1
|
Ráduly Z, Szabó A, Mézes M, Balatoni I, Price RG, Dockrell ME, Pócsi I, Csernoch L. New perspectives in application of kidney biomarkers in mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity, with a particular focus on domestic pigs. Front Microbiol 2023; 14:1085818. [PMID: 37125184 PMCID: PMC10140568 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2023.1085818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 03/24/2023] [Indexed: 05/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The gradual spread of Aspergilli worldwide is adding to the global shortage of food and is affecting its safe consumption. Aspergillus-derived mycotoxins, including aflatoxins and ochratoxin A, and fumonisins (members of the fusariotoxin group) can cause pathological damage to vital organs, including the kidney or liver. Although the kidney functions as the major excretory system in mammals, monitoring and screening for mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity is only now a developmental area in the field of livestock feed toxicology. Currently the assessment of individual exposure to mycotoxins in man and animals is usually based on the analysis of toxin and/or metabolite contamination in the blood or urine. However, this requires selective and sensitive analytical methods (e.g., HPLC-MS/MS), which are time consuming and expensive. The toxicokinetic of mycotoxin metabolites is becoming better understood. Several kidney biomarkers are used successfully in drug development, however cost-efficient, and reliable kidney biomarkers are urgently needed for monitoring farm animals for early signs of kidney disease. β2-microglobulin (β2-MG) and N-acetyl-β-D-glucosaminidase (NAG) are the dominant biomarkers employed routinely in environmental toxicology research, while kidney injury molecule 1 (KIM-1) and neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) are also emerging as effective markers to identify mycotoxin induced nephropathy. Pigs are exposed to mycotoxins due to their cereal-based diet and are particularly susceptible to Aspergillus mycotoxins. In addition to commonly used diagnostic markers for nephrotoxicity including plasma creatinine, NAG, KIM-1 and NGAL can be used in pigs. In this review, the currently available techniques are summarized, which are used for screening mycotoxin induced nephrotoxicity in farm animals. Possible approaches are considered, which could be used to detect mycotoxin induced nephropathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zsolt Ráduly
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- ELKH-DE Cell Physiology Research Group, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- Doctoral School of Molecular Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
- *Correspondence: Zsolt Ráduly,
| | - András Szabó
- Agrobiotechnology and Precision Breeding for Food Security National Laboratory, Department of Physiology and Animal Health, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kaposvár, Hungary
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
| | - Miklós Mézes
- ELKH-MATE Mycotoxins in the Food Chain Research Group, Kaposvár, Hungary
- Department of Food Safety, Institute of Physiology and Nutrition, Hungarian University of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Gödöllő, Hungary
| | | | - Robert G. Price
- Department of Nutrition, Franklin-Wilkins Building, King’s College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Mark E. Dockrell
- SWT Institute of Renal Research, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Sciences, St. George’s University, London, United Kingdom
| | - István Pócsi
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Microbiology, Institute of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| | - László Csernoch
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Debrecen, Debrecen, Hungary
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Zou D, Ji J, Ye Y, Yang Y, Yu J, Wang M, Zheng Y, Sun X. Degradation of Ochratoxin A by a UV-Mutated Aspergillus niger Strain. Toxins (Basel) 2022; 14:toxins14050343. [PMID: 35622590 PMCID: PMC9146908 DOI: 10.3390/toxins14050343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2022] [Revised: 05/03/2022] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin that can contaminate a wide range of crops such as grains and grapes. In this study, a novel fungal mutant strain (FS-UV-21) with a high OTA degradation rate (74.5%) was obtained from Aspergillus niger irradiated with ultraviolet light (15 W for 20 min). The effect of pH, temperature, and inoculation concentration on the degradation of OTA by FS-UV-21 was investigated, and the results revealed that the detoxification effect was optimal (89.4%) at a pH of 8 and a temperature of 30 °C. Ultra-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry was used to characterize the degraded products of OTA, and the main degraded product was ochratoxin α. Triple quadrupole-linear ion trap-mass spectrometry combined with LightSight software was used to analyze the biotransformation pathway of OTA in FS-UV-21, to trace the degraded products, and to identify the main metabolite, P1 (C19H18ClNO6, m/z 404). After the FS-UV-21 strain was treated with OTA, the HepG2 cellular toxicity of the degradation products was significantly reduced. For the real sample, FS-UV-21 was used to remove OTA from wheat bran contaminated by mycotoxins through fermentation, resulting in the degradation of 59.8% of OTA in wheat bran. Therefore, FS-UV-21 can be applied to the degradation of OTA in agricultural products and food.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dong Zou
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (D.Z.); (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jian Ji
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (D.Z.); (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.)
