Intraperitoneal cisplatin: comparison of antitumor activity and toxicity as a function of solvent saline concentration

Evidence of direct interaction between cisplatin and the caspase-cleaved prostate apoptosis response-4 tumor suppressor

Prostate apoptosis response-4 (Par-4) tumor suppressor protein has gained attention as a potential therapeutic target owing to its unique ability to selectively induce apoptosis in cancer cells, sensitize them to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, and mitigate drug resistance. It has recently been reported that Par-4 interacts synergistically with cisplatin, a widely used anticancer drug. However, the mechanistic details underlying this relationship remain elusive. In this investigation, we employed an array of biophysical techniques, including circular dichroism spectroscopy, dynamic light scattering, and UV-vis absorption spectroscopy, to characterize the interaction between the active caspase-cleaved Par-4 (cl-Par-4) fragment and cisplatin. Additionally, elemental analysis was conducted to quantitatively assess the binding of cisplatin to the protein, utilizing inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy and atomic absorption spectroscopy. Our findings provide evidence of direct interaction between cl-Par-4 and cisplatin, and reveal a binding stoichiometry of 1:1. This result provides insights that could be useful in enhancing the efficacy of cisplatin-based and tumor suppressor-based cancer therapies.

Cisplatin Mouse Models: Treatment, Toxicity and Translatability

Cisplatin is one of the most widely used chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of a wide range of pediatric and adult malignances. However, it has various side effects which limit its use. Cisplatin mouse models are widely used in studies investigating cisplatin therapeutic and toxic effects. However, despite numerous promising results, no significant improvement in treatment outcome has been achieved in humans. There are many drawbacks in the currently used cisplatin protocols in mice. In the paper, the most characterized cisplatin protocols are summarized together with weaknesses that need to be improved in future studies, including hydration and supportive care. As demonstrated, mice respond to cisplatin treatment in similar ways to humans. The paper thus aims to illustrate the complexity of cisplatin side effects (nephrotoxicity, gastrointestinal toxicity, neurotoxicity, ototoxicity and myelotoxicity) and the interconnectedness and interdependence of pathomechanisms among tissues and organs in a dose- and time-dependent manner. The paper offers knowledge that can help design future studies more efficiently and interpret study outcomes more critically. If we want to understand molecular mechanisms and find therapeutic agents that would have a potential benefit in clinics, we need to change our approach and start to treat animals as patients and not as tools.

Cisplatin-Induced Rodent Model of Kidney Injury: Characteristics and Challenges

Cisplatin is an antitumor drug used in the treatment of a wide variety of malignancies. However, its primary dose-limiting side effect is kidney injury, which is a major clinical concern. To help understand mechanisms involved in the development of kidney injury, cisplatin rodent model has been developed. Given the complex pathogenesis of kidney injury, which involves both local events in the kidney and interconnected and interdependent systemic effects in the body, cisplatin rodent model is indispensable in the investigation of underlying mechanisms and potential treatment strategies of both acute and chronic kidney injury. Cisplatin rodent model is well appreciated and widely used model due to its simplicity. It has many similarities to human cisplatin nephrotoxicity, which are mentioned in the paper. In spite of its simplicity and wide applicability, there are also traps that need to be taken into account when using cisplatin model. The present paper is aimed at giving a concise insight into the complex characteristics of cisplatin rodent model and heterogeneity of cisplatin dosage regimens as well as outlining factors that can severely influence the outcome of the model and the study. Challenges for future research are also mentioned.

Targeted delivery of cisplatin to lung cancer using ScFvEGFR-heparin-cisplatin nanoparticles

The clinical application of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP, cisplatin) for cancer therapy is limited by its nonspecific biodistribution and severe side effects. Here, we have developed EGFR-targeted heparin-DDP (EHDDP) nanoparticles for tumor-targeted delivery of DDP. This nanoparticle delivery system possesses the following unique properties: (i) succinic anhydride-modified heparin is biocompatible and biodegradable with no anticoagulant activity; (ii) single-chain variable fragment anti-EGFR antibody (ScFvEGFR) was conjugated to the nanoparticles as an EGFR-targeting ligand. Our results showed that EHDDP nanoparticles can significantly increase the intracellular concentrations of DDP and Pt-DNA adducts in EGFR-expressing non-small cell lung cancer H292 cells via an EGFR-mediated pathway. Compared to the free DDP, significantly prolonged blood circulation time and improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Pt were observed after systemic delivery of the EHDDP nanoparticles. The new EHDDP nanoparticle delivery system significantly enhanced antitumor activity of DDP without weight loss or damage to the kidney and spleen in nude mice bearing H292 cell tumors.

Hypotonic intraperitoneal cisplatin chemotherapy for peritoneal carcinomatosis in mice

The intraperitoneal (i.p.) administration of cisplatin (CDDP) is one of the most effective therapies for cancers that are confined to the abdominal cavity. However, the effect of fluid osmolarity on the therapeutic efficacy of i.p. administration of CDDP has not been well established. In the current study, hypotonic (154 mosmol 1-1), isotonic (308 mosmol 1-1) and hypertonic (616 mosmol 1-1) solutions of CDDP were prepared for an evaluation of their therapeutic efficacy in an experimental system. After i.p. administration, uptake of CDDP in vivo by tumor cells in hypotonic solution was significantly greater than in isotonic or hypertonic solution. The 50% lethal dose (LD50) value of CDDP in hypotonic solution (12.1 mg kg(-1)) was lower than that in isotonic solution (16.9 mg kg(-1)) and than that in hypertonic solution (28.6 mg kg(-1)). However, when a dose equal to one-half of the LD50 was administered in each solution to mice with i.p. tumours, survival of mice given the CDDP in hypotonic solution was significantly prolonged as compared with the survival of the other mice. These results demonstrate that the therapeutic efficacy of i.p. CDDP in mice is augmented when the drug is administered in hypotonic solution.

Newer insights into cisplatin nephrotoxicity

OBJECTIVE

To review recent advances in the understanding of the mechanisms of cisplatin nephrotoxicity. Factors affecting this toxicity and agents that may protect against it are discussed.

DATA SOURCES

A MEDLINE search was used to identify pertinent literature including reviews. A manual search of bibliographies was performed to include all articles on the subject.

STUDY SELECTION

All available data relating to the mechanisms, modifying factors, and management of cisplatin nephrotoxicity were assessed.

DATA EXTRACTION

As limited human data are available, all animal studies were included. Articles with hypotheses or suggestions not backed by scientific data were excluded from review.

DATA SYNTHESIS

Cisplatin is one of the most effective agents available for treating a variety of solid tumors. Nephrotoxicity is the dose-limiting factor for the use of this drug. Mechanisms for renal toxicity range from definitive histologic changes found in the proximal convoluted tubules to physiologic and biochemical alterations involving a decrease in mitochondrial respiratory function, enzymatic activity in the respiratory chain and glutathione peroxidase, and effects on cellular calcium homeostasis. Important factors related to nephrotoxicity include age, renal irradiation, and concurrent alcohol intake. Agents that appear promising in attenuating the nephrotoxic effects of cisplatin include loading with NaCl solution and/or mannitol, sodium thiosulfate, WR 2721, glutathione, probenecid, and many other compounds under active investigation.

CONCLUSIONS

Cisplatin is a nephrotoxic drug; however, agents that may make cisplatin therapy more safe and rewarding will be available in the near future.