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Lai CS, Liu PY, Lee CH, Ho CH, Chen WL, Lai KL, Su HY, Lin WL, Chung KC, Yang YY, You CW, Chen KT, Mao YC. The development of surgical risk score and evaluation of necrotizing soft tissue infection in 161 Naja atra envenomed patients. PLoS Negl Trop Dis 2022; 16:e0010066. [PMID: 35143522 PMCID: PMC8830662 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Naja atra bites cause wound necrosis, secondary infection, and necrotizing soft tissue infection (NSTI) requiring repetitive surgeries. Little information is known about the predictors for surgery after these bites. MATERIALS AND METHODS We retrospectively evaluated 161 patients envenomed by N. atra, 80 of whom underwent surgery because of wound necrosis and infection. We compared the patients' variables between surgical and non-surgical groups. To construct a surgical risk score, we converted the regression coefficients of the significant factors in the multivariate logistic regression into integers. We also examined the deep tissue cultures and pathological findings of the debrided tissue. RESULTS A lower limb as the bite site, a ≥3 swelling grade, bullae or blister formation, gastrointestinal (GI) effects, and fever were significantly associated with surgery in the multivariate logistic regression analysis. The surgical risk scores for these variables were 1, 1, 2, 1, and 2, respectively. At a ≥3-point cutoff value, the model has 71.8% sensitivity and 88.5% specificity for predicting surgery, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.88. The histopathological examinations of the debrided tissues supported the diagnosis of snakebite-induced NSTI. Twelve bacterial species were isolated during the initial surgery and eleven during subsequent surgeries. DISCUSSION AND CONCLUSIONS From the clinical perspective, swelling, bullae or blister formation, GI effects, and fever appeared quickly after the bite and before surgery. The predictive value of these factors for surgery was acceptable, with a ≥3-point risk score. The common laboratory parameters did not always predict the outcomes of N. atra bites without proper wound examination. Our study supported the diagnosis of NSTI and demonstrated the changes in bacteriology during the surgeries, which can have therapeutic implications for N. atra bites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chih-Sheng Lai
- Division of Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Yu Liu
- Division of Infection, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- Rong Hsing Research Center for Translational Medicine, National Chung Hsing University
| | - Chi-Hsin Lee
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Core Laboratory of Antibody Generation and Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Cheng-Hsuan Ho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Ling Chen
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Psychiatry Department, Chiayi Branch, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Chiayi, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Lung Lai
- Division of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Department of Internal Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Yuan Su
- Department of Emergency Medicine, E-Da Hospital and I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- The School of Chinese Medicine for Post Baccalaureate, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Wen-Loung Lin
- Taichung Wildlife Conservation Group, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Kuo-Chen Chung
- Division of Traumatology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Yuan Yang
- School of Medical Laboratory Science and Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- PhD Program in Medical Biotechnology, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
- Core Laboratory of Antibody Generation and Research, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | - Yan-Chiao Mao
- School of Medicine, National Defense Medical Center, Taipei, Taiwan
- Division of Clinical Toxicology, Department of Emergency Medicine, Taichung Veterans General Hospital, Taichung, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
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Li S, Wang J, Zhang X, Ren Y, Wang N, Zhao K, Chen X, Zhao C, Li X, Shao J, Yin J, West M, Xu N, Liu S. Proteomic characterization of two snake venoms: Naja naja atra and Agkistrodon halys. Biochem J 2005; 384:119-27. [PMID: 15285721 PMCID: PMC1134095 DOI: 10.1042/bj20040354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Snake venom is a complex mixture of proteins and peptides, and a number of studies have described the biological properties of several venomous proteins. Nevertheless, a complete proteomic profile of venom from any of the many species of snake is not available. Proteomics now makes it possible to globally identify proteins from a complex mixture. To assess the venom proteomic profiles from Naja naja atra and Agkistrodon halys, snakes common to southern China, we used a combination strategy, which included the following four different approaches: (i) shotgun digestion plus HPLC with ion-trap tandem MS, (ii) one-dimensional SDS/PAGE plus HPLC with tandem MS, (iii) gel filtration plus HPLC with tandem MS and (iv) gel filtration and 2DE (two-dimensional gel electrophoresis) plus MALDI-TOF (matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-time-of-flight) MS. In the present paper, we report the novel identification of 124 and 74 proteins and peptides in cobra and viper venom respectively. Functional analysis based upon toxin categories reveals that, as expected, cobra venom has a high abundance of cardio- and neurotoxins, whereas viper venom contains a significant amount of haemotoxins and metalloproteinases. Although approx. 