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Zhong L, Feng Y, Hu H, Xu J, Wang Z, Du Y, Cui J, Jia S. Enhanced enzymatic performance of immobilized lipase on metal organic frameworks with superhydrophobic coating for biodiesel production. J Colloid Interface Sci 2021; 602:426-436. [PMID: 34144301 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.06.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 05/31/2021] [Accepted: 06/02/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Inspired by the interfacial catalysis of lipase, Herein, the hydrophobic ZIF-L coated with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) were prepared by chemical vapor deposition (CVD) and used to immobilize lipase from Aspergillus oryzae (AOL) for biodiesel production. The results showed that the PDMS coating enhanced the stability of ZIF-8 and ZIF-L in PBS. Immobilization efficiency of AOL on PDMS-modified ZIF-L was 96% under optimized conditions. The resultant immobilized lipase (AOL@PDMS-ZIF-L) exhibited higher activity recovery (430%) than AOL@ZIF-L. Meanwhile, compared with free lipase, the AOL@PDMS-ZIF-L exhibited better storage stability and thermal stability. After 150 days of storage, the free lipase retained only 20% of its original activity of hydrolyzing p-NPP, while the AOL@PDMS-ZIF-L still retained 90% of its original activity. The biodiesel yield catalyzed from soybean oil by free lipase was only 69%, However, the biodiesel yield by AOL@PDMS-ZIF-L reached 94%, and could still be maintained at 85% even after 5 consecutive cycles. It is believed that this convenient and versatile strategy has great promise in the important fields of immobilized lipase on MOF for biodiesel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Yuxiao Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Hongtong Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jiabao Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Ziyuan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Yingjie Du
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, PR China
| | - Jiandong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, PR China.
| | - Shiru Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition and Safety, Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, No 29, 13th, Avenue, Tianjin Economic and Technological Development Area (TEDA), Tianjin 300457, PR China
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2
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Current State and Perspectives on Transesterification of Triglycerides for Biodiesel Production. Catalysts 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/catal11091121] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Triglycerides are the main constituents of lipids, which are the fatty acids of glycerol. Natural organic triglycerides (viz. virgin vegetable oils, recycled cooking oils, and animal fats) are the main sources for biodiesel production. Biodiesel (mono alkyl esters) is the most attractive alternative fuel to diesel, with numerous environmental advantages over petroleum-based fuel. The most practicable method for converting triglycerides to biodiesel with viscosities comparable to diesel fuel is transesterification. Previous research has proven that biodiesel–diesel blends can operate the compression ignition engine without the need for significant modifications. However, the commercialization of biodiesel is still limited due to the high cost of production. In this sense, the transesterification route is a crucial factor in determining the total cost of biodiesel production. Homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification, industrially, is the conventional method to produce biodiesel. However, this method suffers from limitations both environmentally and economically. Although there are review articles on transesterification, most of them focus on a specific type of transesterification process and hence do not provide a comprehensive picture. This paper reviews the latest progress in research on all facets of transesterification technology from reports published by highly-rated scientific journals in the last two decades. The review focuses on the suggested modifications to the conventional method and the most promising innovative technologies. The potentiality of each technology to produce biodiesel from low-quality feedstock is also discussed.
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Santana JL, Oliveira JM, Nascimento JS, Mattedi S, Krause LC, Freitas LS, Cavalcanti EB, Pereira MM, Lima ÁS, Soares CMF. Continuous flow reactor based with an immobilized biocatalyst for the continuous enzymatic transesterification of crude coconut oil. Biotechnol Appl Biochem 2020; 67:404-413. [PMID: 31930535 DOI: 10.1002/bab.1885] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Here, we have assessed the use of one packed bed or two packed bed reactors in series in which Burkholderia cepacia lipase (BCL) was immobilized on protic ionic liquid (PIL)-modified silica and used as a biocatalyst for the transesterification of crude coconut oil. Reaction parameters including volumetric flow, temperature, and molar ratio were evaluated. The conversion of transesterification reaction products (ethyl esters) was determined using gas chromatography and the quantities of intermediate products (diglyceride and monoglyceride [MG]) were assessed using high-performance liquid chromatography. Packed bed reactors in series produced ethyl esters with the greatest efficiency, achieving 65.27% conversion after 96 H at a volumetric flow rate of 0.50 mL Min-1 at 40 °C and a 1:9 molar ratio of oil to ethanol. Further, within the first 24 H of the reaction, increased MG (54.5%) production was observed. Molecular docking analyses were performed to evaluate the catalytic step of coconut oil transesterification in the presence of BCL. Molecular docking analysis showed that triglycerides have a higher affinity energy (-5.7 kcal mol-1 ) than the smallest MG (-6.0 kcal mol-1 ), therefore, BCL catalyzes the conversion of triglycerides rather than MG, which is consistent with experimental results.
