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Barranco-García R, García-Peñas A, Blázquez-Blázquez E, Ressia JA, Quinzani LM, Vallés EM, Gómez-Elvira JM, Pérez E, Cerrada ML. Polypropylene Nanocomposites Attained by In Situ Polymerization Using SBA-15 Particles as Support for Metallocene Catalysts: Effect of Molecular Weight and Tacticity on Crystalline Details, Phase Transitions and Rheological Behavior. Molecules 2023; 28:molecules28114261. [PMID: 37298738 DOI: 10.3390/molecules28114261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
In this study, nanocomposites based on polypropylene are synthesized by the in situ polymerization of propene in the presence of mesoporous SBA-15 silica, which acts as a carrier of the catalytic system (zirconocene as catalyst and methylaluminoxane as cocatalyst). The protocol for the immobilization and attainment of hybrid SBA-15 particles involves a pre-stage of contact between the catalyst with cocatalyst before their final functionalization. Two zirconocene catalysts are tested in order to attain materials with different microstructural characteristics, molar masses and regioregularities of chains. Some polypropylene chains are able to be accommodated within the silica mesostructure of these composites. Thus, an endothermic event of small intensity appears during heating calorimetric experiments at approximately 105 °C. The existence of these polypropylene crystals, confined within the nanometric channels of silica, is corroborated by SAXS measurements obtained via the change in the intensity and position of the first-order diffraction of SBA-15. The incorporation of silica also has a very significant effect on the rheological response of the resultant materials, leading to important variations in various magnitudes, such as the shear storage modulus, viscosity and δ angle, when a comparison is established with the corresponding neat iPP matrices. Rheological percolation is reached, thus demonstrating the role of SBA-15 particles as filler, in addition to the supporting role that they exert during the polymerizations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Barranco-García
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
- Facultad de Ciencias Químicas, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Avenida Complutense s/n, Ciudad Universitaria, 28040 Madrid, Spain
| | - Alberto García-Peñas
- Departamento de Ciencia e Ingeniería de Materiales e Ingeniería Química, IAAB, Universidad Carlos III de Madrid, Avda. de la Universidad, 30, 28911 Leganés, Spain
| | - Enrique Blázquez-Blázquez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Jorge A Ressia
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), UNS-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga km. 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
- Comisión de Investigaciones Científicas de la Provincia de Buenos Aires (CIC), La Plata 1900, Argentina
| | - Lidia M Quinzani
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), UNS-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga km. 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - Enrique M Vallés
- Planta Piloto de Ingeniería Química (PLAPIQUI), UNS-CONICET, Camino La Carrindanga km. 7, Bahía Blanca 8000, Argentina
| | - José M Gómez-Elvira
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - Ernesto Pérez
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
| | - María L Cerrada
- Instituto de Ciencia y Tecnología de Polímeros (ICTP-CSIC), Juan de la Cierva 3, 28006 Madrid, Spain
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Arrigo R, Malucelli G. Rheological Behavior of Polymer/Carbon Nanotube Composites: An Overview. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13122771. [PMID: 32570902 PMCID: PMC7344594 DOI: 10.3390/ma13122771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/15/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This paper reviews the current achievements regarding the rheological behavior of polymer-based nanocomposites containing carbon nanotubes (CNTs). These systems have been the subject of a very large number of scientific investigations in the last decades, due to the outstanding characteristics of CNTs that have allowed the formulation of nanostructured polymer-based materials with superior properties. However, the exploitation of the theoretical nanocomposite properties is strictly dependent on the complete dispersion of CNTs within the host matrix and on the consequent development of a huge interfacial region. In this context, a deep knowledge of the rheological behavior of CNT-containing systems is of fundamental importance, since the evaluation of the material's viscoelastic properties allows the gaining of fundamental information as far as the microstructure of nanofilled polymers is concerned. More specifically, the understanding of the rheological response of polymer/CNT nanocomposites reveals important details about the characteristics of the interface and the extent of interaction between the two components, hence allowing the optimization of the final properties in the resulting nanocomposites. As the literature contains plenty of reviews concerning the rheological behavior of polymer/CNT nanocomposites, this review paper will summarize the most significant thermoplastic matrices in terms of availability and relevant industrial applications.
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Huegun A, Fernández M, Peña J, Muñoz ME, Santamaría A. Liquid-State and Solid-State Properties of Nanotube/Polypropylene Nanocomposites Elaborated via a Simple Procedure. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2013; 3:173-191. [PMID: 28348329 PMCID: PMC5304932 DOI: 10.3390/nano3010173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 02/19/2013] [Accepted: 02/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Non-modified Multiwalled Carbon Nanotubes (MWCNT) and polypropylene (PP) in absence of compatibilizer have been chosen to elaborate MWCNT/PP nanocomposites using a simple melt-mixing dispersing method. Calorimetry results indicate little effect of MWCNTs on crystallinity of PP, revealing not much interaction between nanotubes and PP chains, which is compatible with the employed manufacturing procedure. In any case, a hindering of polymer chains motion by MWCNTs is observed in the molten state, using oscillatory flow experiments, and a rheological percolation threshold is determined. The percolation limit is not noticed by Pressure-Volume-Temperature (PVT) measurements in the melt, because this technique rather detects local motions. Keeping the nanocomposites in the molten state provokes an electrical conductivity increase of several orders of magnitude, but on ulterior crystallization, the conductivity decreases, probably due to a reduction of the ionic conductivity. For a concentration of 2% MWCNTs, in the limit of percolation, the conductivity decreases considerably more, because percolation network constituted in the molten state is unstable and is destroyed during crystallization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arrate Huegun
- Polymer Science and Technology Department and Polymer Institute POLYMAT, Faculty of Chemistry and J. M. Korta Building, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 1072, E-20080 San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Mercedes Fernández
- Polymer Science and Technology Department and Polymer Institute POLYMAT, Faculty of Chemistry and J. M. Korta Building, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 1072, E-20080 San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Juanjo Peña
- Department of Physics of Materials, Faculty of Chemistry, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 1072, E-20080 San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - María Eugenia Muñoz
- Polymer Science and Technology Department and Polymer Institute POLYMAT, Faculty of Chemistry and J. M. Korta Building, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 1072, E-20080 San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
| | - Antxon Santamaría
- Polymer Science and Technology Department and Polymer Institute POLYMAT, Faculty of Chemistry and J. M. Korta Building, University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU), P.O. Box 1072, E-20080 San Sebastian, Basque Country, Spain.
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