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Jittavisutthikul S, Seesuay W, Thanongsaksrikul J, Thueng-in K, Srimanote P, Werner RG, Chaicumpa W. Human Transbodies to HCV NS3/4A Protease Inhibit Viral Replication and Restore Host Innate Immunity. Front Immunol 2016; 7:318. [PMID: 27617013 PMCID: PMC4999588 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
A safe and effective direct acting anti-hepatitis C virus (HCV) agent is still needed. In this study, human single chain variable fragments of antibody (scFvs) that bound to HCV NS3/4A protein were produced by phage display technology. The engineered scFvs were linked to nonaarginines (R9) for making them cell penetrable. HCV-RNA-transfected Huh7 cells treated with the transbodies produced from four different transformed E. coli clones had reduced HCV-RNA inside the cells and in the cell spent media, as well as fewer HCV foci in the cell monolayer compared to the transfected cells in culture medium alone. The transbodies-treated transfected cells also had up-expression of the genes coding for the host innate immune response, including TRIF, TRAF3, IRF3, IL-28B, and IFN-β. Computerized homology modeling and intermolecular docking predicted that the effective transbodies interacted with several critical residues of the NS3/4A protease, including those that form catalytic triads, oxyanion loop, and S1 and S6 pockets, as well as a zinc-binding site. Although insight into molecular mechanisms of the transbodies need further laboratory investigation, it can be deduced from the current data that the transbodies blocked the HCV NS3/4A protease activities, leading to the HCV replication inhibition and restoration of the virally suppressed host innate immunity. The engineered antibodies should be tested further for treatment of HCV infection either alone, in combination with current therapeutics, or in a mixture with their cognates specific to other HCV proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Surasak Jittavisutthikul
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Department of Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum-thani, Thailand
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-in
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- School of Pathology, Institute of Medicine, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima Province, Thailand
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum-thani, Thailand
| | - Rolf G. Werner
- Industrial Technology, Faculty of Science, University of Tuebingen, Tuebingen, Germany
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Center of Research Excellence on Therapeutic Proteins and Antibody Engineering, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathum-thani, Thailand
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Thueng-in K, Thanongsaksrikul J, Jittavisutthikul S, Seesuay W, Chulanetra M, Sakolvaree Y, Srimanote P, Chaicumpa W. Interference of HCV replication by cell penetrable human monoclonal scFv specific to NS5B polymerase. MAbs 2015; 6:1327-39. [PMID: 25517317 DOI: 10.4161/mabs.29978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
A new class of hepatitis C virus (HCV)-targeted therapeutics that is safe, broadly effective and can cope with virus mutations is needed. The HCV's NS5B is highly conserved and different from human protein, and thus it is an attractive target for anti-HCV therapeutics development. In this study, NS5B bound-phage clones selected from a human single chain variable antibody fragment (scFv) phage display library were used to transform appropriate E. coli bacteria. Two scFv inhibiting HCV polymerase activity were selected. The scFvs were linked to a cell penetrating peptide to make cell penetrable scFvs. The transbodies reduced the HCV RNA and infectious virus particles released into the culture medium and inside hepatic cells transfected with a heterologous HCV replicon. They also rescued the innate immune response of the transfected cells. Phage mimotope search and homology modeling/molecular docking revealed the NS5B subdomains and residues bound by the scFvs. The scFv mimotopes matched residues of the NS5B, which are important for nucleolin binding during HCV replication, as well as residues that interconnect the fingers and thumb domains for forming a polymerase active groove. Both scFvs docked on several residues at the thumb armadillo-like fold that could be the polymerase interactive sites of other viral/host proteins for the formation of the replication complex and replication initiation. In conclusion, human transbodies that inhibited HCV RdRp activity and HCV replication and restored the host innate immune response were produced. They are potentially future interferon-free anti-HCV candidates, particularly in combination with other cognates that are specific to NS5B epitopes and other HCV enzymes.
