1
|
Papadopoulou A, Bountouvi E. Skeletal defects and bone metabolism in Noonan, Costello and cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1231828. [PMID: 37964950 PMCID: PMC10641803 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1231828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/16/2023] Open
Abstract
Noonan, Costello and Cardio-facio-cutaneous syndromes belong to a group of disorders named RASopathies due to their common pathogenetic origin that lies on the Ras/MAPK signaling pathway. Genetics has eased, at least in part, the distinction of these entities as they are presented with overlapping clinical features which, sometimes, become more pronounced with age. Distinctive face, cardiac and skeletal defects are among the primary abnormalities seen in these patients. Skeletal dysmorphisms range from mild to severe and may include anterior chest wall anomalies, scoliosis, kyphosis, short stature, hand anomalies, muscle weakness, osteopenia or/and osteoporosis. Patients usually have increased serum concentrations of bone resorption markers, while markers of bone formation are within normal range. The causative molecular defects encompass the members of the Ras/MAPK/ERK pathway and the adjacent cascades, important for the maintenance of normal bone homeostasis. It has been suggested that modulation of the expression of specific molecules involved in the processes of bone remodeling may affect the osteogenic fate decision, potentially, bringing out new pharmaceutical targets. Currently, the laboratory imprint of bone metabolism on the clinical picture of the affected individuals is not clear, maybe due to the rarity of these syndromes, the small number of the recruited patients and the methods used for the description of their clinical and biochemical profiles.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anna Papadopoulou
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, University General Hospital “Attikon”, Medical School, National & Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | | |
Collapse
|
2
|
Abstract
The transcription factor p63 regulates epidermal genes and the enhancer landscape in skin keratinocytes. Its molecular function in controlling the chromatin structure is, however, not yet completely understood. Here, we integrated multi-omics profiles, including the transcriptome, transcription factor DNA-binding and chromatin accessibility, in skin keratinocytes isolated from EEC syndrome patients carrying p63 mutations, to examine the role of p63 in shaping the chromatin architecture. We found decreased chromatin accessibility in p63- and CTCF-bound open chromatin regions that potentially contributed to gene deregulation in mutant keratinocytes. Cooperation of p63 and CTCF seemed to assist chromatin interactions between p63-bound enhancers and gene promoters in skin keratinocytes. Our study suggests an intriguing model where cell type-specific transcription factors such as p63 cooperate with the genome organizer CTCF in the three-dimensional chromatin space to regulate the transcription program important for the proper cell identity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jieqiong Qu
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Guoqiang Yi
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Present Address: Center for Animal Genomics, Agricultural Genome Institute at Shenzhen, Chinese
Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Shenzhen, 518124 China
| | - Huiqing Zhou
- Department of Molecular Developmental Biology, Faculty of Science, Radboud Institute for Molecular Life Sciences, Radboud University, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
- Department of Human Genetics, Radboud University Medical Centre, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Wright JT, Fete M, Schneider H, Zinser M, Koster MI, Clarke AJ, Hadj-Rabia S, Tadini G, Pagnan N, Visinoni AF, Bergendal B, Abbott B, Fete T, Stanford C, Butcher C, D'Souza RN, Sybert VP, Morasso MI. Ectodermal dysplasias: Classification and organization by phenotype, genotype and molecular pathway. Am J Med Genet A 2019; 179:442-447. [PMID: 30703280 PMCID: PMC6421567 DOI: 10.1002/ajmg.a.61045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/29/2018] [Revised: 12/19/2018] [Accepted: 12/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
An international advisory group met at the National Institutes of Health in Bethesda, Maryland in 2017, to discuss a new classification system for the ectodermal dysplasias (EDs) that would integrate both clinical and molecular information. We propose the following, a working definition of the EDs building on previous classification systems and incorporating current approaches to diagnosis: EDs are genetic conditions affecting the development and/or homeostasis of two or more ectodermal derivatives, including hair, teeth, nails, and certain glands. Genetic variations in genes known to be associated with EDs that affect only one derivative of the ectoderm (attenuated phenotype) will be grouped as non-syndromic traits of the causative gene (e.g., non-syndromic hypodontia or missing teeth associated with pathogenic variants of EDA "ectodysplasin"). Information for categorization and cataloging includes the phenotypic features, Online Mendelian Inheritance in Man number, mode of inheritance, genetic alteration, major developmental pathways involved (e.g., EDA, WNT "wingless-type," TP63 "tumor protein p63") or the components of complex molecular structures (e.g., connexins, keratins, cadherins).
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John Timothy Wright
- Department of Pediatric Dentistry, Bauer Hall CB#7450, School of Dentistry, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina
| | - Mary Fete
- National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias, Fairview Heights, Illinois
| | - Holm Schneider
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Madelaine Zinser
- National Foundation for Ectodermal Dysplasias, Fairview Heights, Illinois
| | - Maranke I Koster
- NFED Scientific Advisory Council, Fairview Heights, Illinois
- Dermatology and Ophthalmology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Angus J Clarke
- Cancer & Genetics, School of Medicine, Cardiff University, Wales, United Kingdom
| | - Smail Hadj-Rabia
- Department of Dermatology, Reference Center for Genodermatoses and Rare Skin Diseases (MAGEC), INSERM U1163, Descartes - Sorbonne Paris Cité University, Imagine Institute, Necker-Enfants Malades Universitary Hospital, Paris, France
| | - Gianluca Tadini
- Center for Inherited Cutaneous Diseases, Department of Pathophysiology and Transplantation, Università degli Studi di Milano, Foundation IRCCS Ca' Granda, Ospedale Maggiore Policlinico, Milan, Italy
| | - Nina Pagnan
- Department of Genetics, Federal University of Parana, Curitiba, Brazil
| | | | - Birgitta Bergendal
- National Oral Disability Center for Rare Disorders, The Institute for Postgraduate Dental Education, Jönköping, Sweden
| | - Becky Abbott
- NFED for Treatment & Research, Fairview Heights, Illinois
| | - Timothy Fete
- NFED Scientific Advisory Council, Fairview Heights, Illinois
- Department of Child Health, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Clark Stanford
- NFED Scientific Advisory Council, Fairview Heights, Illinois
- University of Illinois at Chicago College of Dentistry, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Clayton Butcher
- Departments of Medicine and Child Health, University of Missouri School of Medicine, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Rena N D'Souza
- Academic Affairs and Education, Health Sciences, The University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Virginia P Sybert
- Division of Medical Genetics, Department of Medicine, University of Washington School of Medicine, Seattle, Washington
| | - Maria I Morasso
- Laboratory of Skin Biology, National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Yeh E, Dao DQ, Wu ZY, Kandalam SM, Camacho FM, Tom C, Zhang W, Krencik R, Rauen KA, Ullian EM, Weiss LA. Patient-derived iPSCs show premature neural differentiation and neuron type-specific phenotypes relevant to neurodevelopment. Mol Psychiatry 2018; 23:1687-1698. [PMID: 29158583 PMCID: PMC5962360 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2017.238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 09/13/2017] [Accepted: 10/09/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Ras/MAPK pathway signaling is a major participant in neurodevelopment, and evidence suggests that BRAF, a key Ras signal mediator, influences human behavior. We studied the role of the mutation BRAFQ257R, the most common cause of cardiofaciocutaneous syndrome (CFC), in an induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC)-derived model of human neurodevelopment. In iPSC-derived neuronal cultures from CFC subjects, we observed decreased p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 compared to controls, as well as a depleted neural progenitor pool and rapid neuronal maturation. Pharmacological PI3K/AKT pathway manipulation recapitulated cellular phenotypes in control cells and attenuated them in CFC cells. CFC cultures displayed altered cellular subtype ratios and increased intrinsic excitability. Moreover, in CFC cells, Ras/MAPK pathway activation and morphological abnormalities exhibited cell subtype-specific differences. Our results highlight the importance of exploring specific cellular subtypes and of using iPSC models to reveal relevant human-specific neurodevelopmental events.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- E Yeh
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - D Q Dao
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Z Y Wu
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - S M Kandalam
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - F M Camacho
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - C Tom
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - W Zhang
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - R Krencik
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Neurosurgery, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, TX, USA
| | - K A Rauen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - E M Ullian
