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Gómez-Díaz D, Domínguez-Ramos L, Malucelli G, Freire MS, González-Álvarez J, Lazzari M. S/N/O-Enriched Carbons from Polyacrylonitrile-Based Block Copolymers for Selective Separation of Gas Streams. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:269. [PMID: 38257068 PMCID: PMC10819996 DOI: 10.3390/polym16020269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2023] [Revised: 01/12/2024] [Accepted: 01/16/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024] Open
Abstract
A series of polyacrylonitrile (PAN)-based block copolymers with poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) as sacrificial bock were synthesized by atom transfer radical polymerization and used as precursors for the synthesis of porous carbons. The carbons enriched with O- and S-containing groups, introduced by controlled oxidation and sulfuration, respectively, were characterized by Raman spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy, and X-ray photoelectron spectrometry, and their surface textural properties were measured by a volumetric analyzer. We observed that the presence of sulfur tends to modify the structure of the carbons, from microporous to mesoporous, while the use of copolymers with a range of molar composition PAN/PMMA between 10/90 and 47/53 allows the obtainment of carbons with different degrees of porosity. The amount of sacrificial block only affects the morphology of carbons stabilized in oxygen, inducing their nanostructuration, but has no effect on their chemical composition. We also demonstrated their suitability for separating a typical N2/CO2 post-combustion stream.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego Gómez-Díaz
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rua Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.D.-R.); (M.S.F.); (J.G.-Á.)
| | - Lidia Domínguez-Ramos
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rua Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.D.-R.); (M.S.F.); (J.G.-Á.)
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - María Sonia Freire
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rua Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.D.-R.); (M.S.F.); (J.G.-Á.)
| | - Julia González-Álvarez
- Departamento de Ingeniería Química, ETSE, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Rua Lope Gómez de Marzoa s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain; (L.D.-R.); (M.S.F.); (J.G.-Á.)
| | - Massimo Lazzari
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, Avenida das Ciencias s/n, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
- Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CiQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain
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Mariani A, Malucelli G. Polymer Hydrogels and Frontal Polymerization: A Winning Coupling. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:4242. [PMID: 37959922 PMCID: PMC10647350 DOI: 10.3390/polym15214242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2023] [Revised: 10/17/2023] [Accepted: 10/18/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer hydrogels are 3D networks consisting of hydrophilic crosslinked macromolecular chains, allowing them to swell and retain water. Since their invention in the 1960s, they have become an outstanding pillar in the design, development, and application of engineered polymer systems suitable for biomedical and pharmaceutical applications (such as drug or cell delivery, the regeneration of hard and soft tissues, wound healing, and bleeding prevention, among others). Despite several well-established synthetic routes for developing polymer hydrogels based on batch polymerization techniques, about fifteen years ago, researchers started to look for alternative methods involving simpler reaction paths, shorter reaction times, and lower energy consumption. In this context, frontal polymerization (FP) has undoubtedly become an alternative and efficient reaction model that allows for the conversion of monomers into polymers via a localized and propagating reaction-by means of exploiting the formation and propagation of a "hot" polymerization front-able to self-sustain and propagate throughout the monomeric mixture. Therefore, the present work aims to summarize the main research outcomes achieved during the last few years concerning the design, preparation, and application of FP-derived polymeric hydrogels, demonstrating the feasibility of this technique for the obtainment of functional 3D networks and providing the reader with some perspectives for the forthcoming years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy;
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Roato I, Genova T, Duraccio D, Ruffinatti FA, Zanin Venturini D, Di Maro M, Mosca Balma A, Pedraza R, Petrillo S, Chinigò G, Munaron L, Malucelli G, Faga MG, Mussano F. Mechanical and Biological Characterization of PMMA/Al 2O 3 Composites for Dental Implant Abutments. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3186. [PMID: 37571080 PMCID: PMC10421041 DOI: 10.3390/polym15153186] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2023] [Revised: 07/20/2023] [Accepted: 07/21/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The mechanical and biological behaviors of PMMA/Al2O3 composites incorporating 30 wt.%, 40 wt.%, and 50 wt.% of Al2O3 were thoroughly characterized as regards to their possible application in implant-supported prostheses. The Al2O3 particles accounted for an increase in the flexural modulus of PMMA. The highest value was recorded for the composite containing 40 wt.% Al2O3 (4.50 GPa), which was about 18% higher than that of its unfilled counterpart (3.86 GPa). The Al2O3 particles caused a decrease in the flexural strength of the composites, due to the presence of filler aggregates and voids, though it was still satisfactory for the intended application. The roughness (Ra) and water contact angle had the same trend, ranging from 1.94 µm and 77.2° for unfilled PMMA to 2.45 µm and 105.8° for the composite containing the highest alumina loading, respectively, hence influencing both the protein adsorption and cell adhesion. No cytotoxic effects were found, confirming that all the specimens are biocompatible and capable of sustaining cell growth and proliferation, without remarkable differences at 24 and 48 h. Finally, Al2O3 was able to cause strong cell responses (cell orientation), thus guiding the tissue formation in contact with the composite itself and not enhancing its osteoconductive properties, supporting the PMMA composite's usage in the envisaged application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilaria Roato
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Tullio Genova
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (T.G.); (F.A.R.); (D.Z.V.); (G.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Donatella Duraccio
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility, National Council of Research, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Federico Alessandro Ruffinatti
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (T.G.); (F.A.R.); (D.Z.V.); (G.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Diletta Zanin Venturini
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (T.G.); (F.A.R.); (D.Z.V.); (G.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Mattia Di Maro
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility, National Council of Research, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Alessandro Mosca Balma
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Riccardo Pedraza
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.)
| | - Sara Petrillo
- Department of Molecular Biotechnology and Health Sciences, Molecular Biotechnology Center (MBC), University of Turin, Via Nizza 52, 10126 Torino, Italy;
| | - Giorgia Chinigò
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (T.G.); (F.A.R.); (D.Z.V.); (G.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Luca Munaron
- Department of Life Sciences and Systems Biology, University of Turin, Via Accademia Albertina 13, 10123 Torino, Italy; (T.G.); (F.A.R.); (D.Z.V.); (G.C.); (L.M.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Politecnico di Torino, Department of Applied Science and Technology, C.so Duca Degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Maria Giulia Faga
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility, National Council of Research, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy; (M.D.M.); (M.G.F.)
| | - Federico Mussano
- CIR Dental School, Department of Surgical Sciences, University of Turin, Via Nizza 230, 10126 Torino, Italy; (I.R.); (A.M.B.); (R.P.); (F.M.)
