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Sanders AP, Mazzella MJ, Malin AJ, Hair GM, Busgang SA, Saland JM, Curtin P. Combined exposure to lead, cadmium, mercury, and arsenic and kidney health in adolescents age 12-19 in NHANES 2009-2014. ENVIRONMENT INTERNATIONAL 2019; 131:104993. [PMID: 31326826 PMCID: PMC6750805 DOI: 10.1016/j.envint.2019.104993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 06/25/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Occupational and environmental exposures to toxic metals are established risk factors for the development of hypertension and kidney disease in adults. There is some evidence of developmental metal nephrotoxicity in children and from animal studies; however, to our knowledge no previous studies have examined associations between co-exposure to nephrotoxic environmental metals and children's kidney health. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study was to assess the association between co-exposure to lead (Pb), cadmium (Cd), mercury (Hg), and arsenic (As), measured in urine and blood, and kidney parameters in US adolescents. METHODS We performed a cross-sectional analysis of a subsample of 2709 children aged 12-19 participating in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) between 2009 and 2014. We analyzed urine levels of 4 nephrotoxic metals selected a priori (As, Cd, Pb and Hg), Umix, and 3 nephrotoxic metals in blood (Cd, Pb, and Hg), Bmix, using a weighted quantile sum (WQS) approach. We applied WQS regression to analyze the association of Bmix and Umix with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR), serum uric acid (SUA), urine albumin, blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and systolic blood pressure (SBP), adjusting for sex, race/ethnicity, age, head of household's education level, height, BMI, serum cotinine, and NHANES cohort year. Umix and urine albumin models were also adjusted for urine creatinine, and Bmix models were also adjusted for fish consumption. Subanalyses included stratification by sex and an arsenic-only model including six speciated forms of As measured in urine. RESULTS In WQS regression models, each decile increase of Umix was associated with 1.6% (95% CI: 0.5, 2.8) higher BUN, 1.4% (95% CI: 0.7, 2.0) higher eGFR, and 7.6% (95% CI: 2.4, 13.1) higher urine albumin. The association between Umix and BUN was primarily driven by As (72%), while the association with eGFR was driven by Hg (61%), and Cd (17%), and the association with urine albumin was driven by Cd (37%), Hg (33%), and Pb (25%). There was no significant relationship between Umix and SUA or SBP. In WQS models using the combined blood metals, Bmix, each decile increase of Bmix was associated with 0.6% (95% CI: 0.0, 1.3) higher SUA; this association was driven by Pb (43%), Hg (33%), and Cd (24%) and was marginally significant (p = 0.05). No associations were observed between Bmix and urine albumin, eGFR, BUN, or SBP. CONCLUSIONS The findings suggest metals including As, Pb, Hg, Cd and their combinations may affect renal parameters, although potential reverse causation cannot be ruled out due to the cross-sectional study design. Implications of early life low-level exposure to multiple metals on kidney function may have far-reaching consequences later in life in the development of hypertension, kidney disease, and renal dysfunction. Longitudinal studies should further evaluate these relationships.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison P Sanders
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Matthew J Mazzella
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Ashley J Malin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Gleicy M Hair
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Stefanie A Busgang
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Jeffrey M Saland
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
| | - Paul Curtin
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY, USA
