1
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Cooper JC, Paul JE, Ramlawi N, Saengow C, Sharma A, Suslick BA, Ewoldt RH, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Reprocessability in Engineering Thermosets Achieved through Frontal Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Adv Mater 2024:e2402627. [PMID: 38652482 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202402627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2024] [Revised: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/25/2024]
Abstract
While valued for their durability and exceptional performance, crosslinked thermosets are challenging to recycle and reuse. Here, we unveil inherent reprocessability in industrially relevant polyolefin thermosets. Unlike prior methods, our approach eliminates the need to introduce exchangeable functionality to regenerate the material, relying instead on preserving the activity of the metathesis catalyst employed in the curing reaction. Frontal ring opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) proves critical to preserving this activity. We explore conditions controlling catalytic viability to successfully reclaim performance across multiple generations of material, thus demonstrating long-term reprocessability. This straightforward and scalable remolding strategy is poised for widespread adoption. Given the anticipated growth in polyolefin thermosets, our findings represent an important conceptual advance in the pursuit of a fully circular lifecycle for thermoset polymers This article is protected by copyright. All rights reserved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian C Cooper
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Justine E Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nabil Ramlawi
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urban-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chaimongkol Saengow
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Anisha Sharma
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Benjamin A Suslick
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urban-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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2
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Sun Y, Neary WJ, Huang X, Kouznetsova TB, Ouchi T, Kevlishvili I, Wang K, Chen Y, Kulik HJ, Craig SL, Moore JS. A Thermally Stable SO 2-Releasing Mechanophore: Facile Activation, Single-Event Spectroscopy, and Molecular Dynamic Simulations. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:10943-10952. [PMID: 38581383 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c02139] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/08/2024]
Abstract
Polymers that release small molecules in response to mechanical force are promising candidates as next-generation on-demand delivery systems. Despite advancements in the development of mechanophores for releasing diverse payloads through careful molecular design, the availability of scaffolds capable of discharging biomedically significant cargos in substantial quantities remains scarce. In this report, we detail a nonscissile mechanophore built from an 8-thiabicyclo[3.2.1]octane 8,8-dioxide (TBO) motif that releases one equivalent of sulfur dioxide (SO2) from each repeat unit. The TBO mechanophore exhibits high thermal stability but is activated mechanochemically using solution ultrasonication in either organic solvent or aqueous media with up to 63% efficiency, equating to 206 molecules of SO2 released per 143.3 kDa chain. We quantified the mechanochemical reactivity of TBO by single-molecule force spectroscopy and resolved its single-event activation. The force-coupled rate constant for TBO opening reaches ∼9.0 s-1 at ∼1520 pN, and each reaction of a single TBO domain releases a stored length of ∼0.68 nm. We investigated the mechanism of TBO activation using ab initio steered molecular dynamic simulations and rationalized the observed stereoselectivity. These comprehensive studies of the TBO mechanophore provide a mechanically coupled mechanism of multi-SO2 release from one polymer chain, facilitating the translation of polymer mechanochemistry to potential biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xiao Huang
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Tatiana B Kouznetsova
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Tetsu Ouchi
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Kecheng Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yingying Chen
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina 27708, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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3
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Kalutantirige FC, He J, Yao L, Cotty S, Zhou S, Smith JW, Tajkhorshid E, Schroeder CM, Moore JS, An H, Su X, Li Y, Chen Q. Beyond nothingness in the formation and functional relevance of voids in polymer films. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2852. [PMID: 38605028 PMCID: PMC11009415 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-46584-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/04/2024] [Indexed: 04/13/2024] Open
Abstract
Voids-the nothingness-broadly exist within nanomaterials and impact properties ranging from catalysis to mechanical response. However, understanding nanovoids is challenging due to lack of imaging methods with the needed penetration depth and spatial resolution. Here, we integrate electron tomography, morphometry, graph theory and coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulation to study the formation of interconnected nanovoids in polymer films and their impacts on permeance and nanomechanical behaviour. Using polyamide membranes for molecular separation as a representative system, three-dimensional electron tomography at nanometre resolution reveals nanovoid formation from coalescence of oligomers, supported by coarse-grained molecular dynamics simulations. Void analysis provides otherwise inaccessible inputs for accurate fittings of methanol permeance for polyamide membranes. Three-dimensional structural graphs accounting for the tortuous nanovoids within, measure higher apparent moduli with polyamide membranes of higher graph rigidity. Our study elucidates the significance of nanovoids beyond the nothingness, impacting the synthesis‒morphology‒function relationships of complex nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jinlong He
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Lehan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Stephen Cotty
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Shan Zhou
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - John W Smith
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Emad Tajkhorshid
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- NIH Resource for Macromolecular Modelling and Visualization, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Hyosung An
- Department of Petrochemical Materials Engineering, Chonnam National University, Yeosu, Jeollanam-do, 59631, South Korea
| | - Xiao Su
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Ying Li
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, 53706, USA.
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Materials Research Laboratory, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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4
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Li W, Lu X, Diamond JM, Shen C, Jiang B, Sun S, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Photo-modulated activation of organic bases enabling microencapsulation and on-demand reactivity. Nat Commun 2024; 15:2771. [PMID: 38553489 PMCID: PMC10980803 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-024-47175-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2024] [Indexed: 04/01/2024] Open
Abstract
A method is developed for facile encapsulation of reactive organic bases with potential application for autonomous damage detection and self-healing polymers. Highly reactive chemicals such as bases and acids are challenging to encapsulate by traditional oil-water emulsion techniques due to unfavorable physical and chemical interactions. In this work, reactivity of the bases is temporarily masked with photo-removable protecting groups, and the resulting inactive payloads are encapsulated via an in situ emulsion-templated interfacial polymerization method. The encapsulated payloads are then activated to restore the organic bases via photo irradiation, either before or after being released from the core-shell carriers. The efficacy of the photo-activated capsules is demonstrated by a damage-triggered, pH-induced color change in polymeric coatings and by recovery of adhesive strength of a damaged interface. Given the wide range of potential photo-deprotection chemistries, this encapsulation scheme provides a simple but powerful method for storage and targeted delivery of a broad variety of reactive chemicals, promoting design of diverse autonomous functionalities in polymeric materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenle Li
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China.
| | - Xiaocun Lu
- Department of Chemistry and Biomolecular Science, Clarkson University, Potsdam, NY, 13699, USA
| | - Jacob M Diamond
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Chengtian Shen
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Bo Jiang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China
| | - Shi Sun
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, China University of Petroleum (East China), Qingdao, Shandong, 266580, China
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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5
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Lessard JJ, Mejia EB, Kim AJ, Zhang Z, Berkey MG, Medina-Barreto ZS, Ewoldt RH, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Unraveling Reactivity Differences: Room-Temperature Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization (ROMP) versus Frontal ROMP. J Am Chem Soc 2024; 146:7216-7221. [PMID: 38441481 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.4c01578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 03/21/2024]
Abstract
In this study, we explore the distinct reactivity patterns between frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) and room-temperature solventless ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP). Despite their shared mechanism, we find that FROMP is less sensitive to inhibitor concentration than room-temperature ROMP. By increasing the initiator-to-monomer ratio for a fixed inhibitor/initiator quantity, we find reduction in the ROMP background reactivity at room temperature (i.e., increased resin pot life). At elevated temperatures where inhibitor dissociation prevails, accelerated frontal polymerization rates are observed because of the concentrated presence of the initiator. Surprisingly, the strategy of employing higher initiator loading enhances both pot life and front speeds, which leads to FROMP rates exceeding prior reported values by over 5 times. This counterintuitive behavior is attributed to an increase in the proximity of the inhibitor to the initiator within the bulk resin and to whether the temperature favors coordination or dissociation of the inhibitor. A rapid method was developed for assessing resin pot life, and a straightforward model for active initiator behavior was established. Modified resin systems enabled direct ink writing of robust thermoset structures at rates much faster than previously possible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Lessard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Edgar B Mejia
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Abbie J Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Zhang Zhang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Mya G Berkey
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Zina S Medina-Barreto
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Randy H Ewoldt
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Material Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
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6
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Jain A, Shkrob IA, Doan HA, Adams K, Moore JS, Assary RS. Active Learning Guided Computational Discovery of Plant-Based Redoxmers for Organic Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:58309-58319. [PMID: 38071647 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c11741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Organic nonaqueous redox flow batteries (O-NRFBs) are promising energy storage devices due to their scalability and reliance on sourceable materials. However, finding suitable redox-active organic molecules (redoxmers) for these batteries remains a challenge. Using plant-based compounds as precursors for these redoxmers can decrease their costs and environmental toxicity. In this computational study, flavonoid molecules have been examined as potential redoxmers for O-NRFBs. Flavone and isoflavone derivatives were selected as catholyte (positive charge carrier) and anolyte (negative charge carrier) molecules, respectively. To drive their redox potentials to the opposite extremes, in silico derivatization was performed using a novel algorithm to generate a library of > 40000 candidate molecules that penalizes overly complex structures. A multiobjective Bayesian optimization based active learning algorithm was then used to identify best redoxmer candidates in these search spaces. Our study provides methodologies for molecular design and optimization of natural scaffolds and highlights the need of incorporating expert chemistry awareness of the natural products and the basic rules of synthetic chemistry in machine learning.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akash Jain