- Department of Ophthalmology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - L A Weiss
- Department of Psychiatry, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
- Institute for Human Genetics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Trevisan M, Alvisi G, Barbaro V, Barzon L, Raffa P, Migliorati A, Desole G, Ruzittu S, Masi G, Di Iorio E, Palù G. Oral Mucosa-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells from Patients with Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome. Cell Reprogram 2018; 20:215-224. [PMID: 29989433 DOI: 10.1089/cell.2017.0064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal dysplasia-Clefting (EEC) syndrome is a rare monogenic disease with autosomal dominant inheritance caused by mutations in the TP63 gene, leading to progressive corneal keratinocyte loss, limbal stem cell deficiency (LSCD), and eventually blindness. Currently, there is no treatment available to cure or slow down the keratinocyte loss. Human oral mucosal epithelial stem cells (hOMESCs), which are a mixed population of keratinocyte precursor stem cells, are used as source of autologous tissue for treatment of bilateral LSCD. However, hOMESCs from EEC patients have a reduced life span due to TP63 mutations and cannot be used for autologous transplantation. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) represent a potentially unlimited source of autologous limbal stem cell for EEC patients and can be genetically modified by genome editing technologies to correct the disease ex vivo before transplantation. In this study, we describe for the first time the generation of integration-free EEC-hiPSCs from hOMESCs of EEC patients by Sendai virus vector and episomal vector-based reprogramming. The generated hiPSC clones expressed pluripotency markers and were successfully differentiated into derivatives of the three germ layers, as well as toward corneal epithelium. These cells may be used for EEC disease modeling and open perspectives for applications in cell therapy of LSCD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marta Trevisan
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Gualtiero Alvisi
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | | | - Luisa Barzon
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Paolo Raffa
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Angelo Migliorati
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Giovanna Desole
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Silvia Ruzittu
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Giulia Masi
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Enzo Di Iorio
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| | - Giorgio Palù
- 1 Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padua, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Koguchi-Yoshioka H, Wataya-Kaneda M, Yutani M, Murota H, Nakano H, Sawamura D, Katayama I. Atopic diathesis in hypohidrotic/anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. Acta Derm Venereol 2015; 95:476-9. [PMID: 25270765 DOI: 10.2340/00015555-1978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Recently, patients with hypohidrotic/anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (H/AED) have been reported to have a higher prevalence of symptoms suggestive of atopic disorders than the general population. To better understand atopic diathesis in H/AED, 6 cases of clinically or genetically diagnosed H/AED were examined. The following criteria were evaluated with patient consent: sweating, blood test results, histopathology and filaggrin staining. Five of 6 H/AED cases displayed atopic dermatitis-like manifestations, and 3 of these 5 cases experienced periorbital lesions. H/AED patients tended to present with atopic dermatitis-like eruptions with characteristics potentially indicative of periorbital lesions. Atopic diathesis in H/AED appeared not to be associated with filaggrin. We could speculate that hypohidrosis or anhidrosis itself might impair skin barrier function and contribute to atopic diathesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanako Koguchi-Yoshioka
- Department of Dermatology, Osaka University Graduate School of Medicine, Suita 565-0871, Japan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Cizmarova M, Kostalova L, Pribilincova Z, Lasabova Z, Hlavata A, Kovacs L, Ilencikova D. Rasopathies - dysmorphic syndromes with short stature and risk of malignancy. Endocr Regul 2014; 47:217-22. [PMID: 24156711 DOI: 10.4149/endo_2013_04_217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The term ´Rasopathies´ represents a group of five neurodevelopmental syndromes (Noonan, LEOPARD, Costello, Cardio-facio-cutaneous, and Neurofibromatose-Noonan syndrome) caused by germline mutation in genes encoding proteins involved in RAS/MAPK (rat sarcoma/mitogen-activated protein kinase) signaling pathway. The RAS/MAPK signaling pathway participates in regulation of cell determination, proliferation, differentiation, migration, and senescence and dysregulation of this pathway can lead to the risk of tumorigenesis. In this review, we aim to summarize the current clinical and molecular genetic knowledge on Rasopathies with special attention for the risk of cancer. We propose also clinical and therapeutic approach for patients with malignancy. METHODS We are reviewing the clinical and molecular basis of Rasopathies based on recent studies, clinical examination, and molecular diagnostics (mutation analysis of causal genes for Rasopathies) in Slovak pediatric patients. RESULTS Some clinical features, such as short stature, a specific facial dysmorphology and cardiac abnormalities are common to all of Rasopathy syndromes. However, there are unique signs by which the syndromes can differ from each other, especially multiple lentigo in LEOPARD syndrome, increased risk of malignancy in Costello syndrome, dry hyperkeratotic skin in patients with cardio-facio-cutaneous syndrome, and neurofibromas and cafe-au-lait spots in neurofibromatosis-Noonan syndrome. CONCLUSION Despite the overlapping clinical features, Rasopathy syndromes exhibit unique fenotypical features and the precise molecular diagnostics may lead to confirmation of each syndrome. The molecular diagnostics may allow the detection of pathogenic mutation associated with tumorigenesis.
Collapse
|
8
|
Kowalczyk-Quintas C, Willen L, Dang AT, Sarrasin H, Tardivel A, Hermes K, Schneider H, Gaide O, Donzé O, Kirby N, Headon DJ, Schneider P. Generation and characterization of function-blocking anti-ectodysplasin A (EDA) monoclonal antibodies that induce ectodermal dysplasia. J Biol Chem 2014; 289:4273-85. [PMID: 24391090 PMCID: PMC3924290 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.535740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/16/2013] [Revised: 12/22/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of ectodermal appendages, such as hair, teeth, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, and mammary glands, requires the action of the TNF family ligand ectodysplasin A (EDA). Mutations of the X-linked EDA gene cause reduction or absence of many ectodermal appendages and have been identified as a cause of ectodermal dysplasia in humans, mice, dogs, and cattle. We have generated blocking antibodies, raised in Eda-deficient mice, against the conserved, receptor-binding domain of EDA. These antibodies recognize epitopes overlapping the receptor-binding site and prevent EDA from binding and activating EDAR at close to stoichiometric ratios in in vitro binding and activity assays. The antibodies block EDA1 and EDA2 of both mammalian and avian origin and, in vivo, suppress the ability of recombinant Fc-EDA1 to rescue ectodermal dysplasia in Eda-deficient Tabby mice. Moreover, administration of EDA blocking antibodies to pregnant wild type mice induced in developing wild type fetuses a marked and permanent ectodermal dysplasia. These function-blocking anti-EDA antibodies with wide cross-species reactivity will enable study of the developmental and postdevelopmental roles of EDA in a variety of organisms and open the route to therapeutic intervention in conditions in which EDA may be implicated.
Collapse
MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/genetics
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/immunology
- Antibodies, Monoclonal, Murine-Derived/toxicity
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/genetics
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/immunology
- Antibodies, Neutralizing/toxicity
- Autoantibodies/genetics
- Autoantibodies/immunology
- Autoantibodies/toxicity
- Base Sequence
- Cattle
- Cell Line
- Dogs
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/chemically induced
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/genetics
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/immunology
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/metabolism
- Ectodermal Dysplasia/pathology
- Ectodysplasins/antagonists & inhibitors
- Ectodysplasins/genetics
- Ectodysplasins/immunology
- Ectodysplasins/metabolism
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Mutant Strains
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Pregnancy
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Laure Willen
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Anh Thu Dang
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Heidi Sarrasin
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Aubry Tardivel
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| | - Katharina Hermes
- the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Holm Schneider
- the Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Erlangen, 91054 Erlangen, Germany
| | - Olivier Gaide
- the Department of Dermatology, University of Lausanne, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Neil Kirby
- Edimer Pharmaceuticals, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02142, and
| | - Denis J. Headon
- the Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Roslin EH25 9RG, United Kingdom
| | - Pascal Schneider
- From the Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, CH-1066 Epalinges, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Affiliation(s)
- G Paolo Dotto
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Lausanne, Chemin des Boveresses, Epalinges, Switzerland.
