1
|
Pecho OE, Benetti P, Ruiz-López J, Furini GP, Tejada-Casado M, Pérez MM. Optical properties of dental zirconia, bovine dentin, and enamel-dentin structures. J ESTHET RESTOR DENT 2024; 36:511-519. [PMID: 38059691 DOI: 10.1111/jerd.13178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2023] [Revised: 10/25/2023] [Accepted: 11/20/2023] [Indexed: 12/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate the optical properties and the relative translucency parameter of Ceramill ZI White (3Y-TZP) and Ceramill Zolid FX White (5Y-PSZ) zirconia ceramic systems and compare them with those of the bovine dentin and enamel/dentin structures. MATERIALS AND METHODS 3Y-TZP and 5Y-PSZ zirconia ceramic systems were evaluated. A 0.5-mm-thick 3Y-TZP (3Y-NC.5), 0.5-mm-thick (5Y-NC.5), and 1.4-mm-thick (5Y-C.14) were used. A 0.5-mm-thick dentin specimens and 1.4-mm-thick enamel/dentin specimens (n = 5) were obtained from anterior bovine maxillary teeth. Scattering, absorption, transmittance, and albedo coefficient were calculated using Kubelka-Munk's model. Data were statistically analyzed using Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests (p < 0.001), and goodness-of-fit coefficient (GFC). Relative translucency parameter differences were evaluated using translucency thresholds. RESULTS Reflectance, scattering, absorption, and transmittance properties were wavelength dependent. Good matches (GFC ≥ 0.999) in spectral reflectance were observed between 0.5-mm-thick dentin and 1.4-mm-thick enamel/dentin, and 3Y-NC.5 and 5Y-NC.5. Scattering was the main optical extinction process during light interaction with zirconia and dental structures, as indicated by albedo coefficient. Translucency differences were acceptable only for 3Y-NC.5 and the dentin structure, and 5Y-C.14 and the enamel/dentin structure. CONCLUSIONS Optical properties of 3Y-TZP and 5Y-PSZ dental zirconia differed from each other and from bovine dental structures. Nevertheless, 3Y-TZP showed similar relative translucency parameter to bovine dentin. CLINICAL SIGNIFICANCE To achieve the best esthetic results in restorative dentistry, it is crucial for clinicians to know about the optical properties of 3Y-TZP and 5Y-PSZ and to be able to compare these properties with those of dental structures.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Oscar E Pecho
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, ATITUS Educação, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Paula Benetti
- Post-Graduate Program in Dentistry, Dental School, University of Passo Fundo, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Javier Ruiz-López
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada Campus Fuentenueva, Edificio Mecenas, Granada, Spain
| | - Giordana P Furini
- Graduate Program in Dentistry, ATITUS Educação, Passo Fundo, RS, Brazil
| | - Maria Tejada-Casado
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada Campus Fuentenueva, Edificio Mecenas, Granada, Spain
| | - María M Pérez
- Department of Optics, Faculty of Science, University of Granada Campus Fuentenueva, Edificio Mecenas, Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
2
|
Kim H, Noh JH, Kim YR, Kim H, Kwak G. Preparation and Properties of Mechanically Robust, Colorless, and Transparent Aramid Films. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:575. [PMID: 38475258 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050575] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2024] [Accepted: 02/18/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
In this study, various diamine monomers were used to synthesize aramid polymer films via a low-temperature solution condensation reaction with diacid chloride. For diamines with relatively high basicity, the reaction system became opaque because amine salt formation inhibited polymer synthesis. Meanwhile, low-basicity diamines with strong electron-withdrawing groups, such as CF3 and sulfone, were smoothly polymerized without amine salt formation to provide highly viscous solutions. The acid byproduct HCl generated during polymerization was removed by adding propylene oxide to the reaction vessel and converting the acid into highly volatile inert substances. The resulting solutions were used as varnishes without any additional purification, and polymer films with an excellent appearance were easily obtained through a conventional casting and convection drying process. The films neither tore nor broke when pulled or bent by hand; furthermore, even when heated up to 400 °C, they did not decompose or melt. Moreover, polymers prepared from 2,2-bis(trifluoromethyl)benzidine (TFMB) and bis(4-aminophenyl)sulfone (pAPS) did not exhibit glass transition until decomposition. The prepared polymer films showed a high elastic modulus of more than 4.1 GPa and a high tensile strength of more than 52 MPa. In particular, TFMB-, pAPS-, and 2,2-bis(4-aminophenyl)hexafluoropropane-based polymer films were colorless and transparent, with very high light transmittances of 95%, 96%, and 91%, respectively, at 420 nm and low yellow indexes of 2.4, 1.9, and 4.3, respectively.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Heesang Kim
- Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-Dong, Buk-Ku, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin-Hee Noh
- Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-Dong, Buk-Ku, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