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Rosa RP, Rosace G, Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Preparation and characterization of a fully biobased resin system for 3d-printing, suitable for replacing fossil-based acrylates. J Polym Res 2023. [DOI: 10.1007/s10965-023-03523-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/29/2023]
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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6
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Mariani A, Malucelli G. Transparent Wood-Based Materials: Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:9069. [PMID: 36556874 PMCID: PMC9788626 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human history is largely characterized by the massive use of wood, the most well-known natural composite material, possessing unique thermal, mechanical, and environmental features that make it suitable for several applications, ranging from civil engineering, art, and household uses, to business uses (including furniture, stationery, shipbuilding, and fuel). Further, as a renewable and recyclable biomass, wood perfectly matches the current circular economy concept. However, because of its structure and composition, wood is not transparent: therefore, the possibility of removing the embedded lignin, hence limiting the light-scattering phenomena, has been investigated over the last ten to fifteen years, hence obtaining the so-called "transparent wood (TW)". This latter represents an up-to-date key material, as it can be utilized as obtained or further functionalized, combining the transparency with other features (such as flame retardance, energy storage ability, and environmental protection, among others), which widen the potential (and practical) applications of wood. The present manuscript aims at summarizing first the current methods employed for obtaining transparent wood, and then the latest achievements concerning the properties of transparent wood, providing the reader with some perspectives about its novel functionalizations and applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Branda F, Parida D, Pauer R, Durante M, Gaan S, Malucelli G, Bifulco A. Effect of the Coupling Agent (3-Aminopropyl) Triethoxysilane on the Structure and Fire Behavior of Solvent-Free One-Pot Synthesized Silica-Epoxy Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14183853. [PMID: 36145998 PMCID: PMC9506363 DOI: 10.3390/polym14183853] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Uniformly distributed silica/epoxy nanocomposites (2 and 6 wt.% silica content) were obtained through a “solvent-free one-pot” process. The inorganic phases were obtained through “in situ” sol-gel chemistry from two precursors, tetraethyl orthosilicate (TEOS) and (3-aminopropyl)-triethoxysilane (APTES). APTES acts as a coupling agent. Surprisingly when changing TEOS/APTES molar ratio (from 2.32 to 1.25), two opposite trends of glass transformation temperature (Tg) were observed for silica loading, i.e., at lower content, a decreased Tg (for 2 wt.% silica) and at higher content an increased Tg (for 6 wt.% silica) was observed. High-Resolution Transmission Electron Microscopy (HRTEM) showed the formation of multi-sheet silica-based nanoparticles with decreasing size at a lower TEOS/APTES molar ratio. Based on a recently proposed mechanism, the experimental results can be explained by the formation of a co-continuous hybrid network due to reorganization of the epoxy matrix around two different “in situ” sol-gel derived silicatic phases, i.e., micelles formed mainly by APTES and multi-sheet silica nanoparticles. Moreover, the concentration of APTES affected the size distribution of the multi-sheet silica-based nanoparticles, leading to the formation of structures that became smaller at a higher content. Flammability and forced-combustion tests proved that the nanocomposites exhibited excellent fire retardancy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Branda
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-081-768-2412 (F.B.); +39-081-768-2413 (A.B.)
| | - Dambarudhar Parida
- Sustainable Polymer Technologies (SPOT) Team, Flemish Institute for Technological Research (Vito N.V.), Boeretang 200, 2400 Mol, Belgium
| | - Robin Pauer
- Advanced Materials and Surfaces, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, 8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland
| | - Massimo Durante
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Laboratory for Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, Lerchenfeldstrasse 5, 9014 St. Gallen, Switzerland
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Aurelio Bifulco
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, Piazzale Vincenzo Tecchio 80, 80125 Naples, Italy
- Correspondence: (F.B.); (A.B.); Tel.: +39-081-768-2412 (F.B.); +39-081-768-2413 (A.B.)
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Bartoli M, Arrigo R, Malucelli G, Tagliaferro A, Duraccio D. Recent Advances in Biochar Polymer Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14122506. [PMID: 35746082 PMCID: PMC9228632 DOI: 10.3390/polym14122506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2022] [Revised: 06/16/2022] [Accepted: 06/18/2022] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
“Biochar” (BC) is the solid residue recovered from the thermal cracking of biomasses in an oxygen-poor atmosphere. Recently, BC has been increasingly explored as a sustainable, inexpensive, and viable alternative to traditional carbonaceous fillers for the development of polymer-based composites. In fact, BC exhibits high thermal stability, high surface area, and electrical conductivity; moreover, its main properties can be properly tuned by controlling the conditions of the production process. Due to its intriguing characteristics, BC is currently in competition with high-performing fillers in the formulation of multi-functional polymer-based composites, inducing both high mechanical and electrical properties. Moreover, BC can be derived from a huge variety of biomass sources, including post-consumer agricultural wastes, hence providing an interesting opportunity toward a “zero waste” circular bioeconomy. This work aims at providing a comprehensive overview of the main achievements obtained by combining BC with several thermoplastic and thermosetting matrices. In particular, the effect of the introduction of BC on the overall performance of different polymer matrices will be critically reviewed, highlighting the influence of differently synthesized BC on the final performance and behavior of the resulting composites. Lastly, a comparative perspective on BC with other carbonaceous fillers will be also provided.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mattia Bartoli
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies, Italian Institute of Technology, Via Livorno 60, 10144 Turin, Italy;
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0131229363
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Corso Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10123 Torino, Italy;
| | - Donatella Duraccio
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility, National Council of Research, Strada delle Cacce 73, 10135 Torino, Italy;