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Hwang CS, Sukalo M, Batygin O, Addor MC, Brunner H, Aytes AP, Mayerle J, Song HK, Varshavsky A, Zenker M. Ubiquitin ligases of the N-end rule pathway: assessment of mutations in UBR1 that cause the Johanson-Blizzard syndrome. PLoS One 2011; 6:e24925. [PMID: 21931868 PMCID: PMC3172311 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0024925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2011] [Accepted: 08/19/2011] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Johanson-Blizzard syndrome (JBS; OMIM 243800) is an autosomal recessive disorder that includes congenital exocrine pancreatic insufficiency, facial dysmorphism with the characteristic nasal wing hypoplasia, multiple malformations, and frequent mental retardation. Our previous work has shown that JBS is caused by mutations in human UBR1, which encodes one of the E3 ubiquitin ligases of the N-end rule pathway. The N-end rule relates the regulation of the in vivo half-life of a protein to the identity of its N-terminal residue. One class of degradation signals (degrons) recognized by UBR1 are destabilizing N-terminal residues of protein substrates. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS Most JBS-causing alterations of UBR1 are nonsense, frameshift or splice-site mutations that abolish UBR1 activity. We report here missense mutations of human UBR1 in patients with milder variants of JBS. These single-residue changes, including a previously reported missense mutation, involve positions in the RING-H2 and UBR domains of UBR1 that are conserved among eukaryotes. Taking advantage of this conservation, we constructed alleles of the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae UBR1 that were counterparts of missense JBS-UBR1 alleles. Among these yeast Ubr1 mutants, one of them (H160R) was inactive in yeast-based activity assays, the other one (Q1224E) had a detectable but weak activity, and the third one (V146L) exhibited a decreased but significant activity, in agreement with manifestations of JBS in the corresponding JBS patients. CONCLUSIONS/SIGNIFICANCE These results, made possible by modeling defects of a human ubiquitin ligase in its yeast counterpart, verified and confirmed the relevance of specific missense UBR1 alleles to JBS, and suggested that a residual activity of a missense allele is causally associated with milder variants of JBS.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cheol-Sang Hwang
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | - Maja Sukalo
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Olga Batygin
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
| | | | - Han Brunner
- Department of Human Genetics, University Medical Center Nijmegen, Nijmegen, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio Perez Aytes
- Dismorfologia y Genetica Reproductiva, Grupo de Investigacion en Perinatologia, Instituto de Investigacion Sanitari, Fundacion Hospital La Fe, Valencia, Spain
| | - Julia Mayerle
- Department of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, University Hospital, Greifswald, Germany
| | - Hyun Kyu Song
- School of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, Korea University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Alexander Varshavsky
- Division of Biology, California Institute of Technology, Pasadena, California, United States of America
- * E-mail: (AV); (MZ)
| | - Martin Zenker
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital, Magdeburg, Germany
- Institute of Human Genetics, University Hospital Erlangen, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
- * E-mail: (AV); (MZ)
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Bellomaria A, Barbato G, Melino G, Paci M, Melino S. Recognition of p63 by the E3 ligase ITCH: Effect of an ectodermal dysplasia mutant. Cell Cycle 2010; 9:3730-3739. [PMID: 20855944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The E3 ubiquitin ligase Itch mediates the degradation of the p63 protein. Itch contains four WW domains which are pivotal for the substrate recognition process. Indeed, this domain is implicated in several signalling complexes crucially involved in human diseases including Muscular Dystrophy, Alzheimer's Disease and Huntington Disease. WW domains are highly compact protein-protein binding modules that interact with short proline-rich sequences. The four WW domains present in Itch belong to the Group I type, which binds polypeptides with a PY motif characterized by a PP xY consensus sequence, where x can be any residue. Accordingly, the Itch-p63 interaction results from a direct binding of Itch-WW2 domain with the PY motif of p63. Here, we report a structural analysis of the Itch-p63 interaction by fluorescence, CD and NMR spectroscopy. Indeed, we studied the in vitro interaction between Itch-WW2 domain and p63(534-551), an 18-mer peptide encompassing a fragment of the p63 protein including the PY motif. In addition, we evaluated the conformation and the interaction with Itch-WW2 of a site specific mutant of p63, I549T, that has been reported in both Hay-Wells syndrome and Rapp-Hodgkin syndrome. Based on our results, we propose an extended PP xY motif for the Itch recognition motif (P-P-P-Y-x(4)-[ST]-[ILV]), which includes these C-terminal residues to the PP xY motif.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- A Bellomaria
- Dipartimento di Scienze e Tecnologie Chimiche, University of Rome Tor Vergata, Italy
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
12
|
Abstract
The Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) pathway is essential in regulation of the cell cycle, cell differentiation, growth, and cell senescence, each of which are critical to normal development. A class of developmental disorders, the "RASopathies," is caused by germline mutations in genes that encode protein components of the Ras/MAPK pathway which result in dysregulation of the pathway and profound deleterious effects on development. One of these syndromes, cardiofaciocutaneous (CFC) syndrome, is caused by germline mutations in BRAF, MAP2K1 (MEK1) and MAP2K2 (MEK2), and possibly KRAS genes. Here, we describe the laboratory protocols and methods that we used to identify mutations in BRAF and MEK1/2 genes as causative for CFC syndrome. In addition, we present the techniques used to determine the effect these mutations have on activity of the Ras/MAPK pathway through Western blot analysis of the phosphorylation of endogenous ERK1/2, as well as through the use of an in vitro kinase assay that measures the phosphorylation of Elk-1.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- William E Tidyman
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Medical Genetics, University of California San Francisco, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
13
|
Devinsky O. Neurofibromatosis: advances in molecular genetics, diagnosis, and treatment. Introduction. Rev Neurol Dis 2009; 6:E45-E46. [PMID: 19587629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Orrin Devinsky
- New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Harris MP, Rohner N, Schwarz H, Perathoner S, Konstantinidis P, Nüsslein-Volhard C. Zebrafish eda and edar mutants reveal conserved and ancestral roles of ectodysplasin signaling in vertebrates. PLoS Genet 2008; 4:e1000206. [PMID: 18833299 PMCID: PMC2542418 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 148] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2007] [Accepted: 08/22/2008] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The genetic basis of the development and variation of adult form of vertebrates is not well understood. To address this problem, we performed a mutant screen to identify genes essential for the formation of adult skeletal structures of the zebrafish. Here, we describe the phenotypic and molecular characterization of a set of mutants showing loss of adult structures of the dermal skeleton, such as the rays of the fins and the scales, as well as the pharyngeal teeth. The mutations represent adult-viable, loss of function alleles in the ectodysplasin (eda) and ectodysplasin receptor (edar) genes. These genes are frequently mutated in the human hereditary disease hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED; OMIM 224900, 305100) that affects the development of integumentary appendages such as hair and teeth. We find mutations in zebrafish edar that affect similar residues as mutated in human cases of HED and show similar phenotypic consequences. eda and edar are not required for early zebrafish development, but are rather specific for the development of adult skeletal and dental structures. We find that the defects of the fins and scales are due to the role of Eda signaling in organizing epidermal cells into discrete signaling centers of the scale epidermal placode and fin fold. Our genetic analysis demonstrates dose-sensitive and organ-specific response to alteration in levels of Eda signaling. In addition, we show substantial buffering of the effect of loss of edar function in different genetic backgrounds, suggesting canalization of this developmental system. We uncover a previously unknown role of Eda signaling in teleosts and show conservation of the developmental mechanisms involved in the formation and variation of both integumentary appendages and limbs. Lastly, our findings point to the utility of adult genetic screens in the zebrafish in identifying essential developmental processes involved in human disease and in morphological evolution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Matthew P Harris
- Max Planck Institute for Developmental Biology, Tübingen, Germany.