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Affiliation(s)
- Juliana L Santana
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa-ITP, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Juliana M Oliveira
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa-ITP, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Jamily S Nascimento
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa-ITP, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Silvana Mattedi
- Departamento de Engenharia Química, Universidade Federal da Bahia, Salvador, BA, Brazil
| | - Laiza C Krause
- Núcleo de Estudo em Sistemas Coloidais-NUESC, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Lisiane S Freitas
- Departamento de Química, Universidade Federal de Sergipe, São Cristóvão, Sergipe, SE, Brazil
| | - Eliane B Cavalcanti
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa-ITP, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Matheus M Pereira
- CICECO, Aveiro Institute of Materials, Department of Chemistry, University of Aveiro, Aveiro, Portugal
| | - Álvaro S Lima
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa-ITP, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
| | - Cleide M F Soares
- Instituto de Tecnologia e Pesquisa-ITP, Universidade Tiradentes, Aracaju, SE, Brazil
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Galeano JD, Mitchell DA, Krieger N. Biodiesel production by solvent-free ethanolysis of palm oil catalyzed by fermented solids containing lipases of Burkholderia contaminans. Biochem Eng J 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2017.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kouteu PAN, Blin J, Baréa B, Barouh N, Villeneuve P. Solvent-Free Biodiesel Production Catalyzed by Crude Lipase Powder from Seeds: Effects of Alcohol Polarity, Glycerol, and Thermodynamic Water Activity. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:8683-8690. [PMID: 28880083 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b03094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of crude lipase powders made from Adansonia grandidieri and Jatropha mahafalensis seeds for the synthesis of fatty acid alkyl esters in a solvent-free system. The influence of the nature of the alcohol, the amount of glycerol, and hydration of the powder was investigated. Results showed that the activity of these crude lipase powders was inversely proportional to the alcohol polarity and the amount of the glycerol in the reaction medium. To ensure optimum activity, A. grandidieri and J. mahafalensis powders must be conditioned to a water activity of 0.33 and 0.66. To obtain a fatty acid ethyl ester yield greater than 95% with A. grandidieri, ethanol should be introduced at an amount corresponding to a triacylglycerol to ethanol molar ratio of 2:1 every 15 h for 96 h and use 25% of preconditioned crude lipase powders (2 additions of 12.5%).