- Advanced Materials & Components Center, Industry Innovation Division, Daegu Technopark, 46-17 Seongseogongdan-ro, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42716, Republic of Korea
| | - Young-Rae Kim
- Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-Dong, Buk-Ku, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyojin Kim
- Advanced Materials & Components Center, Industry Innovation Division, Daegu Technopark, 46-17 Seongseogongdan-ro, Dalseo-gu, Daegu 42716, Republic of Korea
| | - Giseop Kwak
- Polymeric Nanomaterials Laboratory, Department of Polymer Science & Engineering, Kyungpook National University, 1370 Sankyuk-Dong, Buk-Ku, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
3
|
Shenoy A, Nayak G, Tantri A, Shetty KK, Shendkar MR. Annual Transmittance Behavior of Light-Transmitting Concrete with Optical Fiber Bundles. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7037. [PMID: 37959634 PMCID: PMC10647272 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2023] [Revised: 09/30/2023] [Accepted: 10/09/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
This study characterizes the transmittance behavior of structural light-transmitting concrete under natural sunlight. The experimentation involves the use of a novel test setup and a detailed analysis considering the variation and dependence on time of day, month of the year and seasonal variations. The test set consisted of 28 variations of fiber configurations, with two different diameters, spacing and bundling techniques used to increase the area of fibers while maintaining spacing to aid the placing of concrete without compromising on transmittance. The study provides a real-time observational understanding of the behavior of light-transmitting concrete, a result usually obtained by modelling and simulation. The statistical analysis helps in understanding the impact of various variables as well as their interrelationships, which can help in design optimization. Based on the behavior as well as the stipulations of standards, the applicability of the material to various structural applications has been identified.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Adithya Shenoy
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (A.S.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Gopinatha Nayak
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (A.S.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Adithya Tantri
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
| | - Kiran Kumar Shetty
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India; (A.S.); (K.K.S.)
| | - Mangeshkumar R. Shendkar
- Department of Civil Engineering, Manipal Institute of Technology Bengaluru, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal 576104, Karnataka, India;
| |
Collapse
|
4
|
Fern CL, Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Chen YT, Lu PX, Su XM, Lin SH, Lin KW. Surface Roughness-Induced Changes in Important Physical Features of CoFeSm Thin Films on Glass Substrates during Annealing. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6989. [PMID: 37959587 PMCID: PMC10649230 DOI: 10.3390/ma16216989] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2023] [Revised: 10/26/2023] [Accepted: 10/30/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
Co60Fe20Sm20 thin films were deposited onto glass substrates in a high vacuum setting. The films varied in thickness from 10 to 50 nm and underwent annealing processes at different temperatures: room temperature (RT), 100, 200, and 300 °C. Our analysis encompassed structural, magnetic, electrical, nanomechanical, adhesive, and optical properties in relation to film thickness and annealing temperature. X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis did not reveal characteristic peaks in Co60Fe20Sm20 thin films due to insufficient growth-driving forces. Electrical measurements indicated reduced resistivity and sheet resistance with increasing film thickness and higher annealing temperatures, owing to hindered current-carrier transport resulting from the amorphous structure. Atomic force microscope (AFM) analysis showed a decrease in surface roughness with increased thickness and annealing temperature. The low-frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac) values increased with film thickness and annealing temperature. Nanoindentation analysis demonstrated reduced film hardness and Young's modulus with thicker films. Contact angle measurements suggested a hydrophilic film. Surface energy increased with greater film thickness, particularly in annealed films, indicating a decrease in contact angle contributing to this increase. Transmittance measurements have revealed intensified absorption and reduced transmittance with thicker films. In summary, the surface roughness of CoFeSm films at different annealing temperatures significantly influenced their magnetic, electrical, adhesive, and optical properties. A smoother surface reduced the pinning effect on the domain walls, enhancing the χac value. Additionally, diminished surface roughness led to a lower contact angle and higher surface energy. Additionally, smoother surfaces exhibited higher carrier conductivity, resulting in reduced electrical resistance. The optical transparency decreased due to the smoother surface of Co60Fe20Sm20 films.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chi-Lon Fern
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-L.F.); (K.-W.L.)
| | - Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (P.-X.L.); (X.-M.S.)
| | - Pei-Xin Lu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (P.-X.L.); (X.-M.S.)
| | - Xuan-Ming Su
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (P.-X.L.); (X.-M.S.)
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Yunlin, Douliou 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Ko-Wei Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan; (C.-L.F.); (K.-W.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
5
|
Li K, Ma L, Gao Y, Zhang J, Li S. Characterizing a Cost-Effective Hydrogel-Based Transparent Soil. Gels 2023; 9:835. [PMID: 37888408 PMCID: PMC10606193 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparent soil (TS) was specifically designed to support root growth in the presence of air, water, and nutrients and allowed the time-resolved phenotyping of roots in vivo. Nevertheless, it is imperative to further optimize the reagent cost of TS to enable its wider utilization. We substituted the costly Phytagel obtained from Sigma with two more economical alternatives, namely Biodee and Coolaber. TS beads from each brand were prepared using 12 different polymer concentrations and seven distinct crosslinker concentrations. A comprehensive assessment encompassing transparency, mechanical characteristics, particle size, porosity, and stability of TS was undertaken. Compared to the Sigma Phytagel brand, both Biodee and Coolaber significantly reduced the transparency and collapse stress of the TS they produced. Consequently, this led to a significant reduction in the allowable width and height of the growth box, although they could still simultaneously exceed 20 cm and 19 cm. There was no notable difference in porosity and stability among the TS samples prepared using the three Phytagel brands. Therefore, it is feasible to consider replacing the Phytagel brand to reduce TS production costs. This study quantified the differences in TS produced using three Phytagel brands at different prices that will better promote the application of TS to root phenotypes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kanghu Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.)
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Jiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Sen Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.)
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| |
Collapse
|
6
|
Chuai YH, Wang YF, Bai Y. Structural, Optical, Electrical, and Thermoelectric Properties of Bi 2Se 3 Films Deposited at a High Se/Bi Flow Rate. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2785. [PMID: 37887936 PMCID: PMC10609111 DOI: 10.3390/nano13202785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2023] [Revised: 10/04/2023] [Accepted: 10/07/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023]
Abstract
Low-temperature synthesis of Bi2Se3 thin film semiconductor thermoelectric materials is prepared by the plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition method. The Bi2Se3 film demonstrated excellent crystallinity due to the Se-rich environment. Experimental results show that the prepared Bi2Se3 film exhibited 90% higher transparency in the mid-IR region, demonstrating its potential as a functional material in the atmospheric window. Excellent mobility of 2094 cm2/V·s at room temperature is attributed to the n-type conductive properties of the film. Thermoelectrical properties indicate that with the increase in Se vapor, a slight decrease in conductivity of the film is observed at room temperature with an obvious increase in the Seebeck coefficient. In addition, Bi2Se3 thin film showed an enhanced power factor of as high as 3.41 μW/cmK2. Therefore, plasma-enhanced chemical vapor deposition (PECVD)-grown Bi2Se3 films on Al2O3 (001) substrates demonstrated promising thermoelectric properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya-Hui Chuai
- School of Physics, Changchun University of Science and Technology, 7089 Satellite Road, Changchun 130022, China; (Y.-F.W.); (Y.B.)