- College of Food Science and Pharmacy, Xinjiang Agricultural University, Urumqi 830052, China
| | - Yongli Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (D.Z.); (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (D.Z.); (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Jian Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (D.Z.); (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.)
| | - Meng Wang
- Institute of Quality Standards and Testing Technology, Beijing Academy of Agriculture and Forestry Sciences, Beijing 100097, China;
| | - Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory for High-Tech Research and Development of Veterinary Biopharmaceuticals, Jiangsu Agri-Animal Husbandry Vocational College, Taizhou 214122, China;
| | - Xiulan Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Synergetic Innovation Center of Food Safety and Quality Control, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China; (D.Z.); (J.J.); (Y.Y.); (Y.Y.); (J.Y.)
- Correspondence:
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Damiano S, Navas L, Lombari P, Montagnaro S, Forte IM, Giordano A, Florio S, Ciarcia R. Effects of δ‐tocotrienol on ochratoxin A—induced nephrotoxicity in rats. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:8731-8739. [DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sara Damiano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Luigi Navas
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Patrizia Lombari
- Department of Cardiothoracic and Respiratory ScienceUniversity of Campania Luigi VanvitelliNaplesItaly
| | - Serena Montagnaro
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Iris M. Forte
- Oncology Research Center of Mercogliano (CROM)Istituto Nazionale Tumori—IRCCS“Fondazione G. Pascale”NapoliItalia
| | - Antonio Giordano
- Department of MedicineSurgery and NeuroscienceUniversity of SienaSienaItaly
- Sbarro Institute for Cancer Research and Molecular MedicineCenter of BiotechnologyCollege of Science and TechnologyTemple UniversityPhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Salvatore Florio
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| | - Roberto Ciarcia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal ProductionsUniversity of Naples “Federico II”NaplesItaly
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Balkan Endemic Nephropathy – Still continuing enigma, risk assessment and underestimated hazard of joint mycotoxin exposure of animals or humans. Chem Biol Interact 2017; 261:63-79. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2016.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
|
5
|
Mor F, Kilic MA, Ozmen O, Yilmaz M, Eker I, Uran K. The effects of orchidectomy on toxicological responses to dietary ochratoxin A in Wistar rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 66:267-75. [PMID: 24813088 DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2014.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2013] [Revised: 04/11/2014] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) causes pathological lesions in the organs of animals. Males are more sensitive to OTA exposure than females but the reasons for this are unknown. The objective of this study was to explore the role of testosterone in male rats with OTA-related pathogenesis. To test the effect of testosterone on OTA toxicity, the testes of a group of rats were surgically removed. Male and female rats (approximately 300 and 200 g) were fed with OTA-contaminated feed (initially approximately 300 μg kg(-1) b.w. per day) for 24 weeks. The organs of all the animals were collected and their organ lesion pathology, caspase-3 expression, OTA plasma and organ concentrations and total plasma testosterone concentrations were evaluated. OTA treatment created serious lesions in the kidney, liver and testes of rats. The major histopathological changes in the kidney and liver were karyomegaly, hemorrhages and vacuolization. In the testes, there was a marked decrease in the amount of spermatozoon. The degrees of organ lesion were evaluated and the castrated males had the lowest kidney and liver lesion scores, indicating that testosterone reduction in males dramatically reduces OTA-related organ damage. The plasma OTA levels for the intact males, the castrated and the females were 6.34, 8.42 and 12.5 μg ml(-1), respectively. In conclusion, despite the similar plasma OTA levels of the intact and castrated males, OTA is less toxic in the castrated males. Therefore, the well-known gender specific toxicity of OTA seems to be related to the testosterone levels of rats.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Firdevs Mor
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, 15030 Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Mehmet A Kilic
- Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ozlem Ozmen
- Mehmet Akif Ersoy University, Faculty of Veterinary, Department of Pathology, 15030 Burdur, Turkey.
| | - Mesut Yilmaz
- Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 07058 Antalya, Turkey; Akdeniz University, Faculty of Aquaculture, Department of Fishery, 07058 Antalya, Turkey.
