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Liu BW, Zhao HB, Wang YZ. Advanced Flame-Retardant Methods for Polymeric Materials. ADVANCED MATERIALS (DEERFIELD BEACH, FLA.) 2022; 34:e2107905. [PMID: 34837231 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202107905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2021] [Revised: 11/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Most organic polymeric materials have high flammability, for which the large amounts of smoke, toxic gases, heat, and melt drips produced during their burning cause immeasurable damages to human life and property every year. Despite some desirable results having been achieved by conventional flame-retardant methods, their application is encountering more and more difficulties with the ever-increasing high flame-retardant requirements such as high flame-retardant efficiency, great persistence, low release of heat, smoke, and toxic gases, and more importantly not deteriorating or even enhancing the overall properties of polymers. Under such condition, some advanced flame-retardant methods have been developed in the past years based on "all-in-one" intumescence, nanotechnology, in situ reinforcement, intrinsic char formation, plasma treatment, biomimetic coatings, etc., which have provided potential solutions to the dilemma of conventional flame-retardant methods. This review briefly outlines the development, application, and problems of conventional flame-retardant methods, including bulk-additive, bulk-copolymerization, and surface treatment, and focuses on the raise, development, and potential application of advanced flame-retardant methods. The future development of flame-retardant methods is further discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bo-Wen Liu
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Hai-Bo Zhao
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
| | - Yu-Zhong Wang
- The Collaborative Innovation Center for Eco-Friendly and Fire-Safety Polymeric Materials (MoE), National Engineering Laboratory of Eco-Friendly Polymeric Materials (Sichuan), State Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials Engineering, College of Chemistry, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610064, China
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2
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Biomolecules as Flame Retardant Additives for Polymers: A Review. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040849. [PMID: 32272648 PMCID: PMC7240707 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Biological molecules can be obtained from natural sources or from commercial waste streams and can serve as effective feedstocks for a wide range of polymer products. From foams to epoxies and composites to bulk plastics, biomolecules show processability, thermal stability, and mechanical adaptations to fulfill current material requirements. This paper summarizes the known bio-sourced (or bio-derived), environmentally safe, thermo-oxidative, and flame retardant (BEST-FR) additives from animal tissues, plant fibers, food waste, and other natural resources. The flammability, flame retardance, and—where available—effects on polymer matrix’s mechanical properties of these materials will be presented. Their method of incorporation into the matrix, and the matrices for which the BEST-FR should be applicable will also be made known if reported. Lastly, a review on terminology and testing methodology is provided with comments on future developments in the field.
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Ji Y, Yao Q, Cao W, Zhao Y. Base Promoted Intumescence of Phenols. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020261. [PMID: 31979373 PMCID: PMC7077410 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2019] [Revised: 01/17/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The intumescent process of sodium (substituted) phenolates has been studied. The generation of hydrogen radical via a homolytic cleavage of the Ar–H bond and the subsequent hydroarylation of phenolates to cyclohexadienes along with cyclization and elimination reactions of cyclohexadienes are critical steps in the base promoted intumescence of phenols. The substituents show great influence on the intumescence of phenolates. Phenolates substituted with a weak electron donating group enable intumescence while those with an electron withdrawing group or strong electron donating group suppresses intumescence. This distinction can be justified by both electronic and steric effects of substituents on the generation of hydrogen radical and the degree of hydroarylation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Ji
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Y.J.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Qiang Yao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Y.J.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- Key Laboratory of Bio-based Polymeric Materials Technology and Application of Zhejiang Province, Ningbo 315201, China
- Correspondence:
| | - Weihong Cao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Y.J.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.)
| | - Yueying Zhao
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China; (Y.J.); (W.C.); (Y.Z.)
