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Joshua V, Loberg Haarhaus M, Hensvold A, Wähämaa H, Gerstner C, Hansson M, Israelsson L, Stålesen R, Sköld M, Grunewald J, Klareskog L, Grönwall C, Réthi B, Catrina A, Malmström V. Rheumatoid Arthritis-Specific Autoimmunity in the Lung Before and at the Onset of Disease. Arthritis Rheumatol 2023; 75:1910-1922. [PMID: 37192126 DOI: 10.1002/art.42549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2022] [Revised: 03/14/2023] [Accepted: 04/18/2023] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The lung is implicated as a site for breach of tolerance prior to onset of seropositive rheumatoid arthritis (RA). To substantiate this, we investigated lung-resident B cells in bronchoalveolar lavage (BAL) samples from untreated early RA patients and anti-citrullinated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive individuals at risk for developing RA. METHODS Single B cells (n = 7,680) were phenotyped and isolated from BAL samples from individuals at risk of RA (n = 3) and at RA diagnosis (n = 9). The immunoglobulin variable region transcripts were sequenced and selected for expression as monoclonal antibodies (n = 141). Monoclonal ACPAs were tested for reactivity patterns and binding to neutrophils. RESULTS Using our single-cell approach, we found significantly increased proportions of B lymphocytes in ACPA+ compared to ACPA- individuals. Memory and double-negative B cells were prominent in all subgroups. Upon antibody re-expression, 7 highly mutated citrulline-autoreactive clones originating from different memory B cell subsets were identified, both in individuals at risk of RA and early RA patients. Lung IgG variable gene transcripts from ACPA+ individuals carried frequent mutation-induced N-linked Fab glycosylation sites (P < 0.001), often in the framework 3 of the variable region. Two of the lung ACPAs bound to activated neutrophils, 1 from an individual at risk of RA and 1 from an early RA patient. CONCLUSION T cell-driven B cell differentiation resulting in local class switching and somatic hypermutation are evident in lungs before as well as in early stages of ACPA+ RA. Our findings add to the notion of lung mucosa being a site for initiation of citrulline autoimmunity preceding seropositive RA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vijay Joshua
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Malena Loberg Haarhaus
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Aase Hensvold
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Heidi Wähämaa
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Christina Gerstner
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Monika Hansson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lena Israelsson
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ragnhild Stålesen
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Magnus Sköld
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, and Department of Respiratory Medicine and Allergy, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Johan Grunewald
- Division of Respiratory Medicine, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Lars Klareskog
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Caroline Grönwall
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Bence Réthi
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anca Catrina
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Vivianne Malmström
- Division of Rheumatology, Department of Medicine Solna, Karolinska Institutet, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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2
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Kim DY, Kandalaft H, Lowden MJ, Yang Q, Rossotti MA, Robotham A, Kelly JF, Hussack G, Schrag JD, Henry KA, Tanha J. Sequence tolerance of immunoglobulin variable domain framework regions to noncanonical intradomain disulfide linkages. J Biol Chem 2023; 299:105278. [PMID: 37742917 PMCID: PMC10641266 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbc.2023.105278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Most immunoglobulin (Ig) domains bear only a single highly conserved canonical intradomain, inter-β-sheet disulfide linkage formed between Cys23-Cys104, and incorporation of rare noncanonical disulfide linkages at other locations can enhance Ig domain stability. Here, we exhaustively surveyed the sequence tolerance of Ig variable (V) domain framework regions (FRs) to noncanonical disulfide linkages. Starting from a destabilized VH domain lacking a Cys23-Cys104 disulfide linkage, we generated and screened phage-displayed libraries of engineered VHs, bearing all possible pairwise combinations of Cys residues in neighboring β-strands of the Ig fold FRs. This approach identified seven novel Cys pairs in VH FRs (Cys4-Cys25, Cys4-Cys118, Cys5-Cys120, Cys6-Cys119, Cys22-Cys88, Cys24-Cys86, and Cys45-Cys100; the international ImMunoGeneTics information system numbering), whose presence rescued domain folding and stability. Introduction of a subset of these noncanonical disulfide linkages (three intra-β-sheet: Cys4-Cys25, Cys22-Cys88, and Cys24-Cys86, and one inter-β-sheet: Cys6-Cys119) into a diverse panel of VH, VL, and VHH domains enhanced their thermostability and protease resistance without significantly impacting expression, solubility, or binding to cognate antigens. None of the noncanonical disulfide linkages identified were present in the natural human VH repertoire. These data reveal an unexpected permissiveness of Ig V domains to noncanonical disulfide linkages at diverse locations in FRs, absent in the human repertoire, whose presence is compatible with antigen recognition and improves domain stability. Our work represents the most complete assessment to date of the role of engineered noncanonical disulfide bonding within FRs in Ig V domain structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dae Young Kim
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Hiba Kandalaft
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Michael J Lowden
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Qingling Yang
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Martin A Rossotti
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Anna Robotham
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - John F Kelly
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Greg Hussack
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Joseph D Schrag
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Montréal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Kevin A Henry
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Life Sciences Division, Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada.
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3
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Liang Z, Zhao L, Ye AY, Lin SG, Zhang Y, Guo C, Dai HQ, Ba Z, Alt FW. Contribution of the IGCR1 regulatory element and the 3' Igh CTCF-binding elements to regulation of Igh V(D)J recombination. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2306564120. [PMID: 37339228 PMCID: PMC10293834 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2306564120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2023] [Accepted: 05/12/2023] [Indexed: 06/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region exons are assembled in progenitor-B cells, from VH, D, and JH gene segments located in separate clusters across the Igh locus. RAG endonuclease initiates V(D)J recombination from a JH-based recombination center (RC). Cohesin-mediated extrusion of upstream chromatin past RC-bound RAG presents Ds for joining to JHs to form a DJH-RC. Igh has a provocative number and organization of CTCF-binding elements (CBEs) that can impede loop extrusion. Thus, Igh has two divergently oriented CBEs (CBE1 and CBE2) in the IGCR1 element between the VH and D/JH domains, over 100 CBEs across the VH domain convergent to CBE1, and 10 clustered 3'Igh-CBEs convergent to CBE2 and VH CBEs. IGCR1 CBEs segregate D/JH and VH domains by impeding loop extrusion-mediated RAG-scanning. Downregulation of WAPL, a cohesin unloader, in progenitor-B cells neutralizes CBEs, allowing DJH-RC-bound RAG to scan the VH domain and perform VH-to-DJH rearrangements. To elucidate potential roles of IGCR1-based CBEs and 3'Igh-CBEs in regulating RAG-scanning and elucidate the mechanism of the ordered transition from D-to-JH to VH-to-DJH recombination, we tested effects of inverting and/or deleting IGCR1 or 3'Igh-CBEs in mice and/or progenitor-B cell lines. These studies revealed that normal IGCR1 CBE orientation augments RAG-scanning impediment activity and suggest that 3'Igh-CBEs reinforce ability of the RC to function as a dynamic loop extrusion impediment to promote optimal RAG scanning activity. Finally, our findings indicate that ordered V(D)J recombination can be explained by a gradual WAPL downregulation mechanism in progenitor-B cells as opposed to a strict developmental switch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhuoyi Liang
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Lijuan Zhao
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Adam Yongxin Ye
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Sherry G. Lin
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Yiwen Zhang
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Chunguang Guo
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Hai-Qiang Dai
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Zhaoqing Ba
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
| | - Frederick W. Alt
- HHMI, Boston Children’s Hospital, Boston, MA02115
- Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
- Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA02115
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4
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Li J, Li Y, Sun S, Yang L, Ma L, Shi B, Ma R, Yao X. Characterizing the BCR repertoire during lymphocyte reduction and recovery mediated by cyclophosphamide and granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 101:108292. [PMID: 34710846 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2021] [Revised: 10/05/2021] [Accepted: 10/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Leukopenia is a common manifestation of many diseases, including global outbreak SAS-CoV-2 infection. Granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM -CSF) has been proved to be effective in promoting lymphocyte regeneration, but adverse immunological effects have also emerged. This study aim to investigate the effect of GM -CSF on BCR heavy chain CDR3 repertoire while promoting lymphocyte regeneration. Cyclophosphamide (CTX) and GM -CSF were used to inhibit and stimulate bone marrow hematopoiesis, respectively. High throughput sequencing was applied to detect the characteristics of BCR CDR3 repertoire in controls, CTX group and GM -CSF group. The white blood cells (WBCs) were quickly reduced (P < 0.05) with lymphocytes decreasing causing by CTX, and the WBCs and lymphocytes returned to the level of controls after GM -CSF treatment. The diversity of BCR heavy chain CDR3 repertoire was also significantly decreased in CTX group. Although there is still a big gap from the controls, the diversity was picked up after GM -CSF treatment. The expression of IGHD01-01, IGHD02-14 and IGHJ04-01 with high-frequency usage regularly and significantly changed in three groups, and many genes with low-frequency usage lost in CTX group and did not reappear in GM -CSF group. Moreover, two shared sequences and accounted for the highest proportion in GM -CSF group have been detected in animal model of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. These results revealed that GM -CSF can partially restore changes in the BCR heavy chain CDR3 repertoire while promoting lymphocyte regeneration, but it may also lead to rearrangement, proliferation and activation of abnormal B cells, which can provide a basis for further study on the adverse immunological effects and mechanism of GM -CSF treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jun Li
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Yuehong Li
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Suhong Sun
- Department of Breast Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of ZunYi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Liwen Yang
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Long Ma
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Bin Shi
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Rui Ma
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China
| | - Xinsheng Yao
- Department of Immunology, Center of Immunomolecular Engineering, Innovation & Practice Base for Graduate Students Education, Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi City, China.