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Sur I, Rozell B, Jaks V, Bergström A, Toftgård R. Epidermal and craniofacial defects in mice overexpressing Klf5 in the basal layer of the epidermis. J Cell Sci 2006; 119:3593-601. [PMID: 16912082 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.03070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Krüppel-like factor5 (Klf5) is a zinc-finger transcription factor normally expressed in the skin. Here, we show that overexpression of Klf5 in the basal layer of the epidermis during embryogenesis affects epidermal development and disrupts epithelial-mesenchymal interactions necessary for skin adnexae formation as well as craniofacial morphogenesis. The transgenic mice exhibited exencephaly, craniofacial defects, persistent abdominal herniation and ectodermal dysplasia. Moreover, the epidermis was hypoplastic and underwent abnormal differentiation with expression of keratin8, a marker for single-layered epithelia, in the stratified epidermis. Correspondingly, we observed a downregulation of DeltaNp63 expression in the skin. Overexpression of Klf5 in adult mice led to hyperkeratosis, follicle occlusion and epidermal erosions. Further, we observed decrease and even loss of the stem cell population of bulge keratinocytes, as characterized by the expression pattern of alpha6 integrin and CD34 markers. Our data suggest a new role of Klf5 as a modulator of p63 expression and the differentiation program of epidermal cells relevant for regenerative potential of the epidermis and epithelial-mesenchymal interactions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Inderpreet Sur
- Department of Bioscience and Nutrition, Clinical Research Center, and Department of Laboratory Medicine Division of Pathology, Karolinska Institutet, Novum, SE-141 57 Huddinge, Sweden.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
16
|
Ihrie RA, Bronson RT, Attardi LD. Adult mice lacking the p53/p63 target gene Perp are not predisposed to spontaneous tumorigenesis but display features of ectodermal dysplasia syndromes. Cell Death Differ 2006; 13:1614-8. [PMID: 16485031 DOI: 10.1038/sj.cdd.4401871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
|
17
|
Lo Iacono M, Di Costanzo A, Calogero RA, Mansueto G, Saviozzi S, Crispi S, Pollice A, La Mantia G, Calabrò V. The Hay Wells syndrome-derived TAp63alphaQ540L mutant has impaired transcriptional and cell growth regulatory activity. Cell Cycle 2006; 5:78-87. [PMID: 16319531 DOI: 10.4161/cc.5.1.2268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p63 mutations have been associated with several human hereditary disorders characterized by ectodermal dysplasia such as EEC (ectrodactyly, ectodermal dysplasia, clefting) syndrome, ADULT (acro, dermato, ungual, lacrimal, tooth) syndrome and AEC (ankyloblepharon, ectodermal dysplasia, clefting) syndrome (also called Hay-Wells syndrome). The location and functional effects of the mutations that underlie these syndromes reveal a striking genotype-phenotype correlation. Unlike EEC and ADULT that result from missense mutations in the DNA-binding domain of p63, AEC is solely caused by missense mutations in the SAM domain of p63. In this paper we report a study on the TAp63alpha isoform, the first to be expressed during development of the embryonic epithelia, and on its naturally occurring Q540L mutant derived from an AEC patient. To assess the effects of the Q540L mutation, we generated stable cell lines expressing TAp63alpha wt, DeltaNp63alpha or the TAp63alpha-Q540L mutant protein and used them to systematically compare the cell growth regulatory activity of the mutant and wt p63 proteins and to generate, by microarray analysis, a comprehensive profile of differential gene expression. We found that the Q540L substitution impairs the transcriptional activity of TAp63alpha and causes misregulation of genes involved in the control of cell growth and epidermal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marco Lo Iacono
- Department of Clinical and Biological Sciences, University of Turin, Orbassano, Italy
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
18
|
Morlon A, Munnich A, Smahi A. TAB2, TRAF6 and TAK1 are involved in NF-κB activation induced by the TNF-receptor, Edar and its adaptator Edaradd. Hum Mol Genet 2005; 14:3751-7. [PMID: 16251197 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/ddi405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of the NF-kappaB pathway by the TNF-receptor Edar (Ectodysplasin receptor) and its downstream adaptator Edaradd (Edar-associated death domain) is essential for the development of hair follicles, teeth, exocrine glands and other ectodermal derivatives. Dysfunction of Edar signalling causes hypohidrotic/anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (ED), a disorder characterized by sparse hair, lack of sweat glands and malformation of teeth. The Edar signalling pathway stimulates NF-kappaB transcription factors via an activation of the IkappaB kinase (IKK) complex. To gain further insight into the mechanism of IKK activation by Edar and Edaradd, we performed a yeast two-hybrid screen and isolated TAB2 (TAK1-binding protein 2) as a binding partner of Edaradd. TAB2 is an adaptator protein that brigdes TRAF6 (TNF-receptor-associated factor 6) to TAK1 (TGFbeta-activated kinase 1), allowing TAK1 activation and subsequent IKK activation. Here, we show that endogenous and overexpressed TAB2, TRAF6 and TAK1 co-immunoprecipitated with Edaradd in 293 cells. Moreover, we show that dominant negative forms of TAB2, TRAF6 and TAK1 blocked the NF-kappaB activation induced by Edaradd. These results support the involvement of the TAB2/TRAF6/TAK1 signalling complex in the Edar signal transduction pathway and have important implications for our understanding of NF-kappaB activation and EDs in human.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aurore Morlon
- Unité de Recherche sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant INSERM U-393, Hôpital Necker-Enfants Malades, 149 rue de sèvres 75015 Paris, France.