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
7
|
Ferrari M, Cirisano F. Wetting Properties of Simulated and Commercial Contaminants on High Transmittance Superhydrophobic Coating. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2023; 13:2541. [PMID: 37764570 PMCID: PMC10534532 DOI: 10.3390/nano13182541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/07/2023] [Indexed: 09/29/2023]
Abstract
The large and necessary diffusion of huge solar plants in extra urban areas implies the adoption of maintenance strategies especially where human intervention would require high costs and logistic problems. Animal dejections like bird droppings and agricultural sprays are environmental agents able to significantly decrease light absorption and, in some cases, cause serious damage to the electric conversion systems in a photovoltaic panel. In this work, the performance of a superhydrophobic (SH) coating in terms of durable self-cleaning properties and transparency has been studied in the presence of commercial and simulated contaminants on glass reference and solar panel surfaces. Wettability studies have been carried out both in static and dynamic conditions in order to compare the compositional effect of commercial liquids used as fertilizers or pesticides and molecules like pancreatin as model substances simulating bird droppings. From these studies, it can be observed that the superhydrophobic coating, independently from the surface where it is applied, is able to repel water and substances used such as fertilizers or pesticides and substances simulating bird droppings, maintaining its properties and transparency. This kind of approach can provide information to design suitable spray formulations without the above-mentioned drawbacks to be used in natural environment areas and agrosolar plants.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michele Ferrari
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (F.C.); Tel.: +39-0106475723 (M.F.); +39-0106475707 (F.C.); Fax: +39-0106475700 (M.F. & F.C.)
| | - Francesca Cirisano
- Correspondence: (M.F.); (F.C.); Tel.: +39-0106475723 (M.F.); +39-0106475707 (F.C.); Fax: +39-0106475700 (M.F. & F.C.)
| |
Collapse
|
8
|
Rujnić Havstad M, Tucman I, Katančić Z, Pilipović A. Influence of Ageing on Optical, Mechanical, and Thermal Properties of Agricultural Films. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3638. [PMID: 37688264 PMCID: PMC10489779 DOI: 10.3390/polym15173638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2023] [Revised: 08/27/2023] [Accepted: 08/30/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Plastic films utilized as greenhouse coverings play a vital role in safeguarding plantations from diverse weather conditions like sunlight, rain, hail, and wind. It is essential for these films to preserve their properties even after extended exposure to sunlight and water, while also maintaining transparency to support the unhindered growth of plants. The purpose of the study was to compare the properties of three types of plastic films: low density polyethylene diffuse film, low density polyethylene clear film, and ethylene tetrafluoroethylene film, before and after their ageing in weather test chamber with xenon-arc light in the presence of moisture. Two distinct types of PE films were chosen based on their suitability for specific regions in Croatia, whereas ETFE film was chosen as a potential new material that is gaining popularity across various industries, including agriculture. The properties investigated were tensile properties, transmittance by spectral analysis, and viscoelastic properties by dynamic mechanical analysis. Also, untreated films and the ones exposed to artificial ageing were compared by means of Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry and thermogravimetric analysis. The administered tests revealed a certain level of property degradation due to ageing in all three films. However, none of the films showed a substantial level of deterioration, indicating their suitability as greenhouse coverings.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Maja Rujnić Havstad
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Ines Tucman
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (A.P.)
| | - Zvonimir Katančić
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Trg Marka Marulića 19, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia;
| | - Ana Pilipović
- University of Zagreb Faculty of Mechanical Engineering and Naval Architecture, Ivana Lučića 5, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia; (I.T.); (A.P.)
| |
Collapse
|
9
|
Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Chen YT, Wang YZ, Wu CL, Lin SH, Ou SL. Thickness, Annealing, and Surface Roughness Effect on Magnetic and Significant Properties of Co 40Fe 40B 10Dy 10 Thin Films. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5995. [PMID: 37687687 PMCID: PMC10488464 DOI: 10.3390/ma16175995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2023] [Revised: 08/28/2023] [Accepted: 08/29/2023] [Indexed: 09/10/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Co40Fe40B10Dy10 thin films were deposited using a direct current (DC) magnetron sputtering technique. The films were deposited on glass substrates with thicknesses of 10, 20, 30, 40, and 50 nm, and heat-treated in a vacuum annealing furnace at 100, 200, and 300 °C. Various instruments were used to examine and analyze the effects of roughness on the magnetic, adhesive, and mechanical properties. From the low frequency alternating current magnetic susceptibility (χac) results, the optimum resonance frequency is 50 Hz, and the maximum χac value tends to increase with the increase in the thicknesses and annealing temperatures. The maximum χac value is 0.18 at a film thickness of 50 nm and an annealing temperature of 300 °C. From the four-point probe, it is found that the resistivity and sheet resistance values decrease with the increase in film deposition thicknesses and higher annealing temperatures. From the magnetic force microscopy (MFM), the stripe-like magnetic domain distribution is more obvious with the increase in annealing temperature. According to the contact angle data, at the same annealing temperature, the contact angle decreases as the thickness increases due to changes in surface morphology. The maximal surface energy value at 300 °C is 34.71 mJ/mm2. The transmittance decreases with increasing film thickness, while the absorption intensity is inversely proportional to the transmittance, implying that the thickness effect suppresses the photon signal. Smoother roughness has less domain pinning, more carrier conductivity, and less light scattering, resulting in superior magnetic, electrical, adhesive, and optical performance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.W.); (C.-L.W.)