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Palucci Rosa R, Rosace G, Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Preparation and Characterization of 3D-Printed Biobased Composites Containing Micro- or Nanocrystalline Cellulose. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14091886. [PMID: 35567055 PMCID: PMC9105471 DOI: 10.3390/polym14091886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2022] [Revised: 04/28/2022] [Accepted: 05/01/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereolithography (SLA), one of the seven different 3D printing technologies, uses photosensitive resins to create high-resolution parts. Although SLA offers many advantages for medical applications, the lack of biocompatible and biobased resins limits its utilization. Thus, the development of new materials is essential. This work aims at designing, developing, and fully characterizing a bio-resin system (made of poly(ethylene glycol) diacrylate (PEGDA) and acrylated epoxidized soybean oil (AESO)), filled with micro- or nanocellulose crystals (MCC and CNC), suitable for 3D printing. The unfilled resin system containing 80 wt.% AESO was identified as the best resin mixture, having a biobased content of 68.8%, while ensuring viscosity values suitable for the 3D printing process (>1.5 Pa s). The printed samples showed a 93% swelling decrease in water, as well as increased tensile strength (4.4 ± 0.2 MPa) and elongation at break (25% ± 2.3%). Furthermore, the incorporation of MCC and CNC remarkably increased the tensile strength and Young’s modulus of the cured network, thus indicating a strong reinforcing effect exerted by the fillers. Lastly, the presence of the fillers did not affect the UV-light penetration, and the printed parts showed a high quality, thus proving their potential for precise applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Raphael Palucci Rosa
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Viale Marconi 5, Dalmine, 24044 Bergamo, Italy
- Correspondence:
| | - Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences, University of Bergamo, Local INSTM Unit, Viale Marconi 5, Dalmine, 24044 Bergamo, Italy;
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Local INSTM Unit, Viale T. Michel 5, Provincia di Alessandria, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Local INSTM Unit, Viale T. Michel 5, Provincia di Alessandria, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
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Duraccio D, Arrigo R, Bartoli M, Capra PP, Malucelli G. Influence of different dry‐mixing techniques on the mechanical, thermal, and electrical behavior of ultra‐high molecular weight polyethylene/exhausted tire carbon composites. POLYM ADVAN TECHNOL 2022. [DOI: 10.1002/pat.5637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Duraccio
- Institute of Sciences and Technologies for Sustainable Energy and Mobility National Council of Research Torino Italy
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino Alessandria Italy
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Center for Sustainable Future Technologies Italian Institute of Technology Torino Italy
| | - Pier Paolo Capra
- National Institute of Metrological Research (INRIM) Torino Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino Alessandria Italy
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11
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Rosace G, Palucci Rosa R, Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Photosensitive acrylates containing bio‐based epoxy‐acrylate soybean oil for 3D printing application. J Appl Polym Sci 2021. [DOI: 10.1002/app.51292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Rosace
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences University of Bergamo, and Local INSTM Unit Dalmine Italy
| | - Raphael Palucci Rosa
- Department of Engineering and Applied Sciences University of Bergamo Dalmine Italy
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino, and Local INSTM Unit Alessandria Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology Politecnico di Torino, and Local INSTM Unit Alessandria Italy
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Arrigo R, Malucelli G, Mantia FPL. Effect of the Elongational Flow on the Morphology and Properties of Polymer Systems: A Brief Review. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:3529. [PMID: 34685288 PMCID: PMC8541082 DOI: 10.3390/polym13203529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 10/12/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymer-processing operations with dominating elongational flow have a great relevance, especially in several relevant industrial applications. Film blowing, fiber spinning and foaming are some examples in which the polymer melt is subjected to elongational flow during processing. To gain a thorough knowledge of the material-processing behavior, the evaluation of the rheological properties of the polymers experiencing this kind of flow is fundamental. This paper reviews the main achievements regarding the processing-structure-properties relationships of polymer-based materials processed through different operations with dominating elongational flow. In particular, after a brief discussion on the theoretical features associated with the elongational flow and the differences with other flow regimes, the attention is focused on the rheological properties in elongation of the most industrially relevant polymers. Finally, the evolution of the morphology of homogeneous polymers, as well as of multiphase polymer-based systems, such as blends and micro- and nano-composites, subjected to the elongational flow is discussed, highlighting the potential and the unique characteristics of the processing operations based on elongation flow, as compared to their shear-dominated counterparts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy
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13
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Matta S, Bartoli M, Frache A, Malucelli G. Investigation of Different Types of Biochar on the Thermal Stability and Fire Retardance of Ethylene-Vinyl Acetate Copolymers. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1256. [PMID: 33924477 PMCID: PMC8070515 DOI: 10.3390/polym13081256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2021] [Revised: 04/09/2021] [Accepted: 04/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In this work, three biochars, deriving from soft wood, oil seed rape, and rice husk and differing as far as the ash content is considered (2.3, 23.4, and 47.8 wt.%, respectively), were compounded in an ethylene vinyl acetate copolymer (vinyl acetate content: 19 wt.%), using a co-rotating twin-screw extruder; three loadings for each biochar were selected, namely 15, 20, and 40 wt.%. The thermal and mechanical properties were thoroughly investigated, as well as the flame retardance of the resulting compounds. In particular, biochar, irrespective of the type, slowed down the crystallization of the copolymer: this effect increased with increasing the filler loading. Besides, despite a very limited effect in flammability tests, the incorporation of biochar at increasing loadings turned out to enhance the forced-combustion behavior of the compounds, as revealed by the remarkable decrease of peak of heat release rate and of total heat release, notwithstanding a significant increase of the residues at the end of the tests. Finally, increasing the biochar loadings promoted an increase of the stiffness of the resulting compounds, as well as a decrease of their ductility with respect to unfilled ethylene vinyl acetate (EVA), without impacting too much on the overall mechanical behavior of the copolymer. The obtained results seem to indicate that biochar may represent a possible low environmental impact alternative to the already used flame retardants for EVA, providing a good compromise between enhanced fire resistance and acceptable mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuele Matta
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy;
| | - Alberto Frache
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy; (S.M.); (A.F.)