| | - Ilknur Eker
- Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Department of Chemistry, 07058 Antalya, Turkey
| | - Kemal Uran
- Akdeniz University, Science Faculty, Department of Biology, Molecular Biology Section, 07058 Antalya, Turkey; Ministry of Agriculture, State Food Safety Laboratory, Antalya, Turkey
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Patial V, Asrani RK, Patil RD, Ledoux DR, Rottinghaus GE. Pathology of Ochratoxin A–Induced Nephrotoxicity in Japanese Quail and Its Protection by Sea Buckthorn (Hippophae rhamnoidesL.). Avian Dis 2013; 57:767-79. [PMID: 24597120 DOI: 10.1637/10549-040913-reg.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
7
|
Stoev SD, Denev SA. Porcine/chicken or human nephropathy as the result of joint mycotoxins interaction. Toxins (Basel) 2013; 5:1503-30. [PMID: 24008340 PMCID: PMC3798870 DOI: 10.3390/toxins5091503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2013] [Revised: 08/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A survey was made of the literature concerning the occurrence and incidence of mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs and chicks in different countries. Various etiological factors contributing to the development of the disease were considered. The main nephrotoxic fungi as well as the specific conditions for their growth and toxins production were briefly described. A survey was made about the most frequent nephrotoxic fungal contaminants in various feedstuffs from plant origin. In addition, their natural quantities and importance for development of mycotoxic porcine/chick nephropathy (MPN/MCN) are also explored. In addition, a survey was made of the feedstuffs representing the most favorable environment for nephrotoxic fungal growth as well as the most favorable storehouse conditions for this fungal growth were shortly described. The significance of some underestimated fungal species, which can provoke kidney damage, was studied. The importance of joint mycotoxin interaction and newly identified fungal metabolites in the complex etiology of mycotoxic nephropathy ranged in some countries is deeply investigated. The toxicity of the low contamination levels of some combinations of mycotoxins often administered by pigs and chicks in the practice was carefully studied.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stoycho D. Stoev
- Department of General and Clinical Pathology of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Trakia University, Students campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | - Stefan A. Denev
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology of Faculty of Agriculture, Trakia University, Students campus, 6000 Stara Zagora, Bulgaria; E-Mail:
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Stoev SD, Gundasheva D, Zarkov I, Mircheva T, Zapryanova D, Denev S, Mitev Y, Daskalov H, Dutton M, Mwanza M, Schneider YJ. Experimental mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs provoked by a mouldy diet containing ochratoxin A and fumonisin B1. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 64:733-41. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2011.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2010] [Revised: 01/02/2011] [Accepted: 01/13/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
|
9
|
Malekinejad H, Farshid A, Mirzakhani N. Liquorice plant extract reduces ochratoxin A-induced nephrotoxicity in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 63:125-30. [DOI: 10.1016/j.etp.2009.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2009] [Revised: 10/23/2009] [Accepted: 10/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|
10
|
el Khoury A, Atoui A. Ochratoxin a: general overview and actual molecular status. Toxins (Basel) 2010; 2:461-93. [PMID: 22069596 PMCID: PMC3153212 DOI: 10.3390/toxins2040461] [Citation(s) in RCA: 267] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2010] [Revised: 03/05/2010] [Accepted: 03/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a mycotoxin produced by several species of Aspergillus and Penicillium fungi that structurally consists of a para-chlorophenolic group containing a dihydroisocoumarin moiety that is amide-linked to L-phenylalanine. OTA is detected worldwide in various food and feed sources. Studies show that this molecule can have several toxicological effects such as nephrotoxic, hepatotoxic, neurotoxic, teratogenic and immunotoxic. A role in the etiology of Balkan endemic nephropathy and its association to urinary tract tumors has been also proved. In this review, we will explore the general aspect of OTA: physico-chemical properties, toxicological profile, OTA producing fungi, contaminated food, regulation, legislation and analytical methods. Due to lack of sufficient information related to the molecular background, this paper will discuss in detail the recent advances in molecular biology of OTA biosynthesis, based on information and on new data about identification and characterization of ochratoxin biosynthetic genes in both Penicillium and Aspergillus species. This review will also cover the development of the molecular methods for the detection and quantification of OTA producing fungi in various foodstuffs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- André el Khoury