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Ilya A Shkrob
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Hieu A Doan
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Keir Adams
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology and Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
- Materials Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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7
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Lee YB, Suslick BA, de Jong D, Wilson GO, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Braun PV. A Self-Healing System for Polydicyclopentadiene Thermosets. Adv Mater 2023:e2309662. [PMID: 38087908 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202309662] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 11/19/2023] [Indexed: 12/22/2023]
Abstract
Self-healing offers promise for addressing structural failures, increasing lifespan, and improving durability in polymeric materials. Implementing self-healing in thermoset polymers faces significant manufacturing challenges, especially due to the elevated temperature requirements of thermoset processing. To introduce self-healing into structural thermosets, the self-healing system must be thermally stable and compatible with the thermoset chemistry. This article demonstrates a self-healing microcapsule-based system stable to frontal polymerization (FP), a rapid and energy-efficient manufacturing process with a self-propagating exothermic reaction (≈200 °C). A thermally latent Grubbs-type complex bearing two N-heterocyclic carbene ligands addresses limitations in conventional G2-based self-healing approaches. Under FP's elevated temperatures, the catalyst remains dormant until activated by a Cu(I) co-reagent, ensuring efficient polymerization of the dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) upon damage to the polyDCPD matrix. The two-part microcapsule system consists of one capsule containing the thermally latent Grubbs-type catalyst dissolved in the solvent, and another capsule containing a Cu(I) coagent blended with liquid DCPD monomer. Using the same chemistry for both matrix fabrication and healing results in strong interfaces as demonstrated by lap-shear tests. In an optimized system, the self-healing system restores the mechanical properties of the tough polyDCPD thermoset. Self-healing efficiencies greater than 90% via tapered double cantilever beam tests are observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Young Bum Lee
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Derek de Jong
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Paul V Braun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Material Research Laboratory, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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8
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AlFaraj Y, Mohapatra S, Shieh P, Husted KEL, Ivanoff DG, Lloyd EM, Cooper JC, Dai Y, Singhal AP, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Gomez-Bombarelli R, Johnson JA. A Model Ensemble Approach Enables Data-Driven Property Prediction for Chemically Deconstructable Thermosets in the Low-Data Regime. ACS Cent Sci 2023; 9:1810-1819. [PMID: 37780353 PMCID: PMC10540282 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.3c00502] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2023] [Indexed: 10/03/2023]
Abstract
Thermosets present sustainability challenges that could potentially be addressed through the design of deconstructable variants with tunable properties; however, the combinatorial space of possible thermoset molecular building blocks (e.g., monomers, cross-linkers, and additives) and manufacturing conditions is vast, and predictive knowledge for how combinations of these molecular components translate to bulk thermoset properties is lacking. Data science could overcome these problems, but computational methods are difficult to apply to multicomponent, amorphous, statistical copolymer materials for which little data exist. Here, leveraging a data set with 101 examples, we introduce a closed-loop experimental, machine learning (ML), and virtual screening strategy to enable predictions of the glass transition temperature (Tg) of polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) thermosets containing cleavable bifunctional silyl ether (BSE) comonomers and/or cross-linkers with varied compositions and loadings. Molecular features and formulation variables are used as model inputs, and uncertainty is quantified through model ensembling, which together with heavy regularization helps to avoid overfitting and ultimately achieves predictions within <15 °C for thermosets with compositionally diverse BSEs. This work offers a path to predicting the properties of thermosets based on their molecular building blocks, which may accelerate the discovery of promising plastics, rubbers, and composites with improved functionality and controlled deconstructability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasmeen
S. AlFaraj
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Somesh Mohapatra
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Peyton Shieh
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Keith E. L. Husted
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Douglass G. Ivanoff
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
of America
| | - Evan M. Lloyd
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
of America
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Julian C. Cooper
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
of America
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
| | - Yutong Dai
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Avni P. Singhal
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
of America
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States of America
- The
Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
of America
| | - Rafael Gomez-Bombarelli
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts
Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
| | - Jeremiah A. Johnson
- Department
of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of
Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States of America
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9
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Zhou Y, Rodríguez-López J, Moore JS. Heterogenous electromediated depolymerization of highly crystalline polyoxymethylene. Nat Commun 2023; 14:4847. [PMID: 37563151 PMCID: PMC10415396 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-023-39362-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 08/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Post-consumer plastic waste in the environment has driven the scientific community to develop deconstruction methods that yield valued substances from these synthetic macromolecules. Electrocatalysis is a well-established method for achieving challenging transformations in small molecule synthesis. Here we present the first electro-chemical depolymerization of polyoxymethylene-a highly crystalline engineering thermoplastic (Delrin®)-into its repolymerizable monomer, formaldehyde/1,3,5-trioxane, under ambient conditions. We investigate this electrochemical deconstruction by employing solvent screening, cyclic voltammetry, divided cell studies, electrolysis with redox mediators, small molecule model studies, and control experiments. Our findings determine that the reaction proceeds via a heterogeneous electro-mediated acid depolymerization mechanism. The bifunctional role of the co-solvent 1,1,1,3,3,3-hexafluoro-2-propanol (HFIP) is also revealed. This study demonstrates the potential of electromediated depolymerization serving as an important role in sustainable chemistry by merging the concepts of renewable energy and circular plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuting Zhou
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
| | - Joaquín Rodríguez-López
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, IL, 60439, USA.
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
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10
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Wang J, Üner NB, Dubowsky SE, Confer MP, Bhargava R, Sun Y, Zhou Y, Sankaran RM, Moore JS. Plasma Electrochemistry for Carbon-Carbon Bond Formation via Pinacol Coupling. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:10470-10474. [PMID: 37146270 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.3c01779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The formation of carbon-carbon bonds by pinacol coupling of aldehydes and ketones requires a large negative reduction potential, often realized with a stoichiometric reducing reagent. Here, we use solvated electrons generated via a plasma-liquid process. Parametric studies with methyl-4-formylbenzoate reveal that selectivity over the competing reduction to the alcohol requires careful control over mass transport. The generality is demonstrated with benzaldehydes, benzyl ketones, and furfural. A reaction-diffusion model explains the observed kinetics, and ab initio calculations provide insight into the mechanism. This study opens the possibility of a metal-free, electrically-powered, sustainable method for reductive organic reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Necip B Üner
- Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Chemical Engineering Department, Middle East Technical University, Ankara 06800, Turkey
| | - Scott Edwin Dubowsky
- Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Matthew P Confer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Rohit Bhargava
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Departments of Bioengineering, Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, Electrical and Computer Engineering, Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yuting Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - R Mohan Sankaran
- Nuclear, Plasma and Radiological Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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11
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Suslick BA, Hemmer J, Groce BR, Stawiasz KJ, Geubelle PH, Malucelli G, Mariani A, Moore JS, Pojman JA, Sottos NR. Frontal Polymerizations: From Chemical Perspectives to Macroscopic Properties and Applications. Chem Rev 2023; 123:3237-3298. [PMID: 36827528 PMCID: PMC10037337 DOI: 10.1021/acs.chemrev.2c00686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The synthesis and processing of most thermoplastics and thermoset polymeric materials rely on energy-inefficient and environmentally burdensome manufacturing methods. Frontal polymerization is an attractive, scalable alternative due to its exploitation of polymerization heat that is generally wasted and unutilized. The only external energy needed for frontal polymerization is an initial thermal (or photo) stimulus that locally ignites the reaction. The subsequent reaction exothermicity provides local heating; the transport of this thermal energy to neighboring monomers in either a liquid or gel-like state results in a self-perpetuating reaction zone that provides fully cured thermosets and thermoplastics. Propagation of this polymerization front continues through the unreacted monomer media until either all reactants are consumed or sufficient heat loss stalls further reaction. Several different polymerization mechanisms support frontal processes, including free-radical, cat- or anionic, amine-cure epoxides, and ring-opening metathesis polymerization. The choice of monomer, initiator/catalyst, and additives dictates how fast the polymer front traverses the reactant medium, as well as the maximum temperature achievable. Numerous applications of frontally generated materials exist, ranging from porous substrate reinforcement to fabrication of patterned composites. In this review, we examine in detail the physical and chemical phenomena that govern frontal polymerization, as well as outline the existing applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Brecklyn R Groce
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Katherine J Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| | - Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, 07100 Sassari, Italy
- National Interuniversity Consortium of Materials Science and Technology, 50121 Firenze, Italy
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - John A Pojman
- Department of Chemistry, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803 United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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12