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14
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Mistretta MC, Botta L, Arrigo R, Leto F, Malucelli G, La Mantia FP. Bionanocomposite Blown Films: Insights on the Rheological and Mechanical Behavior. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1167. [PMID: 33916477 PMCID: PMC8038552 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/02/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In this work, bionanocomposites based on two different types of biopolymers belonging to the MaterBi® family and containing two kinds of modified nanoclays were compounded in a twin-screw extruder and then subjected to a film blowing process, aiming at obtaining sustainable films potentially suitable for packaging applications. The preliminary characterization of the extruded bionanocomposites allowed establishing some correlations between the obtained morphology and the material rheological and mechanical behavior. More specifically, the morphological analysis showed that, regardless of the type of biopolymeric matrix, a homogeneous nanofiller dispersion was achieved; furthermore, the established biopolymer/nanofiller interactions caused a restrain of the dynamics of the biopolymer chains, thus inducing a significant modification of the material rheological response, which involves the appearance of an apparent yield stress and the amplification of the elastic feature of the viscoelastic behavior. Besides, the rheological characterization under non-isothermal elongational flow revealed a marginal effect of the embedded nanofillers on the biopolymers behavior, thus indicating their suitability for film blowing processing. Additionally, the processing behavior of the bionanocomposites was evaluated and compared to that of similar systems based on a low-density polyethylene matrix: this way, it was possible to identify the most suitable materials for film blowing operations. Finally, the assessment of the mechanical properties of the produced blown films documented the potential exploitation of the selected materials for packaging applications, also at an industrial level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Chiara Mistretta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.C.M.); (L.B.); (F.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Luigi Botta
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.C.M.); (L.B.); (F.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
| | - Rossella Arrigo
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco Leto
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.C.M.); (L.B.); (F.L.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Francesco Paolo La Mantia
- Dipartimento di Ingegneria, Università di Palermo, Viale Delle Scienze, 90128 Palermo, Italy; (M.C.M.); (L.B.); (F.L.)
- Consorzio Interuniversitario per la Scienza e Tecnologia dei Materiali, INSTM, Via Giusti 9, 50121 Firenze, Italy; (R.A.); (G.M.)
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15
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Arrigo R, Mascia L, Clarke J, Malucelli G. Effect of SiO 2 Particles on the Relaxation Dynamics of Epoxidized Natural Rubber (ENR) in the Melt State by Time-Resolved Mechanical Spectroscopy. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13020276. [PMID: 33467704 PMCID: PMC7830418 DOI: 10.3390/polym13020276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2020] [Revised: 01/07/2021] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The rheological behavior of an epoxidized natural rubber (ENR) nanocomposite containing 10 wt.% of silica particles was examined by time-resolved mechanical spectroscopy (TRMS), exploiting the unique capability of this technique for monitoring the time-dependent characteristics of unstable polymer melts. The resulting storage modulus curve has revealed a progressive evolution of the elastic component of the composite, associated with slower relaxations of the ENR macromolecular chains. Two major events were identified and quantified: one is associated with the absorption of the epoxidized rubber macromolecules onto the silica surface, which imposes further restrictions on the motions of the chains within the polymer phase; the second is related to gelation and the subsequent changes in rheological behavior resulting from the simultaneous occurrence cross-linking and chain scission reactions within the ENR matrix. These were quantified using two parameters related to changes in the storage and loss modulus components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0131-229323
| | - Leno Mascia
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (L.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Jane Clarke
- Department of Materials, Loughborough University, Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK; (L.M.); (J.C.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
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16
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Malucelli G. “Polymer Analysis” Section, in Journal Polymers. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12112748. [PMID: 33233649 PMCID: PMC7699807 DOI: 10.3390/polym12112748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/19/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, and Local INSTM Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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17
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Signore MA, De Pascali C, Duraccio D, Malucelli G, Fioravanti A, Melissano E, Martucci MC, Masieri M, Siciliano P, Francioso L. Synthesis and characterization of
UV
‐curable nanocellulose/
ZnO
/
AlN
acrylic flexible films: Thermal, dynamic mechanical and piezoelectric response. J Appl Polym Sci 2020. [DOI: 10.1002/app.49731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Maria Assunta Signore
- CNR‐IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Unit of Lecce University Campus, Monteroni Street Lecce Italy
| | - Chiara De Pascali
- CNR‐IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Unit of Lecce University Campus, Monteroni Street Lecce Italy
| | - Donatella Duraccio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia Politecnico di Torino Alessandria Italy
- CNR, Istituto per le Macchine Agricole e Movimento Terra (IMAMOTER)‐UOS di Torino Torino Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia Politecnico di Torino Alessandria Italy
| | - Ambra Fioravanti
- CNR, Istituto per le Macchine Agricole e Movimento Terra (IMAMOTER) Ferrara Italy
| | - Enrico Melissano
- CNR‐IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Unit of Lecce University Campus, Monteroni Street Lecce Italy
| | - Maria Concetta Martucci
- CNR‐IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Unit of Lecce University Campus, Monteroni Street Lecce Italy
| | - Maurizio Masieri
- CNR, Institute for Archaeological and Monumental Heritages Lecce Italy
| | - Pietro Siciliano
- CNR‐IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Unit of Lecce University Campus, Monteroni Street Lecce Italy
| | - Luca Francioso
- CNR‐IMM, Institute for Microelectronics and Microsystems, Unit of Lecce University Campus, Monteroni Street Lecce Italy
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18
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Bifulco A, Marotta A, Passaro J, Costantini A, Cerruti P, Gentile G, Ambrogi V, Malucelli G, Branda F. Thermal and Fire Behavior of a Bio-Based Epoxy/Silica Hybrid Cured with Methyl Nadic Anhydride. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1661. [PMID: 32722585 PMCID: PMC7466172 DOI: 10.3390/polym12081661] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 07/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Thermosetting polymers have been widely used in many industrial applications as adhesives, coatings and laminated materials, among others. Recently, bisphenol A (BPA) has been banned as raw material for polymeric products, due to its harmful impact on human health. On the other hand, the use of aromatic amines as curing agents confers excellent thermal, mechanical and flame retardant properties to the final product, although they are toxic and subject to governmental restrictions. In this context, sugar-derived diepoxy monomers and anhydrides represent a sustainable greener alternative to BPA and aromatic amines. Herein, we report an "in-situ" sol-gel synthesis, using as precursors tetraethylorthosilicate (TEOS) and aminopropyl triethoxysilane (APTS) to obtain bio-based epoxy/silica composites; in a first step, the APTS was left to react with 2,5-bis[(oxyran-2-ylmethoxy)methyl]furan (BOMF) or diglycidyl ether of bisphenol A (DGEBA)monomers, and silica particles were generated in the epoxy in a second step; both systems were cured with methyl nadic anhydride (MNA). Morphological investigation of the composites through transmission electron microscopy (TEM) demonstrated that the hybrid strategy allows a very fine distribution of silica nanoparticles (at nanometric level) to be achieved within a hybrid network structure for both the diepoxy monomers. Concerning the fire behavior, as assessed in vertical flame spread tests, the use of anhydride curing agent prevented melt dripping phenomena and provided high char-forming character to the bio-based epoxy systems and their phenyl analog. In addition, forced combustion tests showed that the use of anhydride hardener instead of aliphatic polyamine results in a remarkable decrease of heat release rate. An overall decrease of the smoke parameters, which is highly desirable in a context of greater fire safety was observed in the case of BOMF/MNA system. The experimental results suggest that the effect of silica nanoparticles on fire behavior appears to be related to their dispersion degree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aurelio Bifulco
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Angela Marotta
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Jessica Passaro
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
| | - Pierfrancesco Cerruti
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Gennaro Gentile
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Veronica Ambrogi
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
- Institute for Polymers, Composites and Biomaterials (IPCB)-CNR, Via Campi Flegrei 34, 80078 Pozzuoli (NA), Italy; (P.C.); (G.G.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Francesco Branda
- Department of Chemical, Materials and Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P. le Tecchio 80, 80125 Napoli, Italy; (A.B.); (A.M.); (J.P.); (A.C.)