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Zhang BB, Li WK, Hou WY, Luo Y, Shi JZ, Li C, Wei LX, Liu J. Zuotai and HgS differ from HgCl 2 and methyl mercury in Hg accumulation and toxicity in weanling and aged rats. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2017; 331:76-84. [PMID: 28536007 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2017.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/16/2017] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mercury sulfides are used in Ayurvedic medicines, Tibetan medicines, and Chinese medicines for thousands of years and are still used today. Cinnabar (α-HgS) and metacinnabar (β-HgS) are different from mercury chloride (HgCl2) and methylmercury (MeHg) in their disposition and toxicity. Whether such scenario applies to weanling and aged animals is not known. To address this question, weanling (21d) and aged (450d) rats were orally given Zuotai (54% β-HgS, 30mg/kg), HgS (α-HgS, 30mg/kg), HgCl2 (34.6mg/kg), or MeHg (MeHgCl, 3.2mg/kg) for 7days. Accumulation of Hg in kidney and liver, and the toxicity-sensitive gene expressions were examined. Animal body weight gain was decreased by HgCl2 and to a lesser extent by MeHg, but unaltered after Zuotai and HgS. HgCl2 and MeHg produced dramatic tissue Hg accumulation, increased kidney (kim-1 and Ngal) and liver (Ho-1) injury-sensitive gene expressions, but such changes are absent or mild after Zuotai and HgS. Aged rats were more susceptible than weanling rats to Hg toxicity. To examine roles of transporters in Hg accumulation, transporter gene expressions were examined. The expression of renal uptake transporters Oat1, Oct2, and Oatp4c1 and hepatic Oatp2 was decreased, while the expression of renal efflux transporter Mrp2, Mrp4 and Mdr1b was increased following HgCl2 and MeHg, but unaffected by Zuotai and HgS. Thus, Zuotai and HgS differ from HgCl2 and MeHg in producing tissue Hg accumulation and toxicity, and aged rats are more susceptible than weanling rats. Transporter expression could be adaptive means to reduce tissue Hg burden.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bin-Bin Zhang
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Wen-Kai Li
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Wei-Yu Hou
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Ya Luo
- School of Public Health, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China
| | - Jing-Zhen Shi
- Guiyang Traditional Medical College, Guiyang 550004, China
| | - Cen Li
- Key Lab of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Li-Xin Wei
- Key Lab of Pharmacology and Safety Evaluation of Tibetan Medicine in Qinghai, Northwest Institute of Plateau Biology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Xining 810008, China
| | - Jie Liu
- Key Lab for Pharmacology of Ministry of Education, Joint International Research Laboratory of Ethnomedicine of Ministry of Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi 563000, China.
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Yuan JL, Tao YY, Wang QL, Shen L, Liu CH. Fuzheng Huayu Formula () prevents rat renal interstitial fibrosis induced by HgCl 2 via antioxidative stress and down-regulation of nuclear factor-kappa B activity. Chin J Integr Med 2017; 23:598-604. [PMID: 28197934 DOI: 10.1007/s11655-016-2540-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2014] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To investigate the mechanism of action of Fuzheng Huayu Formula (, FZHY) against renal interstitial fibrosis (RIF) relating to oxidative injury and nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) activity. METHODS Thirty-two Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 3 groups: normal group, model group and FZHY treatment group. The RIF model was induced by oral administration of HgCl2 at a dose of 8 mg/kg body weight once a day for 9 weeks. Meanwhile, rats in FZHY treatment group orally took FZHY at a dose of 4.0 g/kg rat weight for 9 weeks. The content of hydroxyproline (Hyp) and collagen deposition in kidney were observed. The activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px), the content of glutathione (GSH) and malondialdehyde (MDA) of kidney were tested. The expressions of inhibitor-κappa B (IκB), phospho-IκB (p-IκB), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) were analyzed by Western blot. α-SMA expression was also observed by immunofluorescent staining. MMP-2 activity was measured by gelatin zymography. NF-κB activation was determined by electrophoretic mobility shift assay. RESULTS Renal interstitial fibrosis was