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Booij P, Holoubek I, Klánová J, Kohoutek J, Dvorská A, Magulová K, Al-Zadjali S, Čupr P. Current implications of past DDT indoor spraying in Oman. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2016; 550:231-240. [PMID: 26820926 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2015] [Revised: 12/09/2015] [Accepted: 12/09/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
In Oman, DDT was sprayed indoors during an intensive malaria eradication program between 1976 and 1992. DDT can remain for years after spraying and is associated with potential health risk. This raises the concern for human exposure in areas where DDT was used for indoor spraying. Twelve houses in three regions with a different history of DDT indoor spraying were chosen for a sampling campaign in 2005 to determine p,p'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (p,p'-DDT), p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethylene (p,p'-DDE) and p,p'-dichlorodiphenyldichloroethane (p,p'-DDD) levels in indoor air, dust, and outdoor soil. Although DDT was only sprayed indoor, p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDE and p,p'-DDD were also found in outdoor soil. The results indicate that release and exposure continue for years after cessation of spraying. The predicted cancer risk based on concentrations determined in 2005, indicate that there was still a significant cancer risk up to 13 to 16years after indoor DDT spraying. A novel approach, based on region-specific half-lives, was used to predict concentrations in 2015 and showed that more than 21years after spraying, cancer risk for exposure to indoor air, dust, and outdoor soil are acceptable in Oman for adults and young children. The model can be used for other locations and countries to predict prospective exposure of contaminants based on indoor experimental measurements and knowledge about the spraying time-schedule to extrapolate region-specific half-lives and predict effects on the human population years after spraying.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petra Booij
- Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Ivan Holoubek
- Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jana Klánová
- Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Kohoutek
- Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Alice Dvorská
- Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Katarína Magulová
- Scientific Support Branch of the Secretariat of the Basel, Rotterdam and Stockholm Conventions, United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP), 11-13, Chemin des Anèmones, CH-1219 Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Said Al-Zadjali
- Ministry of Environment and Climate Affairs, Post Box 323, Muscat Postal Code 100, Sultanate of Oman
| | - Pavel Čupr
- Masaryk University, RECETOX - Research Centre for Toxic Compounds in the Environment, Faculty of Science, Kamenice 753/5, 625 00 Brno, Czech Republic.
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Martin NJ, Smith PA, Brown CW, Achee NL, DeLong GT. Dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane determination in air by thermal desorption gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. PEST MANAGEMENT SCIENCE 2012; 68:1360-1367. [PMID: 22674794 DOI: 10.1002/ps.3313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2011] [Revised: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/22/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current quantitative methods for airborne dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT) require collection and extraction times of ≥ 12 h. The aim of this study was to develop a method for quantifying airborne DDT with a short (<4 h) collection and analysis time. RESULTS Precision [relative standard deviation (RSD)] for each calibration point (0.8-9.0), linearity (R(2) = 0.99) and apparent recovery (R' = 96.5%) were determined from thermal desorption (TD) gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analyses of Tenax-TA-packed sampling tubes spiked with 1-250 ng of DDT. Recovery of (13) C-labeled 4,4'-DDT from tubes spiked before and after air sampling was 97.3 and 90.3% respectively. DDT was detected and quantified in 1-3 L samples of air collected during 10-180 min sampling events. A significant difference was observed in DDT air concentration between 28 and 33 °C during microchamber studies. CONCLUSIONS The results demonstrate that the TD GC-MS method developed in this study is precise, reproducible and linear over the span of 1-250 ng of DDT spiked onto TD tubes. By avoiding dilution of the sample, the method described allows the measurement of DDT vapor concentrations during short sampling periods (10-180 min) relevant to mosquito behavior studies.