- Centre d’analyses et de recherches, Faculté des Sciences, Université Saint-Joseph, Beyrouth, Lebanon
| | - Ali Atoui
- Lebanese Atomic Energy Commission-CNRS, P.O. Box 11-8281, Riad El Solh, 1107 2260 Beirut, Lebanon
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Stoev S, Dutton M, Njobeh P, Mosonik J, Steenkamp P. Mycotoxic nephropathy in Bulgarian pigs and chickens: complex aetiology and similarity to Balkan Endemic Nephropathy. Food Addit Contam Part A Chem Anal Control Expo Risk Assess 2010; 27:72-88. [DOI: 10.1080/02652030903207227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
|
12
|
|
13
|
Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Manderville RA. Ochratoxin A: An overview on toxicity and carcinogenicity in animals and humans. Mol Nutr Food Res 2007; 51:61-99. [PMID: 17195275 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.200600137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 696] [Impact Index Per Article: 40.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OTA) is a ubiquitous mycotoxin produced by fungi of improperly stored food products. OTA is nephrotoxic and is suspected of being the main etiological agent responsible for human Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN) and associated urinary tract tumours. Striking similarities between OTA-induced porcine nephropathy in pigs and BEN in humans are observed. International Agency for Research on Cancer (IARC) has classified OTA as a possible human carcinogen (group 2B). Currently, the mode of carcinogenic action by OTA is unknown. OTA is genotoxic following oxidative metabolism. This activity is thought to play a central role in OTA-mediated carcinogenesis and may be divided into direct (covalent DNA adduction) and indirect (oxidative DNA damage) mechanisms of action. Evidence for a direct mode of genotoxicity has been derived from the sensitive 32P-postlabelling assay. OTA facilitates guanine-specific DNA adducts in vitro and in rat and pig kidney orally dosed, one adduct comigrates with a synthetic carbon (C)-bonded C8-dG OTA adduct standard. In this paper, our current understanding of OTA toxicity and carcinogenicity are reviewed. The available evidence suggests that OTA is a genotoxic carcinogen by induction of oxidative DNA lesions coupled with direct DNA adducts via quinone formation. This mechanism of action should be used to establish acceptable intake levels of OTA from human food sources.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Annie Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Laboratoire de Génie Chimique, UMR CNRS/INPT/UPS 5503, INP/ENSA Toulouse, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | | |
Collapse
|
14
|
Abrunhosa L, Santos L, Venâncio A. Degradation of Ochratoxin A by Proteases and by a Crude Enzyme of Aspergillus niger. FOOD BIOTECHNOL 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/08905430600904369] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
|
15
|
Bleve G, Grieco F, Cozzi G, Logrieco A, Visconti A. Isolation of epiphytic yeasts with potential for biocontrol of Aspergillus carbonarius and A. niger on grape. Int J Food Microbiol 2006; 108:204-9. [PMID: 16443300 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijfoodmicro.2005.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2005] [Revised: 11/18/2005] [Accepted: 12/02/2005] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antagonistic yeasts were isolated from the epiphytic flora associated with grape berries cv. Negroamaro and identified at species level using molecular methods. A total of 144 yeast isolates were tested in a preliminary screening on agar to select isolates showing a killer activity against Aspergillus carbonarius and A. niger, the main species responsible for the accumulation of ochratoxin A in grape. Twenty-eight yeast isolates were selected for their inhibitory effects on the above fungal species and assayed by an in vitro nutritional competition test for their antagonistic capacity towards three selected ochratoxigenic strains. Six yeast isolates belonging to five species, namely 2 isolates of Issatchenkia orientalis and one each of Metschnikowia pulcherrima, Kluyveromyces thermotolerans, Issatchenkia terricola and Candida incommunis, were finally selected and screened on wounded grape berries for their ability to inhibit infection by ochratoxigenic moulds. With the exception of the K. thermotolerans isolate, when inoculated at 10(9) CFU/wound, the other five challenger yeasts reduced the A. carbonarius and A. niger colonization on grape berry (P<0.05). In particular, the best antagonistic activity was shown by the two I. orientalis isolates. Results suggest that antagonist yeasts with the potential to control A. carbonarius and A. niger on grape can be found among the microflora associated with the berries.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca Bleve