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Alain Nanssou Kouteu
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Laboratoire Biomasse Énergie et Biocarburants (LBEB) , Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Montpellier SupAgro, UMR 1208 Ingénierie des Agro-polymères et Technologies Émergentes , 2 Place Viala, F-34060 Montpellier, France
| | - Joël Blin
- Institut International d'Ingénierie de l'Eau et de l'Environnement (2iE), Laboratoire Biomasse Énergie et Biocarburants (LBEB) , Rue de la Science, 01 BP 594, Ouagadougou 01, Burkina Faso
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Bruno Baréa
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Nathalie Barouh
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
| | - Pierre Villeneuve
- Centre de Coopération Internationale en Recherche Agronomique pour le Développement (CIRAD) , 73 rue Jean-François Breton, 34393 Cedex 5 Montpellier, France
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Sánchez DA, Tonetto GM, Ferreira ML. Screening of Lipases with Unusual High Activity in the sn-2 Esterification of 1,3-Dicaprin under Mild Operating Conditions. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2017; 65:5010-5017. [PMID: 28573851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.7b01327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this work, the synthesis of acylglycerides with high nutritional value was carried out by enzymatic esterification at sn-2 position of 1,3-dicaprin with palmitic acid. A comparative study of the performance of several biocatalysts according to the obtained products was carried out. The results obtained with several of the biocatalysts evaluated are very interesting, and it would be possible to use them to obtain a mixture of acylglycerides to act as a fat substitute. The final product was composed of about 90% of nutritionally attractive glycerides. These glycerides were medium-chain length triglycerides, medium-long chain triglycerides (mainly triglycerides with medium chain fatty acids at sn-1 and sn-3 positions and long chain fatty acid at sn-2 position), and 1,3-diglycerides. Pseudomonas fluorescens lipase and Burkholderia cepacia lipase immobilized on chitosan demonstrated unusual high activity in the sn-2 esterification of 1,3-dicaprin with palmitic acid at 45 °C and 12 h with 33% yield to 1,3-dicaproyl-2-palmitoyl glycerol. Burkholderia cepacia lipase has the advantage of being immobilized; however, BCL/chitosan has the advantages of being immobilized and therefore its easy recovery from the reaction media.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alberto Sánchez
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET , Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, CC 717, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - Gabriela Marta Tonetto
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET , Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, CC 717, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
| | - María Luján Ferreira
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), Universidad Nacional del Sur (UNS)-CONICET , Camino La Carrindanga Km 7, CC 717, 8000 Bahía Blanca, Argentina
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Fadiloğlu S, Çiftçi ON, Göğüş F. Reduction of Free Fatty Acid Content of Olive-Pomace Oil by Enzymatic Glycerolysis. FOOD SCI TECHNOL INT 2016. [DOI: 10.1177/1082013203009001002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The enzymatic glycerolysis of free fatty acids in olive-pomace oil was carried out by immobilised Candida antarctica lipase. The effects of time, molecular sieve, enzyme concentration and reaction temperature on free fatty acids content were investigated. The initial acidity of the olive-pomace oil (32%) was reduced to 2.36% in the presence of 750 mg of molecular sieve in the reaction mixture. The effectiveness of glycerolysis was directly related to the amount of molecular sieve present. As the amount of molecular sieve increased, the conversion of free fatty acids also increased at a defined time. In the absence of molecular sieve, the esterification reaction forced to reverse reaction that is the hydrolysis. The greater conversion of free fatty acids into glycerides was observed at an enzyme concentration of 27.2 mg/mL within 60 min. ANOVA showed that the effects of temperature on fatty acid content was significant ( p < 0.05). Results obtained from non-linear regression analysis indicated that reaction order was 1.3 for fatty acid reduction in the olive-pomace oil. Calculated activation energy for fatty acid reduction was 32.89 kJ/mol.