| | - Yu-Zhi Wang
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.W.); (C.-L.W.)
| | - Chueh-Lin Wu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-Z.W.); (C.-L.W.)
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Sin-Liang Ou
- Bachelor Program for Design and Materials for Medical Equipment and Devices, Da-Yeh University, Changhua 51591, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|
10
|
Chang H, Sun Y, Wang R, Lu S. Application of the NSGA-II Algorithm and Kriging Model to Optimise the Process Parameters for the Improvement of the Quality of Fresnel Lenses. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3403. [PMID: 37631460 PMCID: PMC10459758 DOI: 10.3390/polym15163403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2023] [Revised: 08/04/2023] [Accepted: 08/10/2023] [Indexed: 08/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The Fresnel lens is an optical system consisting of a series of concentric diamond grooves. One surface of the lens is smooth, while the other is engraved with concentric circles of increasing size. Optical interference, diffraction, and sensitivity to the angle of incidence are used to design the microstructure on the lens surface. The imaging of the optical surface depends on its curvature. By reducing the thickness of the lens, light can still be focused at the same focal point as with a thicker lens. Previously, lenses, including Fresnel lenses, were made of glass due to material limitations. However, the traditional grinding and polishing methods for making Fresnel lenses were not only time-consuming, but also labour-intensive. As a result, costs were high. Later, a thermal pressing process using metal moulds was invented. However, the high surface tension of glass caused some detailed parts to be deformed during the pressing process, resulting in unsatisfactory Fresnel lens performance. In addition, the complex manufacturing process and unstable processing accuracy hindered mass production. This resulted in high prices and limited applications for Fresnel lenses. These factors prevented the widespread use of early Fresnel lenses. In contrast, polymer materials offer advantages, such as low density, light weight, high strength-to-weight ratios, and corrosion resistance. They are also cost effective and available in a wide range of grades. Polymer materials have gradually replaced optical glass and other materials in the manufacture of micro-optical lenses and other miniaturised devices. Therefore, this study focuses on investigating the manufacturing parameters of Fresnel lenses in the injection moulding process. We compare the quality of products obtained by two-stage injection moulding, injection compression moulding, and IMD (in-mould decoration) techniques. The results show that the optimal method is IMD, which reduces the nodal displacement on the Fresnel lens surface and improves the transmission performance. To achieve this, we first establish a Kriging model to correlate the process parameters with optimisation objectives, mapping the design parameters and optimisation objectives. Based on the Kriging model, we integrate the NSGA-II algorithm with the predictive model to obtain the Pareto optimal solutions. By analysing the Pareto frontier, we identify the best process parameters. Finally, it is determined that the average nodal displacement on the Fresnel surface is 0.393 mm, at a holding pressure of 320.35 MPa and a melt temperature of 251.40 °C. Combined with IMD technology, product testing shows a transmittance of 95.43% and an optimisation rate of 59.64%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hanjui Chang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (Y.S.); (R.W.); (S.L.)
- Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (Y.S.); (R.W.); (S.L.)
- Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Rui Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (Y.S.); (R.W.); (S.L.)
- Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| | - Shuzhou Lu
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China; (Y.S.); (R.W.); (S.L.)