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5
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Borowska MT, Drees C, Yarawsky AE, Viswanathan M, Ryan SM, Bunker JJ, Herr AB, Bendelac A, Adams EJ. The molecular characterization of antibody binding to a superantigen-like protein from a commensal microbe. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2021; 118:e2023898118. [PMID: 34548394 PMCID: PMC8488583 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2023898118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/13/2021] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Microorganisms have coevolved diverse mechanisms to impair host defenses. A major one, superantigens, can result in devastating effects on the immune system. While all known superantigens induce vast immune cell proliferation and come from opportunistic pathogens, recently, proteins with similar broad specificity to antibody variable (V) domain families were identified in a commensal microbiota. These proteins, identified in the human commensal Ruminococcus gnavus, are called immunoglobulin-binding protein (Ibp) A and B and have been shown to activate B cells in vitro expressing either human VH3 or murine VH5/6/7. Here, we provide molecular and functional studies revealing the basis of this Ibp/immunoglobulin (Ig) interaction. The crystal structure and biochemical assays of a truncated IbpA construct in complex with mouse VH5 antigen-binding fragment (Fab) shows a binding of Ig heavy chain framework residues to the Ibp Domain D and the C-terminal heavy chain binding domain (HCBD). We used targeted mutagenesis of contact residues and affinity measurements and performed studies of the Fab-IbpA complex to determine the stoichiometry between Ibp and VH domains, suggesting Ibp may serve to cluster full-length IgA antibodies in vivo. Furthermore, in vitro stimulation experiments indicate that binding of the Ibp HCBD alone is sufficient to activate responsive murine B cell receptors. The presence of these proteins in a commensal microbe suggest that binding a broad repertoire of immunoglobulins, particularly in the gut/microbiome environment, may provide an important function in the maintenance of host/microbiome homeostasis contrasting with the pathogenic role of structurally homologous superantigens expressed by pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marta T Borowska
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Christoph Drees
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Alexander E Yarawsky
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | | | - Sean M Ryan
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Jeffrey J Bunker
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Andrew B Herr
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Division of Immunobiology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229
| | - Albert Bendelac
- Department of Pathology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
| | - Erin J Adams
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637;
- Committee on Immunology, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637
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6
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Sangesland M, Yousif AS, Ronsard L, Kazer SW, Zhu AL, Gatter GJ, Hayward MR, Barnes RM, Quirindongo-Crespo M, Rohrer D, Lonberg N, Kwon D, Shalek AK, Lingwood D. A Single Human V H-gene Allows for a Broad-Spectrum Antibody Response Targeting Bacterial Lipopolysaccharides in the Blood. Cell Rep 2021; 32:108065. [PMID: 32846123 PMCID: PMC7446668 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.108065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2020] [Revised: 06/05/2020] [Accepted: 07/31/2020] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
B cell receptors (BCRs) display a combination of variable (V)-gene-encoded complementarity determining regions (CDRs) and adaptive/hypervariable CDR3 loops to engage antigens. It has long been proposed that the former tune for recognition of pathogens or groups of pathogens. To experimentally evaluate this within the human antibody repertoire, we perform immune challenges in transgenic mice that bear diverse human CDR3 and light chains but are constrained to different human VH-genes. We find that, of six commonly deployed VH sequences, only those CDRs encoded by IGHV1-2∗02 enable polyclonal antibody responses against bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) when introduced to the bloodstream. The LPS is from diverse strains of gram-negative bacteria, and the VH-gene-dependent responses are directed against the non-variable and universal saccrolipid substructure of this antigen. This reveals a broad-spectrum anti-LPS response in which germline-encoded CDRs naturally hardwire the human antibody repertoire for recognition of a conserved microbial target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maya Sangesland
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ashraf S Yousif
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Larance Ronsard
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Samuel W Kazer
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Alex Lee Zhu
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - G James Gatter
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Matthew R Hayward
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
| | - Ralston M Barnes
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd., Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | | | - Daniel Rohrer
- Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Nils Lonberg
- Bristol-Myers Squibb, 700 Bay Rd., Redwood City, CA 94063-2478, USA
| | - Douglas Kwon
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Division of Infectious Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital. 55 Fruit St., Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Alex K Shalek
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Institute for Medical Engineering and Science (IMES), Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA; Broad Institute of Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard, 415 Main St., Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Daniel Lingwood
- The Ragon Institute of Massachusetts General Hospital, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and Harvard University, 400 Technology Square, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA.
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7
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Ochi T, Maruta M, Tanimoto K, Kondo F, Yamamoto T, Kurata M, Fujiwara H, Masumoto J, Takenaka K, Yasukawa M. A single-chain antibody generation system yielding CAR-T cells with superior antitumor function. Commun Biol 2021; 4:273. [PMID: 33654176 PMCID: PMC7925539 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-021-01791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy using T cells redirected with chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) has shown a lot of promise. We have established a single-chain antibody (scFv) generation system in which scFv library-expressing CAR-T cells can be screened appropriately based on their antitumor functions. A variable region library containing the variable and J regions of the human immunoglobulin light or heavy chain was fused with the variable region of a heavy or light chain encoded by an existing tumor-specific antibody to generate a new scFv library. Then, scFv library-expressing CAR-T cells were generated and stimulated with target cells to concentrate the antigen-specific population. Using this system, target-specific recognition of CAR-T cells appeared to be finely tuned by selecting a new variable region. Importantly, we have demonstrated that the newly optimized scFv-expressing CAR-T cells had better proliferation capacity and durable phenotypes, enabling superior reactivity against advanced tumors in vivo in comparison with the original CAR-T cells. Therefore, the optimization of an scFv is needed to maximize the in vivo antitumor functions of CAR-T cells. This system may allow us to adjust an immunological synapse formed by an scFv expressed by CAR-T cells and a target antigen, representing an ideal form of CAR-T-cell immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshiki Ochi
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
- Division of Immune Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan.
| | - Masaki Maruta
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Kazushi Tanimoto
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Fumitake Kondo
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Toshihiro Yamamoto
- Department of Analytical Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Mie Kurata
- Department of Analytical Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Fujiwara
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Department of Personalized Cancer Immunotherapy, Mie University Graduate School of Medicine, Tsu, Mie, Japan
| | - Junya Masumoto
- Department of Analytical Pathology, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Division of Pathology, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Katsuto Takenaka
- Department of Hematology, Clinical Immunology, and Infectious Diseases, Ehime University Graduate School of Medicine, Toon, Ehime, Japan
| | - Masaki Yasukawa
- Division of Immune Regulation, Proteo-Science Center, Ehime University, Toon, Ehime, Japan
- Ehime Prefectural University of Health Sciences, Tobe, Ehime, Japan
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8
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Ustyanovska Avtenyuk N, Visser N, Bremer E, Wiersma VR. The Neutrophil: The Underdog That Packs a Punch in the Fight against Cancer. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:E7820. [PMID: 33105656 PMCID: PMC7659937 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21217820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The advent of immunotherapy has had a major impact on the outcome and overall survival in many types of cancer. Current immunotherapeutic strategies typically aim to (re)activate anticancer T cell immunity, although the targeting of macrophage-mediated anticancer innate immunity has also emerged in recent years. Neutrophils, although comprising ≈ 60% of all white blood cells in the circulation, are still largely overlooked in this respect. Nevertheless, neutrophils have evident anticancer activity and can induce phagocytosis, trogocytosis, as well as the direct cytotoxic elimination of cancer cells. Furthermore, therapeutic tumor-targeting monoclonal antibodies trigger anticancer immune responses through all innate Fc-receptor expressing cells, including neutrophils. Indeed, the depletion of neutrophils strongly reduced the efficacy of monoclonal antibody treatment and increased tumor progression in various preclinical studies. In addition, the infusion of neutrophils in murine cancer models reduced tumor progression. However, evidence on the anticancer effects of neutrophils is fragmentary and mostly obtained in in vitro assays or murine models with reports on anticancer neutrophil activity in humans lagging behind. In this review, we aim to give an overview of the available knowledge of anticancer activity by neutrophils. Furthermore, we will describe strategies being explored for the therapeutic activation of anticancer neutrophil activity.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Edwin Bremer
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1/DA13, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.U.A.); (N.V.)
| | - Valerie R. Wiersma
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Research Center Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen (UMCG), University of Groningen, Hanzeplein 1/DA13, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands; (N.U.A.); (N.V.)
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9
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Odabashian M, Carlotti E, Araf S, Okosun J, Spada F, Gribben JG, Forconi F, Stevenson FK, Calaminici M, Krysov S. IGHV sequencing reveals acquired N-glycosylation sites as a clonal and stable event during follicular lymphoma evolution. Blood 2020; 135:834-844. [PMID: 31932843 PMCID: PMC7195541 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019002279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Follicular lymphoma B cells undergo continuous somatic hypermutation (SHM) of their immunoglobulin variable region genes, generating a heterogeneous tumor population. SHM introduces DNA sequences encoding N-glycosylation sites asparagine-X-serine/threonine (N-gly sites) within the V-region that are rarely found in normal B-cell counterparts. Unique attached oligomannoses activate B-cell receptor signaling pathways after engagement with calcium-dependent lectins expressed by tissue macrophages. This novel interaction appears critical for tumor growth and survival. To elucidate the significance of N-gly site presence and loss during ongoing SHM, we tracked site behavior during tumor evolution and progression in a diverse group of patients through next-generation sequencing. A hierarchy of subclones was visualized through lineage trees based on SHM semblance between subclones and their discordance from the germline sequence. We observed conservation of N-gly sites in more than 96% of subclone populations within and across diagnostic, progression, and transformation events. Rare N-gly-negative subclones were lost or negligible from successive events, in contrast to N-gly-positive subclones, which could additionally migrate between anatomical sites. Ongoing SHM of the N-gly sites resulted in subclones with different amino acid compositions across disease events, yet the vast majority of resulting DNA sequences still encoded for an N-gly site. The selection and expansion of only N-gly-positive subclones is evidence of the tumor cells' dependence on sites, despite the changing genomic complexity as the disease progresses. N-gly sites were gained in the earliest identified lymphoma cells, indicating they are an early and stable event of pathogenesis. Targeting the inferred mannose-lectin interaction holds therapeutic promise.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariette Odabashian
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Emanuela Carlotti
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Shamzah Araf
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Jessica Okosun
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Filomena Spada
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - John G Gribben
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Francesco Forconi
- Cancer Sciences Division, Somers Cancer Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Freda K Stevenson
- Cancer Sciences Division, Somers Cancer Sciences Building, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Mariarita Calaminici
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Sergey Krysov
- Centre for Haemato-Oncology, Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom; and
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10
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Khanna N, Zhang Y, Lucas JS, Dudko OK, Murre C. Chromosome dynamics near the sol-gel phase transition dictate the timing of remote genomic interactions. Nat Commun 2019; 10:2771. [PMID: 31235807 PMCID: PMC6591236 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-10628-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/20/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Diverse antibody repertoires are generated through remote genomic interactions involving immunoglobulin variable (VH), diversity (DH) and joining (JH) gene segments. How such interactions are orchestrated remains unknown. Here we develop a strategy to track VH-DHJH motion in B-lymphocytes. We find that VH and DHJH segments are trapped in configurations that allow only local motion, such that spatially proximal segments remain in proximity, while spatially remote segments remain remote. Within a subset of cells, however, abrupt changes in VH-DHJH motion are observed, plausibly caused by temporal alterations in chromatin configurations. Comparison of experimental and simulated data suggests that constrained motion is imposed by a network of cross-linked chromatin chains characteristic of a gel phase, yet poised near the sol phase, a solution of independent chromatin chains. These results suggest that chromosome organization near the sol-gel phase transition dictates the timing of genomic interactions to orchestrate gene expression and somatic recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nimish Khanna
- Division of Biological Sciences, 0377, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Yaojun Zhang
- Princeton Center for Theoretical Science, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Joseph S Lucas
- Division of Biological Sciences, 0377, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Olga K Dudko
- Department of Physics, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Cornelis Murre
- Division of Biological Sciences, 0377, Department of Molecular Biology, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
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11
