1
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Jeon MJ, Yu ES, Choi CW, Kim DS. Identification and overcoming rituximab resistance in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma using next-generation sequencing. Korean J Intern Med 2023; 38:893-902. [PMID: 37599392 PMCID: PMC10636549 DOI: 10.3904/kjim.2023.134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2023] [Revised: 04/20/2023] [Accepted: 05/09/2023] [Indexed: 08/22/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Although rituximab, an antiCD20 monoclonal antibody, has dramatically improved the clinical outcomes of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma, rituximab resistance remains a challenge. METHODS We developed a rituximab-resistant cell line (RRCL) by sequential exposure to gradually increasing concentrations of rituximab in a rituximab-sensitive cell line (RSCL). When the same dose of rituximab was administered, RRCL showed a smaller decrease in cell viability and apoptosis than RSCL. To determine the differences in gene expression between RSCL and RRCL, we performed next-generation sequencing. RESULTS In total, 1,879 differentially expressed genes were identified, and in the over-representation analysis of Consensus-PathDB, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway showed statistical significance. MAPK13, which encodes the p38δ protein, was expressed more than four-fold in RRCL. Western blot analysis revealed that phosphop38 expression mainwas increased in RRCL, and when p38 inhibitor was administered, phosphop38 expression was significantly decreased. Therefore, we hypothesized that p38 MAPK activation was associated with rituximab resistance. Previous studies have suggested that p38 is associated with NF-κB activation. Deferasirox has been reported to inhibit NF-κB activity and suppress phosphorylation of the MAPK pathway. Furthermore, it also has cytotoxic effects on various cancers and synergistic effects in overcoming drug resistance. In this study, we confirmed that deferasirox induced dose-dependent cytotoxicity in both RSCL and RRCL, and the combination of deferasirox and rituximab showed a synergistic effect in RRCL at all combination concentrations. CONCLUSION We suggest that p38 MAPK, especially p38δ, activation is associated with rituximab resistance, and deferasirox may be a candidate to overcome rituximab resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Humans
- Rituximab/pharmacology
- Rituximab/therapeutic use
- Deferasirox/pharmacology
- Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase 13/genetics
- NF-kappa B
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/pharmacology
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/drug therapy
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Apoptosis
- High-Throughput Nucleotide Sequencing
- Cell Line, Tumor
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/pharmacology
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Ji Jeon
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Eun Sang Yu
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Won Choi
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae Sik Kim
- Division of Hematology-Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, Guro Hospital, Korea University School of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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2
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Favoino E, Prete M, Catacchio G, Conteduca G, Perosa F. CD20-Mimotope Peptides: A Model to Define the Molecular Basis of Epitope Spreading. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081920. [PMID: 31003532 PMCID: PMC6515264 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081920] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2019] [Revised: 04/12/2019] [Accepted: 04/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Antigen-mimicking peptide (mimotope)-based vaccines are one of the most promising forms of active-immunotherapy. The main drawback of this approach is that it induces antibodies that react poorly with the nominal antigen. The aim of this study was to investigate the molecular basis underlying the weak antibody response induced against the naïve protein after peptide vaccination. For this purpose, we analyzed the fine specificity of monoclonal antibodies (mAb) elicited with a 13-mer linear peptide, complementary to theantigen-combining site of the anti-CD20 mAb, Rituximab, in BALB/c mice. Anti-peptide mAb competed with Rituximab for peptide binding. Even so, they recognized a different antigenic motif from the one recognized by Rituximab. This explains their lack of reactivity with membrane (naïve) CD20. These data indicate that even on a short peptide the immunogenic and antigenic motifs may be different. These findings highlight an additional mechanism for epitope spreading and should be taken into account when designing peptides for vaccine purposes.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antigens, CD20/genetics
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- Binding Sites, Antibody/genetics
- Epitopes/genetics
- Epitopes/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Peptide Library
- Peptides/genetics
- Peptides/immunology
- Rituximab/genetics
- Rituximab/immunology
- Vaccination/methods
- Vaccines, Subunit/genetics
- Vaccines, Subunit/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Elvira Favoino
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Rheumatologic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Marcella Prete
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Rheumatologic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giacomo Catacchio
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Rheumatologic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Giuseppina Conteduca
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Rheumatologic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
| | - Federico Perosa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences and Human Oncology (DIMO), Rheumatologic and Systemic Autoimmune Diseases Unit, University of Bari Medical School, I-70124 Bari, Italy.