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Robertson LA, Afsar Uddin M, Shkrob IA, Moore JS, Zhang L. Liquid Redoxmers for Nonaqueous Redox Flow Batteries. ChemSusChem 2023:e202300043. [PMID: 36943787 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202300043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2023] [Revised: 03/17/2023] [Accepted: 03/21/2023] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Redoxmers are organic active molecules storing electrochemical energy in nonaqueous redox flow batteries (NRFBs). Increasing the solubility of redoxmers is an important approach for increasing energy density of NRFBs as effective redoxmer concentration determines how much electricity can be stored in a given volume. Molecular engineering redoxmers towards liquid forms is regarded as one promising strategy as liquid redoxmers represent an extreme scenario where fluidity is maintained at maximum concentration using a minimum amount of supporting solvents. In this Perspective, recent examples of liquid redoxmers as well as their development strategy will be discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lily A Robertson
- Joint Center of Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
| | - Mohammad Afsar Uddin
- Joint Center of Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Instituto de Ciencia de Materiales de Madrid, Madrid, 20849, Spain
| | - Ilya A Shkrob
- Joint Center of Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Joint Center of Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, 61801, United States
| | - Lu Zhang
- Joint Center of Energy Storage Research (JCESR), Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
- Chemical Sciences and Engineering Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois, 60439, United States
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13
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Alzate-Sanchez DM, Yu CH, Lessard JJ, Paul JE, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Rapid Controlled Synthesis of Large Polymers by Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2023. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c01892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/16/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Diego M. Alzate-Sanchez
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Christina H Yu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jacob J. Lessard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justine E. Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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14
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Husted KEL, Brown CM, Shieh P, Kevlishvili I, Kristufek SL, Zafar H, Accardo JV, Cooper JC, Klausen RS, Kulik HJ, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Kalow JA, Johnson JA. Remolding and Deconstruction of Industrial Thermosets via Carboxylic Acid-Catalyzed Bifunctional Silyl Ether Exchange. J Am Chem Soc 2023; 145:1916-1923. [PMID: 36637230 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.2c11858] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Convenient strategies for the deconstruction and reprocessing of thermosets could improve the circularity of these materials, but most approaches developed to date do not involve established, high-performance engineering materials. Here, we show that bifunctional silyl ether, i.e., R'O-SiR2-OR'', (BSE)-based comonomers generate covalent adaptable network analogues of the industrial thermoset polydicyclopentadiene (pDCPD) through a novel BSE exchange process facilitated by the low-cost food-safe catalyst octanoic acid. Experimental studies and density functional theory calculations suggest an exchange mechanism involving silyl ester intermediates with formation rates that strongly depend on the Si-R2 substituents. As a result, pDCPD thermosets manufactured with BSE comonomers display temperature- and time-dependent stress relaxation as a function of their substituents. Moreover, bulk remolding of pDCPD thermosets is enabled for the first time. Altogether, this work presents a new approach toward the installation of exchangeable bonds into commercial thermosets and establishes acid-catalyzed BSE exchange as a versatile addition to the toolbox of dynamic covalent chemistry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keith E L Husted
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Christopher M Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Peyton Shieh
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Ilia Kevlishvili
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Samantha L Kristufek
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Hadiqa Zafar
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Joseph V Accardo
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julian C Cooper
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 61820, United States
| | - Rebekka S Klausen
- Department of Chemistry, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, Maryland 21287, United States
| | - Heather J Kulik
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 61820, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Champaign County, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University, Evanston, Illinois 60208, United States
| | - Jeremiah A Johnson
- Department of Chemistry, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139, United States
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15
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Yu H, Kalutantirige FC, Yao L, Schroeder CM, Chen Q, Moore JS. Self-Assembly of Repetitive Segment and Random Segment Polymer Architectures. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1366-1372. [PMID: 36413761 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Recent advances in chemical synthesis have created new methodologies for synthesizing sequence-controlled synthetic polymers, but rational design of monomer sequence for desired properties remains challenging. In this work, we synthesize periodic polymers with repetitive segments using a sequence-controlled ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) method, which draws inspiration from proteins containing repetitive sequence motifs. The repetitive segment architecture is shown to dramatically affect the self-assembly behavior of these materials. Our results show that polymers with identical repetitive sequences assemble into uniform spherical nanoparticles after thermal annealing, whereas copolymers with random placement of segments with different sequences exhibit disordered assemblies without a well-defined morphology. Overall, these results bring a new understanding to the role of periodic repetitive sequences in polymer assembly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Falon C Kalutantirige
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lehan Yao
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Qian Chen
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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16
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Moore JS, Robertson LJ, Price R, Curry G, Farnan J, Black A, Nesbit MA, McLaughlin JA, Moore T. Evaluation of the performance of a lateral flow device for quantitative detection of anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG. Clin Immunol Commun 2022; 2:130-135. [PMID: 38013966 PMCID: PMC9472806 DOI: 10.1016/j.clicom.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The AbC-19™ lateral flow immunoassay (LFIA) performance was evaluated on plasma samples from a SARS-CoV-2 vaccination cohort, WHO international standards for anti-SARS-CoV-2 IgG (human), individuals ≥2 weeks from infection of RT-PCR confirmed SARS-CoV-2 genetic variants, as well as microorganism serology. METHODS Pre-vaccination to three weeks post-booster samples were collected from a cohort of 111 patients (including clinically extremely vulnerable patients) from Northern Ireland. All patients received Oxford-AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccination for the first and second dose, and Pfizer-BioNTech for the third (first booster). WHO international standards, 15 samples from 2 variants of concern (Delta and Omicron) and cross-reactivity with plasma samples from other microorganism infections were also assessed on AbC-19™. RESULTS All 80 (100%) participants sampled post-booster had high positive IgG responses, compared to 38/95 (40%) participants at 6 months post-first vaccination. WHO standard results correlated with information from corresponding biological data sheets, and antibodies to all genetic variants were detected by LFIA. No cross-reactivity was found with exception of one (of five) Dengue virus samples. CONCLUSION These findings suggest BNT162b2 booster vaccination enhanced humoral immunity to SARS-CoV-2 from pre-booster levels, and that this antibody response was detectable by the LFIA. In combination with cross-reactivity, standards and genetic variant results would suggest LFIA may be a cost-effective measure to assess SARS-CoV-2 antibody status.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - L J Robertson
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - R Price
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - G Curry
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - J Farnan
- The Group Surgery, 257 North Queen Street, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - A Black
- The Group Surgery, 257 North Queen Street, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - M A Nesbit
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - J A McLaughlin
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Nanotechnology and Integrated Bioengineering Centre, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
| | - T Moore
- Biomedical Sciences Research Institute, Ulster University, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
- Integrated Diagnostics Laboratory, Ulster University, 3-5a Frederick St, Belfast, Northern Ireland, United Kingdom
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17
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin
A. Suslick
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States,Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
| | - Harm-Anton Klok
- Institut
des Matériaux and Institut des Sciences et Ingénierie
Chimiques, Laboratoire des Polymères, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Station 12, CH-1015Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States,Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana—Champaign, Urbana, Illinois61801, United States
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18
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Mailey J, Moore JS, Brennan PF, Jing M, Awuah A, McLaughlin JAD, Nesbit MA, Moore CBT, Spence MS. INOCA affects more than the coronaries. Eur Heart J 2022. [DOI: 10.1093/eurheartj/ehac544.1192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Ischaemia with normal coronary arteries (INOCA) may result in disabling symptoms and has an association with adverse long-term prognosis. The diagnosis of INOCA necessitates invasive coronary angiography to perform a physiological evaluation of microvascular function.
The conjunctiva has a readily assessable microvascular network in which physiological parameters can be evaluated. We compared conjunctival haemodynamics in patients with and without coronary microvascular disease (MVD) to assess if systemic microvascular dysfunction was present in this coronary artery disease sub-group.
Methods
In this study, we recruited patients undergoing invasive coronary angiography for the investigation of angina or angina equivalent symptoms. All patients had physiologically insignificant epicardial disease (FFR≥0.80) and underwent a physiological evaluation of coronary microvascular function. We compared a group with evidence of coronary MVD (IMR≥25 or CFR<2.0); to a group of controls without MVD (IMR<25 and CFR≥2.0).
The conjunctival microvasculature was imaged using a previously validated combination of a smartphone and slit-lamp biomicroscope. The conjunctival vasculature was assessed using a semi-automated process of vessel diameter measurement and erythrocyte tracking to obtain haemodynamic parameters of microvascular function.
Results
A total of 111 patients were included (43 MVD and 68 controls). There were no differences in baseline demographics, co-morbidities, epicardial coronary disease severity or regular pharmacological therapies between the groups. Mean coronary flow reserve (CFR) was lower and mean index of microcirculatory resistance (IMR) higher in the MVD cohort (CFR 2.5±1.3 vs 5.2±2.5, p<0.001 and IMR 28.4±11.8 vs 13.7±5.0, p<0.001).
A total of 2295 conjunctival vessels were analysed. The mean number of vessels per patient was 21.0±12.8 (3.2±3.5 arterioles and 14.8±10.8 venules). Significant reductions in axial/cross-sectional velocity, wall shear rate and wall shear stress were observed in the MVD cohort. Table 1 demonstrates a comparison of conjunctival physiological parameters between the groups.
The most marked differences were observed in conjunctival arterioles. Due to the heterogenous size distribution of microvessels, arterioles were categorised into 2 diameter sub-groups (10–25 μm and 25–40 μm) for analysis (Table 2).
Conclusion
The reductions in microvascular blood flow velocity and rate that form the basis for the diagnosis of coronary microvascular dysfunction can be observed non-invasively in the bulbar conjunctiva microcirculation. Conjunctival vascular imaging may have utility as a non-invasive imaging modality to both diagnose microvascular dysfunction and augment conventional cardiovascular risk stratification.