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Hussack G, Raphael S, Lowden MJ, Henry KA. Isolation and characterization of camelid single-domain antibodies against HER2. BMC Res Notes 2018; 11:866. [PMID: 30518413 PMCID: PMC6282393 DOI: 10.1186/s13104-018-3955-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2018] [Accepted: 11/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To isolate and characterize novel high-affinity llama single-domain antibodies against human HER2. RESULTS We immunized a llama with human HER2, constructed a phage-displayed VHH library from the lymphocytes of the animal, and isolated six unique HER2-specific VHHs by panning. All six VHHs were unique at the amino acid level and were clonally unrelated, as reflected by their distinct CDR3 lengths. All six VHHs recognized recombinant human HER2 ectodomain with monovalent affinities ranging from 1 to 51 nM, had comparable affinities for cynomolgus monkey HER2, and bound HER2+ SKOV3 cells by flow cytometry. Three of the VHHs recognized recombinant murine HER2 with no loss of affinity compared with human and cynomolgus monkey HER2. The VHHs recognized three major epitopes on HER2 (including one conserved across the human, simian and murine orthologues), all of which were distinct from that of trastuzumab. These VHHs may be useful in the design of modular cancer immunotherapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg Hussack
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Shalini Raphael
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Michael J. Lowden
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
| | - Kevin A. Henry
- Human Health Therapeutics Research Centre, National Research Council Canada, 100 Sussex Drive, Ottawa, ON K1A 0R6 Canada
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12
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Chan JTH, Liu Y, Khan S, St-Germain JR, Zou C, Leung LYT, Yang J, Shi M, Grunebaum E, Campisi P, Propst EJ, Holler T, Bar-Or A, Wither JE, Cairo CW, Moran MF, Palazzo AF, Cooper MD, Ehrhardt GRA. A tyrosine sulfation-dependent HLA-I modification identifies memory B cells and plasma cells. Sci Adv 2018; 4:eaar7653. [PMID: 30417091 PMCID: PMC6221509 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aar7653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Accepted: 10/12/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Memory B cells and plasma cells are antigen-experienced cells tasked with the maintenance of humoral protection. Despite these prominent functions, definitive cell surface markers have not been identified for these cells. We report here the isolation and characterization of the monoclonal variable lymphocyte receptor B (VLRB) N8 antibody from the evolutionarily distant sea lamprey that specifically recognizes memory B cells and plasma cells in humans. Unexpectedly, we determined that VLRB N8 recognizes the human leukocyte antigen-I (HLA-I) antigen in a tyrosine sulfation-dependent manner. Furthermore, we observed increased binding of VLRB N8 to memory B cells in individuals with autoimmune disorders multiple sclerosis and systemic lupus erythematosus. Our study indicates that lamprey VLR antibodies uniquely recognize a memory B cell- and plasma cell-specific posttranslational modification of HLA-I, the expression of which is up-regulated during B cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T. H. Chan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Yanling Liu
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Srijit Khan
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Chunxia Zou
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | | | - Judi Yang
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Mengyao Shi
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Paolo Campisi
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Evan J. Propst
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Theresa Holler
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Hospital for Sick Children and University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Amit Bar-Or
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Joan E. Wither
- Department of Immunology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Christopher W. Cairo
- Alberta Glycomics Centre and Department of Chemistry, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB, Canada
| | - Michael F. Moran
- Department of Molecular Genetics, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | | | - Max D. Cooper
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine and Emory Vaccine Center, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA, USA
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13
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Jain S, Ba Z, Zhang Y, Dai HQ, Alt FW. CTCF-Binding Elements Mediate Accessibility of RAG Substrates During Chromatin Scanning. Cell 2018; 174:102-116.e14. [PMID: 29804837 PMCID: PMC6026039 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2018.04.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Revised: 04/07/2018] [Accepted: 04/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
RAG endonuclease initiates antibody heavy chain variable region exon assembly from V, D, and J segments within a chromosomal V(D)J recombination center (RC) by cleaving between paired gene segments and flanking recombination signal sequences (RSSs). The IGCR1 control region promotes DJH intermediate formation by isolating Ds, JHs, and RCs from upstream VHs in a chromatin loop anchored by CTCF-binding elements (CBEs). How VHs access the DJHRC for VH to DJH rearrangement was unknown. We report that CBEs immediately downstream of frequently rearranged VH-RSSs increase recombination potential of their associated VH far beyond that provided by RSSs alone. This CBE activity becomes particularly striking upon IGCR1 inactivation, which allows RAG, likely via loop extrusion, to linearly scan chromatin far upstream. VH-associated CBEs stabilize interactions of D-proximal VHs first encountered by the DJHRC during linear RAG scanning and thereby promote dominant rearrangement of these VHs by an unanticipated chromatin accessibility-enhancing CBE function.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- CCCTC-Binding Factor/metabolism
- Cell Line
- Chromatin/metabolism
- DNA, Intergenic/genetics
- DNA, Intergenic/metabolism
- DNA-Binding Proteins/deficiency
- DNA-Binding Proteins/genetics
- Homeodomain Proteins/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Models, Molecular
- Mutagenesis
- Protein Sorting Signals
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/genetics
- Receptors, Antigen, T-Cell/metabolism
- V(D)J Recombination
- RNA, Guide, CRISPR-Cas Systems
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Affiliation(s)
- Suvi Jain
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Zhaoqing Ba
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Yu Zhang
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Hai-Qiang Dai
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frederick W Alt
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute; Program in Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Boston Children's Hospital, and Department of Genetics, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA.
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14
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Qiu X, Kumari G, Gerasimova T, Du H, Labaran L, Singh A, De S, Wood WH, Becker KG, Zhou W, Ji H, Sen R. Sequential Enhancer Sequestration Dysregulates Recombination Center Formation at the IgH Locus. Mol Cell 2018; 70:21-33.e6. [PMID: 29576529 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.02.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Revised: 12/19/2017] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immunoglobulin heavy-chain (IgH) genes are assembled by DNA rearrangements that juxtapose a variable (VH), a diversity (DH), and a joining (JH) gene segment. Here, we report that in the absence of intergenic control region 1 (IGCR1), the intronic enhancer (Eμ) associates with the next available CTCF binding site located close to VH81X via putative heterotypic interactions involving YY1 and CTCF. The alternate Eμ/VH81X loop leads to formation of a distorted recombination center and altered DH rearrangements and disrupts chromosome conformation that favors distal VH recombination. Cumulatively, these features drive highly skewed, Eμ-dependent recombination of VH81X. Sequential deletion of CTCF binding regions on IGCR1-deleted alleles suggests that they influence recombination of single proximal VH gene segments. Our observations demonstrate that Eμ interacts differently with IGCR1- or VH-associated CTCF binding sites and thereby identify distinct roles for insulator-like elements in directing enhancer activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Qiu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Gita Kumari
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Tatiana Gerasimova
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Hansen Du
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Lawal Labaran
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Amit Singh
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Supriyo De
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - William H Wood
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Kevin G Becker
- Laboratory of Genetics and Genomics, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA
| | - Weiqiang Zhou
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Hongkai Ji
- Department of Biostatistics, Johns Hopkins University Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ranjan Sen
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology and Immunology, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD 21224, USA.
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15
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Hora M, Sarkar R, Morris V, Xue K, Prade E, Harding E, Buchner J, Reif B. MAK33 antibody light chain amyloid fibrils are similar to oligomeric precursors. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181799. [PMID: 28746363 PMCID: PMC5528828 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181799] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Little structural information is available so far on amyloid fibrils consisting of immunoglobulin light chains. It is not understood which features of the primary sequence of the protein result in fibril formation. We report here MAS solid-state NMR studies to identify the structured core of κ-type variable domain light chain fibrils. The core contains residues of the CDR2 and the β-strands D, E, F and G of the native immunoglobulin fold. The assigned core region of the fibril is distinct in comparison to the core identified in a previous solid-state NMR study on AL-09 by Piehl at. al, suggesting that VL fibrils can adopt different topologies. In addition, we investigated a soluble oligomeric intermediate state, previously termed the alternatively folded state (AFS), using NMR and FTIR spectroscopy. The NMR oligomer spectra display a high degree of similarity when compared to the fibril spectra, indicating a high structural similarity of the two aggregation states. Based on comparison to the native state NMR chemical shifts, we suggest that fibril formation via domain-swapping seems unlikely. Moreover, we used our results to test the quality of different amyloid prediction algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Hora
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Riddhiman Sarkar
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Vanessa Morris
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Kai Xue
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Elke Prade
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany
| | - Emma Harding
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany
| | - Johannes Buchner
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany
| | - Bernd Reif
- Munich Center for Integrated Protein Science (CIPS-M) at Department Chemie, Technische Universität München (TUM), Germany
- Helmholtz-Zentrum München, Deutsches Forschungszentrum für Gesundheit und Umwelt (HMGU), Neuherberg, Germany
- * E-mail:
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16
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Kosloski MP, Goss S, Wang SX, Liu J, Loebbert R, Medema JK, Liu W, Dutta S. Pharmacokinetics and Tolerability of a Dual Variable Domain Immunoglobulin ABT-981 Against IL-1α and IL-1β in Healthy Subjects and Patients With Osteoarthritis of the Knee. J Clin Pharmacol 2016; 56:1582-1590. [PMID: 27150261 DOI: 10.1002/jcph.764] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The interleukin (IL)-1 family of proinflammatory cytokines are thought to play a significant role in the structural progression of osteoarthritis and its associated symptoms. IL-1α and IL-1β are 2 distinct cytokines found in the cartilage, synovial membrane, and synovial fluid of patients with osteoarthritis. The aim of these studies was to evaluate the pharmacokinetics of ABT-981, a dual variable domain immunoglobulin (DVD-Ig) capable of simultaneously binding IL-1α and IL-1β, in healthy subjects and patients with osteoarthritis of the knee. Fifty-six healthy adult subjects were randomized to receive single doses of ABT-981 intravenously (0.3, 1, 3, or 10 mg/kg), subcutaneously (0.3, 1, 3 mg/kg), or matching placebo in a 3:1 ratio. Thirty-six patients with osteoarthritis of the knee were randomized to receive 4 subcutaneous ABT-981 doses of 0.3, 1, or 3 mg/kg administered every 2 weeks, 3 subcutaneous doses of ABT-981 3 mg/kg every 4 weeks, or matching placebo in a 7:2 active:placebo ratio. ABT-981 behaved similarly to conventional monoclonal antibodies following single or multiple doses with mean maximum serum concentrations 2 to 9 days after subcutaneous doses, mean terminal half-lives of 10 to 14 days, and an absolute subcutaneous bioavailability of 46%. Exposure of ABT-981 was approximately linear following single or multiple doses every 2 weeks with monoexponential decline of terminal-phase concentrations. The most common adverse events associated with ABT-981 were diarrhea and headache in healthy subjects and injection site erythema in subjects with osteoarthritis of the knee. Decreased absolute neutrophil counts were observed in response to ABT-981 administration.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Jia Liu
- AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ralf Loebbert
- AbbVie Deutschland GmbH and Co KG, Wiesbaden, Hesse, Germany
| | | | - Wei Liu
- AbbVie Inc, North Chicago, IL, USA
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17
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Just J, Jung T, Friis NA, Lykkemark S, Drasbek K, Siboska G, Grune T, Kristensen P. Identification of an unstable 4-hydroxynoneal modification on the 20S proteasome subunit α7 by recombinant antibody technology. Free Radic Biol Med 2015; 89:786-92. [PMID: 26472192 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2015.10.405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2015] [Revised: 09/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/08/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Numerous cellular functions rely on an active proteasome allowing degradation of damaged or misfolded proteins. Therefore changes in the proteasomal activity have important physiological consequences. During oxidative stress the production of free radicals can result in the formation of 4-hydroxynonenal (HNE) following lipid peroxidiation. The HNE moiety is highly reactive and via a nucleophilic attack readily forms covalent links to cysteine, histidine and lysine side chains. However, as the chemical properties of these amino acids differ, so does the kinetics of the reactions. While covalent linkage through Michael addition is well established, reversible and unstable associations have only been indicated in a few cases. In the present study we have identified an unstable HNE adduct on the α7 subunit of the 20S proteasome using phage display of recombinant antibodies. This recombinant antibody fragment recognized HNE modified proteasomes in vitro and showed that this epitope was easily HNE modified, yet unstable, and influenced by experimental procedures. Hence unstable HNE-adducts could be overlooked as a regulatory mechanism of proteasomal activity and a participating factor in the decreased proteasomal activity associated with oxidative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Just
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tobias Jung
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Niels Anton Friis
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Simon Lykkemark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark; Sino-Danish Centre for Education and Research (SDC), Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Drasbek
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gunhild Siboska
- Aarhus University, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark
| | - Tilman Grune
- German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke (DIfE), Arthur-Scheunert-Allee 114-116, 14558 Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Peter Kristensen
- Aarthus Univeristy, Department of Engineering, Gustav Wieds Vej 10, 8000 Aarhus C, Denmark.
