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Nathanael JG, Yuan B, Wille U. Oxidative Damage of Aliphatic Amino Acid Residues by the Environmental Pollutant NO 3·: Impact of Water on the Reactivity. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2022; 56:7687-7695. [PMID: 35671332 DOI: 10.1021/acs.est.2c00863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
The rate of oxidative damage of aliphatic amino acids and dipeptides by the environmental pollutant nitrate radical (NO3·) in an aqueous acidic environment was studied by laser flash photolysis. The reactivity dropped by a factor of about four for amino acid residues with secondary amide bonds and by a factor of up to nearly 20 for amino acid residues with tertiary amide bonds, compared with that in acetonitrile. According to density functional theory studies, the lower reactivity is due to protonation of the amide moiety, whereas in neutral water, hydrogen bonding with the amide should have little impact on the absolute reaction rate compared with that in acetonitrile. This finding can be rationalized by the high reactivity and broad reaction pattern of NO3·. Although hydrogen bonding involving the amide group raises the energies associated with some electron transfer processes, alternative low-energy pathways remain available so that the overall reaction rate is barely affected. The undiminished high reactivity of NO3· toward aliphatic amino acid residues in a neutral aqueous environment highlights the health-damaging potential of exposure to the combined air pollutants nitrogen dioxide (NO2·) and ozone (O3).
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Affiliation(s)
- Joses Grady Nathanael
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Bing Yuan
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute, The University of Melbourne, 30 Flemington Road, Parkville, Victoria 3010, Australia
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Cui J, Nathanael JG, Wille U. Oxidative Damage of S‐Containing Amino Acids by the Environmental Radical NO
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: A Kinetic, Product and Computational Study. ChemistrySelect 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.202101027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jiaxing Cui
- School of Chemistry Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Road Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Joses G. Nathanael
- School of Chemistry Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Road Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry Bio21 Institute The University of Melbourne 30 Flemington Road Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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Nathanael JG, Wille U. Oxidative Damage in Aliphatic Amino Acids and Di- and Tripeptides by the Environmental Free Radical Oxidant NO 3•: The Role of the Amide Bond Revealed by Kinetic and Computational Studies. J Org Chem 2019; 84:3405-3418. [PMID: 30742433 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.8b03224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Kinetic and computational data reveal a complex behavior of the important environmental free radical oxidant NO3• in its reactions with aliphatic amino acids and di- and tripeptides, suggesting that attack at the amide N-H bond in the peptide backbone is a highly viable pathway, which proceeds through a proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism with a rate coefficient of about 1 × 106 M-1 s-1 in acetonitrile. Similar rate coefficients were determined for hydrogen abstraction from the α-carbon and from tertiary C-H bonds in the side chain. The obtained rate coefficients for the reaction of NO3• with aliphatic di- and tripeptides suggest that attack occurs at all of these sites in each individual amino acid residue, which makes aliphatic peptide sequences highly vulnerable to NO3•-induced oxidative damage. No evidence for amide neighboring group effects, which have previously been found to facilitate radical-induced side-chain damage in phenylalanine, was found for the reaction of NO3• with side chains in aliphatic peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joses G Nathanael
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , 30 Flemington Road , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute , The University of Melbourne , 30 Flemington Road , Parkville , Victoria 3010 , Australia
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Gamon LF, Wille U. Oxidative Damage of Biomolecules by the Environmental Pollutants NO 2• and NO 3•. Acc Chem Res 2016; 49:2136-2145. [PMID: 27668965 DOI: 10.1021/acs.accounts.6b00219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Air pollution is responsible for the premature death of about 7 million people every year. Ozone (O3) and nitrogen dioxide (NO2•) are the key gaseous pollutants in the troposphere, which predominantly result from combustion processes. Their inhalation leads to reactions with constituents in the airway surface fluids (ASF) of the respiratory tract and/or lungs. ASF contain small molecular-weight antioxidants, which protect the underlying epithelial cells against oxidative damage. When this defense system is overwhelmed, proteins and lipids present on cell surfaces or within the ASF become vulnerable to attack. The resulting highly reactive protein and lipid oxidation products could subsequently damage the epithelial cells through secondary reactions, thereby causing inflammation. While reactions of NO2• with biological