induced by HgCl2, demonstrated by remarkably increased Hyp contents and excessive collagen deposition in kidney (P<0.01). FZHY significantly inhibited renal interstitial collagen deposition and reduced Hyp content of the HgCl2-treated rats (P<0.01). GSH content decreased obviously, and MDA content increased signifificantly in HgCl2-treated rats compared with that of normal rats (P<0.01). FZHY significantly increased GSH content and decreased MDA content in the model rats (P<0.01). The expression α-SMA was increased in model rats compared with that of normal rats, FZHY signifificantly decreased its expression (P<0.01). The expressions of p-IκB and TNF-α and MMP-2, MMP-2 activity, and NF-κB activation were increased in model group compared with that in normal group (P<0.01), FZHY signifificantly decreased NF-κB activation, MMP-2 activity and p-IκB and TNF-α expressions (P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS FZHY could protect kidney from oxidative injury intoxicated by HgCl2, and antagonized oxidative stress-stimulated NF-κB activity through inhibition of IκB phosphorylation in the interstitial fibrotic kidney, these effects importantly contributed to FZHY action mechanism against renal interstitial fifibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-Li Yuan
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Yan-Yan Tao
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Qing-Lan Wang
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Li Shen
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Cheng-Hai Liu
- Institute of Liver Diseases, Shuguang Hospital Affiliated to Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,Shanghai Key Laboratory of Traditional, Chinese Clinical Medicine, Shanghai, 201203, China. .,E-Institute of TCM Internal Medicine, Shanghai Municipal Education Commission, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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Feng W, Wang M, Li B, Liu J, Chai Z, Zhao J, Deng G. Mercury and trace element distribution in organic tissues and regional brain of fetal rat after in utero and weaning exposure to low dose of inorganic mercury. Toxicol Lett 2004; 152:223-34. [PMID: 15331131 DOI: 10.1016/j.toxlet.2004.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2004] [Revised: 04/28/2004] [Accepted: 05/03/2004] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Since it is still absent data about the toxic risk of low dose, especially an environmentally relevant dose of mercury to fetus after their prenatal exposure, this present work was designed to investigate the metabolism of Hg and its effect on the levels of essential trace elements in the organic tissues and the brain regions of infant rats after their exposure to environmentally relevant low dose of Hg(II) during the whole pregnant and weaning period. The pregnant female rats were exposed to a very low dose of 0.2 microg Hg2+/ml (as HgCl2, 12 rats/group) in drinking water from prenatal day 0 continued to postnatal day 20. The contents of Hg and other elements (Cu, K, Mg, Mn, Na, Ca, Co, Fe, Se and Zn) in the liver, kidney, heart, spleen, pancreas and the brain regions (cerebrum, cerebellum, brain stem, hippocampus, thalamus and the remains) of the maternal and their infant rats were determined. The highest Hg contents were found in kidney of both maternal and infant rats. Considering the percentage of Hg accumulation, approximately 52.7%, 38.7%, and 1.66% were found in kidney, liver and brain for maternal rats, respectively, while 23.7%, 48.9% and 15.6% for infant rats. The important findings in this work were that the low dose of inorganic mercury appeared to accumulate in the brain of offspring and more Hg was present in infant brain than in their mother. As in the brain regions, the highest Hg content was present in infant hippocampus and cerebellum, whereas the Hg contents in maternal brains varied not so much. The imbalances of Fe/Cu, Cu/Zn, Zn/Se mass ratios and the molar ratios of Hg over other elements in the Hg-exposed rats were observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiyue Feng
- Laboratory of Nuclear Analytical Techniques, Institute of High Energy Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Yu-Quan Road, 19B, Shi-Jing-Shan, Beijing 100039, PR China.