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18
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Novinger LJ, Ashikaga T, Krag DN. Identification of tumor-binding scFv derived from clonally related B cells in tumor and lymph node of a patient with breast cancer. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2015; 64:29-39. [PMID: 25261355 PMCID: PMC11028979 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-014-1612-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Accepted: 09/16/2014] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine the clonal relationship between B cells within a breast cancer and the B cells in the tumor-draining lymph node (TDLN). We also determined the binding capacity of antibodies derived from these sources to autologous cancer and autologous noncancer breast tissue. Antibody clonality of B cells derived from tumor and lymph node was determined by analyzing heavy and light chain immunoglobulin sequences. The number of shared clonal groups observed between tumor and lymph node antibodies was significant for both heavy (p = 0.004) and light chain (p = 0.012) populations. Panning with phage-displayed single-chain variable fragment libraries derived from the tumor and lymph node B cells resulted in multiple antibodies that bound autologous tumor. Sequence analysis of enriched antibodies recovered after the third round of panning the tumor and TDLN libraries against autologous tumor lysates had a genetic relationship. These results indicate that B cells infiltrating a patient's breast cancer and B cells present in the tumor-draining lymph node are clonally and functionally related.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leah J. Novinger
- Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Given Building Room E309, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - Takamaru Ashikaga
- Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Given Building Room E309, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
- Department of Medical Biostatistics, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
| | - David N. Krag
- Vermont Cancer Center, University of Vermont College of Medicine, 89 Beaumont Avenue, Given Building Room E309, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
- Department of Surgery, University of Vermont College of Medicine, Burlington, VT 05405 USA
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Grönwall C, Charles ED, Dustin LB, Rader C, Silverman GJ. Selection of apoptotic cell specific human antibodies from adult bone marrow. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95999. [PMID: 24760047 PMCID: PMC3997490 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 04/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Autoreactive antibodies that recognize neo-determinants on apoptotic cells in mice have been proposed to have protective, homeostatic and immunoregulatory properties, although our knowledge about the equivalent antibodies in humans has been much more limited. In the current study, human monoclonal antibodies with binding specificity for apoptotic cells were isolated from the bone marrow of healthy adults using phage display technology. These antibodies were shown to recognize phosphorylcholine (PC)-associated neo-determinants. Interestingly, three of the four identified apoptotic cell-specific antibody clones were encoded by VH3 region rearrangements with germline or nearly germline configuration without evidence of somatic hypermutation. Importantly, the different identified antibody clones had diverse heavy chain CDR3 and deduced binding surfaces as suggested by structure modeling. This may suggest a potentially great heterogeneity in human antibodies recognizing PC-related epitopes on apoptotic cells. To re-construct the postulated structural format of the parental anti-PC antibody, the dominant clone was also expressed as a recombinant human polymeric IgM, which revealed a substantially increased binding reactivity, with dose-dependent and antigen-inhibitable binding of apoptotic cells. Our findings may have implication for improved prognostic testing and therapeutic interventions in human inflammatory disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline Grönwall
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | - Edgar D. Charles
- Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, Rockefeller University, New York, New York, United States of America
| | | | - Christoph Rader
- Department of Cancer Biology and Department of Molecular Therapeutics, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida, United States of America
| | - Gregg J. Silverman
- School of Medicine, New York University, New York, New York, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Abstract
The hybridoma technology, first described in 1975 by Milstein and Köhler, is still to date one of the most commonly used approaches to produce monoclonal antibodies. However, despite many advantages, this approach suffers from limitations like limited antibody productivity. Here, we describe a method for efficient cloning of antibody VH and VL produced by mouse, rat, or hamster hybridoma before reformatting in full-length IgG and small-scale expression in mammalian cell line.
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Abstract
The scFv-Fc format allows for rapid characterization of candidate scFvs isolated from phage display libraries before conversion into a full-length IgG. This format offers several advantages over the phage display-derived scFv, including bivalent binding, longer half-life, and Fc-mediated effector functions. Here, a detailed method is presented, which describes the cloning, expression, and purification of an scFv-Fc fragment, starting from scFv fragments obtained from a phage display library. This method facilitates the rapid screening of candidate antibodies, prior to a more time-consuming conversion into a full IgG format. Alternatively, the scFv-Fc format may be used in the clinic for therapeutic applications.
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22
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Fenn S, Schiller CB, Griese JJ, Duerr H, Imhof-Jung S, Gassner C, Moelleken J, Regula JT, Schaefer W, Thomas M, Klein C, Hopfner KP, Kettenberger H. Crystal structure of an anti-Ang2 CrossFab demonstrates complete structural and functional integrity of the variable domain. PLoS One 2013; 8:e61953. [PMID: 23613981 PMCID: PMC3629102 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0061953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2013] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bispecific antibodies are considered as a promising class of future biotherapeutic molecules. They comprise binding specificities for two different antigens, which may provide additive or synergistic modes of action. There is a wide variety of design alternatives for such bispecific antibodies, including the “CrossMab” format. CrossMabs contain a domain crossover in one of the antigen-binding (Fab) parts, together with the “knobs-and-holes” approach, to enforce the correct assembly of four different polypeptide chains into an IgG-like bispecific antibody. We determined the crystal structure of a hAng-2-binding Fab in its crossed and uncrossed form and show that CH1-CL-domain crossover does not induce significant perturbations of the structure and has no detectable influence on target binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian Fenn
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian B. Schiller
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Julia J. Griese
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Harald Duerr
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Sabine Imhof-Jung
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Gassner
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Moelleken
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Joerg Thomas Regula
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Schaefer
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Markus Thomas
- Discovery Oncology, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Diagnostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Discovery Oncology; Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED); Roche Glycart AG, Schlieren, Switzerland
| | - Karl-Peter Hopfner
- Department of Biochemistry, Gene Center, Ludwig Maximilians University Munich, Munich, Germany
- * E-mail: (KH); (HK)
| | - Hubert Kettenberger
- Large Molecule Research, Pharma Research and Early Development (pRED), Roche Dignostics GmbH, Penzberg, Germany
- * E-mail: (KH); (HK)
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Xu L, Guo M, Ren G, Yin J, Li D. [Optimization of bacterial display technology based on antigen-antibody co-expression]. Xi Bao Yu Fen Zi Mian Yi Xue Za Zhi 2013; 29:396-399. [PMID: 23643169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To co-express antigen and antibody in E.coli periplasm in which the antigen and antibody will fold correctly and bind to each other. METHODS Human IL-1β gene and mouse anti-human IL-1β single chain variable fragment (anti-hIL-1β scFv) were inserted into the down stream from the NlpA and pelB leading peptides of pBFD vector respectively. The recombinant plasmid was named pBFD-Ab-Ag. The E.coli DH5α transformed with pBFD-Ab-Ag was induced by IPTG to co-express antigen and antibody. After the outer membrane of E.coli DH5α was broken (spheroplast formation), the bacteria were incubated with mouse anti-hIL-1β antibody labeled by FITC. The co-expression and interaction of antigen and antibody was analyzed by flow cytometry (FCM) based on fluorescence signal intensity. RESULTS The FCM detection showed the strong signal in E.coli DH5α transformed with pBFD-Ab-Ag and the positive rate was significantly improved. CONCLUSION The results showed that the antigen and antibody can fold and bind to each other efficiently in E.coli periplasm. The system can make antibody screening process easier and also provide a novel method for protein-protein interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liming Xu
- Heilongjiang River Fishery Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Fishery Sciences, Harbin 150070, China.
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Ohtani M, Hikima JI, Jung TS, Kondo H, Hirono I, Aoki T. Construction of an artificially randomized IgNAR phage display library: screening of variable regions that bind to hen egg white lysozyme. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 2013; 15:56-62. [PMID: 22552958 DOI: 10.1007/s10126-012-9456-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2012] [Accepted: 04/14/2012] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
To develop a multi-antigen-specific immunoglobulin new antigen receptor (IgNAR) variable (V) region phage display library, CDR3 in the V region of IgNAR from banded houndshark (Triakis scyllium) was artificially randomized, and clones specific for hen egg white lysozyme (HEL) were obtained by the biopanning method. The nucleotide sequence of CDR3 in the V region was randomly rearranged by PCR. Randomized CDR3-containing segments of the V region were ligated into T7 phage vector to construct a phage display library and resulted in a phage titer of 3.7 × 10(7) PFU/ml. Forty clones that contained randomized CDR3 inserts were sequenced and shown to have different nucleotide sequences. The HEL-specific clones were screened by biopanning using HEL-coated ELISA plates. After six rounds of screening, nine clones were identified as HEL-specific, eight of which showed a strong affinity to HEL in ELISA compared to a negative control (i.e., empty phage clone). The deduced amino acid sequences of CDR3 from the HEL-specific phage clones fell into four types (I-IV): type I contains a single cysteine residue and type II-IV contain two cysteine residues. These results indicated that the artificially randomized IgNAR library is useful for the rapid isolation of antigen-specific IgNAR V region without immunization of target antigen and showed that it is possible to isolate an antigen-specific IgNAR V region from this library.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maki Ohtani
- Aquatic Biotechnology Center, College of Veterinary Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Gajwa-dong 900, Jinju, Gyeongnam 660-701, South Korea
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Küppers R, Schneider M, Hansmann ML. Laser-based microdissection of single cells from tissue sections and PCR analysis of rearranged immunoglobulin genes from isolated normal and malignant human B cells. Methods Mol Biol 2013; 971:49-63. [PMID: 23296957 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-62703-269-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Normal and malignant B cells carry rearranged immunoglobulin (Ig) variable region genes, which due to their practically limitless diversity represent ideal clonal markers for these cells. We describe here an approach to isolate single cells from frozen tissue sections by microdissection using a laser-based method. From the isolated cells rearranged IgH and Igκ genes are amplified in a semi-nested PCR approach, using a collection of V gene family-specific primers recognizing nearly all V gene segments together with primers for the J gene segments. By sequence analysis of V genes from distinct cells, the clonal relationship of the B lineage cells can unequivocally be determined and related to the histological distribution of the cells. The approach is also useful to determine V, D, and J gene usage. Moreover, the presence and pattern of somatic Ig V gene mutations give valuable insight into the stage of differentiation of the B cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ralf Küppers
- Institute of Cell Biology (Cancer Research), Medical School, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.