- Intelligent Manufacturing Key Laboratory of Ministry of Education, Shantou University, Shantou 515063, China
| |
Collapse
|
11
|
Alharbi R, Alharbi E, Al-Haj Ali SN, Farah RI. Thickness-Dependent Light Transmittance and Temperature Rise in Dual-Cure Bioactive and Light-Cure Bulk-Fill Composite Resins. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:2837. [PMID: 37447483 DOI: 10.3390/polym15132837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2023] [Revised: 06/24/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the light transmittance (T) and temperature increase through different increments of dual-cure bioactive bulk-fill restorative material (ACTIVA), light-cure bulk-fill, and conventional composite resin materials. Cylindrical specimens with a diameter of 8 mm and heights of 1, 2, 3, and 4 mm of ACTIVA, Tetric-N-Ceram bulk-fill (TBF), Filtek One bulk-fill (FBF), and Filtek Z250 (FZ) (n = 6 per group, 96 in total) were light-cured with a visible blue low-intensity light-emitting diode (LED) (650-800 mW/cm2 irradiance). T, and the temperature increase, were measured using an optical power meter and a digital thermometer during curing. The T mean values ranged between 0.012 and 0.239 (76.02 to 98.81% light attenuation), while the temperature rise mean values ranged between 9.02 and 20.80 °C. The parameters, including material type (partial eta squared (ηp2) = 0.284, p < 0.0001), thickness (ηp2 = 0.284, p < 0.0001), and their interaction (ηp2 = 0.185, p = 0.047), significantly affected the T values, whereas only the material type (ηp2 = 0.352, p = 0.047) affected the temperature rise values. The T and temperature rise mean values were highest in ACTIVA increments of 1-mm increments, in particular, showing the highest T mean values, followed by similar increments of TBF. A significantly higher T was found in 1-mm increments compared to thicker increments for all materials (p < 0.0001), and a significant positive correlation existed between T and temperature rise values (r = 0.348, p = 0.001). These findings show that the bioactive material ACTIVA and TBF allow for better T than the other materials, with ACTIVA recording a higher temperature rise. However, the large light attenuation observed for all materials, irrespective of thickness, suggests that curing in more than one location with a low-intensity LED is necessary to optimize the curing process. Furthermore, incremental filling of bulk-fill materials using a low intensity LED could be beneficial.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reema Alharbi
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Al Mulayda 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eid Alharbi
- Dental Intern, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Al Mulayda 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sanaa N Al-Haj Ali
- Department of Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Al Mulayda 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ra'fat I Farah
- Department of Prosthetic Dental Sciences, College of Dentistry, Qassim University, Al Mulayda 51452, Qassim, Saudi Arabia
| |
Collapse
|
12
|
Durnez C, Virmontois C, Panuel P, Antonsanti A, Goiffon V, Estribeau M, Saint-Pé O, Lalucaa V, Berdin E, Larnaudie F, Belloir JM, Codreanu C, Chavanne L. Evaluation of Microlenses, Color Filters, and Polarizing Filters in CIS for Space Applications. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:5884. [PMID: 37447732 PMCID: PMC10346426 DOI: 10.3390/s23135884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2023] [Revised: 05/12/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
For the last two decades, the CNES optoelectronics detection department and partners have evaluated space environment effects on a large panel of CMOS image sensors (CIS) from a wide range of commercial foundries and device providers. Many environmental tests have been realized in order to provide insights into detection chain degradation in modern CIS for space applications. CIS technology has drastically improved in the last decade, reaching very high performances in terms of quantum efficiency (QE) and spectral selectivity. These improvements are obtained thanks to the introduction of various components in the pixel optical stack, such as microlenses, color filters, and polarizing filters. However, since these parts have been developed only for commercial applications suitable for on-ground environment, it is crucial to evaluate if these technologies can handle space environments for future space imaging missions. There are few results on that robustness in the literature. The objective of this article is to give an overview of CNES and partner experiments from numerous works, showing that the performance gain from the optical stack is greater than the degradation induced by the space environment. Consequently, optical stacks can be used for space missions because they are not the main contributor to the degradation in the detection chain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Clémentine Durnez
- Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Cédric Virmontois
- Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Pierre Panuel
- Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Aubin Antonsanti
- Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
- Department of Electronics, Optronics and Signal Processing (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), 10 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Vincent Goiffon
- Department of Electronics, Optronics and Signal Processing (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), 10 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Magali Estribeau