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3
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Van der Weken H, Cox E, Devriendt B. Rapid production of a chimeric antibody-antigen fusion protein based on 2A-peptide cleavage and green fluorescent protein expression in CHO cells. MAbs 2019; 11:559-568. [PMID: 30694096 PMCID: PMC6512901 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2019.1574531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
To enable large-scale antibody production, the creation of a stable, high producer cell line is essential. This process often takes longer than 6 months using standard limited dilution techniques and is very labor intensive. The use of a tri-cistronic vector expressing green fluorescent protein (GFP) and both antibody chains, separated by a GT2A peptide sequence, allows expression of all proteins under a single promotor in equimolar ratios. By combining the advantages of 2A peptide cleavage and single cell sorting, a chimeric antibody-antigen fusion protein that contained the variable domains of mouse IgG with a porcine IgA constant domain fused to the FedF antigen could be produced in CHO-K1 cells. After transfection, a strong correlation was found between antibody production and GFP expression (r = 0.69) using image analysis of formed monolayer patches. This enables the rapid selection of GFP-positive clones using automated image analysis for the selection of high producer clones. This vector design allowed the rapid selection of high producer clones within a time-frame of 4 weeks after transfection. The highest producing clone had a specific antibody productivity of 2.32 pg/cell/day. Concentrations of 34 mg/L were obtained using shake-flask batch culture. The produced recombinant antibody showed stable expression, binding and minimal degradation. In the future, this antibody will be assessed for its effectiveness as an oral vaccine antigen.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hans Van der Weken
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ughent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eric Cox
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ughent, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Bert Devriendt
- Laboratory of Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ughent, Ghent, Belgium
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4
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Murer P, Kiefer JD, Plüss L, Matasci M, Blümich SL, Stringhini M, Neri D. Targeted Delivery of TNF Potentiates the Antibody-Dependent Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity of an Anti-Melanoma Immunoglobulin. J Invest Dermatol 2018; 139:1339-1348. [PMID: 30543899 DOI: 10.1016/j.jid.2018.11.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
The recombinant murine IgG2a antibody TA99, directed against a melanoma antigen, was used to study combination modalities that potentiate antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity. As previously reported, IgG2a(TA99) was extremely efficacious in preventing the growth of B16 lung metastases. However, the same antibody mediated only minimal tumor growth retardation when used to treat established neoplastic masses. The therapeutic activity of IgG2a(TA99) could be substantially enhanced by co-administration with an antibody-cytokine fusion (TA99-murine tumor necrosis factor [mTNF]), consisting of the TA99 antibody in single-chain variable fragment format fused to murine TNF. This fusion protein efficiently killed endothelial cells in vitro and displayed only minimal activity against B16 melanoma cells. In vivo, TA99-mTNF boosted the influx of natural killer cells and macrophages into B16 melanoma lesions. Therapy studies with two different administration schedules showed that the combination of TA99-mTNF and IgG2a(TA99) was superior to the individual products used as single agents. The combination treatment converted most of the tumor mass into a necrotic lesion, but a vital tumor rim eventually regrew, even when dacarbazine was included in the therapeutic regimen. The treatment modality described in this article may be applicable to the treatment of melanoma patients, given the specificity of the gp75 antigen and its conservation across species.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/administration & dosage
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/isolation & purification
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Line, Tumor/transplantation
- Cricetulus
- Drug Administration Schedule
- Drug Screening Assays, Antitumor
- Female
- Humans
- Immunoconjugates/administration & dosage
- Immunoconjugates/genetics
- Immunoconjugates/isolation & purification
- Immunoglobulin G/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/drug therapy
- Melanoma, Experimental/immunology
- Melanoma, Experimental/pathology
- Membrane Glycoproteins/immunology
- Mice
- Oxidoreductases/immunology
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/administration & dosage
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Fusion Proteins/isolation & purification
- Skin Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Skin Neoplasms/immunology
- Skin Neoplasms/pathology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/administration & dosage
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/genetics
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/isolation & purification
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrizia Murer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jonathan D Kiefer
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Louis Plüss
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Sandra L Blümich
- Laboratory for Animal Model Pathology, Institute of Veterinary Pathology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Marco Stringhini
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Dario Neri
- Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, Switzerland.