- Institute of Sciences of Food Production (ISPA), Lecce Section, CNR, via Provinciale Lecce-Monteroni, 73100 Lecce, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Pfohl-Leszkowicz A, Petkova-Bocharova T, Chernozemsky IN, Castegnaro M. Balkan endemic nephropathy and associated urinary tract tumours: a review on aetiological causes and the potential role of mycotoxins. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2002; 19:282-302. [PMID: 11834078 DOI: 10.1080/02652030110079815] [Citation(s) in RCA: 262] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
A series of publications in the 1950s described a kidney disease in Bulgaria, the former Yugoslavia and Romania that became known as Balkan endemic nephropathy (BEN). The disease was qualified by World Health Organisation (WHO) experts as 'progressive and very gradually developing renal failure with insidious onset.... The last stage shows marked fibrosis...'. BEN is characterized by tubular degeneration, interstitial fibrosis and hyalinization of glomeruli accompanied by enzymuria and impaired renal function without nephrotic syndrome. Later, an association between BEN and tumours of the kidney pelvis and ureter was recognized, so that the problem of BEN became not only nephrological, but also oncological. There may also be an association with increased urinary bladder cancer incidence, although many confounding factors may interfere in the analysis of data for this organ. In view of the very intimate association between BEN and the urinary tract tumours (UTT), the term 'endemic uropathy' has been proposed. Several hypothesis concerning the aetiology of these diseases has been investigated, which include: predisposing genes factors, environmental factors (heavy metals, minerals, bacteria, leptospira, viruses, fungal toxins and, most recently, pliocene lignites). This paper reviews the different hypotheses about the aetiology of endemic uropathy and pays particular attention to the role of fungal toxins.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Pfohl-Leszkowicz
- Ecole Nationale Supérieure Agronomique de Toulouse, Laboratoire de Toxicologie et Sécurité Alimentaire, Auzeville-Tolosane, France
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
17
|
Stoev SD, Paskalev M, MacDonald S, Mantle PG. Experimental one year ochratoxin A toxicosis in pigs. EXPERIMENTAL AND TOXICOLOGIC PATHOLOGY : OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE GESELLSCHAFT FUR TOXIKOLOGISCHE PATHOLOGIE 2002; 53:481-7. [PMID: 11926291 DOI: 10.1078/0940-2993-00213] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mild mycotoxic nephropathy was induced in 6 pigs by a diet containing ochratoxin A at 800 ppb, several times higher than that naturally encountered in some feed for pig production in Bulgaria. The nephropathy was expressed only as slightly hypertrophied kidneys with a faintly mottled surface, discernible at the end of the experiment to a skilled observer but probably not recognisable in routine slaughterhouse processing. Histological examination showed two types of changes: degenerative - affecting epithelial cells in some proximal tubules of pigs after 6 months, and proliferative changes in the interstitium which predominated after 1 year of exposure to ochratoxin A. Telangiectasis and lymph stasis were rarely seen. The renal lesions were similar to those described for classical mycotoxic porcine nephropathy formerly encountered in Denmark, but they were rather different from the porcine nephropathy which occurs spontaneously in Bulgaria. Measurement of ochratoxin A in serum provided analytical values complementary to feed intake and with similar concentration values. It also showed both accumulation with time, from 3 months to 6 months (approximately 1 ppm), and a 2-fold range of values within a group eating from a common feed source, as in commercial pig production. Mild symptomatology in this long, single-mycotoxin experiment serves to lessen somewhat the current perception of the direct renal toxicity of ochratoxin A alone, though a role in multi-toxin contexts is unquestioned.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Stoev
- Department of General and clinical pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thracian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Stoev SD, Vitanov S, Anguelov G, Petkova-Bocharova T, Creppy EE. Experimental mycotoxic nephropathy in pigs provoked by a diet containing ochratoxin A and penicillic acid. Vet Res Commun 2001; 25:205-23. [PMID: 11334150 DOI: 10.1023/a:1006433709685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxic nephropathy was induced in 18 young pigs by diets contaminated with strains of Aspergillus ochraceus containing ochratoxin A (OTA) and penicillic acid (PA) at levels corresponding to those naturally encountered in animal feeds in Bulgaria. Haematological and biochemical parameters, as well as the morphological and ultrastructural changes in various internal organs, and especially in the kidneys, were examined at different stages of development of the disease. A mottled surface of the kidneys was only seen in pigs exposed to a mouldy diet containing 180 ppb OTA for 3 months, but microscopic lesions, as well as changes in various haematological and biochemical parameters, were observed in all groups exposed to the same mouldy diet containing only 90 or 180 ppb OTA. Histological examination showed two types of change: degenerative changes affecting the epithelial cells of the proximal tubules, which predominated at the initial stage, and proliferative changes in the interstitium, which predominated at the later stage of the disease. Telangiectasis and lymph stasis were also seen, as well as degenerative changes in the capillary endothelium. The characteristic renal lesions were similar to those observed in spontaneous cases of mycotoxic porcine nephropathy in Bulgaria, but they were a little different from the classic Danish porcine nephropathy. The enhanced toxicity of OTA in our study may be due to a synergistic effect between OTA and PA or to some other unknown metabolites produced by the same ochratoxinogenic strains of A. ochraceus.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S D Stoev