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26
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Dolk E, Verrips T, de Haard H. Selection of VHHs under application conditions. Methods Mol Biol 2012; 911:199-209. [PMID: 22886254 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-61779-968-6_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/20/2023]
Abstract
The successful application of antibody fragments such as VHHs in diagnostic assays, affinity purification, imaging, or therapy is not determined by the specificity and affinity of the antibody fragment alone. The ability to bind the target protein in the environment in which the antibody fragment is intended to functionally perform determines to a great extent its success. To identify antibodies with the required stability profile selection of naturally occurring variants from an immune library or mutants from an engineered library should be performed via phage display. The conditions under which the designed antibodies displayed on phage bind to the target ideally should mimic the environment in which the antibody should be effective. After selection individual antibodies need to be tested in appropriate screening assays, again taking into account the conditions under which the antibody should bind to the target and induce the desired effect.
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27
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Kisilichina DG, Lugovskaia SA, Pochtar' ME, Naumova EV, Biderman BV, Sudarikov AB, Nikitin EA, Dolgov VV. [The characteristics of evaluation of expression of ZAP-70 in tumor cells under b-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia using the flow cytofluorometry technique]. Klin Lab Diagn 2012:47-52. [PMID: 23097993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
The b-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia is the most common among all lymphatic proliferative diseases and is characterized by significant variability of its clinical course. The mutation status of genes of variable region of heavy chains of immunoglobulins (IgVH) is the most reliable prognostic factor forecasting time until beginning of treatment in case of b-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia. However its detection nowadays is inaccessible for routine diagnostics. Among surrogate markers of mutation status the indicator of expression of ZAP-70 by tumor cells estimated using flow cytofluorometry. However, in publications there are different guidelines concerning the technique of mentioned marker. To establish the optimal approach to evaluation of expression of ZAP-70 the peripheral blood samples of 5I patients with b-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia and 10 healthy persons were analyzed. The comparison with the results of detection of mutation status of IgVH-genes revealed the advantage of applying the technique of calculation of MFI ratio during interpretation of data of expression of ZAP-70 obtained with flow cytofluorometry. In this framework, the indicator of expression of ZAP-70 can be applied in assessing the course of disease and time until the beginning of treatment of b-cell chronic lymphatic leukemia.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Female
- Flow Cytometry/methods
- Gene Expression Regulation, Leukemic
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/blood
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/diagnosis
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/genetics
- Leukemia, Lymphocytic, Chronic, B-Cell/therapy
- Male
- Middle Aged
- Mutation
- Neoplasm Proteins/biosynthesis
- ZAP-70 Protein-Tyrosine Kinase/biosynthesis
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Chavanayarn C, Thanongsaksrikul J, Thueng-in K, Bangphoomi K, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W. Humanized-single domain antibodies (VH/VHH) that bound specifically to Naja kaouthia phospholipase A2 and neutralized the enzymatic activity. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:554-67. [PMID: 22852068 PMCID: PMC3407892 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4070554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra) venom contains many isoforms of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The PLA2 exerts several pharmacologic and toxic effects in the snake bitten subject, dependent or independent on the enzymatic activity. N. kaouthia venom appeared in two protein profiles, P3 and P5, after fractionating the venom by ion exchange column chromatography. In this study, phage clones displaying humanized-camel single domain antibodies (VH/VHH) that bound specifically to the P3 and P5 were selected from a humanized-camel VH/VHH phage display library. Two phagemid transfected E. coli clones (P3-1 and P3-3) produced humanized-VHH, while another clone (P3-7) produced humanized-VH. At the optimal venom:antibody ratio, the VH/VHH purified from the E. coli homogenates neutralized PLA2 enzyme activity comparable to the horse immune serum against the N. kaouthia holo-venom. Homology modeling and molecular docking revealed that the VH/VHH covered the areas around the PLA2 catalytic groove and inserted their Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) into the enzymatic cleft. It is envisaged that the VH/VHH would ameliorate/abrogate the principal toxicity of the venom PLA2 (membrane phospholipid catabolism leading to cellular and subcellular membrane damage which consequently causes hemolysis, hemorrhage, and dermo-/myo-necrosis), if they were used for passive immunotherapy of the cobra bitten victim. The speculation needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charnwit Chavanayarn
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-in
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kunan Bangphoomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.T.); (K.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +662-4196-497; Fax: +662-4196-491
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Jarvis GE, Bihan D, Hamaia S, Pugh N, Ghevaert CJG, Pearce AC, Hughes CE, Watson SP, Ware J, Rudd CE, Farndale RW. A role for adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein in collagen-induced platelet activation mediated via integrin α(2) β(1). J Thromb Haemost 2012; 10:268-77. [PMID: 22103309 PMCID: PMC3791415 DOI: 10.1111/j.1538-7836.2011.04567.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Collagen-induced platelet activation is a key step in the development of arterial thrombosis via its interaction with the receptors glycoprotein (GP)VI and integrin α(2) β(1) . Adhesion and degranulation-promoting adapter protein (ADAP) regulates α(IIb) β(3) in platelets and α(L) β(2) in T cells, and is phosphorylated in GPVI-deficient platelets activated by collagen. OBJECTIVES To determine whether ADAP plays a role in collagen-induced platelet activation and in the regulation and function of α(2) β(1). METHODS Using ADAP(-/-) mice and synthetic collagen peptides, we investigated the role of ADAP in platelet aggregation, adhesion, spreading, thromboxane synthesis, and tyrosine phosphorylation. RESULTS AND CONCLUSIONS Platelet aggregation and phosphorylation of phospholipase Cγ2 induced by collagen were attenuated in ADAP(-/-) platelets. However, aggregation and signaling induced by collagen-related peptide (CRP), a GPVI-selective agonist, were largely unaffected. Platelet adhesion to CRP was also unaffected by ADAP deficiency. Adhesion to the α(2) β(1) -selective ligand GFOGER and to a peptide (III-04), which supports adhesion that is dependent on both GPVI and α(2) β(1), was reduced in ADAP(-/-) platelets. An impedance-based label-free detection technique, which measures adhesion and spreading of platelets, indicated that, in the absence of ADAP, spreading on GFOGER was also reduced. This was confirmed with non-fluorescent differential-interference contrast microscopy, which revealed reduced filpodia formation in ADAP(-/-) platelets adherent to GFOGER. This indicates that ADAP plays a role in mediating platelet activation via the collagen-binding integrin α(2) β(1). In addition, we found that ADAP(-/-) mice, which are mildly thrombocytopenic, have enlarged spleens as compared with wild-type animals. This may reflect increased removal of platelets from the circulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Jarvis
- School of Pharmacy, Queen's University Belfast, Belfast, UK.
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30
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Baral TN, Chao SY, Li S, Tanha J, Arbabi-Ghahroudi M, Zhang J, Wang S. Crystal structure of a human single domain antibody dimer formed through V(H)-V(H) non-covalent interactions. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30149. [PMID: 22253912 PMCID: PMC3257273 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 12/13/2011] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Single-domain antibodies (sdAbs) derived from human VH are considered to be less soluble and prone to aggregate which makes it difficult to determine the crystal structures. In this study, we isolated and characterized two anti-human epidermal growth factor receptor-2 (HER2) sdAbs, Gr3 and Gr6, from a synthetic human VH phage display library. Size exclusion chromatography and surface plasmon resonance analyses demonstrated that Gr3 is a monomer, but that Gr6 is a strict dimer. To understand this different molecular behavior, we solved the crystal structure of Gr6 to 1.6 Å resolution. The crystal structure revealed that the homodimer assembly of Gr6 closely mimics the VH-VL heterodimer of immunoglobulin variable domains and the dimerization interface is dominated by hydrophobic interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toya Nath Baral
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Shi-Yu Chao
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Shenghua Li
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jamshid Tanha
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Mehdi Arbabi-Ghahroudi
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
| | - Jianbing Zhang
- Institute for Biological Sciences, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, Ontario, Canada
- * E-mail: (SW); (JZ)
| | - Shuying Wang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- Center of Infectious Disease and Signaling Research, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
- * E-mail: (SW); (JZ)
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31
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Juarez K, Dubberke G, Lugo P, Koch-Nolte F, Buck F, Haag F, Licea A. Monoclonal antibodies for the identification and purification of vNAR domains and IgNAR immunoglobulins from the horn shark Heterodontus francisci. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 30:323-9. [PMID: 21851231 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to conventional antibodies, cartilaginous fish have evolved a distinctive type of immunoglobulin, designated as IgNAR, which lacks the light polypeptide chains and is composed entirely by heavy chains. IgNAR molecules can be manipulated by molecular engineering to produce the variable domain of a single heavy chain polypeptide (vNARs). These, together with the VHH camel domains, constitute the smallest naturally occurring domains able to recognize an antigen. Their special features, such as small size, long extended finger-like CDR3, and thermal and chemical stability, make them suitable candidates for biotechnological purposes. Here we describe the generation of two mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), MAb 370-12 and MAb 533-10, that both specifically react with vNAR domains of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci. While the former recognizes a broad spectrum of recombinant vNAR proteins, the latter is more restricted. MAb 370-12 precipitated a single band from whole shark serum, which was identified as IgNAR by mass spectrometry. Additionally, we used MAb 370-12 to follow the IgNAR-mediated immune response of sharks during immunization protocols with two different antigens (complete cells and a synthethic peptide), thus corroborating that MAb 370-12 recognizes both isolated vNAR domains and whole IgNAR molecules. Both MAbs represent an affordable molecular, biochemical, and biotechnological tool in the field of shark single-domain antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Juarez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Peng XH, Wang Y, Huang D, Wang Y, Shin HJ, Chen Z, Spewak MB, Mao H, Wang X, Wang Y, Chen Z(G, Nie S, Shin DM. Targeted delivery of cisplatin to lung cancer using ScFvEGFR-heparin-cisplatin nanoparticles. ACS Nano 2011; 5:9480-93. [PMID: 22032622 PMCID: PMC3275811 DOI: 10.1021/nn202410f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
The clinical application of cis-diamminedichloroplatinum(II) (DDP, cisplatin) for cancer therapy is limited by its nonspecific biodistribution and severe side effects. Here, we have developed EGFR-targeted heparin-DDP (EHDDP) nanoparticles for tumor-targeted delivery of DDP. This nanoparticle delivery system possesses the following unique properties: (i) succinic anhydride-modified heparin is biocompatible and biodegradable with no anticoagulant activity; (ii) single-chain variable fragment anti-EGFR antibody (ScFvEGFR) was conjugated to the nanoparticles as an EGFR-targeting ligand. Our results showed that EHDDP nanoparticles can significantly increase the intracellular concentrations of DDP and Pt-DNA adducts in EGFR-expressing non-small cell lung cancer H292 cells via an EGFR-mediated pathway. Compared to the free DDP, significantly prolonged blood circulation time and improved pharmacokinetics and biodistribution of Pt were observed after systemic delivery of the EHDDP nanoparticles. The new EHDDP nanoparticle delivery system significantly enhanced antitumor activity of DDP without weight loss or damage to the kidney and spleen in nude mice bearing H292 cell tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Hong Peng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yiqing Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Donghai Huang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Yuxiang Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | | | - Zhengjia Chen
- Department of Biostatistics and Bioinformatics, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Micheal B Spewak
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Hui Mao
- Department of Radiology, Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Ying Wang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Zhuo (Georgia) Chen
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shuming Nie
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
- Shuming Nie, Department of Biomedical Engineering Emory University School of Medicine 101 Woodruff Circle, Suite 2007B, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA),
| | - Dong M. Shin
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Atlanta, Georgia
- Winship Cancer Institute, Atlanta, Georgia
- Correspondence to Dong M. Shin, Winship Cancer Institute, Room 3090, 1365-C Clifton Road, Atlanta, GA 30322 (USA).