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
19
|
Huang YP, Kim Y, Li Z, Fomenkov T, Fomenkov A, Ratovitski EA. AEC-associated p63 mutations lead to alternative splicing/protein stabilization of p63 and modulation of Notch signaling. Cell Cycle 2005; 4:1440-7. [PMID: 16177572 DOI: 10.4161/cc.4.10.2086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
p63, the major regulator of epithelial development/differentiation, is mutated in human ectodermal dysplasias, such as ankyloblepharon, ectodermal dysplasia and clefting (AEC). We recently identified that p63alpha physically associated with mRNA processing/splicing proteins. We previously showed that p63 mutations mapped to the sterile alpha-motif led to disruption of these interactions and modulated an aberrant splicing of keratinocyte growth factor receptor contributing into molecular mechanism underlying AEC phenotype. To further investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with AEC syndrome we established the cellular model for this disorder by stable introduction of mutated allele [L514F] of p63alpha into immortalized keratinocyte cells. We showed that mutated DeltaNp63alpha mediated an aberrant splicing of its own p63 mRNA transcript, which in turn led to accumulation of proteasome-resistant C-terminal truncated p63. The truncated p63 failed to associate with the C-terminal domain of RNA polymerase II through SRA4 protein and, therefore affected keratinocyte proliferation, differentiation and survival and may strongly contribute to AEC phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ping Huang
- Department of Dermatology, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21205, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
20
|
Abstract
Hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) is a congenital disorder affecting organs of ectodermal origin including teeth, hair and sweat glands. Defects in Ectodysplasin (tabby), Edar (downless) and Edar associated death domain (Edaradd) (crinkled) cause HED in both humans and mice. Ectodysplasin is a tumour necrosis factor (TNF) superfamily member whose downstream signalling is transduced by the inhibitor of kappaB kinase (IKK) complex and inhibitors of kappaB (IkappaB) to activate the transcription factor NFkappaB. NFkappaB signalling is involved in a wide range of cellular processes and at each stage the different family members must be tightly regulated for each function. Recent data have demonstrated the importance of this signalling pathway in odontogenesis, particularly in the formation of cusps. Here we review recent advances in our understanding of Ectodysplasin/NFkappaB signalling in tooth development and in particular the central role of the IKK complex.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jo-Maree Courtney
- Craniofacial Development, Kings College London, Floor 28 Guy's Tower, Guy's Hospital, London Bridge, London SE1 9RT, UK
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
21
|
Liang C, Kraemer KH, Morris A, Schiffmann R, Price VH, Menefee E, DiGiovanna JJ. Characterization of tiger tail banding and hair shaft abnormalities in trichothiodystrophy. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005; 52:224-32. [PMID: 15692466 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaad.2004.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tiger tail banding under polarizing light microscopy and hair shaft abnormalities are associated with trichothiodystrophy (TTD), a rare disorder with a wide spectrum of clinical presentations. OBJECTIVE To characterize the frequency, specificity, and extent of tiger tail banding and hair shaft abnormalities in the spectrum of TTD patients. METHODS We developed a standardized procedure for microscopic hair examination and studied hairs from 14 TTD and 4 xeroderma pigmentosum (XP)-TTD patients for tiger tail banding and hair shaft abnormalities. For comparison we examined hairs from 173 control donors consisting of 15 normals, 13 XP patients, 11 family members of XP or TTD patients, 101 patients with various cornification disorders, and 33 leukodystrophy patients. Amino acid analysis performed on hair from the TTD and XP-TTD patients showed low sulfur content. RESULTS Using a rotating microscope stage, all hairs in each TTD sample showed tiger tail banding under polarized light in association with a variety of hair shaft abnormalities (trichoschisis, trichorrhexis nodosa-like defects, surface irregularities, and ribboning). None of the control hairs showed tiger tail banding, and 5 of 173 controls had weathering hair shaft abnormalities. CONCLUSIONS In patients with clinical features suggestive of TTD, tiger tail banding seen in all hairs with polarizing microscopy, in conjunction with certain hair shaft abnormalities, provides a reliable diagnostic test.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Christine Liang
- DNA Repair Section, National Cancer Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
22
|
Notarangelo LD, Mazza C, Forino C, Mazzolari E, Buzi F. AIRE and immunological tolerance: insights from the study of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy. Curr Opin Allergy Clin Immunol 2004; 4:491-6. [PMID: 15640689 DOI: 10.1097/00130832-200412000-00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW To review the clinical and molecular features of autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy and discuss recent advances in the function of the AIRE protein. We will summarize how AIRE contributes to immunological tolerance, and thus to the prevention of autoimmunity. RECENT FINDINGS The organization of a well-structured thymic microenvironment and the interaction between nascent thymocytes and thymic epithelial cells have been shown to be essential for AIRE expression. AIRE is involved in the expression of ectopic proteins by medullary thymic epithelial cells. This allows the establishment of central tolerance and contributes to the prevention of organ-specific autoimmunity, as shown by findings in patients with autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy (a disease caused by AIRE gene mutations) and in aire (-/-) mice. SUMMARY Autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy represents a unique model to investigate the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern central tolerance and help prevent autoimmunity. Recent findings indicate that the compartmentalization of AIRE and interaction with other proteins are involved in this mechanism. The disturbance of AIRE expression may also be responsible for autoimmune manifestations in disorders with disrupted thymic structure other than autoimmune polyendocrinopathy candidiasis and ectodermal dystrophy alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Luigi D Notarangelo
- Department of Pediatrics and Angelo Nocivelli Institute of Molecular Medicine, Children's Hospital, University of Brescia, 25123 Brescia, Italy.
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
23
|
Matsumoto Y, Dogru M, Goto E, Endo K, Tsubota K. Increased Tear Evaporation in a Patient with Ectrodactyly-Ectodermal Dysplasia-Clefting Syndrome. Jpn J Ophthalmol 2004; 48:372-5. [PMID: 15295665 DOI: 10.1007/s10384-003-0076-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2003] [Accepted: 12/26/2003] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To describe the tear function and ocular surface disorders in a patient with ectrodactyly-ectodermal dysplasia-clefting (EEC) syndrome. METHODS Routine ophthalmic examinations were performed, including slit-lamp biomicroscopy, anterior segment photography including transillumination photos of the lids, Schirmer tests I and II, tear film break-up time (BUT) assessment, corneal fluorescein staining, DR-1 tear film lipid layer interferometry, and tear evaporation rate measurements. RESULTS Slit-lamp examination revealed conjunctival hyperemia, superficial punctate keratopathy, and corneal leucoma with neovascularization. Although the Schirmer test values were within normal limits, the BUT value was 0 s in both eyes. Transillumination of the lids showed the absence of meibomian glandular structures. DR-1 tear film lipid layer interferometry results were dry eye grade 5 with an irregular tear film, areas of corneal surface exposure, and several dry spots. The tear evaporation rate was elevated and was measured as 6.98 x 10(-7) g/cm2 per second (normal, 4.1 +/- 1.4 x 10(-7) g/cm2 per second). CONCLUSION The ocular surface disorder and shortened BUT in EEC syndrome were attributed to the absence of meibomian glands, leading to lipid layer deficiency in the tear film with a concomitant increase in tear evaporation.
Collapse
|
24
|
Shindo M, Chaudhary PM. The ectodermal dysplasia receptor represses the Lef-1/beta-catenin-dependent transcription independent of NF-kappaB activation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2004; 315:73-8. [PMID: 15013427 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2004.01.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2003] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
EDAR plays a key role in the process of ectodermal differentiation via activation of the NF-kappaB pathway. We present evidence that EDAR also represses Lef-1/beta-catenin-dependent transcription and this ability is defective in EDAR mutants associated with anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia. While IKK1/IKKalpha and IKK2/IKKbeta are required for EDAR-induced NF-kappaB activation, they are dispensable for its ability to repress Lef-1/beta-catenin-dependent transcription. In contrast, NIK is not involved in EDAR-induced NF-kappaB activation or Lef-1/beta-catenin transcriptional repression. As Lef-1/beta-catenin pathway controls the expression of EDAR ligand, ectodysplasin-A (EDA), our results point to a negative feedback regulation of EDA-EDAR axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Masahisa Shindo