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5
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O'Rourke SM, Yu B, Morales JF, Didinger CM, Alexander DL, Vollmers C, Berman PW. Production of a recombinant monoclonal antibody to Herpes Simplex Virus glycoprotein D for immunoaffinity purification of tagged proteins. J Immunol Methods 2018; 465:31-38. [PMID: 30502324 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2018.11.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/27/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a stable Chinese Hamster Ovary (CHO) cell line for the production of a recombinant monoclonal antibody (mAb) to a short protein sequence derived from the N-terminus of human herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein D (HSV-1 gD). The antibody (designated r34.1) provides a useful tool for the immunoaffinity purification of HSV-1 gD tagged proteins, and provides a generic purification system by which various proteins and peptides can be purified. Recombinant 34.1 was assembled using cDNA derived from a HSV-1 gD specific murine hybridoma engineered to encode a full-length IgG molecule. Antibody expression cassettes were transfected into CHO-S cells, and a stable cell-line expressing up to 500 mg/L of antibody, isolated. Affinity purified r34.1 exhibited nanomolar affinity for its cognate ligand, and is stable throughout multiple cycles of immunoaffinity purification involving ligand binding at neutral pH, followed by acid elution. The HSV-1 gD tag expression and purification strategy has been used to enhance the secretion and purification of several vaccine immunogens including HIV envelope protein rgp120s, but the protocol has potential for generic application.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/chemistry
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Viral/chemistry
- Antibodies, Viral/genetics
- Antibodies, Viral/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cricetulus
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/chemistry
- Herpesvirus 1, Human/immunology
- Humans
- Mice
- Recombinant Proteins/chemistry
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/immunology
- Viral Envelope Proteins/chemistry
- Viral Envelope Proteins/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara M O'Rourke
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Bin Yu
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Askgene Pharma, Inc., Camarillo, CA 93021, USA
| | - Javier F Morales
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA; Eureka Therapeutics, Emeryville, CA 94608, USA
| | - Chelsea M Didinger
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - David L Alexander
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Christopher Vollmers
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA
| | - Phillip W Berman
- Department of Biomolecular Engineering, The University of California at Santa Cruz, Santa Cruz, CA, USA.
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6
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Chen R, Sanchez J, Rosen ST. Clinical Management Updates in Mantle Cell Lymphoma. Oncology (Williston Park) 2016; 30:353-360. [PMID: 27083466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Mantle cell lymphoma is an aggressive B-cell non-Hodgkin lymphoma that is often considered incurable. Different clinical and biological biomarkers can be utilized to categorize this lymphoma into various risk levels. Several randomized trials reported in 2015 shed light on the optimal induction therapy. Recent advances include: (1) identification of new pathways to target, (2) novel therapeutics to treat patients with relapsed/refractory disease, and (3) monitoring of minimal residual disease and adoption of a maintenance therapy approach to prevent relapses post induction or post stem cell transplantation. Due to the efforts of translational/clinical research, the overall survival of patients with mantle cell lymphoma has increased and should continue to improve.