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Morcillo MA, Santamaria J. Mercury distribution and renal metallothionein induction after subchronic oral exposure in rats. Biometals 1996; 9:213-20. [PMID: 8696073 DOI: 10.1007/bf00817918] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
The effects of long-term daily intake of low and high levels of mercury on its organ distribution and binding to renal metallothionein (MT) in male rats were studied. The animals were exposed to mercuric chloride labelled with 203Hg via drinking water for 8 weeks (5, 50 and 500 microM Hg). The greatest concentration of mercury was found in the kidneys. Similar levels of radioactivity in the buccal cavity and oesophagus were also observed by whole-body autoradiography. In the kidneys, the mercury was accumulated in the outer stripe of the outer zone of the medulla and, to a minor degree, in the renal cortex. Almost 50% the total renal mercury was associated to MT. The binding capacity of the renal MT for mercury tends to saturate with increasing doses, thus this means that the capacity of the kidneys to accumulate mercury is limited.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Morcillo
- División de Isótopos, Centro de Investigaciones Energéticas, Medioambientales y Tecnológicas, Madrid, Spain
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Bose S, Ghosh P, Ghosh S, Bhattacharya S. Distribution kinetics of inorganic mercury in the subcellular fractions of fish liver. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 1993; Suppl Pt 1:533-538. [PMID: 8108710 DOI: 10.1016/s0048-9697(05)80055-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
The present study tries to find out the kinetics of distribution of mercury in the different subcellular fractions of the liver in a freshwater perch Anabas testudineus over a period of 48 h after a single i.m. injection of [203Hg]mercuric nitrate at a dose of 4 mg/kg body weight. The fish were killed at 15 min, 2 h, 6 h and 48 h post injection. In addition the interaction of this metal with different biomolecules, viz., protein, DNA and RNA, was also investigated. Cytosol was found to be the major site of mercury accumulation. Moderate amounts of accumulation occurred in the nuclear, mitochondrial and microsomal fractions, although varying with time, while the lysosomal fraction did not reveal any spectacular retention of mercury. A significant increase in the protein content of nuclear, mitochondrial, lysosomal and cytosolic fractions was also noticed at different time periods of mercury injection. In the nuclear, microsomal and cytosolic proteins, mercury binding increased more significantly over time than the mitochondrial and lysosomal proteins. A biphasic binding pattern of mercury was seen in nuclear and mitochondrial DNA and mitochondrial and cytosolic RNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Bose
- Department of Zoology, Visva-Bharati University, Santiniketan, India
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Nielsen JB. Toxicokinetics of mercuric chloride and methylmercuric chloride in mice. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1992; 37:85-122. [PMID: 1522616 DOI: 10.1080/15287399209531659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Future human exposure to inorganic mercury will probably lead to a few individuals occupationally exposed to high levels and much larger populations exposed to low or very low levels from dental fillings or from food items containing inorganic mercury; human exposure to methylmercury will be relatively low and depending on intake of marine food. Ideally, risk assessment is based on detailed knowledge of relations between external and internal dose, organ levels, and their relation to toxic symptoms. However, human data on these toxicokinetic parameters originate mainly from individuals or smaller populations accidentally exposed for shorter periods to relatively high mercury levels, but with unknown total body burden. Thus, assessment of risk associated with exposure to low levels of mercury will largely depend on data from animal experiments. Previous investigations of the toxicokinetics of mercuric compounds almost exclusively employed parenteral administration of relatively high doses of soluble mercuric salts. However, human exposure is primarily pulmonary or oral and at low doses. The present study validates an experimental model for investigating the toxicokinetics of orally administered mercuric chloride and methylmercuric chloride in mice. Major findings using this model are discussed in relation to previous knowledge. The toxicokinetics of inorganic mercury in mice depend on dose size, administration route, and sex, whereas the mouse strain used is less important. The "true absorption" of a single oral dose of HgCl2 was calculated to be about 20% at two different dose levels. Earlier studies that did not take into account the possible excretion of absorbed mercury and intestinal reabsorption during the experimental period report 7-10% intestinal uptake. The higher excretion rates observed after oral than after intraperitoneal administration of HgCl2 are most likely due to differences in disposition of systemically delivered and retained mercury. After methylmercury administration, mercury excretion followed first-order kinetics for 2 wk, independently of administration route, strain, or sex. However, during longer experimental periods, the increasing relative carcass retention (slower rate of excretion) caused the elimination to deviate from first-order kinetics. Extensive differences in the toxicokinetics of methylmercury with respect to excretion rates, organ deposition, and blood levels were observed between males and females.(ABSTRACT TRUNCATED AT 400 WORDS)