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Thracian University, Stara Zagora, Bulgaria
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Valenta H. Chromatographic methods for the determination of ochratoxin A in animal and human tissues and fluids. J Chromatogr A 1998; 815:75-92. [PMID: 9718709 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00163-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 162] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
This paper gives a review of chromatographic methods used for the determination of ochratoxin A (OA) in animal and human tissues and fluids. These methods are needed for example for monitoring studies of OA occurrence in the food chain and for studies dealing with the OA carry-over. In this survey, emphasis was given to HPLC methods. The review includes sampling, sample storage, extraction, spiking procedures, clean-up, detection and determination, and confirmation procedures. Emphasis is laid on special problems associated with the analysis of animal tissues and fluids.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Valenta
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre Braunschweig-Völkenrode, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Goyer R, Eknoyan G, De Broe ME, Buckalew VM, Mutti A, Porter GA, Morin JP. Urinary biomarkers to detect significant effects of environmental and occupational exposure to nephrotoxins. II. Nephrotoxins of significant frequency and economic impact. Ren Fail 1997; 19:523-34. [PMID: 9276902 DOI: 10.3109/08860229709048689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- R Goyer
- National Institute of Environmental Health, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Schwerdt G, Gekle M, Freudinger R, Mildenberger S, Silbernagl S. Apical-to-basolateral transepithelial transport of Ochratoxin A by two subtypes of Madin-Darby canine kidney cells. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1997; 1324:191-9. [PMID: 9092706 DOI: 10.1016/s0005-2736(96)00224-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
In this study we investigated the transepithelial transport of Ochratoxin A (OTA), a potent nephrotoxin, across monolayers of two collecting duct-derived cells clones (Madin-Darby canine kidney cells (MDCK)-C7 and MDCK-C11 cells, resembling principal and intercalated cells, respectively) either from the apical to the basolateral side or vice versa. We cultured cells on permeable supports and compared the transport rates of OTA, p-aminohippuric acid (PAH) and fluorescein-labelled inulin. Monolayers of both cell clones translocated OTA from the apical to the basolateral side but not in the opposite direction. Transport rate across MDCK-C11 cell monolayers was 2.9-fold the transport rate across MDCK-C7 cell monolayers. OTA transport was temperature-dependent being reduced from 77.5 pmol/cm2 per h to 10.1 pmol/cm2 per h in MDCK-C11 and from 27.0 pmol/cm2 per h to 7.6 pmol/cm2 per h in MDCK-C7 cells when temperature was decreased from 37 degrees C to 4 degrees C. In both cell clones, the dipeptides carnosine and glycylsarcosine but not the amino acids glycine or phenylalanine had an inhibitory effect on OTA transport. In both cell clones, transepithelial transport of OTA was dependent on the apical pH (pK(a) of OTA = 7.1). In an environment mimicking the transepithelial in vivo pH gradient to some extent with more acidic pH on the apical side than on the basolateral side, transport was 4-fold higher in both cell clones as compared to conditions when pH was 7.4 in both bath solutions. In the absence of a pH gradient, transport rates were similar to that at 4 degrees C. Apical uptake of [3H]OTA was inhibited by carnosine and by glycylsarcosine and the uptake of [3H]carnosine was inhibited by OTA. Our results indicate that OTA is transported across the apical membrane of MDCK cells by both non-ionic diffusion and by a H+-dipeptide cotransporter. Thus, reabsorption of OTA in the collecting duct contributes to the observed long half life of OTA in the mammalian body.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G Schwerdt
- Department of Physiology, University of Würzburg, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Kühn I, Valenta H, Rohr K. Determination of ochratoxin A in bile of swine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL APPLICATIONS 1995; 668:333-7. [PMID: 7581870 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(95)00076-u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