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19
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Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Rheological Behavior of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites: An Overview. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13122771. [PMID: 32570902 PMCID: PMC7344594 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current achievements regarding the rheological behavior of polymer-based nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These systems have been the subject of a very large number of scientific investigations in the last decades, due to the outstanding characteristics of CNTs that have allowed the formulation of nanostructured polymer-based materials with superior properties. However, the exploitation of the theoretical nanocomposite properties is strictly dependent on the complete dispersion of CNTs within the host matrix and on the consequent development of a huge interfacial region. In this context, a deep knowledge of the rheological behavior of CNT-containing systems is of fundamental importance, since the evaluation of the material's viscoelastic properties allows the gaining of fundamental information as far as the microstructure of nanofilled polymers is concerned. More specifically, the understanding of the rheological response of polymer/CNT nanocomposites reveals important details about the characteristics of the interface and the extent of interaction between the two components, hence allowing the optimization of the final properties in the resulting nanocomposites. As the literature contains plenty of reviews concerning the rheological behavior of polymer/CNT nanocomposites, this review paper will summarize the most significant thermoplastic matrices in terms of availability and relevant industrial applications.
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20
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Barbalini M, Bartoli M, Tagliaferro A, Malucelli G. Phytic Acid and Biochar: An Effective All Bio-Sourced Flame Retardant Formulation for Cotton Fabrics. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12040811. [PMID: 32260336 PMCID: PMC7240518 DOI: 10.3390/polym12040811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Flame retardant systems based on bio-sourced products combine quite high fire performances with the low environmental impact related to their synthesis and exploitation. In this context, this work describes a new all bio-sourced flame retardant system designed and applied to cotton fabrics. In particular, it consists of phytic acid (PA), a phosphorus-based naturally occurring molecule extracted from different plant tissues, in combination with biochar (BC), a carbon-rich solid product obtained from the thermo-chemical conversion of biomasses in an oxygen-limited environment. PA and BC were mixed together at a 1:1 weight ratio in an aqueous medium, and applied to cotton at different loadings. As revealed by flammability and forced combustion tests, this bio-sourced system was able to provide significant improvements in flame retardance of cotton, even limiting the final dry add-on on the treated fabrics at 8 wt.% only. The so-treated fabrics were capable to achieve self-extinction in both horizontal and vertical flame spread tests; besides, they did not ignite under the exposure to 35 kW/m2 irradiative heat flux. Conversely, the proposed flame retardant treatment did not show a high washing fastness, though the washed flame retarded fabrics still exhibited a better flame retardant behavior than untreated cotton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Barbalini
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, and local INSTM Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Mattia Bartoli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Alberto Tagliaferro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy; (M.B.); (A.T.)
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, and local INSTM Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +39-0131-229369
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21
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Rajczak E, Tylkowski B, Constantí M, Haponska M, Trusheva B, Malucelli G, Giamberini M. Preparation and Characterization of UV-Curable Acrylic Membranes Embedding Natural Antioxidants. Polymers (Basel) 2020; 12:polym12020358. [PMID: 32041291 PMCID: PMC7077452 DOI: 10.3390/polym12020358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2019] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
We examine the behaviour of acrylic resin-based membranes containing natural anti-oxidants, such as Galla chinensis tea powder extract (TP) and Taiwanese green propolis (TGP), in different concentrations ranging between 5 and 20 wt %. Membrane morphology was investigated by means of Environmental Scanning Electron Microscopy (ESEM), while the UV-curing reaction was monitored by Fourier-Transform Infra-red (FTIR) spectroscopy. In most cases Thermogravimetric (TG), Differential Scanning Calorimetric (DSC) and Dynamo-mechanical Thermal (DMT) analyses showed that the desirable characteristics of the UV-cured acrylic resin are not substantially altered by the presence of the organic fillers. The release kinetics of polyphenols and flavonoids, determined in water for TP-containing membranes (ETx) and in ethanol/water mixture (7:3 v/v) for TGP-containing ones (EPx), was satisfactory, reaching a plateau after 24 h. Finally, preliminary antibacterial tests against S. epidermidis were performed on the membranes with higher additive amount and gave positive results for ET-type; on the contrary, no inhibitory effect was observed for the tested EP-type membranes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ewa Rajczak
- Faculty of Chemistry, Adam Mickiewicz University in Poznan, Uniwersytetu Poznanskiego 8, 61-614 Poznan, Poland;
- Politecnico di Torino—Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Bartosz Tylkowski
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Magda Constantí
- Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
| | - Monika Haponska
- Eurecat, Centre Tecnològic de Catalunya, C/Marcel·lí Domingo, 43007 Tarragona, Spain; (B.T.); (M.H.)
