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Li F, Li E, Samanta K, Zheng Z, Wu L, Chen AD, Farha OK, Staples RJ, Niu J, Schmidt-Rohr K, Ke C. Ortho-Alkoxy-benzamide Directed Formation of a Single Crystalline Hydrogen-bonded Crosslinked Organic Framework and Its Boron Trifluoride Uptake and Catalysis. Angew Chem Int Ed Engl 2023; 62:e202311601. [PMID: 37870901 DOI: 10.1002/anie.202311601] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2023] [Revised: 10/23/2023] [Accepted: 10/23/2023] [Indexed: 10/24/2023]
Abstract
Boron trifluoride (BF3 ) is a highly corrosive gas widely used in industry. Confining BF3 in porous materials ensures safe and convenient handling and prevents its degradation. Hence, it is highly desired to develop porous materials with high adsorption capacity, high stability, and resistance to BF3 corrosion. Herein, we designed and synthesized a Lewis basic single-crystalline hydrogen-bond crosslinked organic framework (HC OF-50) for BF3 storage and its application in catalysis. Specifically, we introduced self-complementary ortho-alkoxy-benzamide hydrogen-bonding moieties to direct the formation of highly organized hydrogen-bonded networks, which were subsequently photo-crosslinked to generate HC OFs. The HC OF-50 features Lewis basic thioether linkages and electron-rich pore surfaces for BF3 uptake. As a result, HC OF-50 shows a record-high 14.2 mmol/g BF3 uptake capacity. The BF3 uptake in HC OF-50 is reversible, leading to the slow release of BF3 . We leveraged this property to reduce the undesirable chain transfer and termination in the cationic polymerization of vinyl ethers. Polymers with higher molecular weights and lower polydispersity were generated compared to those synthesized using BF3 ⋅ Et2 O. The elucidation of the structure-property relationship, as provided by the single-crystal X-ray structures, combined with the high BF3 uptake capacity and controlled sorption, highlights the molecular understanding of framework-guest interactions in addressing contemporary challenges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangzhou Li
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Errui Li
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Krishanu Samanta
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Zhaoxi Zheng
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, MA 02453, USA
| | - Lianqian Wu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | - Albert D Chen
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
| | - Omar K Farha
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL 60208, USA
| | - Richard J Staples
- Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, East Lancing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Jia Niu
- Department of Chemistry, Boston College, Chestnut Hill, MA 02467, USA
| | | | - Chenfeng Ke
- Department of Chemistry, Dartmouth College, Hanover, NH 03755, USA
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2
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Liang G, Minghao Z, Haiyi L, Jun X, Tianhao G, Kunming L, Juanhua L, Jinbiao L. A novel HBI-based ratiometric fluorescent probe for rapid detection of trifluoroborate. RSC Adv 2023; 13:23812-23817. [PMID: 37564257 PMCID: PMC10410310 DOI: 10.1039/d3ra04474b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Accepted: 08/03/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
A 2-(2'-hydroxyphenyl)benzimidazole (HBI)-based ratiometric fluorescent probe, known as BTEP, was synthesized using 5-bromosalicylaldehyde as the raw material via Sonogashira coupling and condensation reaction. This probe was designed for rapid detection of boron trifluoride solutions and gases. The N and O coordination atoms in the probe undergo a boron difluoride addition with BF3, which affects the process of excited state intramolecular proton transfer (ESIPT) leading to a blue shift of fluorescence emission. Obvious changes in the fluorescence signal can be observed within 60 seconds. The introduction of an acetylene trimethylsilane fragment increases the conjugate plane and is beneficial to improving the selectivity of the probe. The I408/I479 fluorescence ratio of the probe displays a linear relationship with the concentration of BF3 in the range of 5-50 μM, with a detection of limit as low as 69.5 nM. Furthermore, the probe demonstrates specific and selective recognition of BF3 among eight common interference substances. Test strips prepared using BTEP have the capability of real-time naked-eye detection of trace BF3 gas.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gao Liang
- Ganzhou Teacher's College Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000 P. R. China
| | - Zheng Minghao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology 86 Hongqi Road Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Liu Haiyi
- Ganzhou No. 3 Middle School Ganzhou Jiangxi 341000 China
| | - Xiao Jun
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology 86 Hongqi Road Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Gong Tianhao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology 86 Hongqi Road Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Liu Kunming
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology 86 Hongqi Road Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Li Juanhua
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology 86 Hongqi Road Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
| | - Liu Jinbiao
- Jiangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Functional Molecular Materials Chemistry, Faculty of Materials Metallurgy and Chemistry, Jiangxi University of Science and Technology 86 Hongqi Road Ganzhou 341000 P. R. China
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3