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Emmerson CD, van der Vlist EJ, Braam MR, Vanlandschoot P, Merchiers P, de Haard HJW, Verrips CT, van Bergen en Henegouwen PMP, Dolk E. Enhancement of polymeric immunoglobulin receptor transcytosis by biparatopic VHH. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26299. [PMID: 22022593 PMCID: PMC3194793 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2011] [Accepted: 09/23/2011] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The polymeric immunoglobulin receptor (pIgR) ensures the transport of dimeric immunoglobulin A (dIgA) and pentameric immunoglobulin M (pIgM) across epithelia to the mucosal layer of for example the intestines and the lungs via transcytosis. Per day the human pIgR mediates the excretion of 2 to 5 grams of dIgA into the mucosa of luminal organs. This system could prove useful for therapies aiming at excretion of compounds into the mucosa. Here we investigated the use of the variable domain of camelid derived heavy chain only antibodies, also known as VHHs or Nanobodies®, targeting the human pIgR, as a transport system across epithelial cells. We show that VHHs directed against the human pIgR are able to bind the receptor with high affinity (∼1 nM) and that they compete with the natural ligand, dIgA. In a transcytosis assay both native and phage-bound VHH were only able to get across polarized MDCK cells that express the human pIgR gene in a basolateral to apical fashion. Indicating that the VHHs are able to translocate across epithelia and to take along large particles of cargo. Furthermore, by making multivalent VHHs we were able to enhance the transport of the compounds both in a MDCK-hpIgR and Caco-2 cell system, probably by inducing receptor clustering. These results show that VHHs can be used as a carrier system to exploit the human pIgR transcytotic system and that multivalent compounds are able to significantly enhance the transport across epithelial monolayers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris D. Emmerson
- Biomolecular Imaging, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Els J. van der Vlist
- Biomolecular Imaging, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Myrthe R. Braam
- Biomolecular Imaging, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Cell Biology, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - C. Theo Verrips
- Biomolecular Imaging, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | - Edward Dolk
- Biomolecular Imaging, Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Utrecht University, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail: (ED); (PV)
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Warncke M, Buchner M, Thaller G, Dodero A, Bulashevska A, Pfeifer D, Timmer J, Veelken H. Control of the specificity of T cell-mediated anti-idiotype immunity by natural regulatory T cells. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2010; 60:49-60. [PMID: 20848095 PMCID: PMC3029831 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-010-0918-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2010] [Accepted: 08/31/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
The idiotypes of B cell lymphomas represent tumor-specific antigens. T cell responses induced by idiotype vaccination in vivo are directed predominantly against CDR peptides, whereas in vitro T cells also recognize framework-derived epitopes. To investigate the mechanisms regulating the specificity of idiotype-specific T cells, BALB/c or B10.D2 mice were immunized with mature dendritic cells loaded with H-2Kd-restricted peptides from influenza hemagglutinin, or from shared (J region) or unique (CDR3) structures of the A20 lymphoma idiotype. Antigen-specific T cells were induced in vivo by the CDR3 and influenza epitopes, but not by the J peptide. Gene expression profiling of splenic regulatory T cells revealed vaccination-induced Treg activation and proliferation. Treg activity involved J epitope-dependent IL-10 secretion and functional suppression of peptide-specific effector T cells. Vaccination-induced in vivo proliferation of transgenic hemagglutinin-specific T cells was suppressed by co-immunization with the J peptide and was restored in CD25-depleted animals. In conclusion, Treg induced by a shared idiotype epitope can systemically suppress T cell responses against idiotype-derived and immunodominant foreign epitopes in vivo. The results imply that tumor vaccines should avoid epitopes expressed by normal cells in the draining lymph node to achieve optimal anti-tumor efficacy.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Cancer Vaccines
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/pathology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/immunology
- Epitopes, T-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Gene Expression Profiling
- H-2 Antigens/metabolism
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/immunology
- Hemagglutinin Glycoproteins, Influenza Virus/metabolism
- Immunization
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Idiotypes/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/immunology
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Immunologic Surveillance
- Lymphocyte Activation
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/immunology
- Lymphoma, B-Cell/therapy
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Peptide Fragments/immunology
- Peptide Fragments/metabolism
- T-Cell Antigen Receptor Specificity
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/immunology
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Regulatory/pathology
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Affiliation(s)
- Max Warncke
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Maike Buchner
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Gudrun Thaller
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Anna Dodero
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Alla Bulashevska
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Physics and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Dietmar Pfeifer
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Jens Timmer
- Department of Physics and Freiburg Center for Data Analysis and Modeling, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Hendrik Veelken
- Department of Hematology/Oncology, University Medical Center Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
- Department of Hematology, Leiden University Medical Center, P.O. Box 9600, Postzone C2-R-140, 2300 RC Leiden, The Netherlands
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Evans M, Sanders J, Tagami T, Sanders P, Young S, Roberts E, Wilmot J, Hu X, Kabelis K, Clark J, Holl S, Richards T, Collyer A, Furmaniak J, Smith BR. Monoclonal autoantibodies to the TSH receptor, one with stimulating activity and one with blocking activity, obtained from the same blood sample. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2010; 73:404-12. [PMID: 20550534 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2265.2010.03831.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients who appear to have both stimulating and blocking TSHR autoantibodies in their sera have been described, but the two activities have not been separated and analysed. We now describe the isolation and detailed characterization of a blocking type TSHR monoclonal autoantibody and a stimulating type TSHR monoclonal autoantibody from a single sample of peripheral blood lymphocytes. DESIGN, PATIENTS AND MEASUREMENTS Two heterohybridoma cell lines secreting TSHR autoantibodies were isolated using standard techniques from the lymphocytes of a patient with hypothyroidism and high levels of TSHR autoantibodies (160 units/l by inhibition of TSH binding). The ability of the two new monoclonal antibodies (MAbs; K1-18 and K1-70) to bind to the TSHR and compete with TSH or TSHR antibody binding was analysed. Furthermore, the effects of K1-18 and K1-70 on cyclic AMP production in Chinese hamster ovary cells (CHO) cells expressing the TSHR were investigated. RESULTS One MAb (K1-18) was a strong stimulator of cyclic AMP production in TSHR-transfected CHO cells and the other (K1-70) blocked stimulation of the TSHR by TSH, K1-18, other thyroid-stimulating MAbs and patient serum stimulating type TSHR autoantibodies. Both K1-18 (IgG1 kappa) and K1-70 (IgG1 lambda) bound to the TSHR with high affinity (0.7 x 10(10) l/mol and 4 x 10(10) l/mol, respectively), and this binding was inhibited by unlabelled K1-18 and K1-70, other thyroid-stimulating MAbs and patient serum TSHR autoantibodies with stimulating or blocking activities. V region gene analysis indicated that K1-18 and K1-70 heavy chains used the same V region germline gene but different D and J germline genes as well as having different light chains. Consequently, the two antibodies have evolved separately from different B cell clones. CONCLUSIONS This study provides proof that a patient can produce a mixture of blocking and stimulating TSHR autoantibodies at the same time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele Evans
- FIRS Laboratories, RSR Ltd, Parc Ty Glas, Llanishen, Cardiff, UK
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Baker ML, Tachedjian M, Wang LF. Immunoglobulin heavy chain diversity in Pteropid bats: evidence for a diverse and highly specific antigen binding repertoire. Immunogenetics 2010; 62:173-84. [PMID: 20162414 PMCID: PMC2887692 DOI: 10.1007/s00251-010-0425-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2009] [Accepted: 01/22/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Bats are the natural host reservoir for range of emerging and re-emerging viruses, many of which cause significant morbidity and mortality in other mammals, yet appear to result in no clinical consequences for bats. The ability of bats to coexist with a variety of viruses presents an interesting immunological problem that has not been examined in any detail but which could provide significant insights into the evolution of antiviral mechanisms in mammals. Towards a better understanding of the bat immune system, we analysed the expressed heavy chain variable (VH) regions of antibodies from the black flying fox, Pteropus alecto. The germline repertoire of the closely related Pteropid bat, Pteropus vampyrus, whose genome has been sequenced was also examined for comparative purposes. Representative VH genes were found in all three mammalian VH clans (I, II and III) in both the expressed P. alecto VH repertoire and the germline P. vampyrus VH repertoire. Evidence for the use of multiple heavy chain diversity (DH) and joining (JH) segments for the generation of diverse VDJ rearrangements was also present in the expressed antibody repertoire of P. alecto. The long period of co-evolutionary history of bats with viruses may have resulted in a variety of highly specific VH segments being hardwired into the genomes of bats and may have implications for their ability to successfully cope with a diversity of viral antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michelle L Baker
- CSIRO Livestock Industries, Australian Animal Health Laboratory, PO Bag 24, Geelong, Victoria, 3220, Australia.