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Key Words
- ABTS, 2, 2′-Azino-di(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulfonate)
- AE, adverse effects
- BCIP/NBT, 5-bromo-4-chloro-3-indolyl phosphate/nitroblue tetrazolium liquid substrate system
- CDR(s), complementarity determining region(s)
- DMEM, Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium
- DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid
- DTT, dithiothreitol
- E. coli, Escherichia coli
- ELISA, enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay
- FR(s), immunoglobulin framework region(s)
- Fc, fragment crystallizable of immunoglobulin
- HCV, hepatitis C virus
- HRP, horseradish peroxidase
- Hepatitis C
- IFN-α, interferon-alpha
- IPTG, isopropyl β-D-1-thiogalactopyranoside
- IgG, immunoglobulin G
- LDH, lactic dehydrogenase
- NS, non-structural protein
- NS5B polymerase
- NS5BΔ55, recombinant C-terminally 55 amino acid deleted NS5B
- NTPs, nucleotide triphosphates
- Ni-NTA, nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid
- OD, optical density
- PBS, 0.15 molar phosphate-buffered saline, pH 7.4
- PCR, polymerase chain reaction
- PDB, protein data bank
- PEG, pegylated
- RBV, ribavirin
- RFLP, restriction fragment length polymorphism
- RT-PCR, reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- RdRp, RNA-dependent RNA polymerase
- SD, standard deviation
- SDS, sodium dodecyl sulfate
- SOC, standard-of-care
- STAT-C, specifically targeted anti-viral therapy for hepatitis C
- SVR, sustained virologic response
- VH, variable heavy chain domain of conventional four-chain IgG
- VHH, variable heavy chain domain of heavy chain antibody
- VL, variable light chain domain
- bp, base pairs
- cDNA, complementary deoxyribonucleic acid
- hepatitis C virus
- human single-chain variable antibody fragments (human scFv)
- kDa, kilo-Daltons
- mM, millimolars
- nM, nanomolars
- nm, nanometers
- pen/PEN, penetratin gene/protein
- phage display
- qPCR, quantitative real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction
- scFv, single-chain variable antibody fragments
- scfv, gene sequence coding for scFv
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Thueng-in
- a Department of Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine ; Kasetsart University ; Bangkok , Thailand
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Danpaiboon W, Reamtong O, Sookrung N, Seesuay W, Sakolvaree Y, Thanongsaksrikul J, Dong-din-on F, Srimanote P, Thueng-in K, Chaicumpa W. Ophiophagus hannah venom: proteome, components bound by Naja kaouthia antivenin and neutralization by N. kaouthia neurotoxin-specific human ScFv. Toxins (Basel) 2014; 6:1526-58. [PMID: 24828754 PMCID: PMC4052251 DOI: 10.3390/toxins6051526] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2014] [Accepted: 05/05/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Venomous snakebites are an important health problem in tropical and subtropical countries. King cobra (Ophiophagushannah) is the largest venomous snake found in South and Southeast Asia. In this study, the O. hannah venom proteome and the venom components cross-reactive to N. kaouthia monospecific antivenin were studied. O. hannah venom consisted of 14 different protein families, including three finger toxins, phospholipases, cysteine-rich secretory proteins, cobra venom factor, muscarinic toxin, L-amino acid oxidase, hypothetical proteins, low cysteine protein, phosphodiesterase, proteases, vespryn toxin, Kunitz, growth factor activators and others (coagulation factor, endonuclease, 5’-nucleotidase). N. kaouthia antivenin recognized several functionally different O. hannah venom proteins and mediated paratherapeutic efficacy by rescuing the O. hannah envenomed mice from lethality. An engineered human ScFv specific to N. kaouthia long neurotoxin (NkLN-HuScFv) cross-neutralized the O. hannah venom and extricated the O. hannah envenomed mice from death in a dose escalation manner. Homology modeling and molecular docking revealed that NkLN-HuScFv interacted with residues in loops 2 and 3 of the neurotoxins of both snake species, which are important for neuronal acetylcholine receptor binding. The data of this study are useful for snakebite treatment when and where the polyspecific antivenin is not available. Because the supply of horse-derived antivenin is limited and the preparation may cause some adverse effects in recipients, a cocktail of recombinant human ScFvs for various toxic venom components shared by different venomous snakes, exemplified by the in vitro produced NkLN-HuScFv in this study, should contribute to a possible future route for an improved alternative to the antivenins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Witchuda Danpaiboon
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Onrapak Reamtong
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand.
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Watee Seesuay
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Yuwaporn Sakolvaree
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Fonthip Dong-din-on
- Center for Agriculture Biotechnology and Department of Veterinary Pathology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Kasetsart University, Kam-paeng-saen Campus, Nakhon-pathom 73140, Thailand.
| | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program in Biomedical Science, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand.