| | - Boryana Trusheva
- Institute of Organic Chemistry with Centre of Phytochemistry, Bulgarian Academy of Sciences, 1113 Sofia, Bulgaria;
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Politecnico di Torino—Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy;
| | - Marta Giamberini
- Department of Chemical Engineering (DEQ), Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av. Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-977-558-174
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22
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Malucelli G. Polymer Analysis. Polymers (Basel) 2019; 12:polym12010052. [PMID: 31906117 PMCID: PMC7023577 DOI: 10.3390/polym12010052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2019] [Accepted: 12/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, and local INSTM Unit, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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23
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Duraccio D, Strongone V, Faga M, Auriemma F, Mussano F, Genova T, Malucelli G. The role of different dry-mixing techniques on the mechanical and biological behavior of UHMWPE/alumina-zirconia composites for biomedical applications. Eur Polym J 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.eurpolymj.2019.109274] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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24
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Vasiljević J, Čolović M, Jerman I, Simončič B, Demšar A, Samaki Y, Šobak M, Šest E, Golja B, Leskovšek M, Bukošek V, Medved J, Barbalini M, Malucelli G, Bolka S. In situ prepared polyamide 6/DOPO-derivative nanocomposite for melt-spinning of flame retardant textile filaments. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.05.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
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25
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Ortelli S, Malucelli G, Blosi M, Zanoni I, Costa AL. NanoTiO2@DNA complex: a novel eco, durable, fire retardant design strategy for cotton textiles. J Colloid Interface Sci 2019; 546:174-183. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2019.03.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2018] [Revised: 03/15/2019] [Accepted: 03/16/2019] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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26
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Castellano A, Colleoni C, Iacono G, Mezzi A, Plutino MR, Malucelli G, Rosace G. Synthesis and characterization of a phosphorous/nitrogen based sol-gel coating as a novel halogen- and formaldehyde-free flame retardant finishing for cotton fabric. Polym Degrad Stab 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2019.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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27
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Malucelli G, Dore J, Sanna D, Nuvoli D, Rassu M, Mariani A, Alzari V. Sliding Crosslinked Thermoresponsive Materials: Polypseudorotaxanes Made of Poly(N-Isopropylacrylamide) and Acrylamide-γ-Cyclodextrin. Front Chem 2018; 6:585. [PMID: 30533412 PMCID: PMC6265515 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2018.00585] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2018] [Accepted: 11/08/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel polypseudorotaxanes (PPR) based on poly(N-isopropylacrylamide) (PNIPAAm) and acrylamide-γ-cyclodextrin (AγCD) are successfully synthesized. AγCD gives rise to sliding crosslinking systems and influences the thermoresponsive and swelling behavior of PNIPAAm hydrogels. Namely, their lower critical solution temperature (LCST) can be tuned up to 38°C, thus making the resulting materials of great interest in biomedical applications. Also, AγCD influences the thermal and mechanical properties of hydrogels, by affecting the T g and E modulus values.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Institute of Materials Science and Engineering for Innovative Technologies, Politecnico di Torino, Alessandria, Italy
| | - Jvan Dore
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Davide Sanna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Daniele Nuvoli
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Mariella Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
| | - Valeria Alzari
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy, University of Sassari, Sassari, Italy
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28
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Arrigo R, Antonioli D, Lazzari M, Gianotti V, Laus M, Montanaro L, Malucelli G. Relaxation Dynamics in Polyethylene Glycol/Modified Hydrotalcite Nanocomposites. Polymers (Basel) 2018; 10:E1182. [PMID: 30961107 PMCID: PMC6290601 DOI: 10.3390/polym10111182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/20/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyethylene glycol-based nanocomposites containing an organo-modified hydrotalcite with loadings ranging from 0.5 to 5 wt.% were prepared by melt mixing performed just above the melting point of the polymer matrix. In these conditions, the dispersion of the nanofiller within the polymer matrix was quite homogeneous as revealed by TEM analyses. The effect of various thermal treatments and filler loadings was thoroughly investigated by means of rheological, morphological and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, hyphenated to thermogravimetry analysis tests. Unfilled polyethylene glycol exhibited a continuous decrease in complex viscosity upon heating. In contrast, the complex viscosity of nanocomposites containing nanofiller loadings higher than 1 wt.% showed first a decrease, followed by an increase in the complex viscosity as the temperature increases, exhibiting a minimum between 130 and 140 °C. Annealing at 180 °C for different times further increased the viscosity of the system. This unusual behavior was explained by the occurrence of grafting reactions between the ⁻OH terminal groups of the polyethylene glycol chains and the hydroxyl groups of the organo-modified filler, thus remarkably affecting the relaxation dynamics of the system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rossella Arrigo
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Diego Antonioli
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Massimo Lazzari
- Departamento de Química Física, Facultade de Química, and Centro Singular de Investigación en Química Biolóxica e Materiais Moleculares (CIQUS), Universidade de Santiago de Compostela, 15782 Santiago de Compostela, Spain.
| | - Valentina Gianotti
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Michele Laus
- Department of Science and Technological Innovation, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro", Viale T. Michel 11, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
| | - Laura Montanaro
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, C.so Duca degli Abruzzi 24, 10129 Torino, Italy.