- The Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Division of Hematology-Oncology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390-8593, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
25
|
Abstract
Phage display was used to identify homing peptides for blood vessels in a mouse model of HPV16-induced epidermal carcinogenesis. One peptide, CSRPRRSEC, recognized the neovasculature in dysplastic skin but not in carcinomas. Two other peptides, with the sequences CGKRK and CDTRL, preferentially homed to neovasculature in tumors and, to a lesser extent, premalignant dysplasias. The peptides did not home to vessels in normal skin, other normal organs, or the stages in pancreatic islet carcinogenesis in another mouse model. The CGKRK peptide may recognize heparan sulfates in tumor vessels. The dysplasia-homing peptide is identical to a loop in kallikrein-9 and may bind a kallikrein inhibitor or substrate. Thus, characteristics of the angiogenic vasculature distinguish premalignant and malignant stages of skin tumorigenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jason A Hoffman
- Cancer Research Center, The Burnham Institute, 10901 North Torrey Pines Road, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
26
|
Jaskoll T, Zhou YM, Trump G, Melnick M. Ectodysplasin receptor-mediated signaling is essential for embryonic submandibular salivary gland development. Anat Rec A Discov Mol Cell Evol Biol 2003; 271:322-31. [PMID: 12629675 DOI: 10.1002/ar.a.10045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Hypohidrotic (anhidrotic) ectodermal dysplasia (HED), the most common of the approximately 150 described ectodermal dysplasias, is a disorder characterized by abnormal hair, teeth, sweat glands, and salivary glands. Mutations in the EDA (ectodysplasin-A) and EDAR (ectodysplasin-A receptor) genes are responsible for X-linked and autosomal HED, respectively. Abnormal phenotypes similar to HED are seen in Tabby (Eda(Ta)) and downless (Edar(dl)) mutant mice. Although recent studies have focused on the role of Eda/Edar signaling during hair and tooth development, very little is known about its role during embryonic submandibular salivary gland (SMG) development. To this end, we analyzed the SMG phenotypes in Tabby (Ta) and downless (dl) mutant mice and determined that Ta SMGs are hypoplastic, whereas dl SMGs are severely dysplastic. The absence of SMG ducts and acini in dl SMGs suggests that Eda/Edar signaling is essential for lumina formation and glandular histodifferentiation. Our localization of Eda and Edar proteins at sites of lumen and acini formation supports this conclusion. Moreover, the presence of SMGs in both Ta and dl mutant mice, as well as the absence of immunodetectable Eda and Edar protein in Initial Bud and Early Pseudoglandular stage SMGs, indicate that Eda/Edar-mediated signaling is important for branching morphogenesis and histodifferentiation, but not for initial gland formation. To initially delineate the morphoregulatory role of Eda/Edar-mediated signaling during embryonic SMG development, we cultured embryonic day 14 SMGs with enhanced or abrogated Eda/Edar signaling. Eda supplementation induced a significant increase in SMG branching, and enhanced activation of NF-kappaB. Abrogating Eda/Edar signaling by adding the soluble form of Edar to bind endogenous ligand in embryonic SMGs results in a significant dose-dependent decrease in branching morphogenesis. Taken together, our results suggest that the Eda/Edar/NF-kappaB pathway exerts its effect on SMG epithelial cell proliferation, lumina formation, and histodifferentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Tina Jaskoll
- Laboratory for Developmental Genetics, University of Southern California-Los Angeles, Los Angeles, California 90089-0641, USA.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
27
|
Sinha SK, Zachariah S, Quiñones HI, Shindo M, Chaudhary PM. Role of TRAF3 and -6 in the activation of the NF-kappa B and JNK pathways by X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor. J Biol Chem 2002; 277:44953-61. [PMID: 12270937 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m207923200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
X-linked ectodermal dysplasia receptor (XEDAR) is a recently isolated member of the tumor necrosis factor receptor family that has been shown to be highly expressed in ectodermal derivatives during embryonic development and binds to ectodysplasin-A2 (EDA-A2). By using a subclone of 293F cells with stable expression of XEDAR, we report that XEDAR activates the NF-kappaB and JNK pathways in an EDA-A2-dependent fashion. Treatment with EDA-A2 leads to the recruitment of TRAF3 and -6 to the aggregated XEDAR complex, suggesting a central role of these adaptors in the proximal aspect of XEDAR signaling. Whereas TRAF3 and -6, IKK1/IKKalpha, IKK2/IKKbeta, and NEMO/IKKgamma are involved in XEDAR-induced NF-kappaB activation, XEDAR-induced JNK activation seems to be mediated via a pathway dependent on TRAF3, TRAF6, and ASK1. Deletion and point mutagenesis studies delineate two distinct regions in the cytoplasmic domain of XEDAR, which are involved in binding to TRAF3 and -6, respectively, and play a major role in the activation of the NF-kappaB and JNK pathways. Taken together, our results establish a major role of TRAF3 and -6 in XEDAR signaling and in the process of ectodermal differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Suwan K Sinha
- Hamon Center for Therapeutic Oncology Research and Division of Hematology-Oncology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas 75390-8593, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
28
|
Common JEA, Becker D, Di WL, Leigh IM, O'Toole EA, Kelsell DP. Functional studies of human skin disease- and deafness-associated connexin 30 mutations. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2002; 298:651-6. [PMID: 12419304 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-291x(02)02517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Connexin 30 (Cx30) is a component of the gap junction complex. Dominant and recessive mutations in the GJB6 gene encoding Cx30 are associated with a variety of human inherited diseases primarily affecting the epidermis, hair, nail, and/or the inner ear. The underlying mechanism of disease associated with different GJB6 mutations such as the disruption of gap junction mediated intercellular communication is unknown. Towards understanding these disease mechanisms, transfection studies were performed in a keratinocyte cell line and in HeLa cells using EGFP tagged wildtype Cx30 and mutant Cx30 constructs harbouring dominant disease-associated GJB6 mutations. For all three of the skin disease-associated Cx30 mutations investigated, impaired trafficking of the protein to the plasma membrane was observed thus preventing the formation of functional Cx30 gap junctions. In contrast, the deafness-associated mutation T5M-Cx30/EGFP trafficked to the membrane but defective channel activity was observed following dye transfer studies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John E A Common
- Centre for Cutaneous Research, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Whitechapel, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
29
|
Smahi A, Courtois G, Rabia SH, Döffinger R, Bodemer C, Munnich A, Casanova JL, Israël A. The NF-kappaB signalling pathway in human diseases: from incontinentia pigmenti to ectodermal dysplasias and immune-deficiency syndromes. Hum Mol Genet 2002; 11:2371-5. [PMID: 12351572 DOI: 10.1093/hmg/11.20.2371] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The transcription factor NF-kappaB regulates the expression of numerous genes controlling the immune and stress responses, inflammatory reaction, cell adhesion, and protection against apoptosis. Incontinentia pigmenti (IP) is the first genetic disorder to be ascribed to NF-kappaB dysfunction. IP is an X-linked dominant genodermatosis antenatally lethal in males. A complex rearrangement of the NEMO (NF-kappaB essential modulator) gene accounts for 85% of IP patients, and results in undetectable NEMO protein and absent NF-kappaB activation. On the other hand, hypohidrotic/anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED/EDA) has been ascribed to at least three genes also involved in NF-kappaB activation: ectodysplasin (EDA1), EDA-receptor (EDAR) and EDAR-associated death domain (EDARADD). During hair follicle morphogenesis, EDAR is activated by ectodysplasin, and uses EDARADD as an adapter to build a signal transducing complex that leads to NF-kappaB activation. Hence, several forms of HED/EDA also result from impaired activation of the NF-kappaB cascade. Finally, hypomorphic NEMO mutations have been found to cause anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID), whilst stop codon mutations cause a more severe phenotype associating EDA-ID with osteopetrosis and lymphoedema (OL-EDA-ID). The immunological and infectious features observed in patients result from impaired NF-kappaB signalling, including cellular response to LPS, IL-1beta, IL-18, TNF-alpha, Tlr2 and CD40 ligand. Consistently, mouse knockout models have shown the essential role of NF-kappaB in the immune, inflammatory and apoptotic responses. Unravelling the molecular bases of other forms of EDA not associated with mutations in NEMO will possibly implicate other components of the NF-kappaB signalling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Asma Smahi
- Département de Génétique et Unité de Recherches sur les Handicaps Génétiques de l'Enfant INSERM UR-393, Hôpital Necker, 149 rue de Sèvres, 75743 Paris Cedex 15, France.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
30
|