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Gyalpo T, Fritsche L, Bouwman H, Bornman R, Scheringer M, Hungerbühler K. Estimation of human body concentrations of DDT from indoor residual spraying for malaria control. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2012; 169:235-241. [PMID: 22682611 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2012.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2012] [Accepted: 04/29/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Inhabitants of dwellings treated with DDT for indoor residual spraying show high DDT levels in blood and breast milk. This is of concern since mothers transfer lipid-soluble contaminants such as DDT via breastfeeding to their children. Focusing on DDT use in South Africa, we employ a pharmacokinetic model to estimate DDT levels in human lipid tissue over the lifetime of an individual to determine the amount of DDT transferred to children during breastfeeding, and to identify the dominant DDT uptake routes. In particular, the effects of breastfeeding duration, parity, and mother's age on DDT concentrations of mother and infant are investigated. Model results show that primiparous mothers have greater DDT concentrations than multiparous mothers, which causes higher DDT exposure of first-born children. DDT in the body mainly originates from diet. Generally, our modeled DDT levels reproduce levels found in South African biomonitoring data within a factor of 3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tenzing Gyalpo
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
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Manaca MN, Grimalt JO, Gari M, Sacarlal J, Sunyer J, Gonzalez R, Dobaño C, Menendez C, Alonso PL. Assessment of exposure to DDT and metabolites after indoor residual spraying through the analysis of thatch material from rural African dwellings. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2012; 19:756-62. [PMID: 21928083 PMCID: PMC3283768 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-011-0601-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Accepted: 08/29/2011] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION We report on the analysis of 4,4'-dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (4,4'-DDT) and its metabolites in thatch and branch samples constituting the wall materials of dwellings from South African subtropical areas. This approach was used to assess the exposure to DDT in the residents of the dwellings after indoor residual spraying (IRS) following recommended sanitation practices against malaria vectors. DISCUSSION Examination of the distributions of DDT compounds (2,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDT and its metabolites) in 43 dwellings from the area of Manhiça (Mozambique) has shown median concentrations of 19, 130, and 23 ng/g for 2,4'-DDT, 4,4'-DDT, and 4,4'-DDE, respectively, in 2007 when IRS implementation was extensive. The concentrations of these compounds at the onset of the IRS campaign (n = 48) were 5.5, 47, and 2.2 ng/g, respectively. The differences were statistically significant and showed an increase in the concentration of this insecticide and its metabolites. Calculation of 4,4'-DDT in the indoor air resulting from the observed concentrations in the wall materials led to the characteristic values of environments polluted with this insecticide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria N. Manaca
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Joan O. Grimalt
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Merce Gari
- Institute of Environmental Assessment and Water Research (IDÆA-CSIC), Jordi Girona, 18, 08034 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
| | - Jahit Sacarlal
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
| | - Jordi Sunyer
- Centre for Research in Environmental Epidemiology (CREAL), Doctor Aiguader, 88, 08003 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raquel Gonzalez
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Carlota Dobaño
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Clara Menendez
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Pedro L. Alonso
- Centro de Investigaçao em Saúde da Manhiça (CISM), Maputo, Mozambique
- Barcelona Centre for International Health Research (CRESIB), Hospital Clínic, Universitat de Barcelona, Rosselló 132, 4a, 08036 Barcelona, Catalonia Spain
- Ciber Epidemiología y Salud Pública, Barcelona, Spain
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Ritter R, Scheringer M, MacLeod M, Hungerbühler K. Assessment of nonoccupational exposure to DDT in the tropics and the north: relevance of uptake via inhalation from indoor residual spraying. ENVIRONMENTAL HEALTH PERSPECTIVES 2011; 119:707-12. [PMID: 21536537 PMCID: PMC3094425 DOI: 10.1289/ehp.1002542] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2010] [Accepted: 12/17/2010] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND People who live in dwellings treated with indoor residual spraying (IRS) of DDT [1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis(p-chlorophenyl)ethane] for disease-vector control in the tropics and indigenous populations in the Arctic who consume marine mammals experience high nonoccupational exposure to DDT. Although the use of DDT in IRS is rising, the resulting nonoccupational exposure is poorly characterized. OBJECTIVES We have provided a comparative assessment of exposure to DDT and its metabolites in the general population of the tropical and northern regions and in highly exposed populations in these regions. METHODS We compiled > 600 average or median DDT concentrations from the peer-reviewed literature, representing > 23,000 individual measurements in humans, food, air, soil, and dust. We use Monte Carlo sampling of distributions based on these data to estimate distributions of population- and route-specific uptake. We evaluate our exposure estimates by comparing them with biomonitoring data. RESULTS DDT concentrations are highest in people living in IRS-treated houses and lowest in the northern general population, differing by a factor of about 60. Inuits and the general population in the tropics have similar concentrations. Inhalation exposure explains most of the difference in concentration between the highly exposed and the general population in the Tropics. Calculated exposure levels are consistent with human biomonitoring data. CONCLUSIONS Nonoccupational inhalation exposure is a relevant exposure pathway for people living in homes treated by IRS of DDT. Continued monitoring of time trends and DDE to DDT ratios in the Tropics and in the North is needed to identify a possible slowdown in concentration decline and the influence of ongoing DDT use.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Martin Scheringer