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37
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Yang R, Cui Y, Yang S, Wang C, Shan H, Wang H, Xia X. [Targeted inhibition of rabies virus replication in vitro by single chain antibody domain mediated vector expression shRNA delivery]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2010; 50:256-262. [PMID: 20387470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Single chain antibody-mediated delivery is a novel approach for targeting shRNA to appropriate cells. In this report, we studied whether this shRNA delivery strategy would be effective against rabies virus. METHODS Rabies virus scFv (G) gene and ETA-GAL4 gene were amplified by PCR from vector scFv (G)-T and PE40-GAL4-T respectively. Then, the chimeric gene scFv (G)-ETA-GAL4 was constructed by lapextension PCR and cloned into the prokaryotic expression vector pET28a( +). Recombinant expression plasmid of pET28a(+)-scFv(G)-ETA-GAL4 was constructed and then transformed into the competent E. coli BL21 (DE3) cells for expression under the induction of IPTG. scFv(G)-ETA-GAL4 protein was purified by Ni-NTA His Bind Resin affinity chromatograph and identified by SDS-PAGE gel and Western blot assay. Binding of the fusion protein scFv(G)-ETA-GAL4 to rabies virus was determined by ELISA. Complexes which formed spontaneously by the fusion protein scFv(G)-ETA-GAL4 with plasmid pRNATU6.3-shRNA were added to BHK-21 cells culture medium that infected with RV. Green fluorescent protein (GFP) was observed after 35 h and judged the transferring efficiency of the complexes. The inhibition of RV replication by shRNA was detected by direct immune fluorescence test. RESULTS A 1557 bp DNA encoding scFv (G)-ETA-GAL4 protein gene was cloned and successfully expressed in inclusion body with approximate molecular weight of 57.0 kDa, which could be recognized by anti-His mAb. The scFv(G)-ETA-GAL4 proteins were purified by Ni-NTA column , and after renatured with the yield of 2.8 mg/mL. The ELISA results showed that when concentration of the scFv(G)-ETA-GAL4 protein ranging from 2.8 nmol/L to 1000 nmol/L, binding affinity is directly related with RV. The GFP expressed in BHK-21 cell after transfection with the complexes and effectively inhibited RV replication in BHK-21 cell. CONCLUSION scFv(G)-ETA-GAL4 fusion protein could mediated plasmid pRNATU6.3-shRNA transferred into BHK-21 cell infected with RV, and then inhibited RV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruimei Yang
- College of Animal Veterinary Medicine, Gansu Agriculture University, Lanzhou 760030, China.
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38
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Seo MJ, Jeong KJ, Leysath CE, Ellington AD, Iverson BL, Georgiou G. Engineering antibody fragments to fold in the absence of disulfide bonds. Protein Sci 2009; 18:259-67. [PMID: 19177559 DOI: 10.1002/pro.31] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Disulfide bonds play a critical role in the stabilization of the immunoglobulin beta-sandwich sandwich. Under reducing conditions, such as those that prevail in the cytoplasm, disulfide bonds do not normally form and as a result most antibodies expressed in that compartment (intrabodies) accumulate in a misfolded and inactive state. We have developed a simple method for the quantitative isolation of antibody fragments that retain full activity under reducing conditions from large mutant libraries. In E. coli, inactivation of the cysteine oxidoreductase DsbA abolishes protein oxidation in the periplasm, which leads to the accumulation of scFvs and other disulfide-containing proteins in a reduced form. Libraries of mutant scFvs were tethered onto the inner membrane of dsbA cells and mutants that could bind fluorescently labeled antigen in the reducing periplasm were screened by Anchored Periplasmic Expression (APEx; Harvey et al., Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:9193-9198.). Using this approach, we isolated scFv antibody variants that are fully active when expressed in the cytoplasm or when the four Cys residues that normally form disulfides are substituted by Ser residues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Jeong Seo
- Department of Chemical Engineering, University of Texas, Austin, 78712, USA
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39
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Yang L, Zhang Y, Ding H, Wang L, Chen W, Zhang H. [Expression and optimization of anti-AFB1 scFv in Escherichia colil]. Wei Sheng Wu Xue Bao 2009; 49:880-888. [PMID: 19873751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE A drawback of the expression of single chain antibody fragment (scFv) in prokaryotic system is the protein accumulation in the cytoplasm as inclusion body. We aimed at high-level production of an anti-aflatoxin B1 scFv in functional form. METHODS The gene of scFv-H4 was cloned into pET22b vector and transformed into E. coli BL21(DE3) and Origami (DE3),respectively. The amount of functional scFv-H4 was optimized in terms of IPTG concentration and induction temperature. RESULTS scFv-H4 could be expressed in both BL21(DE3) and Origami (DE3). Compared with BL21(DE3), Origami(DE3) could express multifunctional scFv-H4 (35 mg/mL) and less in inclusion body (11% of the total expression). The expression of scFv-H4 was significantly affected by induction temperature rather than IPTG concentration. CONCLUSION The pET22b could be used for high-level expression of the functional scFv-H4 in Origami (DE3), which has an oxidative cytoplasm. In addition,the induction at low temperature avoided the formation of inclusion body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lian Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Science and Technology, School of Food Science and Technology, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China.
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40
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Farsangi MH, Jeddi-Tehrani M, Sharifian RA, Razavi SM, Khoshnoodi J, Rabbani H, Shokri F. Analysis of the immunoglobulin heavy chain variable region gene expression in Iranian patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2009; 48:109-16. [PMID: 17325854 DOI: 10.1080/10428190601043310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia (B-CLL) results from clonal expansion of phenotypically mature but functionally immature B-lymphocytes. The incidence of this type of leukemia is low in Asian countries, whereas it is the most frequent type of leukemia in the West. Previous investigations mainly conducted in Western populations have demonstrated non-random rearrangement of certain immunoglobulin variable region heavy (VH) and/or light (VL) chain genes in different groups of B-CLL patients. Little is known about the profile of VH gene expression in Asian patients. In the present study, we determined the frequency of VH gene family usage in 59 Iranian patients with B-CLL. VH gene family of patients was determined by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction using VH1-VH7 family specific primers. The most frequently expressed VH gene family was found to be VH3 (45.8%) followed by VH4 (32.2%), VH1 (18.6%), VH5 (1.7%) and VH6 (1.7%), with no expression of VH2 and VH7 gene families. The results indicate a lower representation of the VH1 and VH2 gene families and a higher representation of the VH4 gene family in Iranian B-CLL patients compared to Western patients, suggesting involvement of ethnic and/or environmental factors in B-CLL disease initiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Hojjat Farsangi
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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41
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Kvam E, Nannenga BL, Wang MS, Jia Z, Sierks MR, Messer A. Conformational targeting of fibrillar polyglutamine proteins in live cells escalates aggregation and cytotoxicity. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5727. [PMID: 19492089 PMCID: PMC2683928 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2008] [Accepted: 04/29/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Misfolding- and aggregation-prone proteins underlying Parkinson's, Huntington's and Machado-Joseph diseases, namely alpha-synuclein, huntingtin, and ataxin-3 respectively, adopt numerous intracellular conformations during pathogenesis, including globular intermediates and insoluble amyloid-like fibrils. Such conformational diversity has complicated research into amyloid-associated intracellular dysfunction and neurodegeneration. To this end, recombinant single-chain Fv antibodies (scFvs) are compelling molecular tools that can be selected against specific protein conformations, and expressed inside cells as intrabodies, for investigative and therapeutic purposes. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Using atomic force microscopy (AFM) and live-cell fluorescence microscopy, we report that a human scFv selected against the fibrillar form of alpha-synuclein targets isomorphic conformations of misfolded polyglutamine proteins. When expressed in the cytoplasm of striatal cells, this conformation-specific intrabody co-localizes with intracellular aggregates of misfolded ataxin-3 and a pathological fragment of huntingtin, and enhances the aggregation propensity of both disease-linked polyglutamine proteins. Using this intrabody as a tool for modulating the kinetics of amyloidogenesis, we show that escalating aggregate formation of a pathologic huntingtin fragment is not cytoprotective in striatal cells, but rather heightens oxidative stress and cell death as detected by flow cytometry. Instead, cellular protection is achieved by suppressing aggregation using a previously described intrabody that binds to the amyloidogenic N-terminus of huntingtin. Analogous cytotoxic results are observed following conformational targeting of normal or polyglutamine-expanded human ataxin-3, which partially aggregate through non-polyglutamine domains. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These findings validate that the rate of aggregation modulates polyglutamine-mediated intracellular dysfunction, and caution that molecules designed to specifically hasten aggregation may be detrimental as therapies for polyglutamine disorders. Moreover, our findings introduce a novel antibody-based tool that, as a consequence of its general specificity for fibrillar conformations and its ability to function intracellularly, offers broad research potential for a variety of human amyloid diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Kvam
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
| | - Brent L. Nannenga
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Min S. Wang
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Zongjian Jia
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Michael R. Sierks
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Arizona State University, Tempe, Arizona, United States of America
| | - Anne Messer
- Wadsworth Center, New York State Department of Health, Albany, New York, United States of America
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University at Albany, Albany, New York, United States of America
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Zhao P, Tao D, Liang Z, Zhang L, Zhang Y. [A novel protein equalizer based on single chain variable fragment display M13 phage library for nephropathy patient urine study]. Se Pu 2009; 27:249-253. [PMID: 19803125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023] Open
Abstract
A novel protein equalizer was developed with single chain variable fragment (scFv) library displaying M13 phage covalently bonded on monolithic cryogel. Due to the great number and various kinds of displayed scFv fragments, as well as strong and specific binding capacity between scFv fragments and proteins, a new protein equalizer technology is preferable in the pretreatment of complex protein samples. After the sample dissolved in phosphate buffer solution (PBS), it was repeatedly loaded onto the equalizer for five times, the bound proteins were in sequence eluted by 2 mol/L NaCl and 50 mmol/L Gly-HC1 (pH 2.5) solution, followed by digestion with thrombin. All proteins or peptides collected from each fraction were further analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography-electrospray tandem mass spectrometry (RPLC-ESI-MS/MS) with a serially coupled long microcolumn. Compared with the untreated samples, the identified protein number was increased from 142 to 396. Furthermore, from sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) analysis results, it was found that the protein concentration difference was reduced obviously in the eluant of direct sample loading, and most high abundance proteins were identified in the eluant of NaCl. All these results demonstrate that the novel protein equalizer with scFv display M13 phage library immobilized on cyrogel could effectively reduce the dynamic range of proteins in complex samples, enabling the identification of more low abundance proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peng Zhao
- Dalian Institute of Chemical Physics, the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian 116023, China
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Rohatgi S, Dutta D, Tahir S, Sehgal D. Molecular Dissection of Antibody Responses against Pneumococcal Surface Protein A: Evidence for Diverse DH-Less Heavy Chain Gene Usage and Avidity Maturation. J Immunol 2009; 182:5570-85. [PMID: 19380805 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.0803254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Antibodies, Bacterial/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Bacterial/genetics
- Antibodies, Bacterial/metabolism
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/biosynthesis
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity/genetics
- Antibody Diversity/genetics
- Bacterial Proteins/immunology
- Base Sequence
- Epitopes, B-Lymphocyte/metabolism
- Female
- Gene Deletion
- Gene Rearrangement, B-Lymphocyte, Heavy Chain/genetics
- Hybridomas
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Heavy Chains/metabolism
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/genetics
- Immunoglobulin Variable Region/metabolism
- Membrane Proteins/immunology
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Inbred CBA
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Multigene Family/immunology
- Streptococcus pneumoniae/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Soma Rohatgi
- National Institute of Immunology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, India
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44