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University, Denmark
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Valentovic MA, Scott LA, Madan E, Yokel RA. Renal accumulation and urinary excretion of cisplatin in diabetic rats. Toxicology 1991; 70:151-62. [PMID: 1763412 DOI: 10.1016/0300-483x(91)90042-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Previous work has demonstrated that cisplatin nephrotoxicity was attenuated in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. The following studies investigated the hypothesis that renal cisplatin accumulation was reduced in diabetic rats. Male Fischer 344 (F344) rats were injected with 32 mg/kg STZ (i.p.) or citrate buffer. Renal platinum (Pt) accumulation was quantitated 0-96 h after the administration of 5 mg/kg cisplatin (i.p.) to normoglycemic and diabetic rats (greater than or equal to 4/group). Total renal Pt accumulation was decreased (P less than 0.05) in the diabetic rats, when compared to the normoglycemic group, 6-48 h after cisplatin injection. Further studies were also conducted to examine if urinary cisplatin excretion was enhanced in diabetic relative to normoglycemic groups. Urinary Pt excretion was quantitated 0-96 h following cisplatin (5 mg/kg, i.p.) administration. Pt excretion was increased in the diabetic group relative to the normoglycemics when comparisons were made on the basis of Pt excreted per hour or cumulative Pt excretion. Differences were also detected in urinary Pt concentration. The diabetic group had a lower urinary concentration of the metal 12-96 h after cisplatin injection. These findings suggest that the reduction in nephrotoxicity in diabetic rats may be at least partially due to decreased renal accumulation as well as altered renal excretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- M A Valentovic
- Dept. of Pharmacology, Marshall University School of Medicine, Huntington, WV 25755-9310
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Nielsen JB, Andersen O. Disposition and retention of mercuric chloride in mice after oral and parenteral administration. JOURNAL OF TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH 1990; 30:167-80. [PMID: 2366256 DOI: 10.1080/15287399009531420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The present study compares effects of dose size on whole-body retention and relative organ distribution of 203HgCl2, after oral and intraperitoneal administration to female mice of two strains (inbred CBA/Bom and outbred Bom:NMRI). Using whole-body retention data of oral and intraperitoneal administration, an estimated "true absorption" of a single oral dose of inorganic mercury was calculated to be about 20% at two different dose levels. At the highest oral dose, a delay in fecal elimination of nonabsorbed mercury was observed, indicating a decreased peristaltic rate. The relative hepatic deposition was larger after oral than after intraperitoneal administration, presumably due to a first-pass effect, and a correspondingly lower relative renal deposition was seen. Increasing doses at both exposure routes resulted in increasing relative deposition in liver, stomach, intestines, and spleen but decreasing relative deposition in lungs and kidneys. Bom:NMRI mice deposited a larger fraction of the whole-body burden in the kidneys and a smaller fraction in the livers than did CBA/Bom mice. Comparison to a previous study with male mice (Nielsen and Andersen, 1989) demonstrates that male and female mice deposit similar fractions of their body burden in the liver, while male mice deposit significantly larger amounts of mercury in the kidneys and smaller amounts in the carcass than do female mice. Thus, the toxicokinetics of inorganic mercury in mice depend on dose size, administration route, and sex; the mouse strain is of less importance than the other factors investigated. The absorption of inorganic mercury was estimated to be about 20%, that is, twice as high as earlier estimates.
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Affiliation(s)
- J B Nielsen
- Department of Environmental Medicine, Odense University, Denmark
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Nordlind K. Biological effects of mercuric chloride, nickel sulphate and nickel chloride. PROGRESS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 1990; 27:189-233. [PMID: 2217825 DOI: 10.1016/s0079-6468(08)70292-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- K Nordlind
- Department of Dermatology, Karolinska Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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