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7
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Green BJ, Nayak AP, Lemons AR, Rittenour WR, Hettick JM, Beezhold DH. Production of a Chaetomium globosum enolase monoclonal antibody. Monoclon Antib Immunodiagn Immunother 2016; 33:428-37. [PMID: 25495488 DOI: 10.1089/mab.2014.0042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Chaetomium globosum is a hydrophilic fungal species and a contaminant of water-damaged building materials in North America. Methods to detect Chaetomium species include subjective identification of ascospores, viable culture, or molecular-based detection methods. In this study, we describe the production and initial characterization of a monoclonal antibody (MAb) for C. globosum enolase. MAb 1C7, a murine IgG1 isotype MAb, was produced and reacted with recombinant C. globosum enolase (rCgEno) in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and with a putative C. globosum enolase in a Western blot. Epitope mapping showed MAb 1C7 specific reactivity to an enolase decapeptide, LTYEELANLY, that is highly conserved within the fungal class Sordariomycetes. Cross-reactivity studies showed MAb 1C7 reactivity to C. atrobrunneum but not C. indicum. MAb 1C7 did not react with enolase from Aspergillus fumigatus, which is divergent in only two amino acids within this epitope. The results of this study suggest potential utility of MAb 1C7 in Western blot applications for the detection of Chaetomium and other Sordariomycetes species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Brett J Green
- Allergy and Clinical Immunology Branch, Health Effects Laboratory Division, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health , Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, Morgantown, West Virginia
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8
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Kowalczyk-Quintas C, Willen L, Dang AT, Sarrasin H, Tardivel A, Hermes K, Schneider H, Gaide O, Donzé O, Kirby N, Headon DJ, Schneider P. Generation and characterization of function-blocking anti-ectodysplasin A (EDA) monoclonal antibodies that induce ectodermal dysplasia. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4273-85. [PMID: 24391090 PMCID: PMC3924290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of ectodermal appendages, such as hair, teeth, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands, requires the action of the TNF family ligand ectodysplasin A (EDA). Mutations of the X-linked EDA gene cause reduction or absence of many ectodermal appendages and have been identified as a cause of ectodermal dysplasia in humans, mice, dogs, and cattle. We have generated blocking antibodies, raised in Eda-deficient mice, against the conserved, receptor-binding domain of EDA. These antibodies recognize epitopes overlapping the receptor-binding site and prevent EDA from binding and activating EDAR at close to stoichiometric ratios in in vitro binding and activity assays. The antibodies block EDA1 and EDA2 of both mammalian and avian origin and, in vivo, suppress the ability of recombinant Fc-EDA1 to rescue ectodermal dysplasia in Eda-deficient Tabby mice. Moreover, administration of EDA blocking antibodies to pregnant wild type mice induced in developing wild type fetuses a marked and permanent ectodermal dysplasia. These function-blocking anti-EDA antibodies with wide cross-species reactivity will enable study of the developmental and postdevelopmental roles of EDA in a variety of organisms and open the route to therapeutic intervention in conditions in which EDA may be implicated.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/toxicity
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/toxicity
- Autoantibodies/genetics
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantibodies/toxicity
- Base Sequence
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Dogs
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/chemically induced
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/genetics
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/immunology
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/metabolism
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/pathology
- Ectodysplasins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ectodysplasins/genetics
- Ectodysplasins/immunology
- Ectodysplasins/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pregnancy
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Laure Willen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anh Thu Dang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Sarrasin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Aubry Tardivel
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Hermes
- the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holm Schneider
- the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olivier Gaide
- the Department of Dermatology, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Neil Kirby
- Edimer Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and
| | - Denis J. Headon
- the Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Schneider
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
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9