Funding Acknowledgement
Type of funding sources: Foundation. Main funding source(s): Belfast Trust Heart Trust Fund and Northern Ireland Chest Heart and Stroke
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Affiliation(s)
- J Mailey
- Royal Victoria Hospital , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - J S Moore
- University of Ulster , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - P F Brennan
- Royal Victoria Hospital , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - M Jing
- University of Ulster , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - A Awuah
- University of Ulster , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | | | - M A Nesbit
- University of Ulster , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - C B T Moore
- University of Ulster , Belfast , United Kingdom
| | - M S Spence
- Royal Victoria Hospital , Belfast , United Kingdom
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19
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Diego M. Alzate-Sanchez
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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20
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Suslick BA, Grubbs RB, Waymouth RM, Moore JS. The legacy of Robert H. Grubbs: Scientific brilliance with humble empathy. Chem 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2022.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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21
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Lessard JJ, Kaur P, Paul JE, Chang KM, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Switching Frontal Polymerization Mechanisms: FROMP and FRaP. ACS Macro Lett 2022; 11:1097-1101. [PMID: 35998375 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.2c00393] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Two frontal polymerization (FP) mechanisms, frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) of dicyclopentadiene and frontal radical polymerization (FRaP) of benzyl acrylate and hexanediol diacrylate, were combined for rapid manufacturing of welded thermoset materials. Leveraging the immiscibility of the two different FP resins, welded thermosets and gradient foams of varying composition were achieved by switching of FP mechanisms. The adhesion strength of the welded thermoset materials differed depending on the originating mechanism. Finally, welded thermoset foams of varying porosity and homogeneity were generated through initiation from the bottom of the two resins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob J Lessard
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Parmeet Kaur
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justine E Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kelly M Chang
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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22
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Cencer MM, Suslick BA, Moore JS. From skeptic to believer: The power of models. Tetrahedron 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2022.132984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/14/2022]
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23
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Greenlee AJ, Chen H, Wendell CI, Moore JS. Tandem Imine Formation and Alkyne Metathesis Enabled by Catalyst Choice. J Org Chem 2022; 87:8429-8436. [PMID: 35678630 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.2c00538] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Three-rung molecular ladder 8 was prepared in one pot via tandem imine condensation and alkyne metathesis. Catalyst VI is demonstrated to successfully engender the metathesis of imine-bearing substrate 7, while catalyst III does not. The susceptibility of catalyst VI to deactivation by hydrolysis and ligand exchange is demonstrated. Assembly and disassembly of ladder 8 in one pot were demonstrated in the presence and absence of a Lewis acid catalyst.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Greenlee
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Heyu Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chloe I Wendell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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24
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Suslick BA, Yazdani AN, Cencer MM, Paul JE, Parikh NA, Stawiasz KJ, Qamar IPS, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Storable, Dual-Component Systems for Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2022. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.2c00775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aliza N. Yazdani
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Morgan M. Cencer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justine E. Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nil A. Parikh
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Katherine J. Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Isabel P. S. Qamar
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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25
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Ranoa DRE, Holland RL, Alnaji FG, Green KJ, Wang L, Fredrickson RL, Wang T, Wong GN, Uelmen J, Maslov S, Weiner ZJ, Tkachenko AV, Zhang H, Liu Z, Ibrahim A, Patel SJ, Paul JM, Vance NP, Gulick JG, Satheesan SP, Galvan IJ, Miller A, Grohens J, Nelson TJ, Stevens MP, Hennessy PM, Parker RC, Santos E, Brackett C, Steinman JD, Fenner MR, Dohrer K, DeLorenzo M, Wilhelm-Barr L, Brauer BR, Best-Popescu C, Durack G, Wetter N, Kranz DM, Breitbarth J, Simpson C, Pryde JA, Kaler RN, Harris C, Vance AC, Silotto JL, Johnson M, Valera EA, Anton PK, Mwilambwe L, Bryan SP, Stone DS, Young DB, Ward WE, Lantz J, Vozenilek JA, Bashir R, Moore JS, Garg M, Cooper JC, Snyder G, Lore MH, Yocum DL, Cohen NJ, Novakofski JE, Loots MJ, Ballard RL, Band M, Banks KM, Barnes JD, Bentea I, Black J, Busch J, Conte A, Conte M, Curry M, Eardley J, Edwards A, Eggett T, Fleurimont J, Foster D, Fouke BW, Gallagher N, Gastala N, Genung SA, Glueck D, Gray B, Greta A, Healy RM, Hetrick A, Holterman AA, Ismail N, Jasenof I, Kelly P, Kielbasa A, Kiesel T, Kindle LM, Lipking RL, Manabe YC, Mayes J́, McGuffin R, McHenry KG, Mirza A, Moseley J, Mostafa HH, Mumford M, Munoz K, Murray AD, Nolan M, Parikh NA, Pekosz A, Pflugmacher J, Phillips JM, Pitts C, Potter MC, Quisenberry J, Rear J, Robinson ML, Rosillo E, Rye LN, Sherwood M, Simon A, Singson JM, Skadden C, Skelton TH, Smith C, Stech M, Thomas R, Tomaszewski MA, Tyburski EA, Vanwingerden S, Vlach E, Watkins RS, Watson K, White KC, Killeen TL, Jones RJ, Cangellaris AC, Martinis SA, Vaid A, Brooke CB, Walsh JT, Elbanna A, Sullivan WC, Smith RL, Goldenfeld N, Fan TM, Hergenrother PJ, Burke MD. Mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission at a large public university. Nat Commun 2022. [DOI: doi.org/10.1038/s41467-022-30833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AbstractIn Fall 2020, universities saw extensive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among their populations, threatening health of the university and surrounding communities, and viability of in-person instruction. Here we report a case study at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where a multimodal “SHIELD: Target, Test, and Tell” program, with other non-pharmaceutical interventions, was employed to keep classrooms and laboratories open. The program included epidemiological modeling and surveillance, fast/frequent testing using a novel low-cost and scalable saliva-based RT-qPCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 that bypasses RNA extraction, called covidSHIELD, and digital tools for communication and compliance. In Fall 2020, we performed >1,000,000 covidSHIELD tests, positivity rates remained low, we had zero COVID-19-related hospitalizations or deaths amongst our university community, and mortality in the surrounding Champaign County was reduced more than 4-fold relative to expected. This case study shows that fast/frequent testing and other interventions mitigated transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a large public university.
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26
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Ranoa DRE, Holland RL, Alnaji FG, Green KJ, Wang L, Fredrickson RL, Wang T, Wong GN, Uelmen J, Maslov S, Weiner ZJ, Tkachenko AV, Zhang H, Liu Z, Ibrahim A, Patel SJ, Paul JM, Vance NP, Gulick JG, Satheesan SP, Galvan IJ, Miller A, Grohens J, Nelson TJ, Stevens MP, Hennessy PM, Parker RC, Santos E, Brackett C, Steinman JD, Fenner MR, Dohrer K, DeLorenzo M, Wilhelm-Barr L, Brauer BR, Best-Popescu C, Durack G, Wetter N, Kranz DM, Breitbarth J, Simpson C, Pryde JA, Kaler RN, Harris C, Vance AC, Silotto JL, Johnson M, Valera EA, Anton PK, Mwilambwe L, Bryan SP, Stone DS, Young DB, Ward WE, Lantz J, Vozenilek JA, Bashir R, Moore JS, Garg M, Cooper JC, Snyder G, Lore MH, Yocum DL, Cohen NJ, Novakofski JE, Loots MJ, Ballard RL, Band M, Banks KM, Barnes JD, Bentea I, Black J, Busch J, Conte A, Conte M, Curry M, Eardley J, Edwards A, Eggett T, Fleurimont J, Foster D, Fouke BW, Gallagher N, Gastala N, Genung SA, Glueck D, Gray B, Greta A, Healy RM, Hetrick A, Holterman AA, Ismail N, Jasenof I, Kelly P, Kielbasa A, Kiesel T, Kindle LM, Lipking RL, Manabe YC, Mayes J, McGuffin R, McHenry KG, Mirza A, Moseley J, Mostafa HH, Mumford M, Munoz K, Murray AD, Nolan M, Parikh NA, Pekosz A, Pflugmacher J, Phillips JM, Pitts C, Potter MC, Quisenberry J, Rear J, Robinson ML, Rosillo E, Rye LN, Sherwood M, Simon A, Singson JM, Skadden C, Skelton TH, Smith C, Stech M, Thomas R, Tomaszewski MA, Tyburski EA, Vanwingerden S, Vlach E, Watkins RS, Watson K, White KC, Killeen TL, Jones RJ, Cangellaris AC, Martinis SA, Vaid A, Brooke CB, Walsh JT, Elbanna A, Sullivan WC, Smith RL, Goldenfeld N, Fan TM, Hergenrother PJ, Burke MD. Mitigation of SARS-CoV-2 transmission at a large public university. Nat Commun 2022; 13:3207. [PMID: 35680861 PMCID: PMC9184485 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-022-30833-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
In Fall 2020, universities saw extensive transmission of SARS-CoV-2 among their populations, threatening health of the university and surrounding communities, and viability of in-person instruction. Here we report a case study at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, where a multimodal “SHIELD: Target, Test, and Tell” program, with other non-pharmaceutical interventions, was employed to keep classrooms and laboratories open. The program included epidemiological modeling and surveillance, fast/frequent testing using a novel low-cost and scalable saliva-based RT-qPCR assay for SARS-CoV-2 that bypasses RNA extraction, called covidSHIELD, and digital tools for communication and compliance. In Fall 2020, we performed >1,000,000 covidSHIELD tests, positivity rates remained low, we had zero COVID-19-related hospitalizations or deaths amongst our university community, and mortality in the surrounding Champaign County was reduced more than 4-fold relative to expected. This case study shows that fast/frequent testing and other interventions mitigated transmission of SARS-CoV-2 at a large public university. Safely opening university campuses has been a major challenge during the COVID-19 pandemic. Here, the authors describe a program of public health measures employed at a university in the United States which, combined with other non-pharmaceutical interventions, allowed the university to stay open in fall 2020 with limited evidence of transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Rose E Ranoa
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robin L Holland
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Fadi G Alnaji
- Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kelsie J Green
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leyi Wang
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Richard L Fredrickson
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tong Wang
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - George N Wong
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Johnny Uelmen
- Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sergei Maslov
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zachary J Weiner
- Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Alexei V Tkachenko
- Center for Functional Nanomaterials, Brookhaven National Laboratory, Upton, NY, USA
| | - Hantao Zhang
- Computer Science, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Zhiru Liu
- Department of Physics, Stanford University, Palo Alto, CA, USA
| | - Ahmed Ibrahim
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Sanjay J Patel
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John M Paul
- Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nickolas P Vance
- Technology Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph G Gulick
- Technology Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Isaac J Galvan
- Technology Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Miller
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph Grohens
- Department of English, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Todd J Nelson
- Technology Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mary P Stevens
- Technology Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Robert C Parker
- McKinley Health Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | | | - Julie D Steinman
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Melvin R Fenner
- McKinley Health Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kirstin Dohrer
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michael DeLorenzo
- Office of the Chancellor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Laura Wilhelm-Barr
- Office of the Chancellor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Catherine Best-Popescu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gary Durack
- Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Tekmill, Champaign, IL, USA
| | | | - David M Kranz
- Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Breitbarth
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Charlie Simpson
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Julie A Pryde
- Champaign-Urbana Public Health District, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Robin N Kaler
- Public Affairs, College of Media, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Chris Harris
- Public Affairs, College of Media, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Allison C Vance
- Public Affairs, College of Media, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jodi L Silotto
- Public Affairs, College of Media, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mark Johnson
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Enrique Andres Valera
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Patricia K Anton
- Housing Division, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Lowa Mwilambwe
- Office of the Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Stephen P Bryan
- Office of the Dean of Students, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Deborah S Stone
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Danita B Young
- Office of the Vice Chancellor for Student Affairs, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Wanda E Ward
- Office of the Chancellor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John Lantz
- Office of the Dean of Students, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - John A Vozenilek
- Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rashid Bashir
- Grainger College of Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mayank Garg
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Julian C Cooper
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Gillian Snyder
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Michelle H Lore
- Interdisciplinary Health Sciences Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Dustin L Yocum
- Office for the Protection of Human Subjects, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Neal J Cohen
- Office of the Dean of Students, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Psychology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jan E Novakofski
- College of Agricultural, Consumer and Environmental Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Melanie J Loots
- Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Randy L Ballard
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mark Band
- Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kayla M Banks
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph D Barnes
- Mile Square Health Center, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Iuliana Bentea
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jessica Black
- Illinois Human Resources, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jeremy Busch
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Abigail Conte
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Madison Conte
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Michael Curry
- Illinois Human Resources, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jennifer Eardley
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - April Edwards
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Therese Eggett
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Judes Fleurimont
- Mile Square Health Center, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Delaney Foster
- Division of Campus Recreation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Bruce W Fouke
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nicholas Gallagher
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Nicole Gastala
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Scott A Genung
- Office of the Chief Info Officer, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Declan Glueck
- Illinois Human Resources, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Brittani Gray
- Mile Square Health Center, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Greta
- University of Illinois System Office, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert M Healy
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ashley Hetrick
- University Health Services, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Arianna A Holterman
- Office of the Dean of Students, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nahed Ismail
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Ian Jasenof
- Mile Square Health Center, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Patrick Kelly
- University Health Services, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Aaron Kielbasa
- Office of the Chancellor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Teresa Kiesel
- University Health Services, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Lorenzo M Kindle
- Technology Services, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda L Lipking
- Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Yukari C Manabe
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jade Mayes
- Department of Intercollegiate Athletics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Reubin McGuffin
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Kenton G McHenry
- National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Agha Mirza
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Jada Moseley
- Illinois Human Resources, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Heba H Mostafa
- Division of Medical Microbiology, Department of Pathology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Melody Mumford
- Mile Square Health Center, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Kathleen Munoz
- Mile Square Health Center, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Arika D Murray
- Illinois Human Resources, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Moira Nolan
- Office of Corporate Relations, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Nil A Parikh
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Andrew Pekosz
- W. Harry Feinstone Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, USA.,Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Janna Pflugmacher
- University Administration, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Janise M Phillips
- McKinley Health Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Collin Pitts
- University Health Services, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI, USA
| | - Mark C Potter
- Department of Family and Community Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, USA
| | - James Quisenberry
- Division of Student Affairs, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Janelle Rear
- Office of the Vice President for Economic Development and Innovation, University of Illinois System, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Matthew L Robinson
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Edith Rosillo
- Library Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Leslie N Rye
- Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - MaryEllen Sherwood
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Anna Simon
- Office of the Chancellor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Jamie M Singson
- Division of Student Affairs, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Carly Skadden
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Tina H Skelton
- Carver Biotechnology Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Charlie Smith
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Mary Stech
- McKinley Health Center, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ryan Thomas
- Office of the Chief Info Officer, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Erika A Tyburski
- Atlanta Center for Microsystems Engineered Point-of-Care Technologies, Emory University School of Medicine, Children's Healthcare of Atlanta, and Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, GA, USA.,Georgia Institute of Technology, Institute for Electronics and Nanotechnology, Atlanta, GA, USA
| | - Scott Vanwingerden
- IT Service Delivery, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Evette Vlach
- Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ronald S Watkins
- University of Illinois System Office, Urbana, IL, USA.,Office of the President, University of Illinois System, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Karriem Watson
- Mile Square Health Center, University of Illinois Health, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Karen C White
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Timothy L Killeen
- Gies College of Business, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Robert J Jones
- Office of the Chancellor, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | | | - Susan A Martinis
- Office of the Vice Chancellor for Research and Innovation, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Awais Vaid
- Champaign-Urbana Public Health District, Champaign, IL, USA
| | - Christopher B Brooke
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.,Department of Microbiology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Joseph T Walsh
- Library Department, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA
| | - Ahmed Elbanna
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - William C Sullivan
- Department of Landscape Architecture, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Rebecca L Smith
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,National Center for Supercomputing Applications, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Nigel Goldenfeld
- Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Physics, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA.
| | - Timothy M Fan
- Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Veterinary Clinical Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Paul J Hergenrother
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
| | - Martin D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Carl R. Woese Institute for Genomic Biology, University of Illinois at Urbana Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Cancer Center at Illinois, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Department of Biochemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA. .,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, USA.
