of glucocorticoids on lung maturation, and despite the known associations of the Shh pathway with neoplasia, we found that transient (1-week-long) SAG treatment of neonatal animals was well tolerated and did not promote tumor formation. These findings suggest that a small-molecule agonist of Smo has potential as a neuroprotective agent in neonates at risk for glucocorticoid-induced neonatal cerebellar injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vivi M Heine
- Division of Neonatology, Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco (UCSF), San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
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Gangestad SW, Caldwell Hooper AE, Eaton MA. On the function of placental corticotropin-releasing hormone: a role in maternal-fetal conflicts over blood glucose concentrations. Biol Rev Camb Philos Soc 2012; 87:856-73. [PMID: 22564253 DOI: 10.1111/j.1469-185x.2012.00226.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Throughout the second and third trimesters, the human placenta (and the placenta in other anthropoid primates) produces substantial quantities of corticotropin-releasing hormone (placental CRH), most of which is secreted into the maternal bloodstream. During pregnancy, CRH concentrations rise over 1000-fold. The advantages that led selection to favour placental CRH production and secretion are not yet fully understood. Placental CRH stimulates the production of maternal adrenocorticotropin hormone (ACTH) and cortisol, leading to substantial increases in maternal serum cortisol levels during the third trimester. These effects are puzzling in light of widespread theory that cortisol has harmful effects on the fetus. The maternal hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal (HPA) axis becomes less sensitive to cortisol during pregnancy, purportedly to protect the fetus from cortisol exposure. Researchers, then, have often looked for beneficial effects of placental CRH that involve receptors outside the HPA system, such as the uterine myometrium (e.g. the placental clock hypothesis). An alternative view is proposed here: the beneficial effect of placental CRH to the fetus lies in the fact that it does stimulate the production of cortisol, which, in turn, leads to greater concentrations of glucose in the maternal bloodstream available for fetal consumption. In this view, maternal HPA insensitivity to placental CRH likely reflects counter-adaptation, as the optimal rate of cortisol production for the fetus exceeds that for the mother. Evidence pertaining to this proposal is reviewed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven W Gangestad
- Department of Psychology, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, 87111, USA.
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Teelucksingh S, Jaimungal S, Pinto Pereira L, Seemungal T, Nayak S. Does insulin resistance co-exist with glucocorticoid resistance in the metabolic syndrome? Studies comparing skin sensitivity to glucocorticoids in individuals with and without acanthosis nigricans. Cardiovasc Diabetol 2012; 11:31. [PMID: 22462579 PMCID: PMC3369201 DOI: 10.1186/1475-2840-11-31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2011] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The metabolic syndrome is associated with increased risk for both diabetes and coronary artery disease, which insulin resistance alone does not satisfactorily explain. We propose an additional and complementary underlying mechanism of glucocorticoid resistance. Results Using acanthosis nigricans (AN) and skin vasoconstrictor (SVC) response to topically applied beclomethasone dipropionate as markers of insulin and glucocorticoid resistance, respectively, we compared anthropometric, biochemical, pro-inflammatory markers and the SVC response in subjects with AN in two studies: STUDY 1 was used to compare subjects with AN (Grade 4, n = 32), with those without AN (n = 68) while STUDY 2 compared these responses among a cross-section of diabetic patients (n = 109) with varying grades of AN (grade 0, n = 30; grade 1, n = 24; grade 2, n = 18; grade 3, n = 25; grade 4, n = 12). Findings In both studies there was an inverse relationship between AN Grade 4 and the SVC response, (P < 0.001). In STUDY 1, AN Grade 4 was associated with age, waist circumference, BMI, fasting blood glucose, plasma lipids and hs-CRP (P < 0.05). SVC was an independent predictor of CRP and those with combined AN and a negative SVC response, CRP levels were highest. In Study 2 when the SVC response in subjects with type 2 diabetes mellitus with varying degrees of AN was studied, it showed that for any degree of AN, the SVC response is more likely to be negative and was independent of gender and ethnicity. Conclusion An absent SVC response represents a new biomarker for the metabolic syndrome and the exaggerated inflammatory response, which characterizes the metabolic syndrome, may be an outcome of deficient glucocorticoid action in vascular tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surujpal Teelucksingh
- Department of Clinical Medical Sciences, The University of West Indies, St Augustine, Trinidad & Tobago, WI.
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Tokarz J, Mindnich R, Norton W, Möller G, Hrabé de Angelis M, Adamski J. Discovery of a novel enzyme mediating glucocorticoid catabolism in fish: 20beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 2. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2012; 349:202-13. [PMID: 22061621 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2011.10.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2011] [Revised: 10/09/2011] [Accepted: 10/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Hydroxysteroid dehydrogenases (HSDs) are involved in metabolism and pre-receptor regulation of steroid hormones. While 17beta-HSDs and 11beta-HSDs are extensively studied in mammals, only few orthologs are characterized in fish. We discovered a novel zebrafish HSD candidate closely related to 17beta-HSD types 3 and 12, which has orthologs in other species. The enzyme catalyzes the conversion of cortisone to 20beta-hydroxycortisone identified by LC-MS/MS. We named the new enzyme 20beta-HSD type 2. All 20beta-HSD type 2 orthologs localize in the endoplasmic reticulum. Zebrafish 20beta-HSD type 2 is expressed during embryonic development showing the same expression pattern as 11beta-HSD type 2 known to oxidize cortisol to cortisone. In adult tissues 20beta-HSD type 2 shows a ubiquitous expression pattern with some minor sex-specific differences. In contrast to other enzymes metabolizing C21-steroids and being mostly involved in reproduction we propose that novel type 2 20beta-HSDs in teleost fish are important enzymes in cortisol catabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Tokarz
- Helmholtz Zentrum München, German Research Center for Environmental Health, Institute of Experimental Genetics, Genome Analysis Center, Ingolstädter Landstrasse 1, 85764 Neuherberg, Germany
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Cottrell EC, Holmes MC, Livingstone DE, Kenyon CJ, Seckl JR. Reconciling the nutritional and glucocorticoid hypotheses of fetal programming. FASEB J 2012; 26:1866-74. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-203489] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth C. Cottrell
- Endocrinology UnitCentre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Megan C. Holmes
- Endocrinology UnitCentre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Dawn E. Livingstone
- Endocrinology UnitCentre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Christopher J. Kenyon
- Endocrinology UnitCentre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- Endocrinology UnitCentre for Cardiovascular ScienceQueen's Medical Research InstituteUniversity of EdinburghEdinburghUK
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