molecules are considered to proceed through radical pathways, the biological effect of O3 is attributed to its high reactivity with π systems. Because O3 and NO2• always coexist in the polluted ambient atmosphere, synergistic effects resulting from in situ formed strongly oxidizing nitrate radicals (NO3•) may also require consideration. For example, in vitro product studies revealed that phenylalanine, which is inert not only to oxidants produced through biochemical processes, but also to NO2• or O3 in isolation, is damaged by NO3•. The reaction is initiated by oxidation of the aromatic ring and, depending on the availability of NO2•, leads to formation of nitrophenylalanine or β-nitrooxyphenylalanine, which could serve as marker for NO3•-induced oxidative damage in peptides. More easily oxidizable aromatic amino acids are directly attacked by NO2• and are converted to the same products independent of whether O3 is also present. Remarkably, NO2•-induced oxidative damage in peptides occurs not only through the well-established radical oxidation of peptide side chains, but also through an unprecedented fragmentation/rearrangement of the peptide backbone. This process is initiated by a nonradical N-nitrosation of a peptide bond involving the dimer of NO2•, i.e., N2O4, and contracts the peptide chain in the N → C direction by expelling one amino acid residue with simultaneous fusion of the remaining molecular termini, thereby forming a new peptide bond. This peptide cleavage could potentially be highly relevant for peptide segments with "nonvulnerable" side chains closer to the terminus that are not tied up in complex secondary and tertiary structures and therefore accessible for environmental oxidants. Likewise, NO2• reacts with cholesterol at the C═C moiety through an ionic mechanism, which leads to formation of 6-nitrocholesterol in the presence of moisture. Contrary to common belief, this clearly shows that ionic chemistry, in particular nitrosation reactions by intermediately formed NO+, requires consideration when assessing NO2• toxicity. This conclusion is supported by recent work by Colussi et al. (Enami, S.; Hoffmann, M. R.; Colussi, A. J. Absorption of inhaled NO2. J. Phys. Chem. B. 2009, 113, 7977-7981), who showed that anions in the airway surfaces fluids mediate NO2• absorption by catalyzing its hydrolytic disproportionation into NO2-/HNO2 and NO3-. These findings could be the key to our understanding why NO2•, despite its low water solubility, has such pronounced biological effects in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luke F. Gamon
- School of Chemistry and Bio21
Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry and Bio21
Institute, The University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC 3010, Australia
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Nathanael JG, Hancock AN, Wille U. Reaction of Amino Acids, Di- and Tripeptides with the Environmental Oxidant NO3.: A Laser Flash Photolysis and Computational Study. Chem Asian J 2016; 11:3188-3195. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201600994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Joses G. Nathanael
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Amber N. Hancock
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
| | - Uta Wille
- School of Chemistry, Bio21 Institute; The University of Melbourne; Parkville Victoria 3010 Australia
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Gamon LF, White JM, Wille U. Oxidative damage of aromatic dipeptides by the environmental oxidants NO2˙ and O3. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:8280-7. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ob01577k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Kraft M, Eikmann T, Kappos A, Künzli N, Rapp R, Schneider K, Seitz H, Voss JU, Wichmann HE. The German view: effects of nitrogen dioxide on human health--derivation of health-related short-term and long-term values. Int J Hyg Environ Health 2005; 208:305-18. [PMID: 16078645 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijheh.2005.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The presented overview concerning health relevant effects caused by nitrogen dioxide (NO2) resumes the current state of results from animal experiments and human studies (epidemiology and short-term chambers studies). NO2 concentrations applied in animal experiments were mostly considerably higher than in ambient air. Therefore, short- and long-term limit values were derived from human data. Experimental studies conducted with humans demonstrate effects after short-term exposure to concentrations at or above 400 microg NO2/m3. Effects on patients with light asthma could not be observed after short-term exposure to concentrations below 200 microg/m3. On basis of epidemiological long-term studies a threshold below which no effect on human health is expected could not be specified. Two short-term limit values have been proposed to protect public health: a 1-h value of 100 microg/m3 and a 24-h mean value of 50 microg/m3. Due to the limitations of epidemiological studies to disentangle effects of single pollutants, a long-term limit value cannot be easily derived. However, applying the precautionary principle, it is desirable to adopt an annual mean of 20 microg NO2/m3 as a long-term mean standard to protect public health.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin Kraft
- Ministry of the Environment and Conservation, Agriculture and Consumer Protection of the state of North Rhine-Westphalia, Düsseldorf, Germany.