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Electrostatic action induced interfacial accumulation of layered double hydroxides towards highly efficient flame retardance and mechanical enhancement of thermoplastic polyurethane/ammonium polyphosphate. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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5
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Gao S, Liu G. Synthesis of amino trimethylene phosphonic acid melamine salt and its application in flame-retarded polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- College of Chemistry; Nanchang University; Jiangxi 330031 China
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6
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Gibson A, Wan-Jusoh W, Kotsikos G. A propane burner test for passive fire protection (PFP) formulations containing added halloysite, carbon nanotubes and graphene. Polym Degrad Stab 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2018.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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7
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Zhang Y, Han P, Fang Z. Synthesis of phospholipidated β-cyclodextrin and its application for flame-retardant poly(lactic acid) with ammonium polyphosphate. J Appl Polym Sci 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/app.46054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Ningbo 315100 China
| | - Pengyu Han
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Ningbo 315100 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
| | - Zhengping Fang
- Laboratory of Polymer Materials and Engineering, Ningbo Institute of Technology; Zhejiang University; Ningbo 315100 China
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering; Zhejiang University; Hangzhou 310027 China
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Zhao S, Xu B, He L, Yu H, Tan S. Study of a novel co-rotating non-twin screw extruder in processing flame retardant polymer materials. JOURNAL OF POLYMER ENGINEERING 2017. [DOI: 10.1515/polyeng-2016-0235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
A thorough study was carried out to investigate the priority of a novel co-rotating non-twin screw extruder (NTSE) over a traditional twin screw extruder (TSE) in the mixing process of halogen-free intumescent flame-retardant acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) composites. The homogeneity of the flame-retardant additives of the composites processed by NTSE and TSE under the same operating conditions was characterized by using mechanical performance properties, limiting oxygen index values, UL-94 tests, and thermogravimetric analysis. All the results suggested that NTSE could achieve better mixing of the flame-retardant additives in the polymer matrix than TSE, which was further clarified by the scanning electron microscope pictures.
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Prabhakar M, Rehman Shah AU, Song JI. Improved flame-retardant and tensile properties of thermoplastic starch/flax fabric green composites. Carbohydr Polym 2017; 168:201-211. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2017.03.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2016] [Revised: 03/04/2017] [Accepted: 03/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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Gao S, Zhao X, Liu G. Synthesis of tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate homopolymer and its application in intumescent flame retarded polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/app.44663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shang Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Xuan Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- College of Chemistry; Nanchang University; Jiangxi 330031 China
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A facile and novel modification method of β-cyclodextrin and its application in intumescent flame-retarding polypropylene with melamine phosphate and expandable graphite. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-015-0905-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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12
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Ye T, Li J. Effect of anion of polyoxometalate based organic-inorganic hybrid material on intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2016. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.3786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ting Ye
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
| | - Juan Li
- Ningbo Key Laboratory of Polymer Materials, Ningbo Institute of Material Technology and Engineering; Chinese Academy of Sciences; Ningbo Zhejiang 315201 PR China
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14
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Synergistic effects of rare earth oxides on intumescent flame retardancy of Nylon 1010/ethylene-vinyl-acetate rubber thermoplastic elastomers. JOURNAL OF POLYMER RESEARCH 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-014-0652-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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15
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Chen W, Liu G. Flame-retardancy properties of tris(2-hydroxyethyl) isocyanurate based charring agents on polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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16
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Battegazzore D, Alongi J, Fontaine G, Frache A, Bourbigot S, Malucelli G. Bulk vs. surface flame retardancy of fully bio-based polyamide 10,10. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PA 10,10 can be flame retarded either by melt-blending the polymer with intumescent formulations or by coating it with UV-curable mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Battegazzore
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Gaelle Fontaine
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) – CNRS UMR 8207
- R2Fire Group–Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille
- F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Alberto Frache
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) – CNRS UMR 8207
- R2Fire Group–Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille
- F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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17
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Xia Y, Jin F, Mao Z, Guan Y, Zheng A. Effects of ammonium polyphosphate to pentaerythritol ratio on composition and properties of carbonaceous foam deriving from intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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18
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Chen W, Yuan S, Sheng Y, Liu G. Effect of charring agent THEIC on flame retardant properties of polypropylene. J Appl Polym Sci 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/app.41214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Wenyan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Shanshan Yuan
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
| | - Yong Sheng
- Sinochem Fuling Chongqing Chemical Industry Co., Ltd.; Chongqing 408000 China
| | - Gousheng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Chemical Engineering; East China University of Science and Technology; Shanghai 200237 China
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Chen S, Li J, Zhu Y, Su S. Roles of anion of polyoxometalate-based ionic liquids in properties of intumescent flame retardant polypropylene. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra04592k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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20
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Sanchez-Olivares G, Sanchez-Solis A, Calderas F, Medina-Torres L, Herrera-Valencia E, Rivera-Gonzaga A, Manero O. Extrusion with ultrasound applied on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene. POLYM ENG SCI 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.23454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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21
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Wang X, Xing W, Wang B, Wen P, Song L, Hu Y, Zhang P. Comparative Study on the Effect of Beta-Cyclodextrin and Polypseudorotaxane As Carbon Sources on the Thermal Stability and Flame Retardance of Polylactic Acid. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie303002b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire
Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic
of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory
of Urban
Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou,
Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weiyi Xing
- State Key Laboratory of Fire
Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Bibo Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Fire
Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Panyue Wen
- State Key Laboratory of Fire
Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Lei Song
- State Key Laboratory of Fire
Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic
of China
| | - Yuan Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Fire
Science, University of Science and Technology of China, 96 Jinzhai Road, Hefei, Anhui 230026, People’s Republic
of China
- Suzhou Key Laboratory
of Urban
Public Safety, Suzhou Institute of University of Science and Technology of China, 166 Ren’ai Road, Suzhou,
Jiangsu 215123, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ping Zhang
- State Key Laboratory Cultivation
Base for Nonmetal Composites and Functional Materials, Southwest University of Science and Technology, 59
Qinglong Road, Mianyang 621010, P. R. China
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22
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Jiang W, Hao J, Han Z. Study on the thermal degradation of mixtures of ammonium polyphosphate and a novel caged bicyclic phosphate and their flame retardant effect in polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2012. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2012.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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23
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Feng JX, Su SP, Zhu J. An intumescent flame retardant system using β
-cyclodextrin as a carbon source in polylactic acid (PLA). POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1954] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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Schartel B. Phosphorus-based Flame Retardancy Mechanisms-Old Hat or a Starting Point for Future Development? MATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2010; 3:4710-4745. [PMID: 28883349 PMCID: PMC5445781 DOI: 10.3390/ma3104710] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2010] [Revised: 08/23/2010] [Accepted: 09/09/2010] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Different kinds of additive and reactive flame retardants containing phosphorus are increasingly successful as halogen-free alternatives for various polymeric materials and applications. Phosphorus can act in the condensed phase by enhancing charring, yielding intumescence, or through inorganic glass formation; and in the gas phase through flame inhibition. Occurrence and efficiency depend, not only on the flame retardant itself, but also on its interaction with pyrolysing polymeric material and additives. Flame retardancy is sensitive to modification of the flame retardant, the use of synergists/adjuvants, and changes to the polymeric material. A detailed understanding facilitates the launch of tailored and targeted development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bernhard Schartel
- BAM Federal Institute for Materials Research and Testing, Unter den Eichen 87, 12205 Berlin, Germany.
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27
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Ren Q, Wan C, Zhang Y, Li J. An investigation into synergistic effects of rare earth oxides on intumescent flame retardancy of polypropylene/poly (octylene-co
-ethylene) blends. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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28
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Jiao C, Chen X. Flammability and thermal degradation of intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene composites. POLYM ENG SCI 2009. [DOI: 10.1002/pen.21583] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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29
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Nie S, Hu Y, Song L, He S, Yang D. Study on a novel and efficient flame retardant synergist–nanoporous nickel phosphates VSB-1 with intumescent flame retardants in polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2008. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.1088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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30
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Antonov AV, Reshetnikov IS, Khalturinskij NA. Combustion of char-forming polymeric systems. RUSSIAN CHEMICAL REVIEWS 2007. [DOI: 10.1070/rc1999v068n07abeh000408] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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31
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Fire retardancy of a reactively extruded intumescent flame retardant polyethylene system enhanced by metal chelates. Polym Degrad Stab 2007. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2007.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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32
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Chen Y, Wang Q. Reaction of melamine phosphate with pentaerythritol and its products for flame retardation of polypropylene. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2007. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.845] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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33
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Lv P, Wang Z, Hu K, Fan W. Flammability and thermal degradation of flame retarded polypropylene composites containing melamine phosphate and pentaerythritol derivatives. Polym Degrad Stab 2005. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2005.04.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 192] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Wang Q, Chen Y, Liu Y, Yin H, Aelmans N, Kierkels R. Performance of an intumescent-flame-retardant master batch synthesized by twin-screw reactive extrusion: effect of the polypropylene carrier resin. POLYM INT 2004. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.1394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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35
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Qu B, Xie R. Intumescent char structures and flame-retardant mechanism of expandable graphite-based halogen-free flame-retardant linear low density polyethylene blends. POLYM INT 2003. [DOI: 10.1002/pi.990] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
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36
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Chen Y, Liu Y, Wang Q, Yin H, Aelmans N, Kierkels R. Performance of intumescent flame retardant master batch synthesized through twin-screw reactively extruding technology: effect of component ratio. Polym Degrad Stab 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(03)00091-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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37
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Jahromi S, Gabriëlse W, Braam A. Effect of melamine polyphosphate on thermal degradation of polyamides: a combined X-ray diffraction and solid-state NMR study. POLYMER 2003. [DOI: 10.1016/s0032-3861(02)00686-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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38
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39
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Wu Q, Qu B. Synergistic effects of silicotungistic acid on intumescent flame-retardant polypropylene. Polym Degrad Stab 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(01)00155-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 112] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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40
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Thermo-oxidative degradation behaviors of expandable graphite-based intumescent halogen-free flame retardant LLDPE blends. Polym Degrad Stab 2001. [DOI: 10.1016/s0141-3910(00)00190-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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