Richard G, Rouan F, Willoughby CE, Brown N, Chung P, Ryynänen M, Jabs EW, Bale SJ, DiGiovanna JJ, Uitto J, Russell L. Missense mutations in GJB2 encoding connexin-26 cause the ectodermal dysplasia keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome. Am J Hum Genet 2002; 70:1341-8. [PMID: 11912510 PMCID: PMC447609 DOI: 10.1086/339986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 243] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2001] [Accepted: 01/31/2002] [Indexed: 01/23/2023] Open
Abstract
Keratitis-ichthyosis-deafness syndrome (KID) is a rare ectodermal dysplasia characterized by vascularizing keratitis, profound sensorineural hearing loss (SNHL), and progressive erythrokeratoderma, a clinical triad that indicates a failure in development and differentiation of multiple stratifying epithelia. Here, we provide compelling evidence that KID is caused by heterozygous missense mutations in the connexin-26 gene, GJB2. In each of 10 patients with KID, we identified a point mutation leading to substitution of conserved residues in the cytoplasmic amino terminus or first extracellular domain of Cx26. One of these mutations was detected in six unrelated sporadic case subjects and also segregated in one family with vertical transmission of KID. These results indicate the presence of a common, recurrent mutation and establish its autosomal dominant nature. Cx26 and the closely related Cx30 showed differential expression in epidermal, adnexal, and corneal epithelia but were not significantly altered in lesional skin. However, mutant Cx26 was incapable of inducing intercellular coupling in vitro, which indicates its functional impairment. Our data reveal striking genotype-phenotype correlations and demonstrate that dominant GJB2 mutations can disturb the gap junction system of one or several ectodermal epithelia, thereby producing multiple phenotypes: nonsyndromic SNHL, syndromic SNHL with palmoplantar keratoderma, and KID. Decreased host defense and increased carcinogenic potential in KID illustrate that gap junction communication plays not only a crucial role in epithelial homeostasis and differentiation but also in immune response and epidermal carcinogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gabriele Richard
- Department of Dermatology and Cutaneous Biology and Jefferson Institute of Molecular Medicine, Thomas Jefferson University, Philadelphia, PA 19107, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
31
|
Yan M, Zhang Z, Brady JR, Schilbach S, Fairbrother WJ, Dixit VM. Identification of a novel death domain-containing adaptor molecule for ectodysplasin-A receptor that is mutated in crinkled mice. Curr Biol 2002; 12:409-13. [PMID: 11882293 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-9822(02)00687-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypohydrotic Ectodermal Dysplasia (HED) is a genetic disease seen in humans and mice. It is characterized by loss of hair, sweat glands, and teeth. The predominant X-linked form results from mutations in ectodysplasin-A (EDA), a TNF-like ligand. A phenotypically indistinguishable autosomal form of the disease results from mutations in the receptor for EDA (EDAR). EDAR is a NF-kappaB-activating, death domain-containing member of the TNF receptor family. crinkled, a distinct autosomal form of HED, was discovered in a mouse strain in which both the ligand (EDA) and receptor (EDAR) were wild-type, suggestive of a disruption further downstream in the signaling pathway. Employing a forward genetic approach, we have cloned crinkled (CR) and find it to encode a novel death domain-containing adaptor. crinkled binds EDAR through a homotypic death domain interaction and mediates engagement of the NF-kappaB pathway, possibly by recruiting TRAF2 to the receptor-signaling complex. This is an unprecedented example of naturally occurring mutations in ligand, receptor, or adaptor giving rise to the same phenotypic disease characterized by a defect in the proper development of epidermal appendages.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Minhong Yan
- Department of Molecular Oncology, Genentech Inc., South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
32
|
Kullberg S, Aldskogius H, Ulfhake B. Microglial activation, emergence of ED1-expressing cells and clusterin upregulation in the aging rat CNS, with special reference to the spinal cord. Brain Res 2001; 899:169-86. [PMID: 11311878 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(01)02222-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
With advancing age, the incidence of neuronal atrophy and dystrophy increases and, in parallel, behavioural sensorimotor impairment becomes overt. Activated microglia has been implicated in cytotoxic and inflammatory processes in neurodegenerative diseases as well as during aging. Here we have used immunohistochemistry and in situ hybridization to examine the expression of OX42, ED1, ED2, GFAP and clusterin in CNS of young adult and behaviourally tested aged rats (30-month-old), to study the occurrence of activated microglia/ED1 positive macrophages in senescence and to what extent this correlates with astrogliosis and signs of sensorimotor impairment among the individuals. The results show a massive region-specific increase in activated microglia and ED1 expressing cell profiles in aged rats. The infiltration was most prominent in the spinal cord dorsal columns, including their sensory relay nuclei, and the outer portions of the lateral and ventral columns. At such sites the occurrence of macrophages coincided with increased levels of GFAP and positive correlations were evident between the labeling for, on the one hand, OX42 and, on the other, GFAP and ED1. Also, the ventral and dorsal roots were heavily infiltrated by ED1 positive cells. The signs of gliosis were most pronounced among aged rats with advanced sensorimotor impairment. In contrast, the grey matter of aged rats showed very few activated microglia/ED1 labeled cells despite signs of focal astrogliosis. ED2 expression was confined to perivascular cells and leptominges with a similar labeling pattern in young and aged rats. In aged rats increased expression of clusterin was observed in GFAP-immunoreactive profiles of the white matter only. It is suggested that this increase may reflect a response to degenerative/inflammatory processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Kullberg
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Doktorsringen 17, S-171 77, Stockholm, Sweden
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
33
|
Döffinger R, Smahi A, Bessia C, Geissmann F, Feinberg J, Durandy A, Bodemer C, Kenwrick S, Dupuis-Girod S, Blanche S, Wood P, Rabia SH, Headon DJ, Overbeek PA, Le Deist F, Holland SM, Belani K, Kumararatne DS, Fischer A, Shapiro R, Conley ME, Reimund E, Kalhoff H, Abinun M, Munnich A, Israël A, Courtois G, Casanova JL. X-linked anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency is caused by impaired NF-kappaB signaling. Nat Genet 2001; 27:277-85. [PMID: 11242109 DOI: 10.1038/85837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 682] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The molecular basis of X-linked recessive anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia with immunodeficiency (EDA-ID) has remained elusive. Here we report hypomorphic mutations in the gene IKBKG in 12 males with EDA-ID from 8 kindreds, and 2 patients with a related and hitherto unrecognized syndrome of EDA-ID with osteopetrosis and lymphoedema (OL-EDA-ID). Mutations in the coding region of IKBKG are associated with EDA-ID, and stop codon mutations, with OL-EDA-ID. IKBKG encodes NEMO, the regulatory subunit of the IKK (IkappaB kinase) complex, which is essential for NF-kappaB signaling. Germline loss-of-function mutations in IKBKG are lethal in male fetuses. We show that IKBKG mutations causing OL-EDA-ID and EDA-ID impair but do not abolish NF-kappaB signaling. We also show that the ectodysplasin receptor, DL, triggers NF-kappaB through the NEMO protein, indicating that EDA results from impaired NF-kappaB signaling. Finally, we show that abnormal immunity in OL-EDA-ID patients results from impaired cell responses to lipopolysaccharide, interleukin (IL)-1beta, IL-18, TNFalpha and CD154. We thus report for the first time that impaired but not abolished NF-kappaB signaling in humans results in two related syndromes that associate specific developmental and immunological defects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Döffinger
- Laboratoire de Génétique Humaine des Maladies Infectieuses, Faculté de Médecine Necker-Enfants Malades, Paris, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
34
|
Montonen O, Ezer S, Saarialho-Kere UK, Herva R, Karjalainen-Lindsberg ML, Kaitila I, Schlessinger D, Srivastava AK, Thesleff I, Kere J. The gene defective in anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia is expressed in the developing epithelium, neuroectoderm, thymus, and bone. J Histochem Cytochem 1998; 46:281-9. [PMID: 9487109 DOI: 10.1177/002215549804600301] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Anhidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (EDA) is characterized by defects in the development of teeth, hair, and sweat glands. To study the expression of the human gene defective in EDA in human fetal development (Weeks 6-23 of gestational age) and in adult tissues, in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry were used. First signs of expression were detected at Week 8 in epidermis and in neuroectodermal cells. Starting at Week 12, osteoblasts and thymus were positive for EDA mRNA. Hair follicles expressed EDA mRNA from 18 weeks. The presence of the EDA protein coincided with mRNA expression in the tissues examined. The expression pattern of the EDA gene is consistent with typical involvement of the skin in the syndrome. However, the expression is not limited to the ectodermal tissues and many sites of expression are not obviously reflected in the clinical features of the syndrome.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- O Montonen