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology and Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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29
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Rosace G, Castellano A, Trovato V, Iacono G, Malucelli G. Thermal and flame retardant behaviour of cotton fabrics treated with a novel nitrogen-containing carboxyl-functionalized organophosphorus system. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 196:348-358. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.05.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2018] [Revised: 04/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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30
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Mariani A, Nuvoli L, Sanna D, Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Rassu M, Malucelli G. Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks based on crosslinked poly(N
-isopropyl acrylamide) and methylcellulose prepared by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28914] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Luca Nuvoli
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Davide Sanna
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Valeria Alzari
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Daniele Nuvoli
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Mariella Rassu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy; University of Sassari, and INSTM, via Vienna 2; Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology; Local INSTM Unit, Viale T. Michel 5; Alessandria 15121 Italy
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31
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Affiliation(s)
- Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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32
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Mandlekar N, Cayla A, Rault F, Giraud S, Salaün F, Malucelli G, Guan J. Thermal Stability and Fire Retardant Properties of Polyamide 11 Microcomposites Containing Different Lignins. Ind Eng Chem Res 2017. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.7b03085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- N. Mandlekar
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX, F-59100 Roubaix, France
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel
5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
- College
of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
| | - A. Cayla
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX, F-59100 Roubaix, France
| | - F. Rault
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX, F-59100 Roubaix, France
| | - S. Giraud
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX, F-59100 Roubaix, France
| | - F. Salaün
- Université Lille Nord de France, F-59000 Lille, France
- ENSAIT, GEMTEX, F-59100 Roubaix, France
| | - G. Malucelli
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel
5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - J. Guan
- College
of Textile and Clothing Engineering, Soochow University, Suzhou 215000, China
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33
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Rassu M, Alzari V, Nuvoli D, Nuvoli L, Sanna D, Sanna V, Malucelli G, Mariani A. Semi-interpenetrating polymer networks of methyl cellulose and polyacrylamide prepared by frontal polymerization. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017. [DOI: 10.1002/pola.28498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mariella Rassu
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari; INSTM, Via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Valeria Alzari
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari; INSTM, Via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Daniele Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari; INSTM, Via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Luca Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari; INSTM, Via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Davide Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari; INSTM, Via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Vanna Sanna
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari; INSTM, Via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Politecnico di Torino, INSTM; Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia; Viale Teresa Michel 5 Alessandria 15121 Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari; INSTM, Via Vienna 2 Sassari 07100 Italy
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34
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Salmeia KA, Gaan S, Malucelli G. Recent Advances for Flame Retardancy of Textiles Based on Phosphorus Chemistry. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:polym8090319. [PMID: 30974592 PMCID: PMC6432008 DOI: 10.3390/polym8090319] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2016] [Revised: 08/04/2016] [Accepted: 08/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
This paper aims at updating the progress on the phosphorus-based flame retardants specifically designed and developed for fibers and fabrics (particularly referring to cotton, polyester and their blends) over the last five years. Indeed, as clearly depicted by Horrocks in a recent review, the world of flame retardants for textiles is still experiencing some changes that are focused on topics like the improvement of its effectiveness and the replacement of toxic chemical products with counterparts that have low environmental impact and, hence, are more sustainable. In this context, phosphorus-based compounds play a key role and may lead, possibly in combination with silicon- or nitrogen-containing structures, to the design of new, efficient flame retardants for fibers and fabrics. Therefore, this review thoroughly describes the advances and the potentialities offered by the phosphorus-based products recently developed at a lab-scale, highlighting the current limitations, open challenges and some perspectives toward their possible exploitation at a larger scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khalifah A Salmeia
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland.
| | - Sabyasachi Gaan
- Additives and Chemistry, Advanced Fibers, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, St. Gallen CH-9014, Switzerland.
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Local INSTM Unit, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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35
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Branda F, Malucelli G, Durante M, Piccolo A, Mazzei P, Costantini A, Silvestri B, Pennetta M, Bifulco A. Silica Treatments: A Fire Retardant Strategy for Hemp Fabric/Epoxy Composites. Polymers (Basel) 2016; 8:E313. [PMID: 30974587 PMCID: PMC6431956 DOI: 10.3390/polym8080313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 07/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
In this paper, for the first time, inexpensive waterglass solutions are exploited as a new, simple and ecofriendly chemical approach for promoting the formation of a silica-based coating on hemp fabrics, able to act as a thermal shield and to protect the latter from heat sources. Fourier Transform Infrared (FTIR) and solid-state Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) analysis confirm the formation of ⁻C⁻O⁻Si⁻ covalent bonds between the coating and the cellulosic substrate. The proposed waterglass treatment, which is resistant to washing, seems to be very effective for improving the fire behavior of hemp fabric/epoxy composites, also in combination with ammonium polyphosphate. In particular, the exploitation of hemp surface treatment and Ammonium Polyphosphate (APP) addition to epoxy favors a remarkable decrease of the Heat Release Rate (HRR), Total Heat Release (THR), Total Smoke Release (TSR) and Specific Extinction Area (SEA) (respectively by 83%, 35%, 45% and 44%) as compared to untreated hemp/epoxy composites, favoring the formation of a very stable char, as also assessed by Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA). Because of the low interfacial adhesion between the fabrics and the epoxy matrix, the obtained composites show low strength and stiffness; however, the energy absorbed by the material is higher when using treated hemp. The presence of APP in the epoxy matrix does not affect the mechanical behavior of the composites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Branda
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, Alessandria 15121, Italy.
| | - Massimo Durante
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Alessandro Piccolo
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agroalimentare e di Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Via Università 100, Naples 80055, Italy.
| | - Pierluigi Mazzei
- Centro Interdipartimentale di Ricerca sulla Risonanza Magnetica Nucleare per l'Ambiente, l'Agroalimentare e di Nuovi Materiali (CERMANU), Via Università 100, Naples 80055, Italy.
| | - Aniello Costantini
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Brigida Silvestri
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Miriam Pennetta
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
| | - Aurelio Bifulco
- Department of Chemical Materials and Industrial Production Engineering (DICMaPI), University of Naples Federico II, P.le Tecchio 80, Naples 80125, Italy.