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Affiliation(s)
- S. Fadiloğlu
- Faculty of Engineering, Food Engineering Department, The University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - O. N. Çiftçi
- Faculty of Engineering, Food Engineering Department, The University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
| | - F. Göğüş
- Faculty of Engineering, Food Engineering Department, The University of Gaziantep, 27310 Gaziantep, Turkey
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Vázquez L, González N, Reglero G, Torres C. Solvent-Free Lipase-Catalyzed Synthesis of Diacylgycerols as Low-Calorie Food Ingredients. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2016; 4:6. [PMID: 26904539 PMCID: PMC4748054 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2016.00006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/18/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Problems derived from obesity and overweight have recently promoted the development of fat substitutes and other low-calorie foods. On the one hand, fats with short- and medium-chain fatty acids are a source of quick energy, easily hydrolyzable and hardly stored as fat. Furthermore, 1,3-diacylglycerols are not hydrolyzed to 2-monoacylglycerols in the gastrointestinal tract, reducing the formation of chylomicron and lowers the serum level of triacylglycerols by decreasing its resynthesis in the enterocyte. In this work, these two effects were combined to synthesize short- and medium-chain 1,3-diacylglycerols, leading to a product with great potential as for their low-calorie properties. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification reactions were performed between short- and medium-chain fatty acid ethyl esters and glycerol. Different variables were investigated, such as the type of biocatalyst, the molar ratio FAEE:glycerol, the adsorption of glycerol on silica gel, or the addition of lecithin. Best reaction conditions were evaluated considering the percentage of 1,3-DAG produced and the reaction rate. Except Novozym 435 (Candida antarctica), other lipases required the adsorption of glycerol on silica gel to form acylglycerols. Lipases that gave the best results with adsorption were Novozym 435 and Lipozyme RM IM (Rhizomucor miehei) with 52 and 60.7% DAG at 32 h, respectively. Because of its specificity for sn-1 and sn-3 positions, lipases leading to a higher proportion of 1,3-DAG vs. 1,2-DAG were Lipozyme RM IM (39.8 and 20.9%, respectively) and Lipase PLG (Alcaligenes sp.) (35.9 and 19.3%, respectively). By adding 1% (w/w) of lecithin to the reaction with Novozym 435 and raw glycerol, the reaction rate was considerably increased from 41.7 to 52.8% DAG at 24 h.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Vázquez
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Noemí González
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
| | - Guillermo Reglero
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid, Madrid, Spain; IMDEA-Food Institute, CEI (UAM-CSIC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Carlos Torres
- Departamento de Producción y Caracterización de Nuevos Alimentos, Instituto de Investigación en Ciencias de la Alimentación (CSIC-UAM), Universidad Autónoma de Madrid , Madrid , Spain
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Immobilization of Alcaligenes sp. lipase as catalyst for the transesterification of vegetable oils to produce biodiesel. Catal Today 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cattod.2015.06.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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10
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Norjannah B, Ong HC, Masjuki HH, Juan JC, Chong WT. Enzymatic transesterification for biodiesel production: a comprehensive review. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra08062f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Biodiesel catalyzed by enzyme is affected by many factors. This review will critically discuss the three major components of enzymatic production of biodiesel and the methods used to improve the reaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- B. Norjannah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - Hwai Chyuan Ong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - H. H. Masjuki
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - J. C. Juan
- Nanotechnology & Catalysis Research Centre (NanoCat)
- Institute of Postgraduate Studies
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
| | - W. T. Chong
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Faculty of Engineering
- University of Malaya
- 50603 Kuala Lumpur
- Malaysia
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Ngo TPN, Li A, Tiew KW, Li Z. Efficient transformation of grease to biodiesel using highly active and easily recyclable magnetic nanobiocatalyst aggregates. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2013; 145:233-239. [PMID: 23298767 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2012.12.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2012] [Revised: 12/07/2012] [Accepted: 12/08/2012] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Green and efficient production of biodiesel (FAME) from waste grease containing high amount of free fatty acid (FFA) was achieved by using novel magnetic nanobiocatalyst aggregates (MNA). Thermomyces lanuginosus Lipase (TLL) and Candida antarctica Lipase B (CALB) were covalently immobilized on core-shell structured iron oxide magnetic nanoparticle (80 nm), respectively, followed by freeze-dry to give MNA (13-17 μm) with high yield (80-89%) and high enzyme loading (61 mg TLL or 22 mg CALB per gram MNA). MNA TL showed the best performance among immobilized enzymes known thus for the production of FAME from grease (17 wt.% FFA) with methanol, giving 99% yield in 12 h (3.3 wt.% catalyst). MNA TL was easily separated under magnetic field and reused, retaining 88% productivity in 11th cycle. MNA CA converted >97% FFA in grease (17 wt.% FFA) to FAME in 12 h (0.45 wt.% catalyst), being useful in two-step transformation of grease to biodiesel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thao P N Ngo