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-in
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand.
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Thueng-in K, Thanongsaksrikul J, Srimanote P, Bangphoomi K, Poungpair O, Maneewatch S, Choowongkomon K, Chaicumpa W. Cell penetrable humanized-VH/V(H)H that inhibit RNA dependent RNA polymerase (NS5B) of HCV. PLoS One 2012; 7:e49254. [PMID: 23145135 PMCID: PMC3493538 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0049254] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2012] [Accepted: 10/04/2012] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
NS5B is pivotal RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp) of HCV and NS5B function interfering halts the virus infective cycle. This work aimed to produce cell penetrable humanized single domain antibodies (SdAb; VH/VHH) that interfere with the RdRp activity. Recombinant NS5BΔ55 of genotype 3a HCV with de novo RNA synthetic activity was produced and used in phage biopanning for selecting phage clones that displayed NS5BΔ55 bound VH/VHH from a humanized-camel VH/VHH display library. VH/VHH from E. coli transfected with four selected phage clones inhibited RdRp activity when tested by ELISA inhibition using 3′di-cytidylate 25 nucleotide directed in vitro RNA synthesis. Deduced amino acid sequences of two clones showed VHH hallmark and were designated VHH6 and VHH24; other clones were conventional VH, designated VH9 and VH13. All VH/VHH were linked molecularly to a cell penetrating peptide, penetratin. The cell penetrable VH9, VH13, VHH6 and VHH24 added to culture of Huh7 cells transfected with JHF-1 RNA of genotype 2a HCV reduced the amounts of RNA intracellularly and in culture medium implying that they inhibited the virus replication. VH/VHH mimotopes matched with residues scattered on the polymerase fingers, palm and thumb which were likely juxtaposed to form conformational epitopes. Molecular docking revealed that the antibodies covered the RdRp catalytic groove. The transbodies await further studies for in vivo role in inhibiting HCV replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Thueng-in
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Potjanee Srimanote
- Graduate Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani, Thailand
| | - Kunan Bangphoomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Ornnuthchar Poungpair
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Santi Maneewatch
- Department of Molecular Tropical Medicine and Genetics, Faculty of Tropical Medicine, Mahidol University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | | | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Bangkok, Thailand
- * E-mail:
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Chavanayarn C, Thanongsaksrikul J, Thueng-in K, Bangphoomi K, Sookrung N, Chaicumpa W. Humanized-single domain antibodies (VH/VHH) that bound specifically to Naja kaouthia phospholipase A2 and neutralized the enzymatic activity. Toxins (Basel) 2012; 4:554-67. [PMID: 22852068 PMCID: PMC3407892 DOI: 10.3390/toxins4070554] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2012] [Revised: 06/26/2012] [Accepted: 07/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Naja kaouthia (monocled cobra) venom contains many isoforms of secreted phospholipase A2 (sPLA2). The PLA2 exerts several pharmacologic and toxic effects in the snake bitten subject, dependent or independent on the enzymatic activity. N. kaouthia venom appeared in two protein profiles, P3 and P5, after fractionating the venom by ion exchange column chromatography. In this study, phage clones displaying humanized-camel single domain antibodies (VH/VHH) that bound specifically to the P3 and P5 were selected from a humanized-camel VH/VHH phage display library. Two phagemid transfected E. coli clones (P3-1 and P3-3) produced humanized-VHH, while another clone (P3-7) produced humanized-VH. At the optimal venom:antibody ratio, the VH/VHH purified from the E. coli homogenates neutralized PLA2 enzyme activity comparable to the horse immune serum against the N. kaouthia holo-venom. Homology modeling and molecular docking revealed that the VH/VHH covered the areas around the PLA2 catalytic groove and inserted their Complementarity Determining Regions (CDRs) into the enzymatic cleft. It is envisaged that the VH/VHH would ameliorate/abrogate the principal toxicity of the venom PLA2 (membrane phospholipid catabolism leading to cellular and subcellular membrane damage which consequently causes hemolysis, hemorrhage, and dermo-/myo-necrosis), if they were used for passive immunotherapy of the cobra bitten victim. The speculation needs further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Charnwit Chavanayarn
- Graduate Program in Immunology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Jeeraphong Thanongsaksrikul
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kanyarat Thueng-in
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.T.); (K.T.)
| | - Kunan Bangphoomi
- Department of Biochemistry, Kasetsart University, Bangkok 10900, Thailand;
| | - Nitat Sookrung
- Department of Research and Development, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand;
| | - Wanpen Chaicumpa
- Laboratory for Research and Technology Development, Department of Parasitology, Faculty of Medicine Siriraj Hospital, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10700, Thailand; (J.T.); (K.T.)