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Abstract
Antibody development is still associated with substantial risks and difficulties as single mutations can radically change molecule properties like thermodynamic stability, solubility or viscosity. Since antibody generation methodologies cannot select and optimize for molecule properties which are important for biotechnological applications, careful sequence analysis and optimization is necessary to develop antibodies that fulfil the ambitious requirements of future drugs. While efforts to grab the physical principles of undesired molecule properties from the very bottom are becoming increasingly powerful, the wealth of publically available antibody sequences provides an alternative way to develop early assessment strategies for antibodies using a statistical approach which is the objective of this paper. Here, publically available sequences were used to develop heuristic potentials for the framework regions of heavy and light chains of antibodies of human and murine origin. The potentials take into account position dependent probabilities of individual amino acids but also conditional probabilities which are inevitable for sequence assessment and optimization. It is shown that the potentials derived from human sequences clearly distinguish between human sequences and sequences from mice and, hence, can be used as a measure of humaness which compares a given sequence with the phenotypic pool of human sequences instead of comparing sequence identities to germline genes. Following this line, it is demonstrated that, using the developed potentials, humanization of an antibody can be described as a simple mathematical optimization problem and that the in-silico generated framework variants closely resemble native sequences in terms of predicted immunogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Seeliger
- Departement of Lead Identification and Optimization Support, Boehringer Ingelheim Pharma GmbH & Co. KG, Biberach/Riss, Germany
- * E-mail:
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10
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Janda A, Eryilmaz E, Nakouzi A, Cowburn D, Casadevall A. Variable region identical immunoglobulins differing in isotype express different paratopes. J Biol Chem 2012; 287:35409-35417. [PMID: 22930758 PMCID: PMC3471687 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m112.404483] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2012] [Revised: 08/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The finding that the antibody (Ab) constant (C) region can influence fine specificity suggests that isotype switching contributes to the generation of Ab diversity and idiotype restriction. Despite the centrality of this observation for diverse immunological effects such as vaccine responses, isotype-restricted antibody responses, and the origin of primary and secondary responses, the molecular mechanism(s) responsible for this phenomenon are not understood. In this study, we have taken a novel approach to the problem by probing the paratope with (15)N label peptide mimetics followed by NMR spectroscopy and fluorescence emission spectroscopy. Specifically, we have explored the hypothesis that the C region imposes conformational constraints on the variable (V) region to affect paratope structure in a V region identical IgG(1), IgG(2a), IgG(2b), and IgG(3) mAbs. The results reveal isotype-related differences in fluorescence emission spectroscopy and temperature-related differences in binding and cleavage of a peptide mimetic. We conclude that the C region can modify the V region structure to alter the Ab paratope, thus providing an explanation for how isotype can affect Ab specificity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alena Janda
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Ertan Eryilmaz
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Antonio Nakouzi
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - David Cowburn
- Department of Biochemistry, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461
| | - Arturo Casadevall
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461; Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, The Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461.
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11
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Juarez K, Dubberke G, Lugo P, Koch-Nolte F, Buck F, Haag F, Licea A. Monoclonal antibodies for the identification and purification of vNAR domains and IgNAR immunoglobulins from the horn shark Heterodontus francisci. Hybridoma (Larchmt) 2012; 30:323-9. [PMID: 21851231 DOI: 10.1089/hyb.2011.0010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