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, Singapore 117576, Singapore
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12
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Kawakami K, Oda Y, Takahashi R. Application of a Burkholderia cepacia lipase-immobilized silica monolith to batch and continuous biodiesel production with a stoichiometric mixture of methanol and crude Jatropha oil. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2011; 4:42. [PMID: 22013896 PMCID: PMC3212898 DOI: 10.1186/1754-6834-4-42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2011] [Accepted: 10/21/2011] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The enzymatic production of biodiesel through alcoholysis of triglycerides has become more attractive because it shows potential in overcoming the drawbacks of chemical processes. In this study, we investigate the production of biodiesel from crude, non-edible Jatropha oil and methanol to characterize Burkholderia cepacia lipase immobilized in an n-butyl-substituted hydrophobic silica monolith. We also evaluate the performance of a lipase-immobilized silica monolith bioreactor in the continuous production of biodiesel. RESULTS The Jatropha oil used contained 18% free fatty acids, which is problematic in a base-catalyzed process. In the lipase-catalyzed reaction, the presence of free fatty acids made the reaction mixture homogeneous and allowed bioconversion to proceed to 90% biodiesel yield after a 12 hour reaction time. The optimal molar ratio of methanol to oil was 3.3 to 3.5 parts methanol to one part oil, with water content of 0.6% (w/w). Further experiments revealed that B. cepacia lipase immobilized in hydrophobic silicates was sufficiently tolerant to methanol, and glycerol adsorbed on the support disturbed the reaction to some extent in the present reaction system. The continuous production of biodiesel was performed at steady state using a lipase-immobilized silica monolith bioreactor loaded with 1.67 g of lipase. The yield of 95% was reached at a flow rate of 0.6 mL/h, although the performance of the continuous bioreactor was somewhat below that predicted from the batch reactor. The bioreactor was operated successfully for almost 50 days with 80% retention of the initial yield. CONCLUSIONS The presence of free fatty acids originally contained in Jatropha oil improved the reaction efficiency of the biodiesel production. A combination of B. cepacia lipase and its immobilization support, n-butyl-substituted silica monolith, was effective in the production of biodiesel. This procedure is easily applicable to the design of a continuous flow-through bioreactor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koei Kawakami
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Oda
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Ryo Takahashi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Graduate School, Kyushu University, 744 Moto-oka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Ko MJ, Park HJ, Hong SY, Yoo YJ. Continuous biodiesel production using in situ glycerol separation by membrane bioreactor system. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2011; 35:69-75. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-011-0604-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2011] [Accepted: 07/16/2011] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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14
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Biosynthesis of glycerol carbonate from glycerol by lipase in dimethyl carbonate as the solvent. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2010; 33:1059-65. [DOI: 10.1007/s00449-010-0431-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2010] [Accepted: 04/26/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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15
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Karam R, Karboune S, St-Louis R, Kermasha S. Lipase-catalyzed acidolysis of fish liver oil with dihydroxyphenylacetic acid in organic solvent media. Process Biochem 2009. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2009.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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16
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Adamczak M, Bornscheuer UT, Bednarski W. The application of biotechnological methods for the synthesis of biodiesel. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200900078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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17