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Zhao X, He Y, Chen J, Zhang J, Chen L, Wang B, Wu C, Yuan Y. Identification and direct determination of fatty acids profile in oleic acid by HPLC-CAD and MS-IT-TOF. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2021; 204:114238. [PMID: 34273659 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2021.114238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Oleic acid is a pharmaceutical excipient and has been widely used in many dosage forms. It remains unclear in terms of the fatty acids (FAs) profile. In this study, a sensitive and direct method based on high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with charged aerosol detector (HPLC-CAD) was developed to study the compositions of oleic acid. The chromatographic conditions were optimized to achieve good separation and high sensitivity. The components of oleic acid were identified by ion trap/time of flight mass spectrometry (MS-IT-TOF). Twenty-seven FAs were identified based on the exact mass-to-charge ratio and fragments, among which 13 FAs were confirmed with the reference standards. Nine FAs in the oleic acid samples including oleic acid, linolenic acid, myristic acid, palmitoleic acid, linoleic acid, palmitic acid, stearic acid, arachidic acid and behenic acid were simultaneously determined by the developed HPLC-CAD, which showed good linearity with r2>0.999. The limit of detection (LOD) and limit of quantification (LOQ) of 9 FAs were 0.006-0.1 μg mL-1 and 0.032-0.22 μg mL-1, respectively. The components with concentration level not less than 0.03 % (referring to the sample concentration of 1.0 mg mL-1) can be quantified. The mean recovery values of 9 FAs ranged from 96.5%-103.6% at three concentration levels of 80 %, 100 % and 120 %. The repeatability and intermediate precision were less than 5.0 % for oleic acid and components with concentration levels more than 0.05 %. In contrast to the conventional pre-column derivatization gas chromatography (GC), HPLC-CAD could unbiasedly and directly detect more components, especially the FAs with long carbon chains. Overall, the developed novel HPLC-CAD method can ameliorate the deficiency of the indirect GC method recorded in current pharmacopeias, thus having great potential for the comprehensive understanding and quality control of oleic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xun Zhao
- Chemical Laboratory Second Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute for Drug and Food Control, Nanjing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China
| | - Yuanzi He
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jungen Chen
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
| | | | - Lei Chen
- Chinese Pharmacopoeia Commission, Beijing, China
| | - Baocheng Wang
- Nanjing Well Pharmaceutical Co., LTD., Nanjing, China
| | - Chunyong Wu
- China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yaozuo Yuan
- Chemical Laboratory Second Laboratory, Jiangsu Institute for Drug and Food Control, Nanjing, China; NMPA Key Laboratory for Impurity Profile of Chemical Drugs, National Medical Products Administration, Beijing, China.
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4
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Mandal M, Mahapatra AK, Kar A. A one-pot fluorogenic cascade cyclization reaction via BF 3-sensing. Analyst 2021; 146:2998-3003. [PMID: 33949461 DOI: 10.1039/d1an00298h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
(E)-3-Phenyl-1-(2-(phenylethynyl) phenyl) prop-2-en-1-one is shown as a chemodosimetric sensor where it selectively senses toxic BF3, scrutinized through electronic spectral analysis and recognized with the naked eye. The probable binding mechanism is proposed based on the electronic spectral analysis, NMR titration and the ESI-MS technique. The incredible increase in fluorescence intensity (60-fold) in less than 2 minutes along with an extremely low detection limit (6.36 × 10-10 M) in a range of 0-50 μl make it function as a proficient gas phase BF3 sensor with synchronized detection in a portable form.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moumi Mandal
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India.
| | - Ajit Kumar Mahapatra
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India.
| | - Arik Kar
- Department of Chemistry, Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, Howrah 711 103, India.
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Princy Maria J, Nagarajan V, Chandiramouli R. Boron trifluoride interaction studies on graphdiyne nanotubes – A first-principles insight. Chem Phys Lett 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2019.136841] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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6
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Ameeramja J, Perumal E. Pulmonary fluorosis: a review. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 24:22119-22132. [PMID: 28840484 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-017-9951-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The increased industrialization and improvised human lifestyle lead to a surge in environmental pollution nowadays. Even the chemicals which are known as prophylactic agents were currently liable to be toxic. One among them is inorganic fluoride whose wider application in numerous processes makes it as an inevitable environmental contaminant and industrial pollutant. Although the systemic toxicity of fluoride has been extensively studied, still there is lacuna in the field of pulmonary fluoride toxicity. Hence, we have focused on the molecular mechanism of action of fluoride compounds on pulmonary system. A study of literatures that focused on the potential physiological and toxicological consequences of fluoride on pulmonary system was carried out. The goal of this review is to present an overview of the research carried out till date on the molecular aspects of fluoride exposure with emphasis on pulmonary system and their possible mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaishabanu Ameeramja
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 640 046, India
| | - Ekambaram Perumal
- Molecular Toxicology Laboratory, Department of Biotechnology, Bharathiar University, Coimbatore, 640 046, India.