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +662-4196-497; Fax: +662-4196-491
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Thueng-in K, Maneewatch S, Srimanote P, Songserm T, Tapchaisri P, Sookrung N, Tongtawe P, Channarong S, Chaicumpa W. Heterosubtypic immunity to influenza mediated by liposome adjuvanted H5N1 recombinant protein vaccines. Vaccine 2010; 28:6765-77. [PMID: 20688037 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2010.07.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2010] [Revised: 07/02/2010] [Accepted: 07/21/2010] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
A non-egg, non-culture based influenza vaccine that intervenes large influenza outbreaks and protects against heterosubtypic infections is needed. Candidates of such vaccine are likely to be conserved influenza virus proteins or their coding DNA. The vaccine must be conveniently produced at reasonable cost, safe, highly immunogenic and should be able to recall rapidly the immunological memory upon the antigenic re-exposure. In this study vaccines made of full length recombinant NP and M2 of the H5N1 influenza A virus were entrapped either alone or together into liposome (L) made of phosphatidylcholine and cholesterol. The vaccines (L-NP, L-M2 or L-NP+M2) and mocks (L or PBS) were safe without causing any adverse reaction in the intramuscularly injected mice. They were readily immunogenic at a single dose and a recalled response could be detected within one day post booster. Cytokine and antibody data indicated that the vaccines induced a Th1 bias immune response. NP containing vaccines stimulated a marked increase of cytotoxic lymphocytes, i.e., CD8(+), intracellular IFNγ(+) cells, while M2 containing vaccines elicited good antibody response which neutralized infectivity of heterologous influenza viruses. Although the three vaccines elicited different immunological defense factors; nevertheless, they similarly and readily abrogated lung histopathology mediated by viruses belonging to different H5N1 clade/subclade and heterosubtypes including swine H1N1 and human H1N1/2009 viruses. They protected the vaccinated mice against lethal challenges with mouse adapted avian H5N1 virus. The liposome adjuvanted vaccines which demonstrated high protective efficacy in mice warrant testing further in a non-rodent model as well as in humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanyarat Thueng-in
- Graduate Program, Faculty of Allied Health Sciences, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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Poungpair O, Chaicumpa W, Kulkeaw K, Maneewatch S, Thueng-in K, Srimanote P, Tongtawe P, Songserm T, Lekcharoensuk P, Tapchaisri P. Human single chain monoclonal antibody that recognizes matrix protein of heterologous influenza A virus subtypes. J Virol Methods 2009; 159:105-11. [PMID: 19442853 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2008] [Revised: 03/01/2009] [Accepted: 03/09/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Matrix protein (M1) is predominant and has pivotal role in the influenza A virus replication and assembly. It is therefore an attractive target for antiviral drugs, siRNA studies, and therapeutic antibodies. Nevertheless, therapeutic antibody that interferes with the M1 multiplex function has never been developed. In this study, human single monoclonal antibody fragments (HuScFvs) to M1 were generated. Full length recombinant M1 (rM1) was produced from cDNA prepared from genome of highly pathogenic avian influenza virus, A/H5N1. The rM1 was used as an antigen in phage bio-panning to select phage clones displaying HuScFv from a human antibody phage display library. Several phage clones displaying HuScFv bound to the rM1 and harboring the respective huscfv gene inserts were isolated. RFLP experiments revealed multiple DNA banding patterns which indicated epitope/affinity diversity of the HuScFv. The HuScFv were tested for their binding to native M1 of homologous and heterologous influenza A viruses using ELISA as well as incorporating immunostaining and immunofluorescence studies with infected MDCK cells. One such protein produced from a selected phage clone blocked binding of M1 to viral RNA. The HuScFv in their in vivo functional format, e.g. cell-penetrating molecules, should be developed and tested as a broad spectrum anti-A/influenza.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ornnuthchar Poungpair
- Graduate Program, Faculty of Allied Health Science, Thammasat University, Pathumthani 12120, Thailand
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