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Farman CA, Watkins K, van Hoozen B, Last JA, Witschi H, Pinkerton KE. Centriacinar remodeling and sustained procollagen gene expression after exposure to ozone and nitrogen dioxide. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 1999; 20:303-11. [PMID: 9922222 DOI: 10.1165/ajrcmb.20.2.3269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed to 0.8 ppm ozone (O3), to 14.4 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO2), or to both gases simultaneously for 6 h per day for up to 90 d. The extent of histopathologic changes within the central acinus of the lungs was compared after 7 or 78 to 90 d of exposure using morphometric analysis by placement of concentric arcs radiating outward from a single reference point at the level of the bronchiole- alveolar duct junction. Lesions in the lungs of rats exposed to the mixture of gases extended approximately twice as far into the acinus as in those exposed to each individual gas. The extent of tissue involvement was the same at 78 to 90 d as noted at 7 d in all exposure groups. At the end of exposure, in situ hybridization for procollagen types I and III demonstrated high levels of messenger RNA within central acini in the lungs of animals exposed to the combination of O3 and NO2. In contrast, animals exposed to each individual gas had a similar pattern of message expression compared with that seen in control animals, although centriacinar histologic changes were still significantly different from control animals. We conclude that the progressive pulmonary fibrosis that occurs in rats exposed to the combination of O3 and NO2 is due to sustained, elevated expression of the genes for procollagen types I and III. This effect at the gene level is correlated with the more severe histologic lesions seen in animals exposed to both O3 and NO2 compared with those exposed to each individual gas. In contrast, the sustained expression of the procollagen genes is not associated with a shift in the distribution of the lesions because the area of change in each group after 7 d of exposure was the same as after 78 to 90 d of exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Farman
- California Regional Primate Research Center, School of Veterinary Medicine, Institute of Toxicology and Environmental Health, Department of Internal Medicine, University of California,Davis 95616, USA
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Kley D, Kleinmann M, Sanderman H, Krupa S. Photochemical oxidants: state of the science. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 1999; 100:19-42. [PMID: 15093111 DOI: 10.1016/s0269-7491(99)00086-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/1998] [Accepted: 03/22/1999] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric photochemical processes resulting in the production of tropospheric ozone (O(3)) and other oxidants are described. The spatial and temporal variabilities in the occurrence of surface level oxidants and their relationships to air pollution meteorology are discussed. Models of photooxidant formation are reviewed in the context of control strategies and comparisons are provided of the air concentrations of O(3) at select geographic locations around the world. This overall oxidant (O(3)) climatology is coupled to human health and ecological effects. The discussion of the effects includes both acute and chronic responses, mechanisms of action, human epidemiological and plant population studies and briefly, efforts to establish cause-effect relationships through numerical modeling. A short synopsis is provided of the interactive effects of O(3) with other abiotic and biotic factors. The overall emphasis of the paper is on identifying the current uncertainties and gaps in our understanding of the state of the science and some suggestions as to how they may be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kley
- Institut für Chemie der Belasteten Atmosphäre, Abteilung für Chemie und Dynamik der Geosphäre, Forschungszentrum Jülich, D-52425 Juelich, Germany
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Balter NJ. Causality assessment of the acute health complaints reported in association with oxygenated fuels. RISK ANALYSIS : AN OFFICIAL PUBLICATION OF THE SOCIETY FOR RISK ANALYSIS 1997; 17:705-715. [PMID: 9463927 DOI: 10.1111/j.1539-6924.1997.tb01277.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
In some areas where oxygenated fuel programs have been implemented, there have been wide-spread complaints of non-specific health effects attributed to the gasoline. There are a number of hypotheses that can account for this apparent association. This paper examines the hypothesis that the use of oxy-fuel (either oxygenated gasoline or reformulated gasoline) results in exposure of the general population to one or more chemicals at concentrations that cause toxicologic injury. Although several oxygenates can be used in oxy-fuels, this analysis focuses on MTBE because it is the most widely used oxygenate and because the database of relevant toxicologic data is greatest for this oxygenate. The causal assessment is based on an evaluation of the qualitative and quantitative plausibility that oxygenated fuel-related exposures have toxicological effects, and the epidemiologic studies that directly test the hypothesis that the use of oxygenated fuels causes adverse health effects. The plausibility that chemical exposures related to oxy-fuel use cause toxicological effects is very low. This determination is based on consideration of the exposure-response and time-action profiles for relevant toxicological effects of MTBE in animals, experimental MTBE exposure studies in humans, and the possibility that the addition of MTBE to gasoline results in toxicologically significant qualitative and/or quantitative changes in gasoline-related exposures. Similarly, the epidemiologic studies of oxy-fuel exposed cohorts do not support a causal relationship between oxy-fuel use and adverse health effects. Although the data are insufficient to rule the possibility of unique sensitivity in a small segment of the population, the strength of the evidence and the availability of other more plausible explanations for the health complaints reported in association with oxy-fuels support a high degree of confidence in the conclusion that MTBE-containing oxygenated fuels are not the cause of acute toxicity in the general population.