A method for the determination of low concentrations of the mycotoxin ochratoxin A (OA) in bile of pigs is described. OA was extracted with acidified chloroform and the extract was purified on a silicagel cartridge, followed by liquid-liquid partition. OA was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. The detection limit was 0.3 ng/ml, the mean recovery was 84%. An enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay proved to be suitable for confirmation of positive results. Because of the low detection limit, biliary elimination of OA in pigs fed with low-contaminated feedstuffs can be examined by this method. This is an important requirement for the study of pharmacokinetic profiles of OA.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- I Kühn
- Institute of Animal Nutrition, Federal Agricultural Research Centre Braunschweig-Völkenrode, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Sterol and ochratoxin biosynthesis and miconazole action onAspergillus ochraceus activity. Folia Microbiol (Praha) 1994. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02814326] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
|
24
|
Valenta H, Kühn I, Rohr K. Determination of ochratoxin A in urine and faeces of swine by high-performance liquid chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 613:295-302. [PMID: 8491816 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80145-t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Sensitive methods for the determination of ochratoxin A in urine and faeces of swine are described. The samples were extracted with chloroform at pH < 2, and the extracts were cleaned up by a combination of solid-phase extraction and liquid-liquid partition. High-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection was used for detection and determination. The detection limits were 0.3 ng/ml for urine and 1.5 ng/g for faeces. Recoveries of ochratoxin A from spiked samples of urine and faeces were 93% and 60%, respectively. Because of the low detection limit and the fast and relatively easy performance, the method for the determination of ochratoxin A in urine proved suitable for the estimation of possible contamination of live animals.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- H Valenta
- Institut für Tierernährung, Bundesforschungsanstalt für Landwirtschaft, Braunschweig, Germany
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Böhm J. [The significance of the mycotoxins desoxynivalenol, zearalenone and ochratoxin A for agricultural domestic animals]. ARCHIV FUR TIERERNAHRUNG 1992; 42:95-111. [PMID: 1297305 DOI: 10.1080/17450399209432980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Mycotoxins are metabolic products of mycotoxins which have various chemical structures and show various toxic effects. Deoxynivalenol (vomitoxin) is an important economic factor in pig production due to growth depression and suppression of the immune system. Previous studies have shown that the 1-ppm limit in the sole feed for pigs should not be exceeded. Studies of methods of detoxification have as yet not produced conclusive results. Zearalenone has an tolerable effect and may lead to fertility disturbances on the oestrogen production in pigs and can cause remarkable economic damage even in the ppb range. Recommendations of upper limits cannot be made on the basis of the available results. The kidney toxin ochratoxin A is of importance in pig and poultry breeding and--due to its accumulation in the tissue--represents a possible source of danger to man. Since a possible carcinogenic effect of the toxin cannot be excluded, its content in animal rations should be kept as low as possible. For ruminants mycotoxins as a whole do not represent a particular source of danger as these substances can be degraded or converted by rumen flora.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J Böhm
- Institut für Ernährung, Veterinärmedizinischen Universität Wien, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Abstract
Ochratoxin A (OA) has been reported to affect immune function both at the level of antibody synthesis and natural killer (NK) cell activity. In the present study we demonstrate that exposure of purified human lymphocyte populations and subpopulations to the toxin will abrogate the cells' ability to respond to activating stimuli in vitro. Thus, both IL-2 production and IL-2 receptor expression of activated T lymphocytes are severely impaired. When the cells are preincubated with the analogue ochratoxin B (OB) prior to OA exposure, the inhibitory effect of OA is reversed. Furthermore, the inhibitory effect of OA on antibody production is not only due to blocking of T helper cell function. Highly purified B lymphocytes will not respond to polyclonal activators in vitro after a brief pulse with OA. The results strongly suggest that the toxin causes its immunosuppression through interference with essential processes in cell metabolism irrespective of lymphocyte population or subpopulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- T Lea
- Institute of Immunology and Rheumatology, Rikshospitalet, National Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | | | | |
Collapse
|