- Address correspondence to M. Scheringer, Safety and Environmental Technology Group, ETH Zurich, Wolfgang-Pauli-Str. 10, CH-8093 Zurich, Switzerland. Telephone: 41 44 632 3062. Fax: 41 44 632 1189. E-mail:
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Van Dyk JC, Bouwman H, Barnhoorn IEJ, Bornman MS. DDT contamination from indoor residual spraying for malaria control. THE SCIENCE OF THE TOTAL ENVIRONMENT 2010; 408:2745-52. [PMID: 20381127 DOI: 10.1016/j.scitotenv.2010.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2009] [Revised: 02/07/2010] [Accepted: 03/02/2010] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
The insecticide DDT is still used in specific areas of South Africa for indoor residual spray (IRS) to control malaria vectors. Local residents could be exposed to residues of DDT through various pathways including indoor air, dust, soil, food and water. The aims of this study were to determine the levels of DDT contamination, as a result of IRS, in representative homesteads, and to evaluate the possible routes of human exposure. Two villages, exposed (DV) and reference (TV) were selected. Sampling was done two months after the IRS process was completed. Twelve homesteads were selected in DV and nine in TV. Human serum, indoor air, floor dust, outside soil, potable water, leafy vegetables, and chicken samples (muscle, fat and liver) were collected and analyzed for both the o,p'- and p,p'-isomers of DDT, DDD and DDE. DDT was detected in all the media analyzed indicating a combination of potential dietary and non-dietary pathways of uptake. DV had the most samples with detectable levels of DDT and its metabolites, and with the exception of chicken muscle samples, DV also had higher mean levels for all the components analyzed compared to TV. Seventy-nine percent of participants from DV had serum levels of DDT (mean [summation operator]DDT 7.3microg g(-1) lipid). These residues constituted mainly of p,p'-DDD and p,p'-DDE. [summation operator]DDT levels were detected in all indoor air (mean [summation operator]DDT 3900.0 ng m(-3)) and floor dust (mean [summation operator]DDT 1200.0 microg m(-2)) samples. Levels were also detected in outside soil (mean [summation operator]DDT 25.0 microg kg(-1)) and potable water (mean [summation operator]DDT 2.0 microg L(-1)). Vegetable sample composition (mean [summation operator]DDT 43.0 microg kg(-1)) constituted mainly p,p'-DDT and p,p'-DDD. Chicken samples were highly contaminated with DDT (muscle mean [summation operator]DDT 700.0 microg kg(-1), fat mean [summation operator]DDT 240,000.0 microg kg(-1), liver mean [summation operator]DDT 1600.0 microg kg(-1)). The results of the current study raise concerns regarding the potential health effects in residents living in the immediate environment following DDT IRS.
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Affiliation(s)
- J C Van Dyk
- Department of Urology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria 0001, South Africa.
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Vieira ED, Torres JP, Malm O. DDT environmental persistence from its use in a vector control program: a case study. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2001; 86:174-182. [PMID: 11437464 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.2001.4258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
DDT contamination was investigated in soil, sediment, and chicken eggs from an endemic leishmaniasis area located in Rio de Janeiro City, Brazil. The last DDT application in this area was in 1990, for sand-fly vector control. Sampling campaigns were conducted in 1997 and 1999. DDT was extracted by use of a modified soxhlet apparatus and analysis was performed by gas chromatography with electron capture detector. The results show that, in 1997, soil samples contained up to 351 microg x kg(-1) x d x w. of summation operator DDT near the insecticide-sprayed sites. In 1999, the soil concentration decreased to 112 microg x kg(-1) x d x w. of summation operator DDT. Sediments from small creeks also showed low concentrations (up to 32.9 microg x kg(-1) x d x w. of summation operator DDT). Chicken eggs had, on average, 1.98 mg x kg(-1) summation operator DDT (twice FAO's maximum residue limit), comprising 82% of p,p'-DDE. Taking into account the egg results, DDT bioaccumulation is a question of concern. Considering just the egg consumption, it was estimated that DDT intake in the study area is 0.38x10(-4) mg x kg(-1) body weight x day(-1) whereas the reference maximum dose (US EPA) is 5x10(-4) mg x kg(-1) body weight x day(-1). This approach can be used to estimate DDT exposure in other places where DDT contamination may be of concern, especially in places where locally produced animals and eggs are a significant portion of the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- E D Vieira
- Laboratório de Radioisótopos Eduardo Penna Franca, Universidade Federal do Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro, 21949-900, Brazil
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