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Affiliation(s)
- N J Balter
- International Center for Toxicology and Medicine, Golden, Colorado 80401, USA
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Putman E, van Golde LM, Haagsman HP. Toxic oxidant species and their impact on the pulmonary surfactant system. Lung 1997; 175:75-103. [PMID: 9042666 DOI: 10.1007/pl00007561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
In this review the effects of oxidant inhalation on the pulmonary surfactant system of laboratory animals are discussed. Oxidant lung injury is a complex phenomenon with many aspects. Inhaled oxidants interact primarily with the epithelial lining fluid (ELF), a thin layer covering the epithelial cells of the lung which contains surfactant and antioxidants. In the upper airways this layer is thick and contains high levels of antioxidants. Therefore oxidant injury in this area is rare and is more common in the lower airways where the ELF is thin and contains fewer antioxidants. In the ELF oxidants can react with antioxidants or biomolecules, resulting in inactivation of the biomolecules or in the formation of even more reactive agents. Oxidation of extracellular surfactant constituents may impair its function and affect breathing. Oxidized ELF constituents may promote inflammation and edema, which will impair the surfactant system further. Animal species differences in respiratory tract anatomy, ventilatory rate, and antioxidant levels influence susceptibility to oxidants. The oxidant exposure dose dictates injury, subsequent repair processes, and tolerance induction.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Putman
- Laboratory of Veterinary Biochemistry, Utrecht University, The Netherlands
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References. Clin Exp Allergy 1995. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.1995.tb00047.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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Chitano P, Lucchini RE, Coser E, Papi A, Saetta M, Maestrelli P, Ciaccia A, Fabbri LM, Mapp CE. In-vitro exposure of guinea pig main bronchi to 2.5 ppm of nitrogen dioxide does not alter airway smooth muscle response. Respir Med 1995; 89:323-8. [PMID: 7543687 DOI: 10.1016/0954-6111(95)90002-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
In order to investigate whether the oxidant airborne pollutant nitrogen dioxide (NO2) affects airway smooth muscle responsiveness, the contractile response of guinea pig main bronchi after in vitro exposure to 2.5 ppm of nitrogen dioxide was studied. Main bronchi were cannulated and exposed for 2 or 4 h to a constant flow of either NO2 or air. After exposure, bronchial rings were obtained and placed in a 37 degrees C jacketed organ bath filled with Krebs-Henseleit solution. Concentration-response curves were performed for acetylcholine (10(-9)-10(-3) M), substance P (10(-9)-10(-4) M), and neurokinin A (10(-10)-10(-5) M), and voltage-response curves (12-28 V) were performed for electrical field stimulation. There was no significant difference in either the smooth muscle maximal contractile response, or sensitivity between the bronchi exposed to NO2 and those exposed to air. We conclude that in vitro exposure to 2.5 ppm of NO2 does not alter airway smooth muscle responsiveness in guinea pigs.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Chitano
- Institute of Occupational Medicine, University of Padua, Italy
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Schultheis AH, Bassett DJ. Guinea pig lung inflammatory cell changes following acute ozone exposure. Lung 1994; 172:169-81. [PMID: 8201831 DOI: 10.1007/bf00175945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The time course of inflammatory cell infiltration into guinea pig lungs following a single 4 h exposure to 2 ppm O3 was established by measuring the changing cell populations recovered by both bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) and collagenase tissue digestion. Analysis of BAL-recovered albumin was used as an indicator of permeability damage and demonstrated an increase immediately following ozone exposure, reaching a maximum within 24 h, but returning to air-control levels by 7 days post-ozone exposure. A twofold enhancement in macrophages was observed in the lavage-recovered cell population after 2 days, returning to air-control numbers by 7 days. Collagenase digest-recovered monocytes and macrophages, identified by nonspecific esterase staining, were found to be elevated between 2 and 14 days following O3 exposure. Immediately following O3 exposure, a 4.5-fold increase in collagenase digest-recovered neutrophils was observed, with a subsequent decline to air-exposed lung levels during the next 12 h. In contrast, BAL-recovered neutrophils were observed to be increased immediately following O3 exposure at a level that was sustained for up to 3 days. The tissue accumulation of neutrophils was not associated with their subsequent appearance in the lavageable spaces. Although significant increases in collagenase digest-recovered eosinophils could not be detected, lavage-recovered eosinophil numbers were transiently increased by threefold after 3 days. By employing both BAL and collagenase digestion to evaluate this model of reversible lung injury, this study demonstrated that the use of BAL-recovered cell measurements alone does not adequately reflect the early inflammatory cell changes taking place within oxidant-exposed lungs.
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Affiliation(s)
- A H Schultheis
- Department of Environmental Health Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21205
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