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Uthoff S, Bröker D, Steinbüchel A. Current state and perspectives of producing biodiesel-like compounds by biotechnology. Microb Biotechnol 2009; 2:551-65. [PMID: 21255288 PMCID: PMC3815363 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7915.2009.00139.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The global demand for crude oil is expected to continue to rise in future while simultaneously oil production is currently reaching its peak. Subsequently, rising oil prices and their negative impacts on economy, together with an increased environmental awareness of our society, directed the focus also on the biotechnological production of fuels. Although a wide variety of such fuels has been suggested, only the production of ethanol and biodiesel has reached a certain economic feasibility and volume, yet. This review focuses on the current state and perspectives of biotechnological production of biodiesel‐like compounds. At present by far most of the produced biodiesel is obtained by chemical transesterification reactions, which cannot meet the demands of a totally ‘green’ fuel production. Therefore, also several biotechnological biodiesel production processes are currently being developed. Biotechnological production can be achieved by purified enzymes in the soluble state, which requires cost‐intensive protein preparation. Alternatively, enzymes could be immobilized on an appropriate matrix, enabling a reuse of the enzyme, although the formation of by‐products may provide difficulties to maintain the enzyme activity. Processes in presence of organic solvents like t‐butanol have been developed, which enhance by‐product solubility and therefore prevent loss of enzyme activity. As another approach the application of whole‐cell catalysis for the production of fatty acid ethyl esters, which is also referred to as ‘microdiesel’, by recombinant microorganisms has recently been suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan Uthoff
- Institut für Molekulare Mikrobiologie und Biotechnologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Corrensstrasse 3, D-48149 Münster, Germany
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Fjerbaek L, Christensen KV, Norddahl B. A review of the current state of biodiesel production using enzymatic transesterification. Biotechnol Bioeng 2009; 102:1298-315. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.22256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 550] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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Su E, Wei D. Improvement in lipase-catalyzed methanolysis of triacylglycerols for biodiesel production using a solvent engineering method. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2008.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Mu Y, Xiu ZL, Zhang DJ. A combined bioprocess of biodiesel production by lipase with microbial production of 1,3-propanediol by Klebsiella pneumoniae. Biochem Eng J 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bej.2008.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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21
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Perspectives for biotechnological production of biodiesel and impacts. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 79:331-7. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-008-1448-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2008] [Revised: 03/03/2008] [Accepted: 03/04/2008] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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22
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Hernández-Martín E, Otero C. Selective enzymatic synthesis of lower acylglycerols rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids. EUR J LIPID SCI TECH 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/ejlt.200700190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
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23
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Mukherjee K, Weber N. Lipid Biotechnology. FOOD SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY 2008. [DOI: 10.1201/9781420046649.pt5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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High-density fermentation of microalga Chlorella protothecoides in bioreactor for microbio-diesel production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2008; 78:29-36. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-007-1285-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 385] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2007] [Revised: 11/13/2007] [Accepted: 11/14/2007] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Hernández-Martín E, Otero C. Different enzyme requirements for the synthesis of biodiesel: Novozym 435 and Lipozyme TL IM. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2008; 99:277-86. [PMID: 17321130 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2006.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/08/2006] [Revised: 12/20/2006] [Accepted: 12/21/2006] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Enzymatic syntheses of biodiesel via alcoholysis of different vegetable oils (sunflower, borage, olive and soybean) have been studied. Loss of lipase activity induced by the nucleophile is greater with methanol than with ethanol, and is greater for Lipozyme TL IM than for Novozym 435. The optimum volume of ethanol depends on the loading of solid biocatalyst and is higher for preparations of Novozym 435 than for Lipozyme TL IM. Maximum rates were obtained with Lipozyme TL IM, for a molar ratio of alcohol to FA residues of 0.33. By contrast, Novozym 435 requires at least a 2:1 ratio. Alcoholysis of the vegetable oils is faster with Lipozyme TL IM than with Novozym 435. Use of a high loading of Novozym 435 (50% w/w) and a large molar excess of ethanol are required to obtain an initial rate similar to that obtained with Lipozyme TL IM at a lower enzyme loading (10% w/w) and an equimolar ratio of ethanol and FA residues. Novozym 435 produces quantitative conversions in only 7h at 25 degrees C, but complete conversions are not obtained with Lipozyme TL IM. Three stage stepwise addition of ethanol yields 84% conversion to ethyl esters for Lipozyme TL IM. Hence use of Novozym 435 is preferred. After nine cycles in a batch reactor Novozym 435 retained 85% of its initial activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Estela Hernández-Martín