80% of gel spots from 2DE displayed high-quality MALDI-TOF-MS spectra, only 50% of these spots were confirmed to be venom proteins, which is more than likely to be a result of incomplete protein databases. Interestingly, these data suggest that post-translational modification may be a significant characteristic of venomous proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuting Li
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Jingqiang Wang
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Xumin Zhang
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Yan Ren
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Ning Wang
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Kang Zhao
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Xishu Chen
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Caifeng Zhao
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Xiaolei Li
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Jianmin Shao
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Jianning Yin
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Matthew B. West
- ‡The Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, U.S.A
| | - Ningzhi Xu
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
| | - Siqi Liu
- *Beijing Genomics Institute (BGI), Chinese Academy of Sciences, I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- †Beijing Proteomics Institute (BPI), I-Zone, Shunyi, Beijing 101300, China
- ‡The Department of Medicine, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, U.S.A
- To whom correspondence should be addressed (email )
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Takacs Z, Wilhelmsen KC, Sorota S. Snake alpha-neurotoxin binding site on the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) nicotinic acetylcholine receptor Is conserved. Mol Biol Evol 2001; 18:1800-9. [PMID: 11504859 DOI: 10.1093/oxfordjournals.molbev.a003967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolutionary success requires that animal venoms are targeted against phylogenetically conserved molecular structures of fundamental physiological processes. Species producing venoms must be resistant to their action. Venoms of Elapidae snakes (e.g., cobras, kraits) contain alpha-neurotoxins, represented by alpha-bungarotoxin (alpha-BTX) targeted against the nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR) of the neuromuscular junction. The model which presumes that cobras (Naja spp., Elapidae) have lost their binding site for conspecific alpha-neurotoxins because of the unique amino acid substitutions in their nAChR polypeptide backbone per se is incompatible with the evolutionary theory that (1) the molecular motifs forming the alpha-neurotoxin target site on the nAChR are fundamental for receptor structure and/or function, and (2) the alpha-neurotoxin target site is conserved among Chordata lineages. To test the hypothesis that the alpha-neurotoxin binding site is conserved in Elapidae snakes and to identify the mechanism of resistance against conspecific alpha-neurotoxins, we cloned the ligand binding domain of the Egyptian cobra (Naja haje) nAChR alpha subunit. When expressed as part of a functional Naja/mouse chimeric nAChR in Xenopus oocytes, this domain confers resistance against alpha-BTX but does not alter responses induced by the natural ligand acetylcholine. Further mutational analysis of the Naja/mouse nAChR demonstrated that an N-glycosylation signal in the ligand binding domain that is unique to N. haje is responsible for alpha-BTX resistance. However, when the N-glycosylation signal is eliminated, the nAChR containing the N. haje sequence is inhibited by alpha-BTX with a potency that is comparable to that in mammals. We conclude that the binding site for conspecific alpha-neurotoxin in Elapidae snakes is conserved in the nAChR ligand binding domain polypeptide backbone per se. This conclusion supports the hypothesis that animal toxins are targeted against evolutionarily conserved molecular motifs. Such conservation also calls for a revision of the present model of the alpha-BTX binding site. The approach described here can be used to identify the mechanism of resistance against conspecific venoms in other species and to characterize toxin-receptor coevolution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Takacs
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA.
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