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36
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Malucelli G. Meet Our Editorial Board Member. CURR ORG CHEM 2016. [DOI: 10.2174/138527282016160526211846] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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37
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Alongi J, Di Blasio A, Milnes J, Malucelli G, Bourbigot S, Kandola B, Camino G. Thermal degradation of DNA, an all-in-one natural intumescent flame retardant. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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38
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Carosio F, Cuttica F, Di Blasio A, Alongi J, Malucelli G. Layer by layer assembly of flame retardant thin films on closed cell PET foams: Efficiency of ammonium polyphosphate versus DNA. Polym Degrad Stab 2015. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.09.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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39
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Nuvoli D, Alzari V, Pojman JA, Sanna V, Ruiu A, Sanna D, Malucelli G, Mariani A. Synthesis and characterization of functionally gradient materials obtained by frontal polymerization. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2015; 7:3600-3606. [PMID: 25611548 DOI: 10.1021/am507725k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
Functionally gradient materials (FGMs) with gradual and continuous changes of their properties in one or more dimensions are useful in a wide range of applications. However, obtaining such materials with accurate control of the gradient, especially when the gradient is nonlinear, is not easy. In this work, frontal polymerization (FP) was exploited to synthesize polymeric FGMs. We demonstrated that the use of ascending FP with continuous feeding of monomers with computer-controlled peristaltic pumps provided an excellent method for the preparation of functionally gradient materials with programmed gradients. To test the effectiveness of the method, copolymers made from triethylene glycol dimethacrylate/hexyl methacrylate with linear and hyperbolic gradient in composition were synthesized. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Shore A hardness measurements, compression tests, and swelling studies were performed along the length of the materials to assess the relationship between the gradients and the material properties. Glass transition temperatures, determined by DSC, showed a linear dependence on the composition and were in agreement with theoretical values. The other properties showed different and specific behaviors as a function of the compositional gradient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Nuvoli
- Dipartimento di Chimica e Farmacia, Università di Sassari , Local INSTM Unit, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
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40
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Battegazzore D, Alongi J, Fontaine G, Frache A, Bourbigot S, Malucelli G. Bulk vs. surface flame retardancy of fully bio-based polyamide 10,10. RSC Adv 2015. [DOI: 10.1039/c5ra04149j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
PA 10,10 can be flame retarded either by melt-blending the polymer with intumescent formulations or by coating it with UV-curable mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniele Battegazzore
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Gaelle Fontaine
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) – CNRS UMR 8207
- R2Fire Group–Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille
- F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Alberto Frache
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Serge Bourbigot
- Unité Matériaux et Transformations (UMET) – CNRS UMR 8207
- R2Fire Group–Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Lille
- F-59652 Villeneuve d'Ascq
- France
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Sede di Alessandria
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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41
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Abstract
This paper reviews the most significant achievements in cotton flame retardancy merging past experience and current efforts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria campus and INSTM Local Unit
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata e Tecnologia
- Politecnico di Torino
- Alessandria campus and INSTM Local Unit
- 15121 Alessandria
- Italy
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42
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Malucelli G, Bosco F, Alongi J, Carosio F, Di Blasio A, Mollea C, Cuttica F, Casale A. ChemInform Abstract: Biomacromolecules as Novel Green Flame Retardant Systems for Textiles: An Overview. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1002/chin.201502278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
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43
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Malucelli G, Bosco F, Alongi J, Carosio F, Di Blasio A, Mollea C, Cuttica F, Casale A. Biomacromolecules as novel green flame retardant systems for textiles: an overview. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra06771a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
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44
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Alongi J, Di Blasio A, Carosio F, Malucelli G. UV-cured hybrid organic–inorganic Layer by Layer assemblies: Effect on the flame retardancy of polycarbonate films. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2014.05.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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45
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Alongi J, Di Blasio A, Cuttica F, Carosio F, Malucelli G. Flame Retardant Properties of Ethylene Vinyl Acetate Copolymers Melt-Compounded with Deoxyribonucleic Acid in the Presence of α-cellulose or β-cyclodextrins. CURR ORG CHEM 2014. [DOI: 10.2174/1385272819666140616181108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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46
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Carosio F, Di Blasio A, Cuttica F, Alongi J, Malucelli G. Self-assembled hybrid nanoarchitectures deposited on poly(urethane) foams capable of chemically adapting to extreme heat. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c4ra01343c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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47
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Carosio F, Di Blasio A, Cuttica F, Alongi J, Malucelli G. Flame Retardancy of Polyester and Polyester–Cotton Blends Treated with Caseins. Ind Eng Chem Res 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/ie404089t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carosio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata
e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino and Local INSTM Unit, Viale
Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alessandro Di Blasio
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata
e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino and Local INSTM Unit, Viale
Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Fabio Cuttica
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata
e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino and Local INSTM Unit, Viale
Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata
e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino and Local INSTM Unit, Viale
Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Dipartimento di Scienza Applicata
e Tecnologia, Politecnico di Torino and Local INSTM Unit, Viale
Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
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Alongi J, Carletto RA, Bosco F, Carosio F, Di Blasio A, Cuttica F, Antonucci V, Giordano M, Malucelli G. Caseins and hydrophobins as novel green flame retardants for cotton fabrics. Polym Degrad Stab 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.polymdegradstab.2013.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Tylkowski B, Carosio F, Castañeda J, Alongi J, García-Valls R, Malucelli G, Giamberini M. Permeation Behavior of Polysulfone Membranes Modified by Fully Organic Layer-by-Layer Assemblies. Ind Eng Chem Res 2013. [DOI: 10.1021/ie402942g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Bartosz Tylkowski
- Departament
de Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av.
Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
- Centre Tecnologic de la Quimica de Catalunya, Carrer de Marcelli Domingo, s/n Campus Sescelades, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Federico Carosio
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel
5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Joandiet Castañeda
- Departament
de Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av.
Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Jenny Alongi
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel
5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Ricard García-Valls
- Departament
de Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av.
Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department
of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel
5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Marta Giamberini
- Departament
de Enginyeria Química, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, Av.
Països Catalans, 26, 43007 Tarragona, Spain
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Carosio F, Banet L, Freebody N, Reading M, Agnel S, Castellon J, Vaughan AS, Malucelli G. A dielectric study on colloidal silica nanoparticle Layer-by-Layer assemblies on polycarbonate. J Colloid Interface Sci 2013; 408:252-5. [PMID: 23932081 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2013.07.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2013] [Revised: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 07/09/2013] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the dielectrical characterization of polycarbonate films coated with silica nanoparticle bilayers assembled through the Layer-by-Layer (LbL) technique. This is the first attempt of dielectric characterization performed on LbL-treated plastic substrates. To this aim, LbL coatings consisting of oppositely charged colloidal silica have been built on a polymeric substrate (polycarbonate). Then, dielectric features such as space charge accumulation, electrical voltage breakdown, and resistance to corona discharge (through laser ablation) have demonstrated that the colloidal silica nanoparticle assemblies can influence the nature of the trapped space charges and affect the resistance of polycarbonate to corona discharge, changing the distribution of the laser energy on impact.
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Affiliation(s)
- Federico Carosio
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale T. Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy.
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