- Department of Biocatalysis, Institute of Catalysis and Petroleochemistry, CSIC, Cantoblanco, Madrid, Spain
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Nie K, Xie F, Wang F, Tan T. Lipase catalyzed methanolysis to produce biodiesel: Optimization of the biodiesel production. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 201] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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27
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Li L, Du W, Liu D, Wang L, Li Z. Lipase-catalyzed transesterification of rapeseed oils for biodiesel production with a novel organic solvent as the reaction medium. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2006.06.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 224] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Karboune S, Safari M, Lue BM, Yeboah FK, Kermasha S. Lipase-catalyzed biosynthesis of cinnamoylated lipids in a selected organic solvent medium. J Biotechnol 2005; 119:281-90. [PMID: 15899531 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2005.03.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2004] [Revised: 03/22/2005] [Accepted: 03/29/2005] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Biosynthesis of cinnamoylated lipids through the lipase-catalyzed transesterification reaction of cinnamic acid with triolein was investigated in organic solvent media. Electrospray ionization-mass spectroscopy (ESI-MS) structural analysis of the reaction mixture revealed the formation of two major end products, monoleyl-1(3)-cinnamate and dioleyl-2-cinnamate. Decreasing the molar ratio of cinnamic acid to triolein from 1:1 to 1:4.5 resulted in an increase in the maximum bioconversion yield of cinnamoylated lipids from 19 to 42%, which remained constant at a lower ratio of 1:6. However, an excess of triolein appeared to have a more beneficial effect on the formation of dioleyl-2-cinnamate than monoleyl-1(3)-cinnamate, leading to different end product compositions at ratios of substrates. With cinnamic acid to triolein ratios of 1:4.5 and 1:6.0, an increase in the bioconversion yield of cinnamoylated lipids to 55% was achieved by adding 2.2 mgmL(-1) silica gel to the reaction mixture. Radical scavenging activity of cinnamoylated lipids, with 50% of radical 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) scavenging, was found to be higher than that of its corresponding phenolic acid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salwa Karboune
- Department of Food Science and Agricultural Chemistry, McGill University, 21,111 Lakeshore, Ste-Anne de Bellevue, Que., Canada H9X 3V9
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Soumanou MM, Bornscheuer UT. Improvement in lipase-catalyzed synthesis of fatty acid methyl esters from sunflower oil. Enzyme Microb Technol 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(03)00090-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 294] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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32
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Sonwalkar RD, Chen CC, Ju LK. Roles of silica gel in polycondensation of lactic acid in organic solvent. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2003; 87:69-73. [PMID: 12733578 DOI: 10.1016/s0960-8524(02)00197-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Poly(lactic acid) is among the most important biodegradable, biocompatible polymers. To explore the feasibility of making poly(lactic acid) through potentially more selective enzymatic methods, the lipase-catalyzed direct polycondensation of lactic acid in organic solvents was investigated. At 37 degrees C the reaction was found to favor nonpolar solvents with larger log P values and smaller log S(w/o values. The addition of silica gel appeared to greatly enhance the lactic acid conversion (up to 98%) and the lipase stability under the reaction condition. However, upon further investigations, the silica gel itself was found to catalyze the polycondensation, in addition to the role of water removal. The conversion catalyzed by silica gel alone was actually higher than that by silica gel + lipase (or lipase alone). Up to 93% conversion of the acid functional group (or about 99.5% conversion of lactic acid monomer) was obtained in 120 h with silica gel as the catalyst. The finding is especially significant for interpreting (or reconsidering) the results of many presumably enzyme-catalyzed organic-phase reactions in the presence of silica gel.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rahul D Sonwalkar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, The University of Akron, Akron, OH 44325-3906, USA
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Lipase-catalyzed production of biodiesel fuel from vegetable oils contained in waste activated bleaching earth. Process Biochem 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-9592(02)00241-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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RAHMAN MABDUL, YAP C, DZULKEFLY K, RAHMAN RABDUL, SALLEH A, BASRI M. Synthesis of Palm Kernel Oil Alkanolamide Using Lipase. J Oleo Sci 2003. [DOI: 10.5650/jos.52.65] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