In addition to conventional antibodies, cartilaginous fish have evolved a distinctive type of immunoglobulin, designated as IgNAR, which lacks the light polypeptide chains and is composed entirely by heavy chains. IgNAR molecules can be manipulated by molecular engineering to produce the variable domain of a single heavy chain polypeptide (vNARs). These, together with the VHH camel domains, constitute the smallest naturally occurring domains able to recognize an antigen. Their special features, such as small size, long extended finger-like CDR3, and thermal and chemical stability, make them suitable candidates for biotechnological purposes. Here we describe the generation of two mouse monoclonal antibodies (MAbs), MAb 370-12 and MAb 533-10, that both specifically react with vNAR domains of the horn shark Heterodontus francisci. While the former recognizes a broad spectrum of recombinant vNAR proteins, the latter is more restricted. MAb 370-12 precipitated a single band from whole shark serum, which was identified as IgNAR by mass spectrometry. Additionally, we used MAb 370-12 to follow the IgNAR-mediated immune response of sharks during immunization protocols with two different antigens (complete cells and a synthethic peptide), thus corroborating that MAb 370-12 recognizes both isolated vNAR domains and whole IgNAR molecules. Both MAbs represent an affordable molecular, biochemical, and biotechnological tool in the field of shark single-domain antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karla Juarez
- Department of Marine Biotechnology, Centro de Investigacion Cientifica y de Educacion Superior de Ensenada, Ensenada, Baja California, Mexico
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Rudman SM, Josephs DH, Cambrook H, Karagiannis P, Gilbert AE, Dodev T, Hunt J, Koers A, Montes A, Taams L, Canevari S, Figini M, Blower PJ, Beavil AJ, Nicodemus CF, Corrigan C, Kaye SB, Nestle FO, Gould HJ, Spicer JF, Karagiannis SN. Harnessing engineered antibodies of the IgE class to combat malignancy: initial assessment of FcɛRI-mediated basophil activation by a tumour-specific IgE antibody to evaluate the risk of type I hypersensitivity. Clin Exp Allergy 2011; 41:1400-13. [PMID: 21569129 DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2222.2011.03770.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND IgE antibodies, sequestered into tissues and retained locally by the high-affinity IgE receptor, FcɛRI, on powerful effector cells such as mast cells, macrophages and eosinophils, may offer improvements in the therapy of solid tumours. The chimeric antibody, MOv18 IgE, against the human ovarian carcinoma antigen, folate receptor α (FRα), is more effective than its IgG1 counterpart in xenograft models of ovarian cancer. Although MOv18 IgE binds to a single epitope on FRα and cannot cross-link IgE receptors on basophils, there remains a risk that components in the circulation of ovarian cancer patients might cross-link FRα-MOv18-IgE-receptor-FcɛRI complexes on basophils to cause type I hypersensitivity. OBJECTIVE To assess the propensity for MOv18 used in a therapeutic setting to cause FcɛRI-mediated type I hypersensitivity. METHODS As validated readouts of the potential for MOv18 to cause FcɛRI-mediated type I hypersensitivity we measured release of a granule-stored mediator from a rat basophilic leukaemia cell line RBL SX-38 stably transfected with human tetrameric (αβγ2) FcɛRI, and induction of CD63 on blood basophils from patients with ovarian carcinoma and healthy controls ex vivo. RESULTS Serum FRα levels were increased in ovarian cancer patients compared with healthy controls. MOv18 IgE alone, or in the presence of its antigen recombinant human FRα, or of healthy volunteer (n=14) or ovarian carcinoma patient (n=32) sera, did not induce RBL SX-38 cell degranulation. Exposure to FRα-expressing ovarian tumour cells at target-to-effector ratios expected within tumours induced degranulation. MOv18 IgE did not induce expression of CD63 in blood basophils from either healthy volunteers (n=6), or cancer patients, despite detectable levels of circulating FRα (n=5). CONCLUSION AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE These encouraging data are compatible with the hypothesis that, when ovarian carcinoma patients are treated with MOv18, FcɛRI-mediated activation of effector cells occurs within the tumour mass but not in the circulation mandating, with due caution, further pre-clinical studies.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/adverse effects
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibody Specificity
- Antigens, Neoplasm/immunology
- Basophils/immunology
- Carcinoma/immunology
- Carcinoma/therapy
- Cell Degranulation
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Female
- Folate Receptor 1/blood
- Folate Receptor 1/immunology
- Folate Receptor 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/etiology
- Hypersensitivity, Immediate/immunology
- Immunoglobulin E/genetics
- Immunoglobulin E/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Protein Engineering
- Rats
- Receptors, IgE/immunology
- Tetraspanin 30/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Rudman
- NIHR Biomedical Research Centre at Guy's and St Thomas's Hospitals and King's College London, Cutaneous Medicine & Immunotherapy Unit, St John's Institute of Dermatology, Division of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, King's College London School of Medicine, Guy's Hospital, King's College London, London, UK