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27
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Abstract
Herein, we report the development of a photoredox-initiated frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) chemical system. We found that a ruthenium-based, bis-N-heterocyclic carbene metathesis precatalyst was activated with 9-mesityl-10-phenylacridindium tetrafluoroborate, copper(II) triflate, and a 455 nm light source. This chemistry was used to initiate the FROMP of dicyclopentadiene; once initiated, the heat released from the polymerization sustained a well-controlled reaction front. Variation in copper or metathesis precatalyst loading yielded front speeds ranging from 0.15 to 0.43 mm s-1 and front temperatures ranging from 140 to 205 °C. While the glass transition temperatures of the resultant polymers are lower than those derived with Grubbs' second-generation catalyst, this chemical system provides extended pot life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J. Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Chloe I. Wendell
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Benjamin A. Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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28
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Yu H, Li J, Li S, Liu Y, Jackson NE, Moore JS, Schroeder CM. Efficient Intermolecular Charge Transport in π-Stacked Pyridinium Dimers Using Cucurbit[8]uril Supramolecular Complexes. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:3162-3173. [PMID: 35148096 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12741] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Intermolecular charge transport through π-conjugated molecules plays an essential role in biochemical redox processes and energy storage applications. In this work, we observe highly efficient intermolecular charge transport upon dimerization of pyridinium molecules in the cavity of a synthetic host (cucurbit[8]uril, CB[8]). Stable, homoternary complexes are formed between pyridinium molecules and CB[8] with high binding affinity, resulting in an offset stacked geometry of two pyridiniums inside the host cavity. The charge transport properties of free and dimerized pyridiniums are characterized using a scanning tunneling microscope-break junction (STM-BJ) technique. Our results show that π-stacked pyridinium dimers exhibit comparable molecular conductance to isolated, single pyridinium molecules, despite a longer transport pathway and a switch from intra- to intermolecular charge transport. Control experiments using a CB[8] homologue (cucurbit[7]uril, CB[7]) show that the synthetic host primarily serves to facilitate dimer formation and plays a minimal role on molecular conductance. Molecular modeling using density functional theory (DFT) reveals that pyridinium molecules are planarized upon dimerization inside the host cavity, which facilitates charge transport. In addition, the π-stacked pyridinium dimers possess large intermolecular LUMO-LUMO couplings, leading to enhanced intermolecular charge transport. Overall, this work demonstrates that supramolecular assembly can be used to control intermolecular charge transport in π-stacked molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jialing Li
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | | | | | | | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Joint Center for Energy Storage Research, Argonne National Laboratory, 9700 South Cass Avenue, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
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29
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Alzate-Sanchez DM, Cencer MM, Rogalski M, Kersh ME, Sottos N, Moore JS. Anisotropic Foams via Frontal Polymerization. Adv Mater 2022; 34:e2105821. [PMID: 34762324 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202105821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 10/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
The properties of foams, an important class of cellular solids, are most sensitive to the volume fraction and openness of its elementary compartments; size, shape, orientation, and the interconnectedness of the cells are other important design attributes. Control of these morphological traits would allow the tailored fabrication of useful materials. While approaches like ice templating have produced foams with elongated cells, there is a need for rapid, versatile, and energy-efficient methods that also control the local order and macroscopic alignment of cellular elements. Here, a fast and convenient method is described to obtain anisotropic structural foams using frontal polymerization. Foams are fabricated by curing mixtures of dicyclopentadiene and a blowing agent via frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP). The materials are characterized using microcomputed tomography (micro-CT) and an image analysis protocol to quantify the morphological characteristics. The cellular structure, porosity, and hardness of the foams change with blowing agent, concentration, and resin viscosity. Moreover, a full factorial combination of variables is used to correlate each parameter with the structure of the obtained foams. The results demonstrate the controlled production of foams with specific morphologies using the simple and efficient method of frontal polymerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diego M Alzate-Sanchez
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Morgan M Cencer
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Michael Rogalski
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Mariana E Kersh
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Nancy Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Mechanical Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
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30
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Sun Y, Neary WJ, Burke ZP, Qian H, Zhu L, Moore JS. Mechanically Triggered Carbon Monoxide Release with Turn-On Aggregation-Induced Emission. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:1125-1129. [PMID: 35019277 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c12108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Polymers that release functional small molecules under mechanical stress potentially serve as next-generation materials for catalysis, sensing, and mechanochemical dynamic therapy. To further expand the function of mechanoresponsive materials, the discovery of chemistries capable of small molecule release are highly desirable. In this report, we detail a nonscissile bifunctional mechanophore (i.e., dual mechano-activated properties) based on a unique mechanochemical reaction involving norborn-2-en-7-one (NEO). One property is the release of carbon monoxide (CO) upon pulsed solution ultrasonication. A release efficiency of 58% is observed at high molecular weights (Mn = 158.8 kDa), equating to ∼154 molecules of CO released per chain. The second property is the bright cyan emission from the macromolecular product in its aggregated state, resulting in a turn-on fluorescence readout coincident with CO release. This report not only demonstrates a unique strategy for the release of small molecules in a nonscissile way but also guides future designs of force-responsive aggregation-induced emission (AIE) luminogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunyan Sun
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - William J Neary
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zachary P Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hai Qian
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Lingyang Zhu
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana─Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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31
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Kim G, Wu Q, Chu JL, Smith EJ, Oelze ML, Moore JS, Li KC. Ultrasound controlled mechanophore activation in hydrogels for cancer therapy. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2022; 119:e2109791119. [PMID: 35046028 PMCID: PMC8795563 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2109791119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Mechanophores are molecular motifs that respond to mechanical perturbance with targeted chemical reactions toward desirable changes in material properties. A large variety of mechanophores have been investigated, with applications focusing on functional materials, such as strain/stress sensors, nanolithography, and self-healing polymers, among others. The responses of engineered mechanophores, such as light emittance, change in fluorescence, and generation of free radicals (FRs), have potential for bioimaging and therapy. However, the biomedical applications of mechanophores are not well explored. Herein, we report an in vitro demonstration of an FR-generating mechanophore embedded in biocompatible hydrogels for noninvasive cancer therapy. Controlled by high-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), a clinically proven therapeutic technique, mechanophores were activated with spatiotemporal precision to generate FRs that converted to reactive oxygen species (ROS) to effectively kill tumor cells. The mechanophore hydrogels exhibited no cytotoxicity under physiological conditions. Upon activation with HIFU sonication, the therapeutic efficacies in killing in vitro murine melanoma and breast cancer tumor cells were comparable with lethal doses of H2O2 This process demonstrated the potential for mechanophore-integrated HIFU combination as a noninvasive cancer treatment platform, named "mechanochemical dynamic therapy" (MDT). MDT has two distinct advantages over other noninvasive cancer treatments, such as photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT). 1) MDT is ultrasound based, with larger penetration depth than PDT. 2) MDT does not rely on sonosensitizers or the acoustic cavitation effect, both of which are necessary for SDT. Taking advantage of the strengths of mechanophores and HIFU, MDT can provide noninvasive treatments for diverse cancer types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Kim
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
- Department of Urban and Environmental Engineering, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 44919, Republic of Korea
| | - Qiong Wu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - James L Chu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
| | - Emily J Smith
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
| | - Michael L Oelze
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
| | - King C Li
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801;
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61820
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801
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32
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Sulkanen AR, Wang M, Swartz LA, Sung J, Sun G, Moore JS, Sottos NR, Liu GY. Production of Organizational Chiral Structures by Design. J Am Chem Soc 2022; 144:824-831. [PMID: 35005904 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.1c10491] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Organizational chirality on surfaces has been of interest in chemistry and materials science due to its scientific importance as well as its potential applications. Current methods for producing organizational chiral structures on surfaces are primarily based upon the self-assembly of molecules. While powerful, the chiral structures are restricted to those dictated by surface reaction thermodynamics. This work introduces a method to create organizational chirality by design with nanometer precision. Using atomic force microscopy-based nanolithography, in conjunction with chosen surface chemistry, various chiral structures are produced with nanometer precision, from simple spirals and arrays of nanofeatures to complex and hierarchical chiral structures. The size, geometry, and organizational chirality is achieved in deterministic fashion, with high fidelity to the designs. The concept and methodology reported here provide researchers a new and generic means to carry out organizational chiral chemistry, with the intrinsic advantages of chiral structures by design. The results open new and promising applications including enantioselective catalysis, separation, and crystallization, as well as optical devices requiring specific polarized radiation and fabrication and recognition of chiral nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Audrey R Sulkanen
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Minyuan Wang
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Logan A Swartz
- Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jaeuk Sung
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gang Sun
- Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Department of Biological and Agricultural Engineering, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Gang-Yu Liu
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Agricultural and Environmental Chemistry Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States.,Biophysics Graduate Group, University of California, Davis, California 95616, United States
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33
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Yu H, Gray DL, Woods TJ, Moore JS. Trioxazolo[23]metacyclophane: synthesis, structural analysis, and optical properties. Acta Crystallogr C 2022; 78:81-87. [DOI: 10.1107/s2053229622000298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/08/2022] [Indexed: 05/31/2023] Open
Abstract
The synthesis and characterization of the conjugated macrocycle trioxazolo[23]metacyclophane, C27H15N3O3 (M), is reported. The macrocycle was synthesized in three steps by the multicomponent van Leusen reaction and consists of meta-linked phenylenes connected through positions 4 and 5 of an oxazole heterocyclic ring. The molecular structure was investigated by NMR spectroscopy, mass spectrometry, gel permeation chromatography (GPC), and single-crystal X-ray crystallography. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis shows that M possesses a twisted saddle-like shape and interacts with nearby molecules by various π–π interactions. Absorption and emission spectroscopy and density functional theory (DFT) calculations were further used to study the electronic properties of M.