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7
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Gad S, Rusch G, Reigle K, Darr R, Hoffman G, Peckham J, Schardein J. Inhalation Toxicity of Chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016. [DOI: 10.3109/10915818809019541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
In a pilot 2-week inhalation toxicity study, male and female CD rats were exposed to mean levels of 0, 33, 61, 119, and 241 ppm of chlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE) 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 2 weeks. In a concurrent phase of the same pilot study, groups of five pregnant rats were exposed to the same levels of CTFE from day 6 through day 19 of gestation. Effects were limited to depression in rates of body weight gains, elevated kidney/body weight ratios, and toxic nephrosis in groups exposed to 241 ppm, and depressed body weight gains in males and pregnant females exposed to 119 ppm. No embryotoxicity, fetotoxicity, or developmental effects were observed in the pregnant pilot-study animals. In a subchronic study, male and female F-344 rats were exposed 6 hr/day, 5 days/week for 13 weeks at mean levels of 0, 29, 62, and 121 ppm. No animals died as a result of being exposed to CTFE. Indications of effects on the kidneys included increased organ weights, alterations in clinical chemistry parameters and clinical observations, and alterations in microscopic structure. Males also showed alterations in body weights and absolute and relative liver weights, which were reversible after cessation of exposure. Dose-response was evident in both sexes, although males were more sensitive, with 29 ppm being a limited effect level in the males. A group of animals maintained for 2 weeks after the completion of exposure showed marked remission from the observed effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.C. Gad
- Current address: Director of Toxicology, G.D. Searle & Co., Skokie, Illinois
| | - G.M. Rusch
- Department of Toxicology Allied Corporation P.O. Box 1021R Morristown, NJ 07960
| | - K.S. Reigle
- Department of Toxicology Allied Corporation P.O. Box 1021R Morristown, NJ 07960
| | - R.W. Darr
- Department of Toxicology Allied Corporation P.O. Box 1021R Morristown, NJ 07960
| | | | | | - J.L. Schardein
- International Research and Development, Mattawan, Michigan
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8
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Balachandran C, Rao KC, Arun Y, Emi N, Yamamoto N, Inaguma Y, Okamoto A, Easwaramoorthi K, Perumal PT. Synthetic investigation on chirally pure Mannich derivatives of pseudophenylpropanolamine and their anticancer properties against HepG-2 cells with inhibition of JAK2/STAT3. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra22480f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of compound 3a was proved as a novel blocker of JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway and exerts both anti-proliferative and apoptotic activities in HepG-2 cells with xenograft mice model.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Balachandran
- Department of Hematology and Oncology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - K. Chennakesava Rao
- Research & Development Centre
- Malladi Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Chennai-600 124
- India
- Organic & Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
| | - Y. Arun
- Organic & Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600 020
- India
| | - N. Emi
- Department of Hematology and Oncology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - N. Yamamoto
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology
- Institute of Joint Research
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - Y. Inaguma
- Department of Hematology and Oncology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - A. Okamoto
- Department of Hematology and Oncology
- Fujita Health University
- Toyoake
- Japan
| | - K. Easwaramoorthi
- Research & Development Centre
- Malladi Drugs & Pharmaceuticals Ltd
- Chennai-600 124
- India
| | - P. T. Perumal
- Organic & Bio-Organic Chemistry Laboratory
- CSIR-Central Leather Research Institute
- Chennai 600 020
- India
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9
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Saliu F, Orlandi M. In situ alcoholysis of triacylglycerols by application of switchable-polarity solvents. A new derivatization procedure for the gas-chromatographic analysis of vegetable oils. Anal Bioanal Chem 2013; 405:8677-84. [DOI: 10.1007/s00216-013-7190-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2013] [Revised: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 06/28/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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10
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Rusch GM, Bast CB, Cavender FL. Establishing a point of departure for risk assessment using acute inhalation toxicology data. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2009; 54:247-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2009.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2008] [Revised: 04/09/2009] [Accepted: 05/02/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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11
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Rusch GM, Bowden AM, Muijser H, Arts J. Respiratory Irritation Associated with Inhalation of Boron Trifluoride and Fluorosulfonic Acid. Inhal Toxicol 2008; 20:665-70. [DOI: 10.1080/08958370801977671] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Hallmann C, van Aarssen BG, Grice K. Relative efficiency of free fatty acid butyl esterification. J Chromatogr A 2008; 1198-1199:14-20. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2008.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2008] [Revised: 05/12/2008] [Accepted: 05/16/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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13
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Morgan DL, Su YF, Dill JA, Turnier JC, Westerberg RB, Smith CS. Chemical and physical characteristics of cellulose insulation particulates, and evaluation of potential acute pulmonary toxicity. Am J Ind Med 2004; 46:554-69. [PMID: 15551371 DOI: 10.1002/ajim.20101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND During installation of cellulose insulation (CI) in new and older houses, significant quantities of airborne material are generated. This study characterized the chemical and physical properties, and potential acute pulmonary toxicity of CI. METHODS CI from four manufacturers was analyzed for inorganic additives and trace element impurities. Aerosols were generated and size fractionated. The number and size of fibrous and nonfibrous particles in the respirable fractions were determined. Respirable CI particulates were intratracheally instilled in rats (5 mg/kg) to evaluate potential pulmonary toxicity. RESULTS CI samples were similar in composition with small differences due primarily to fire retardants. Less than 0.1% of CI was respirable and contained few fibers. Acute exposure to CI caused transient inflammation in the lungs and increased 4-hydroxyproline. Microscopic evaluation revealed a minimal to mild, non-progressing granulomatous pneumonitis. CONCLUSIONS Low concentrations of respirable particles were found in CI aerosols. Particles consisted primarily of fire retardants with few fibers, and caused mild pulmonary toxicity in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel L Morgan
- National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences and the National Toxicology Program, Research Triangle Park, North Carolina 27709, USA.