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Lu Y, Vernes JM, Chiang N, Ou Q, Ding J, Adams C, Hong K, Truong BT, Ng D, Shen A, Nakamura G, Gong Q, Presta LG, Beresini M, Kelley B, Lowman H, Wong WL, Meng YG. Identification of IgG(1) variants with increased affinity to FcγRIIIa and unaltered affinity to FcγRI and FcRn: comparison of soluble receptor-based and cell-based binding assays. J Immunol Methods 2010; 365:132-41. [PMID: 21185301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jim.2010.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2010] [Revised: 10/11/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Clinical response to the anti-CD20 antibody rituximab has been demonstrated to correlate with the polymorphism in the FcγRIIIa receptor where patients homozygous for the higher affinity V158 allotype showed a better response rate. This finding suggests that engineering of anti-CD20 for increased FcγRIIIa affinity could result in improved clinical outcome. To identify variants with increased affinity to FcγRIIIa, we developed quantitative assays using soluble receptors as well as engineered cell lines expressing FcγRI or FcγRIIIa on the cell surface. We assayed a set of anti-CD20 IgG(1) variants that had identical Fab regions, but alterations in the Fc regions, in both the soluble receptor-based and cell-based FcγRIIIa binding assays. We obtained similar relative binding affinity increases and assay precisions. The increase in affinity for FcγRIIIa correlated with the increase in activity in the antibody-dependent cellular cytotoxicity assay. These variants had unaltered FcγRI binding. In addition to Fcγ receptors, IgG also binds to FcRn, the receptor responsible for the long circulating half-life of IgG. The mutations in the anti-CD20 variants were previously found not to affect FcRn binding in the soluble receptor-based assays; consequently, we used anti-Her2 variants with different binding affinities to FcRn to study FcRn binding assays. We generated a cell line expressing FcRn on the cell surface to measure IgG binding and obtained similar ranking of these anti-Her2 variants in the cell-based and the soluble receptor-based FcRn binding assays. In conclusion, both the soluble receptor-based and cell-based binding assays can be used to identify IgG(1) variants with increased affinity to FcγRIIIa and unaltered affinity to FcγRI and FcRn.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Substitution
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/metabolism
- Antibody Affinity
- Antibody-Dependent Cell Cytotoxicity
- Antigens, CD20/immunology
- B-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CHO Cells
- Cell Membrane/immunology
- Cricetinae
- Cricetulus
- Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay
- Genetic Variation
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/genetics
- Histocompatibility Antigens Class I/metabolism
- Humans
- Immunoglobulin G/genetics
- Immunoglobulin G/metabolism
- In Vitro Techniques
- Killer Cells, Natural/immunology
- Kinetics
- Mice
- Mice, Transgenic
- Protein Binding
- Protein Engineering
- Receptor, ErbB-2/antagonists & inhibitors
- Receptor, ErbB-2/immunology
- Receptors, Fc/genetics
- Receptors, Fc/metabolism
- Receptors, IgG/genetics
- Receptors, IgG/metabolism
- Recombinant Proteins/genetics
- Recombinant Proteins/metabolism
- Rituximab
- Solubility
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanmei Lu
- Assay and Automation Technology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
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Nozaki H, Yanagida M, Koide KI, Shiotani K, Kinoshita M, Kobayashi Y, Watarai S, Nakamura K, Suzuki A, Ariga T, Kushi Y. Production and characterization of monoclonal antibodies specific to lactotriaosylceramide. Glycobiology 2010; 20:1631-42. [PMID: 20693232 DOI: 10.1093/glycob/cwq117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We have established hybridoma cell lines producing monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed to N-acetylglucosaminylβ1-3galactose (GlcNAcβ1-3Gal) residue by immunizing BALB/c mice with lactotriaosylceramide (Lc(3)Cer). These obtained hybridoma cells, specific to Lc(3)Cer, were dual immunoglobulin (Ig)-producing cells which secreted both IgM and IgG molecules as antibodies. The established mAbs are able to react with not only Lc(3)Cer but also GlcNAcβ1-3-terminal glycosphingolipids (GSLs) despite branching or lactosamine chain lengths and human transferrin with terminal GlcNAc residues. Comparison of the variable regions of the cloned IgM and IgG by reversed transcription-polymerase chain reaction analysis confirmed that the variable regions determine the specificity, the other amino acids are conserved, and these mAbs are encoded by J558 and Vκ-21family genes. Furthermore, we have analyzed the expression of GSLs with GlcNAcβ1-3 epitope in acute leukemia cell lines and mouse fetal tissues using these mAbs, in which antigens were distributed comparatively. These mAbs are useful for studying the precise distribution of GlcNAcβ1-3Gal-terminating GSL expression in tissues as well as for detecting GSLs carrying terminal GlcNAcβ1-3Gal carbohydrate structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirofumi Nozaki
- Department of Agriculture and Life Science, Obihiro University of Agriculture and Veterinary Medicine, Obihiro, Hokkaido 080-8555, Japan
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