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34
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Zou W, Martell Monterroza A, Yao Y, Millik SC, Cencer MM, Rebello NJ, Beech HK, Morris MA, Lin TS, Castano CS, Kalow JA, Craig SL, Nelson A, Moore JS, Olsen BD. Extending BigSMILES to Non-Covalent Bonds in Supramolecular Polymer Assemblies. Chem Sci 2022; 13:12045-12055. [PMID: 36349107 PMCID: PMC9600227 DOI: 10.1039/d2sc02257e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 09/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
As a machine-recognizable representation of polymer connectivity, BigSMILES line notation extends SMILES from deterministic to stochastic structures. The same framework that allows BigSMILES to accommodate stochastic covalent connectivity can be extended to non-covalent bonds, enhancing its value for polymers, supramolecular materials, and colloidal chemistry. Non-covalent bonds are captured through the inclusion of annotations to pseudo atoms serving as complementary binding pairs, minimal key/value pairs to elaborate other relevant attributes, and indexes to specify the pairing among potential donors and acceptors or bond delocalization. Incorporating these annotations into BigSMILES line notation enables the representation of four common classes of non-covalent bonds in polymer science: electrostatic interactions, hydrogen bonding, metal–ligand complexation, and π–π stacking. The principal advantage of non-covalent BigSMILES is the ability to accommodate a broad variety of non-covalent chemistry with a simple user-orientated, semi-flexible annotation formalism. This goal is achieved by encoding a universal but non-exhaustive representation of non-covalent or stochastic bonding patterns through syntax for (de)protonated and delocalized state of bonding as well as nested bonds for correlated bonding and multi-component mixture. By allowing user-defined descriptors in the annotation expression, further applications in data-driven research can be envisioned to represent chemical structures in many other fields, including polymer nanocomposite and surface chemistry. Non-covalent BigSMILES enables the representation of donor/acceptor interactions and delocalized bonds for polymer assemblies.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Weizhong Zou
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142 USA +617 715-4548
| | | | - Yunxin Yao
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - S Cem Millik
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Morgan M Cencer
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Nathan J Rebello
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142 USA +617 715-4548
| | - Haley K Beech
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142 USA +617 715-4548
| | - Melody A Morris
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142 USA +617 715-4548
| | - Tzyy-Shyang Lin
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142 USA +617 715-4548
| | | | - Julia A Kalow
- Department of Chemistry, Northwestern University Evanston IL 60208 USA
| | - Stephen L Craig
- Department of Chemistry, Duke University Durham NC 27708 USA
| | - Alshakim Nelson
- Department of Chemistry, University of Washington Seattle WA 98195 USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign Urbana IL 61801 USA
| | - Bradley D Olsen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology Cambridge MA 02142 USA +617 715-4548
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35
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Affiliation(s)
- Morgan M Cencer
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
- Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana‐Champaign Urbana IL USA
| | - Rajeev S Assary
- Materials Science Division Argonne National Laboratory Lemont IL USA
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36
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Li S, Yu H, Li J, Angello N, Jira ER, Li B, Burke MD, Moore JS, Schroeder CM. Transition between Nonresonant and Resonant Charge Transport in Molecular Junctions. Nano Lett 2021; 21:8340-8347. [PMID: 34529446 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.1c02915] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efficient long-range charge transport is required for high-performance molecular electronic devices. Resonant transport is thought to occur in single molecule junctions when molecular frontier orbital energy levels align with electrode Fermi levels, thereby enabling efficient transport without molecular or environmental relaxation. Despite recent progress, we lack a systematic understanding of the transition between nonresonant and resonant transport for molecular junctions with different chemical compositions. In this work, we show that molecular junctions undergo a reversible transition from nonresonant tunneling to resonant transport as a function of applied bias. Transient bias-switching experiments show that the nonresonant to resonant transition is reversible with the applied bias. We determine a general quantitative relationship that describes the transition voltage as a function of the molecular frontier orbital energies and electrode Fermi levels. Overall, this work highlights the importance of frontier orbital energy alignment in achieving efficient charge transport in molecular devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jialing Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nicholas Angello
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Edward R Jira
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Bo Li
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Martin D Burke
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Carle Illinois College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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37
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Liu Y, Holm S, Meisner J, Jia Y, Wu Q, Woods TJ, Martinez TJ, Moore JS. Flyby reaction trajectories: Chemical dynamics under extrinsic force. Science 2021; 373:208-212. [PMID: 34244412 DOI: 10.1126/science.abi7609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Accepted: 06/03/2021] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic effects are an important determinant of chemical reactivity and selectivity, but the deliberate manipulation of atomic motions during a chemical transformation is not straightforward. Here, we demonstrate that extrinsic force exerted upon cyclobutanes by stretching pendant polymer chains influences product selectivity through force-imparted nonstatistical dynamic effects on the stepwise ring-opening reaction. The high product stereoselectivity is quantified by carbon-13 labeling and shown to depend on external force, reactant stereochemistry, and intermediate stability. Computational modeling and simulations show that, besides altering energy barriers, the mechanical force activates reactive intramolecular motions nonstatistically, setting up "flyby trajectories" that advance directly to product without isomerization excursions. A mechanistic model incorporating nonstatistical dynamic effects accounts for isomer-dependent mechanochemical stereoselectivity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Liu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Soren Holm
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jan Meisner
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Yuan Jia
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Qiong Wu
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Toby J Woods
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.,3M Materials Chemistry Laboratory, School of Chemical Sciences, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Todd J Martinez
- Department of Chemistry, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA. .,The PULSE Institute, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA.,SLAC National Accelerator Laboratory, 2575 Sand Hill Road, Menlo Park, CA 94025, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA. .,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
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38
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Gao Y, Dearborn MA, Vyas S, Kumar A, Hemmer J, Wang Z, Wu Q, Alshangiti O, Moore JS, Esser-Kahn AP, Geubelle PH. Manipulating Frontal Polymerization and Instabilities with Phase-Changing Microparticles. J Phys Chem B 2021; 125:7537-7545. [PMID: 34228929 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpcb.1c03899] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Recently presented as a rapid and eco-friendly manufacturing method for thermoset polymers and composites, frontal polymerization (FP) experiences thermo-chemical instabilities under certain conditions, leading to visible patterns and spatially dependent material properties. Through numerical analyses and experiments, we demonstrate how the front velocity, temperature, and instability in the frontal polymerization of cyclooctadiene are affected by the presence of poly(caprolactone) microparticles homogeneously mixed with the resin. The phase transformation associated with the melting of the microparticles absorbs some of the exothermic reaction energy generated by the FP, reduces the amplitude and order of the thermal instabilities, and suppresses the front velocity and temperatures. Experimental measurements validate predictions of the dependence of the front velocity and temperature on the microparticle volume fraction provided by the proposed homogenized reaction-diffusion model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Gao
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Mason A Dearborn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Sagar Vyas
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aditya Kumar
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Zhao Wang
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Qiong Wu
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Omar Alshangiti
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Aaron P Esser-Kahn
- Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois 60637, United States
| | - Philippe H Geubelle
- Beckman Institute of Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Department of Aerospace Engineering, University of Illinois, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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39
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Kim G, Wu Q, Chu JL, Smith EJ, Oelze ML, Li KC, Moore JS. Abstract 1318: Mechanochemical dynamic therapy for focal cancer treatment. Cancer Res 2021. [DOI: 10.1158/1538-7445.am2021-1318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
This study proposes a new cancer drug delivery modality that allows for spatiotemporal control over activation of the therapeutic. Current standard cancer therapies of surgery, chemotherapy, and radiation therapy have their limitations, such as invasiveness and systemic toxicities. Developing a new modality that is localized and triggerable is becoming increasingly advantageous. Currently, photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to be clinically effective but is limited by poor tissue penetration of light. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT) bypasses this pitfall with increased tissue penetration depth of ultrasound. However, PDT has limitations as it relies on the potentially damaging ultrasound cavitation effect and requires sonosensitizers or nanoparticles that have issues with bioavailability, biostability, and biosafety. In this study, we propose a novel ultrasound-based cancer treatment modality called mechanochemical dynamic therapy (MDT). In MDT, high intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU) delivers mechanical forces to force-responsive moieties of azo mechanophores that are embedded into biocompatible polyethylene glycol (PEG) hydrogel polymers. Upon focal sonication with HIFU, these mechanophores generate highly reactive free radicals (FRs) that are converted to reactive oxygen species (ROSs). The sonicated gels are then placed into in vitro cultures, allowing for the diffusion of ROSs into the cells to induce oxidative cytotoxicity and eventually cell death. Cell proliferation is monitored at 24-hour intervals, and by 72 hours, the sonicated gels produced cell killing effects comparable to lethal doses of H2O2 in both in vitro mouse melanoma (B16F10) and breast cancer (E0771) models. Sonication of control hydrogels that did not contain mechanophores showed minimal cytotoxicity. This study shows the potential of MDT as a drug delivery platform that overcomes the limitations of PDT and SDT and has the potential to be applied synergistically with other current cancer treatments. This is the first demonstration of using HIFU-activated mechanophores to non-invasively deliver cancer therapies with spatiotemporal control.