- Department of Medical Genetics, Haartman Institute, University of Helsinki, Finland
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
35
|
McGrath JA, McMillan JR, Shemanko CS, Runswick SK, Leigh IM, Lane EB, Garrod DR, Eady RA. Mutations in the plakophilin 1 gene result in ectodermal dysplasia/skin fragility syndrome. Nat Genet 1997; 17:240-4. [PMID: 9326952 DOI: 10.1038/ng1097-240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 306] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Members of the armadillo protein gene family, which includes plakoglobin and beta-catenin, have important functions in cytoskeleton/cell membrane interactions. These proteins may act as linker molecules at adherens junctions and desmosomes at the plasma membrane; in addition, they may have pivotal roles in signal transduction pathways and significant effects on cell behaviour during development. Here, we describe the first human mutations in one of these dual function proteins, plakophilin 1 (band-6 protein; refs 8-10). The affected individual has a complete absence of immunostaining for plakophilin 1 in the skin and is a compound heterozygote for autosomal-recessively inherited premature termination codons of translation on both alleles of the plakophilin 1 gene (PKP1). Clinically, there are features of both cutaneous fragility and congenital ectodermal dysplasia affecting skin, hair and nails. There is no evidence of significant abnormalities in other epithelia or tissues. Desmosomes in the skin are small and poorly formed with widening of keratinocyte intercellular spaces and perturbed desmosome/keratin intermediate filament interactions. The molecular findings and clinical observations in this patient attest to the dual importance of plakophilin 1 in both cutaneous cell-call adhesion and epidermal morphogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- J A McGrath
- Department of Cell Pathology, St. John's Institute of Dermatology (United Medical and Dental School), St. Thomas's Hospital, London, UK
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
36
|
Vargas GA, Fantino E, George-Nascimento C, Gargus JJ, Haigler HT. Reduced epidermal growth factor receptor expression in hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia and Tabby mice. J Clin Invest 1996; 97:2426-32. [PMID: 8647934 PMCID: PMC507327 DOI: 10.1172/jci118689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with hypohidrotic ectodermal dysplasia (HED) and Tabby (Ta) mice lack sweat glands and there is compelling evidence that these phenotypes are caused by mutations in the same highly conserved but unidentified X-linked gene. Previous studies showed that exogenous epidermal growth factor (EGF) reversed the Ta phenotype but the EGF status in HED patients has not been studied at all. Studies reported herein investigated the hypothesis that the EGF signaling pathway is involved in HED/Ta. Fibroblasts from HED patients had a two- to eightfold decrease in binding capacity for (125)I-labeled EGF, a decreased expression of the immunoreactive 170-kD EGF receptor (EGFR) protein, and a corresponding reduction in EGFR mRNA. Reduced expression of the EGFR also was observed in Ta fibroblasts and liver membranes. Other aspects of the EGF signaling pathway, including EGF concentration in urine and plasma, were normal in both HED patients and Ta mice. We propose that a decreased expression of the EGFR plays a causal role in the HED/Ta phenotype.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- G A Vargas
- Department of Biological Chemistry, University of California Medical School, Irvine, California 92715, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
37
|
Civitelli R, McAlister WH, Teitelbaum SL, Whyte MP. Central osteosclerosis with ectodermal dysplasia: clinical, laboratory, radiologic, and histopathologic characterization with review of the literature. J Bone Miner Res 1989; 4:863-75. [PMID: 2692405 DOI: 10.1002/jbmr.5650040611] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
IBIDS is a syndrome characterized by ichthyosis, brittle hair, impaired intelligence, decreased fertility, and short stature, but unassociated with skeletal lesions. This condition is considered a form of trichothiodystrophy because hair from several cases has been found to have a low sulfur content. We describe a 9-year and 10-month-old white boy whose clinical features resemble the IBIDS syndrome (ichthyosis, brittle hair, cataracts, and short stature), but who also has marked axial osteosclerosis and peripheral osteopenia. No abnormalities of mineral homeostasis were noted. Histopathologic assessment of nondecalcified bone specimens excluded osteopetrosis, but suggested slow skeletal remodeling. When subjected to polarized light microscopy, his hair exhibited the band-like pattern of birefringence described in trichothiodystrophy. Literature review disclosed 8 patients, 2 of whom had been diagnosed as trichothiodystrophy, with like clinical features including osteosclerosis. These skeletal abnormalities together with clinical features of the IBIDS/trichiodystrophy syndrome, we believe, reflect the prototype of a disorder that seems best described as central osteosclerosis with ectodermal dysplasia.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- R Civitelli
- Metabolic Research Unit, Shriners Hospital for Crippled Children, St. Louis, MO 63131
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
38
|
Goldyne ME, Williams ML. CHILD syndrome. Phenotypic dichotomy in eicosanoid metabolism and proliferative rates among cultured dermal fibroblasts. J Clin Invest 1989; 84:357-60. [PMID: 2738158 PMCID: PMC303991 DOI: 10.1172/jci114163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Dermal fibroblasts from a patient with CHILD syndrome (an acronym for congenital hemidysplasia with ichthyosiform erythroderma and limb defects) were obtained and successfully maintained in culture. Fibroblasts from an area of chronically hyperkeratotic skin were compared with fibroblasts from the corresponding contralateral area of normal skin in regard to proliferative activity and to both unstimulated and stimulated generation of PGE2, an eicosanoid with documented effects on both epidermal cell and fibroblast function. Compared with the uninvolved skin fibroblasts, those from involved skin showed (a) a slower rate of proliferation, (b) a cyclical pattern of PGE2 synthesis, and (c) an approximately 20-fold greater synthesis of PGE2 in response to human purified IL-1, a cytokine known to be secreted by epidermal keratinocytes. Furthermore, we were able to demonstrate that the cyclical generation of PGE2 by the involved skin fibroblasts is responsible for their slower rate of growth when compared with the uninvolved skin fibroblasts. These data document a phenotypic dichotomy between the uninvolved and involved skin fibroblasts in CHILD syndrome that may be exploited to increase our understanding of the nature of dermal influences that may affect epidermal growth and differentiation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M E Goldyne
- Department of Dermatology, Veterans Administration Medical Center, San Francisco, California 94121
| | | |
Collapse
|
39
|
Hordinsky M, Berry S, Sundby S, Tsai MY, Townsend D, Panter S. Hair protein patterns in a new autosomal dominant ectodermal dysplasia. Arch Dermatol 1987; 123:716-8. [PMID: 3579355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [MESH Headings] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
|
40
|
Weeks NL, Blecher SR. Evidence from thiol histochemistry for homology between the Tabby-crinkled syndrome in mice and human ectodermal dysplasia. J Histochem Cytochem 1983; 31:1407-11. [PMID: 6631002 DOI: 10.1177/31.12.6631002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutant mice carrying the sex-linked gene Tabby (Ta), and others carrying crinkled (cr), an autosomal mimic of Ta, were studied histochemically with respect to the sulfhydryl: disulfide ratios in their skin and hair and the SH levels in their tooth germs. As compared to normal controls, the mutant animals demonstrated significantly elevated SH:S-S ratios (skin and hair) and SH levels (tooth germs) in the ectodermal components of these tissues. This finding corresponds with previously reported biochemical data on a form of human ectodermal dysplasia (ED), and therefore supports the hypothesis that these mutations in mice may be homologous to the genes for human ED.
Collapse
|
41
|
Abstract
Hair from mice bearing the dominantly inherited Naked trait (NN) and from normal (NN) mice of the same inbred strain was separated into its major protein components by standard techniques. The relative amounts of proteins in these components were then determined by a regression method from the amino acid composition of the hair samples and of the fractions into which they had been separated. The results indicated that the amount of soluble fibril in Naked-mouse hair is decreased. Polyacrylamide-gel electrophoresis of this fraction prepared from the hair of both normal and Naked mice revealed that all protein bands present in the normal are also present in the Naked mice. However, a densitometric scan of the gels at 280 nm showed that the soluble fibril fraction from Naked-mouse hair is deficient in several proteins which, on amino acid analysis, were found to contain 31% glycine and 10% tyrosine. Gel filtration of S-carboxymethylkerateine prepared from normal and mutant hair showed that the mutant hair is deficient in a heterogeneous, low-molecular-weight fraction also rich in glycine and tyrosine. Our present data do not reveal the mechanism whereby a single gene locus modulates the production of several different proteins.
Collapse
|
42
|
|