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Xiong H, Li S, Yang Z, Burgess RR, Dynan WS. E. coli expression of a soluble, active single-chain antibody variable fragment containing a nuclear localization signal. Protein Expr Purif 2009; 66:172-80. [PMID: 19281848 DOI: 10.1016/j.pep.2009.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2009] [Revised: 02/27/2009] [Accepted: 03/02/2009] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
Single-chain antibody variable fragment (scFv) proteins consist of an antibody heavy chain variable sequence joined via a flexible linker to a light chain variable sequence. Prior work has shown that ScFv 18-2 binds the DNA-dependent protein kinase catalytic subunit (DNA-PKcs) and sensitizes cancer cells to radiation following nuclear microinjection. A potential clinical delivery strategy is based on modification of the scFv so that it can be taken up into cells and imported to the nucleus. This will require development of an expression system for a nuclear localization signal (NLS)-tagged scFv derivative. We found, however, that addition of the highly basic NLS severely compromised expression in the host-vector system used for the parental scFv. After testing a variety of host strains, fusion partners, and NLS sequences and placements, successful expression was obtained with a construct containing a stabilizing N-terminal maltose binding protein tag and a single, optimized, C-terminal NLS moiety. Amylose affinity-purified ScFv 18-2 NLS protein was stable to storage at 4 degrees C in the presence of glycerol or trehalose, bound selectively to an epitope peptide, and was cleavable at an engineered Factor Xa protease site. Following lipid-mediated uptake into cultured cells, NLS-tagged ScFv 18-2, unlike the parental ScFv 18-2, localized predominantly in the cell nucleus.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hairong Xiong
- Institute of Molecular Medicine and Genetics, Medical College of Georgia, 1120 15th Street, Augusta, GA 30912, USA
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45
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Zhang JL, Wang JH, Zhong RG, Niu B. [Optimization of human anti-HBsAg scFv secretary expression in Escherichia coli]. Zhonghua Shi Yan He Lin Chuang Bing Du Xue Za Zhi 2009; 23:50-52. [PMID: 19799018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To explore the conditions for high expression of anti-HBsAg scFv A-15 in E. coli, increase the production of the scFv in the culture medium. METHODS By changing induction occasion, concentration of inductor IPTG and induction time, influence of various conditions on expression of anti-HBsAg scFv A-15 was analyzed through ELISA. In addition, the effects of sucrose, glycine and Triton X-100 at different concentrations on the scFv excretion into culture medium was evaluation. RESULTS The optimal expression conditions were as follows: the induction was started after culturing for 4 h, the concentration of IPTG was 0.5 mmol/L, and the induction lasted for 8 h. The scFv affinity in culture medium with 0.3 mol/L sucrose, 2% glycine, 1% Triton X-100, 16.78-fold higher, respectively than that without the three chemicals. The final yield of anti-HBsAg scFv A-15 was estimated to be 7.4 mg/L. CONCLUSION The conditions for production of anti-HBsAg scFv A-15 were optimized, which provides a practical method for more efficient production of the scFv in E. coli for further studying structure and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian-Lin Zhang
- Department of Biochemisty and Molecular Biology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan 030001, China
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46
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Nakahara M, Sonoda E, Nojima K, Sale JE, Takenaka K, Kikuchi K, Taniguchi Y, Nakamura K, Sumitomo Y, Bree RT, Lowndes NF, Takeda S. Genetic evidence for single-strand lesions initiating Nbs1-dependent homologous recombination in diversification of Ig v in chicken B lymphocytes. PLoS Genet 2009; 5:e1000356. [PMID: 19180185 PMCID: PMC2625440 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2008] [Accepted: 12/23/2008] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Homologous recombination (HR) is initiated by DNA double-strand breaks (DSB). However, it remains unclear whether single-strand lesions also initiate HR in genomic DNA. Chicken B lymphocytes diversify their Immunoglobulin (Ig) V genes through HR (Ig gene conversion) and non-templated hypermutation. Both types of Ig V diversification are initiated by AID-dependent abasic-site formation. Abasic sites stall replication, resulting in the formation of single-stranded gaps. These gaps can be filled by error-prone DNA polymerases, resulting in hypermutation. However, it is unclear whether these single-strand gaps can also initiate Ig gene conversion without being first converted to DSBs. The Mre11-Rad50-Nbs1 (MRN) complex, which produces 3′ single-strand overhangs, promotes the initiation of DSB-induced HR in yeast. We show that a DT40 line expressing only a truncated form of Nbs1 (Nbs1p70) exhibits defective HR-dependent DSB repair, and a significant reduction in the rate—though not the fidelity—of Ig gene conversion. Interestingly, this defective gene conversion was restored to wild type levels by overproduction of Escherichia coli SbcB, a 3′ to 5′ single-strand–specific exonuclease, without affecting DSB repair. Conversely, overexpression of chicken Exo1 increased the efficiency of DSB-induced gene-targeting more than 10-fold, with no effect on Ig gene conversion. These results suggest that Ig gene conversion may be initiated by single-strand gaps rather than by DSBs, and, like SbcB, the MRN complex in DT40 may convert AID-induced lesions into single-strand gaps suitable for triggering HR. In summary, Ig gene conversion and hypermutation may share a common substrate—single-stranded gaps. Genetic analysis of the two types of Ig V diversification in DT40 provides a unique opportunity to gain insight into the molecular mechanisms underlying the filling of gaps that arise as a consequence of replication blocks at abasic sites, by HR and error-prone polymerases. An important class of chemotherapeutic drugs used in the treatment of cancer induces DNA damage that interferes with DNA replication. The resulting block to replication results in the formation of single-strand gaps in DNA. These gaps can be filled by specialized DNA polymerases, a process associated with the introduction of mutations or by recombination with an undamaged segment of DNA with an identical or similar sequence. Our work shows that diversification of the antibody genes in the chicken B cell line DT40, which is initiated by localized replication-stalling DNA damage, proceeds by formation of a single-strand intermediate. These gaps are generated by the action of a specific nuclease complex, comprising the Mre11, Rad50, and Nbs1 proteins, which have previously been implicated in the initiation of homologous recombination from double-strand breaks. However, in this context, their dysfunction can be reversed by the expression of a bacterial single-strand–specific nuclease, SbcB. Antibody diversification in DT40 thus provides an excellent model for studying the process of replication-stalling DNA damage and will allow a more detailed understanding of the mechanisms underlying gap repair and cellular tolerance of chemotherapeutic agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Nakahara
- CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- Department of Radiation Genetics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Eiichiro Sonoda
- CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Kuniharu Nojima
- CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Julian E. Sale
- Medical Research Council Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Division of Protein and Nucleic Acid Chemistry, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Katsuya Takenaka
- CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Koji Kikuchi
- CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | | | - Kyoko Nakamura
- CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Sumitomo
- CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
| | - Ronan T. Bree
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Noel F. Lowndes
- Genome Stability Laboratory, Department of Biochemistry, National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
- National Centre for Biomedical Engineering Science, National University of Ireland-Galway, Galway, Ireland
| | - Shunichi Takeda
- CREST Research Project, Japan Science and Technology Agency, Saitama, Japan
- * E-mail:
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47
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Degner SC, Wong TP, Jankevicius G, Feeney AJ. Cutting edge: developmental stage-specific recruitment of cohesin to CTCF sites throughout immunoglobulin loci during B lymphocyte development. J Immunol 2009; 182:44-8. [PMID: 19109133 PMCID: PMC2625297 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.182.1.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Contraction of the large Igh and Igkappa loci brings all V genes, spanning >2.5 Mb in each locus, in proximity to DJ(H) or J(kappa) genes. CCCTC-binding factor (CTCF) is a transcription factor that regulates gene expression by long-range chromosomal looping. We therefore hypothesized that CTCF may be crucial for the contraction of the Ig loci, but no CTCF sites have been described in any V loci. Using ChIP-chip, we demonstrated many CTCF sites in the V(H) and V(kappa) regions. However, CTCF enrichment in the Igh locus, but not the Igkappa locus, was largely unchanged throughout differentiation, suggesting that CTCF binding alone cannot be responsible for stage-specific looping. Because cohesin can colocalize with CTCF, we performed chromatin immunoprecipitation for the cohesin subunit Rad21 and found lineage and stage-specific Rad21 recruitment to CTCF in all Ig loci. The differential binding of cohesin to CTCF sites may promote multiple loop formation and thus effective V(D)J recombination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephanie C. Degner
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Timothy P. Wong
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Gytis Jankevicius
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
| | - Ann J. Feeney
- Department of Immunology and Microbial Science The Scripps Research Institute La Jolla, CA 92037
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48
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Tavri S, Jha P, Meier R, Henning TD, Müller T, Hostetter D, Knopp C, Johansson M, Reinhart V, Boddington S, Sista A, Wels WS, Daldrup-Link HE. Optical imaging of cellular immunotherapy against prostate cancer. Mol Imaging 2009; 8:15-26. [PMID: 19344572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to track fluorophore-labeled, tumor-targeted natural killer (NK) cells to human prostate cancer xenografts with optical imaging (OI). NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-zeta cells targeted to the epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) antigen on prostate cancer cells and nontargeted NK-92 parental cells were labeled with the near-infrared dye DiD (1,1'-dioctadecyl-3,3,3',3'-tetramethylindodicarbocyanine). The fluorescence, viability, and cytotoxicity of the labeled cells were evaluated. Subsequently, 12 athymic rats with prostate cancer xenografts underwent OI scans before and up to 24 hours postinjection of DiD-labeled parental NK-92 cells or NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-zeta cells. The tumor fluorescence intensity was measured and compared between pre- and postinjection scans and between both groups using t-tests. OI data were confirmed with fluorescence microscopy. In vitro studies demonstrated a significant increase in the fluorescence of labeled cells compared with unlabeled controls, which persisted over a period of 24 hours without any significant change in the viability. In vivo studies demonstrated a significant increase in tumor fluorescence at 24 hours postinjection of tumor-targeted NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-zeta cells but not parental NK cells. Ex vivo OI scans and fluorescence microscopy confirmed a specific accumulation of NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-zeta cells but not parental NK cells in the tumors. Tumor-targeted NK-92-scFv(MOC31)-zeta cells could be tracked to prostate cancer xenografts with OI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sidhartha Tavri
- Department of Radiology, University of California-San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 941143-0628, USA
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49
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Hao SM, Li Q, Wang CY, Wang HL, Yang ST, Xia XZ. [Cloning and expression of single-chain Fv antibodies against H5N1 Avian influenza virus hemagglutinin]. Bing Du Xue Bao 2009; 25:63-67. [PMID: 19437889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
To construct Fv antibodies against H5N1 Avian influenza virus hemagglutinin,extracted mRNA from B lymphoblastoid cell lines secreting anti-HA antibodies was used and the VH and VL genes were amplified by RT-PCR and linked together by splicing overlap extension (SOE) with (Gly4 Ser)3 linker. The recombinant plasmid was then transformed to E. coli BL21(DE3) and sequence analysis indicated the total length of scFv was 714 bp and the expression of Fv was validated by PAGE and Western blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shu-mei Hao
- Changchun University of Science and Technology, Changchun 130022, China.
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50
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Abstract
The poor biophysical properties of antibody fragments such as scFvs and diabodies can preclude their use as therapeutic agents. The non-ideal biophysical properties and insufficient thermal stability of antibody fragments often leads to poor expression, poor solubility, and a predisposition of the proteins to aggregate. We have developed a general platform for engineering stability into antibody fragments. By promoting Escherichia coli cultures to secrete scFvs directly into growth media, automated screening methods can be applied to empirically evaluate multiple stability design strategies including rational, sequence-based, and structure-based designs. Once stabilized, these antibody fragments demonstrate improved expression and durability during purification, handling, and storage. Stabilized antibody fragments can also be used as building blocks for multivalent or bispecific antibody-like molecules.
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