Citation Format: Gun Kim, Qiong Wu, James L. Chu, Emily J. Smith, Michael L. Oelze, King C. Li, Jeffrey S. Moore. Mechanochemical dynamic therapy for focal cancer treatment [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2021; 2021 Apr 10-15 and May 17-21. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2021;81(13_Suppl):Abstract nr 1318.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gun Kim
- 1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - Qiong Wu
- 1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | - James L. Chu
- 1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
| | | | | | - King C. Li
- 1University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Champaign, IL
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40
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Abstract
Selective ring-opening allene metathesis polymerization (ROAlMP) and ruthenium vinylidene formation from 1,2-cyclononadiene (1) by simple catalyst selection are discussed. Grubbs second-generation catalyst (G2) favors the formation of an alkylidene leading to the ROAlMP of (1). Grubbs first-generation catalyst (G1) favors vinylidene formation and prevents the homopolymerization of (1) even at elevated temperatures. Isolation and characterization of poly(1) by NMR analysis and MALDI-TOF confirms the generation of a well-defined polyallene that exhibits good thermal stability (TD ca. 390 °C) and fluorescent properties. Ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) of a highly strained norbornene derivative (NBE-iPr) at 80 °C using the ruthenium vinylidene generated from (1) is also investigated. The discovery of ROAlMP allows for the simple access of well-defined polyallenes from commercially available catalysts and will ultimately guide structure-property determinations of polyallenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- William J. Neary
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Yunyan Sun
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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41
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin A. Suslick
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Katherine J. Stawiasz
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justine E. Paul
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana−Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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42
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Lloyd EM, Feinberg EC, Gao Y, Peterson SR, Soman B, Hemmer J, Dean LM, Wu Q, Geubelle PH, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Spontaneous Patterning during Frontal Polymerization. ACS Cent Sci 2021; 7:603-612. [PMID: 34056090 PMCID: PMC8155460 DOI: 10.1021/acscentsci.1c00110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Complex patterns integral to the structure and function of biological materials arise spontaneously during morphogenesis. In contrast, functional patterns in synthetic materials are typically created through multistep manufacturing processes, limiting accessibility to spatially varying materials systems. Here, we harness rapid reaction-thermal transport during frontal polymerization to drive the emergence of spatially varying patterns during the synthesis of engineering polymers. Tuning of the reaction kinetics and thermal transport enables internal feedback control over thermal gradients to spontaneously pattern morphological, chemical, optical, and mechanical properties of structural materials. We achieve patterned regions with two orders of magnitude change in modulus in poly(cyclooctadiene) and 20 °C change in glass transition temperature in poly(dicyclopentadiene). Our results suggest a facile route to patterned structural materials with complex microstructures without the need for masks, molds, or printers utilized in conventional manufacturing. Moreover, we envision that more sophisticated control of reaction-transport driven fronts may enable spontaneous growth of structures and patterns in synthetic materials, inaccessible by traditional manufacturing approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan M. Lloyd
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Elizabeth C. Feinberg
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Yuan Gao
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Suzanne R. Peterson
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Bhaskar Soman
- Frederick
Seitz Materials Research Laboratory, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Julie Hemmer
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Leon M. Dean
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Qiong Wu
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Philippe H. Geubelle
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Aerospace Engineering, University of
Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Nancy R. Sottos
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, University
of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Beckman
Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Illinois at
Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois, United States
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43
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Qian H, Purwanto NS, Ivanoff DG, Halmes AJ, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Fast, reversible mechanochromism of regioisomeric oxazine mechanophores: Developing in situ responsive force probes for polymeric materials. Chem 2021. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chempr.2021.02.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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44
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Lee J, Schwarz KJ, Yu H, Krüger A, Anslyn EV, Ellington AD, Moore JS, Jewett MC. Ribosome-mediated incorporation of fluorescent amino acids into peptides in vitro. Chem Commun (Camb) 2021; 57:2661-2664. [DOI: 10.1039/d0cc07740b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
We expand the substrate scope of ribosome-mediated incorporation to α-amino acids with a variety of fluorescent groups on the sidechain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Kevin J. Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Hao Yu
- Departments of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
| | - Antje Krüger
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
| | - Eric V. Anslyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Andrew D. Ellington
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
- Institute for Cellular and Molecular Biology
- University of Texas at Austin
- Austin
- USA
| | - Jeffrey S. Moore
- Department of Chemistry
- University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
- Urbana
- USA
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology
| | - Michael C. Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology
- Northwestern University
- Evanston
- USA
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45
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Stawiasz KJ, Paul JE, Schwarz KJ, Sottos NR, Moore JS. Photoexcitation of Grubbs' Second-Generation Catalyst Initiates Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:1563-1568. [PMID: 35617057 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a simple method is reported for control over initiation in frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP). This noncontact approach uses 375 nm light to excite Grubbs' second-generation catalyst in the presence of a phosphite inhibitor. Photoinitiated FROMP of dicylcopentadiene (DCPD) displays a similar cure profile to that of its thermally initiated counterpart, yielding a robust polymer with high glass transition temperature. Furthermore, this system is applied to enhance reaction rates in conventional ring-closing metathesis reactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katherine J Stawiasz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Justine E Paul
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Kevin J Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Nancy R Sottos
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States.,Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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46
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Ivanoff DG, Sung J, Butikofer SM, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Cross-Linking Agents for Enhanced Performance of Thermosets Prepared via Frontal Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization. Macromolecules 2020. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.macromol.0c01530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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47
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Lee J, Schwarz KJ, Kim DS, Moore JS, Jewett MC. Ribosome-mediated polymerization of long chain carbon and cyclic amino acids into peptides in vitro. Nat Commun 2020; 11:4304. [PMID: 32855412 PMCID: PMC7452890 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-020-18001-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Ribosome-mediated polymerization of backbone-extended monomers into polypeptides is challenging due to their poor compatibility with the translation apparatus, which evolved to use α-L-amino acids. Moreover, mechanisms to acylate (or charge) these monomers to transfer RNAs (tRNAs) to make aminoacyl-tRNA substrates is a bottleneck. Here, we rationally design non-canonical amino acid analogs with extended carbon chains (γ-, δ-, ε-, and ζ-) or cyclic structures (cyclobutane, cyclopentane, and cyclohexane) to improve tRNA charging. We then demonstrate site-specific incorporation of these non-canonical, backbone-extended monomers at the N- and C- terminus of peptides using wild-type and engineered ribosomes. This work expands the scope of ribosome-mediated polymerization, setting the stage for new medicines and materials. Backbone extended monomers are poorly compatible with the natural ribosomes, impeding their polymerization into polypeptides. Here the authors design non-canonical amino acid analogs with cyclic structures or extended carbon chains and used an engineered ribosome to improve tRNA-charging and incorporation into peptides.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joongoo Lee
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Kevin J Schwarz
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA
| | - Do Soon Kim
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA. .,The Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL, 61801, USA.
| | - Michael C Jewett
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering and Center for Synthetic Biology, Northwestern University, Evanston, IL, 60208, USA.
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48
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Li S, Yu H, Chen X, Gewirth AA, Moore JS, Schroeder CM. Covalent Ag-C Bonding Contacts from Unprotected Terminal Acetylenes for Molecular Junctions. Nano Lett 2020; 20:5490-5495. [PMID: 32511930 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.0c02015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Robust molecule-metal linkages are essential for developing high-performance and air-stable devices for molecular and organic electronics. In this work, we report a facile method for forming robust and covalent bonding contacts between unprotected terminal acetylenes and metal (Ag) interfaces. Using this approach, we study the charge transport properties of conjugated oligophenylenes with covalent metal-carbon contacts to silver electrodes formed from unprotected terminal acetylene anchors. We performed single molecule charge transport experiments and molecular simulations on a series of arylacetylenes using gold and silver electrodes. Our results show that molecular junctions on silver electrodes spontaneously form silver-carbynyl carbon (Ag-C) contacts, resulting in a nearly 10-fold increase in conductance compared to the same molecules on gold electrodes. Overall, this work presents a simple, new electrode-anchor pair that reliably forms molecular junctions with stable and robust contacts for molecular electronics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Songsong Li
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Hao Yu
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Xinyi Chen
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0385, Japan
| | - Andrew A Gewirth
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- International Institute for Carbon Neutral Energy Research (WPI-I2CNER), Kyushu University, Fukuoka 819-0385, Japan
| | - Jeffrey S Moore
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
| | - Charles M Schroeder
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Department of Chemistry, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
- Beckman Institute for Advanced Science and Technology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, Illinois 61801, United States
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Dean LM, Wu Q, Alshangiti O, Moore JS, Sottos NR. Rapid Synthesis of Elastomers and Thermosets with Tunable Thermomechanical Properties. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:819-824. [PMID: 35648532 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Rapid, solvent-free synthesis of poly(1,4-butadiene) in ambient conditions is demonstrated by frontal ring-opening metathesis polymerization (FROMP) of 1,5-cyclooctadiene (COD). Furthermore, cross-linked copolymers with a wide range of tunable properties are readily prepared by FROMP of mixtures of COD and dicyclopentadiene (DCPD). Specifically, glass transition temperature and tensile modulus are varied from -90 to 114 °C and 3.1 MPa to 1.9 GPa, respectively, by controlling the comonomer ratio. Copolymers with subambient glass transition temperature exhibit robust elastomeric behavior, with the ability to repeatedly recover from large elastic deformations. As a demonstration of the capability of this manufacturing strategy, gradient materials are fabricated in less than a minute with spatially controlled properties for multistage shape memory actuation. This simple yet powerful manufacturing strategy enables rapid synthesis of copolymers ranging from elastomers to thermosets with precise control over thermomechanical properties.
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50
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Addy PS, Shivrayan M, Cencer M, Zhuang J, Moore JS, Thayumanavan S. Polymer with Competing Depolymerization Pathways: Chain Unzipping versus Chain Scission. ACS Macro Lett 2020; 9:855-859. [PMID: 35648518 DOI: 10.1021/acsmacrolett.0c00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Interest in triggered depolymerization is growing, driven by needs in sustainable plastics, self-healing materials, controlled release, and sensory amplification. For many triggered depolymerization reactions, the rate-limiting step does not directly involve the stimulus, and therefore, depolymerization kinetics exhibit only weak or no correlation to the concentration and reactivity of the stimulus. However, for many applications, a direct relationship between the stimulus and the depolymerization kinetics is desired. Here we designed, synthesized, and studied a polymer in which a nucleophile-induced chain scission (NICS) mechanism competes with the chain unzipping pathway. We find that the choice of the chain end functionality and the character of the nucleophile determines which of these is the predominant pathway. The NICS pathway was found to be dependent on the stimulus concentration, in contrast to the chain unzipping mechanism. We demonstrate transferability of these molecular-scale, structure-property relationships to nanoscale materials by formulating the polymers into host nanoparticles.
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