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Hadzir NM, Basri M, Rahman MBA, Razak CNA, Rahman RNZA, Salleh AB. Enzymatic alcoholysis of triolein to produce wax ester. JOURNAL OF CHEMICAL TECHNOLOGY & BIOTECHNOLOGY 2001; 76:511-515. [DOI: 10.1002/jctb.407] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 09/01/2023]
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Giacometti J, Giacometti F, Milin Č, Vasić-Rački Đ. Kinetic characterisation of enzymatic esterification in a solvent system: adsorptive control of water with molecular sieves. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s1381-1177(00)00159-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Poisson L, Jan S, Vuillemard JC, Sarazin C, Séguin JP, Barbotin JN, Ergan F. Lipase-catalyzed synthesis of waxes from milk fat and oleyl alcohol. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1999. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-999-0198-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- L. Poisson
- Département de Génie Biologique; Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Laval; B.P. 2045 52 rue des Docteurs Calmette et Guérin 53020 Laval Cedex France
| | - S. Jan
- Département de Génie Biologique; Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Laval; B.P. 2045 52 rue des Docteurs Calmette et Guérin 53020 Laval Cedex France
| | - J. C. Vuillemard
- ; Centre de Recherche en Sciences et Technologie du Lait, Faculté des Sciences, de l’Agriculture et de l’Alimentation; Université Laval; G1K 7P4 Québec Canada
| | - C. Sarazin
- ; Laboratoire de Génie Cellulaire UPRES-A CNRS 6022, Faculté des Sciences; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; 80039 Amiens Cedex France
| | - J. P. Séguin
- ; Laboratoire de Génie Cellulaire UPRES-A CNRS 6022, Faculté des Sciences; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; 80039 Amiens Cedex France
| | - J. N. Barbotin
- ; Laboratoire de Génie Cellulaire UPRES-A CNRS 6022, Faculté des Sciences; Université de Picardie Jules Verne; 80039 Amiens Cedex France
| | - F. Ergan
- Département de Génie Biologique; Institut Universitaire de Technologie de Laval; B.P. 2045 52 rue des Docteurs Calmette et Guérin 53020 Laval Cedex France
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Dossat V, Combes D, Marty A. Continuous enzymatic transesterification of high oleic sunflower oil in a packed bed reactor: influence of the glycerol production. Enzyme Microb Technol 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(99)00026-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Decagny B, Jan S, Vuillemard J, Sarazin C, Séguin J, Gosselin C, Barbotin J, Ergan F. Synthesis of wax ester through triolein alcoholysis: Choice of the lipase and study of the mechanism. Enzyme Microb Technol 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-0229(97)00240-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Abstract
Decreasing consumption of high fat milk and dairy products is driving the dairy industry to seek other uses for increasing surplus of milkfat. Enzyme catalyzed modification of milkfat using lipases is receiving particular attention. This review examines lipase-mediated modification of milkfat. Especial attention is given to industrial applications of lipases for producing structured and modified milkfat for improved physical properties and digestibility, reduced caloric value, and flavor enhancement. Features associated with reactions such as hydrolysis, transesterification, alcoholysis and acidolysis are presented with emphasis on industrial feasibility, marketability and environmental concerns. Future prospects for enzyme catalyzed modification of milk fat are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Balcão
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Rua Dr. António Bernardino de Almeida, P-4200 Porto, Portugal
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O'Connor CJ, Barton RH. Modifications of emulsions for determination of the rates of lipase-catalysed hydrolysis and intramolecular acyl transfer reactions of lipids. J Mol Liq 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-7322(97)00045-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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43
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The role of silica gel in lipase-catalyzed esterification reactions of high-polar substrates. J AM OIL CHEM SOC 1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s11746-997-0148-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Abstract
This review attempts to provide an updated compilation of studies reported in the literature pertaining to reactors containing lipases in immobilized forms, in a way that helps the reader direct a bibliographic search and develop an integrated perspective of the subject. Highlights are given to industrial applications of lipases (including control and economic considerations), as well as to methods of immobilization and configurations of reactors in which lipases are used. Features associated with immobilized lipase kinetics such as enzyme activities, adsorption properties, optimum operating conditions, and estimates of the lumped parameters in classical kinetic formulations (Michaelis-Menten model for enzyme action and first-order model for enzyme decay) are presented in the text in a systematic tabular form.
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Affiliation(s)
- V M Balcão
- Escola Superior de Biotecnologia, Universidade Católica Portuguesa, Porto
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