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Aydin G, Ciçek E, Akdoğan M, Gökalp O. Histopathological and biochemical changes in lung tissues of rats following administration of fluoride over several generations. J Appl Toxicol 2003; 23:437-46. [PMID: 14635268 DOI: 10.1002/jat.935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
The possible effects of multigenerational administration of sodium fluoride (NaF) via drinking water on lung tissue morphology and biochemistry and body and lung weight were investigated in second-generation adult male rats. For this purpose we selected 45 Albino adult Wistar rats in nine cages, each of which consisted of four females and one male. Twenty-eight pregnant rats were selected for the experiment, divided into four groups of seven rats given 1 (control group), 10, 50 and 100 mg l(-1) NaF in drinking water during the gestation period. After gestation the rats had 165 pups in total. The mothers received fluoridated water during the lactation period and the offspring of the first generation had access to fluoridated water during the suckling period (21 days) and after the weaning period (30 days) until they became mature and at the start of the second part of the experiment. During this time 23 pups died and 79 female and 63 male first-generation rats survived. These first-generation rats were then used to obtain the second-generation offspring in the same manner as before, which were subjected to the same treatments. At the end of 6 months the rats were sacrificed and autopsied. Serum fluoride levels and the activities of principal antioxidant enzymes were determined in lung tissue samples taken from all groups. In addition, the lung tissues were submitted for histopathological examination. Histological findings showed alveolar congestion, alveolar cell hyperplasia and necrosis, prominent alveolar septal vessels, epithelial desquamation and macrophages in the alveolar spaces in the experimental groups. Additionally, there were inflammatory infiltrations in peribronchial, perivascular, intraparenchymal and respiratory tract lumen; intraparenchymal hyperaemic vessels; respiratory epithelial desquamation and proliferation; intraparenchymal thick walled vessels; parenchymal fibrosis; bronchiolitis; pneumonic and focal emphysematous areas. Furthermore, the lung parenchyma was observed to have a distorted appearance with loss of alveolar architecture. These histopathological findings were more pronounced for the rat groups of 50 and 100 mg l(-1) fluoride. No significant histopathological changes were observed in the rats of the control group. The increased activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and the decreased activity of catalase (CAT) in the lung tissues with 10 mg l(-1) fluoride might indicate activation of the antioxidant defence mechanism. The decrease in SOD, GSH-Px and CAT activities with 50 and 100 mg l(-1) fluoride and the increase in thiobarbituric acid-reactive substance levels might be related to oxidative damage that occurred in the lung. This multigenerational evaluation of the long-term effect of different doses of fluoride intake through drinking water on lung damage shows that the lung tissues were damaged, there was emphysema and inflammation of lung parenchyma associated with loss of alveolar architecture and the degree of lung damage seemed to correlate with the increased dosage of fluoride. A similar relationship was observed between the degree of lung damage, body and lung weight and serum fluoride levels according to the fluoride dose. Therefore, these results contribute to a better understanding of chronic fluoride toxicity in lung tissue of second-generation rats, especially via drinking water, and the biochemical findings were in agreement with histological observations. In addition, increased fluoride concentration did not affect reproduction or the number of pups dying but the body weight and lung weight ratios were affected by the high dose of fluoride in a dose-related pattern.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gülsen Aydin
- Süleyman Demirel University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Isparta, Turkey.
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