- Department of Electronics, Optronics and Signal Processing (DEOS), Institut Supérieur de l’Aéronautique et de l’Espace (ISAE-SUPAERO), 10 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Olivier Saint-Pé
- Airbus Defence and Space, 31 Rue des Cosmonautes, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Valérian Lalucaa
- Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Erick Berdin
- Airbus Defence and Space, 31 Rue des Cosmonautes, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Franck Larnaudie
- Airbus Defence and Space, 31 Rue des Cosmonautes, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Marc Belloir
- Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Catalin Codreanu
- Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| | - Ludovic Chavanne
- Centre National D’Etudes Spatiales (CNES), 18 Avenue Edouard Belin, 31400 Toulouse, France
| |
Collapse
|
13
|
Tran T, Shrestha M, Baule N, Wang K, Fan QH. Stable Ultra-thin Silver Films Grown by Soft Ion Beam-Enhanced Sputtering with an Aluminum Cap Layer. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023. [PMID: 37294824 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.3c03118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-thin silver films are susceptible to ambient environments and form grayish layers in the silver mirroring process. The poor wettability together with the high diffusivity of surface atoms in the presence of oxygen accounts for the thermal instability of ultra-thin silver films in the air and at elevated temperatures. This work demonstrates an atomic-scale aluminum cap layer on the silver to enhance the thermal and environmental stabilities of ultra-thin silver films deposited by sputtering with the assistance of a soft ion beam reported in our previous work. The resulted film consists of an ion-beam-treated seed silver layer of ∼1 nm nominal thickness, a subsequent silver layer of ∼6 nm thickness produced by sputtering alone, and an aluminum cap layer of ∼0.2 nm nominal thickness. Although the aluminum cap is only one to two atomic layers and likely non-continuous, it significantly improved the thermal and ambient environmental stability of the ultra-thin silver films (∼7 nm thick) without affecting the film's optical and electrical properties. The improved environmental stability is attributed to the cathodic protection mechanism and reduced diffusivity of surface atoms. The improved thermal stability is attributed to the reduced mobility of surface atoms in the presence of aluminum atoms. Thermal treatment of the duplex film also improves the film's electrical conductivity and optical transmittance by enhancing its crystallinity. The annealed aluminum/silver duplex structure has exhibited the lowest electric resistivity among the reported ultra-thin silver films and high optical transmittance similar to the simulated theoretical results.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Thanh Tran
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Maheshwar Shrestha
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Nina Baule
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Keliang Wang
- Fraunhofer USA Center Midwest, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Qi Hua Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Michigan State University, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| |
Collapse
|
14
|
Ibrahimi D, Crúz-Martínez E, Valencia Luna G, Romero Turrubiates J, Rodríguez-Reséndiz J. The Impact of the Wavelength and Its Transmittance on the Visual Evoked Potentials, at Baseline, and under the Effect of Six Monochromatic Filters Used for Visual Treatments. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23115227. [PMID: 37299954 DOI: 10.3390/s23115227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/24/2023] [Accepted: 05/26/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE This is an observational, non-invasive study which measures the VEPs of twelve individuals, at baseline, and under the effect of six monochromatic filters used in visual therapy, to understand their effect on neural activity to propose successful treatments. METHODS Monochromatic filters were chosen to represent the visible light spectrum, going from red to violet color, 440.5-731 nm, and light transmittance from 19 to 89.17%. Two of the participants presented accommodative esotropia. The impact of each filter, differences, and similarities among them, were analyzed using non-parametric statistics. RESULTS There was an increase on the N75 and P100 latency of both eyes and a decrease was on the VEP amplitude. The neurasthenic (violet), omega (blue), and mu (green) filter had the biggest effects on the neural activity. Changes may primarily be attributable to transmittance (%) for blue-violet colors, wavelength (nm) for yellow-red colors, and a combination of both for the green color. No significant VEPs differences were seen in accommodative strabismic patients, which reflects the good integrity and functionality of their visual pathway. CONCLUSIONS Monochromatic filters, influenced the axonal activation and the number of fibers that get connected after stimulating the visual pathway, as well as the time needed for the stimulus to reach the visual cortex and thalamus. Consequently, modulations to the neural activity could be due to the visual and non-visual pathway. Considering the different types of strabismus and amblyopia, and their cortical-visual adaptations, the effect of these wavelengths should be explored in other categories of visual dysfunctions, to understand the neurophysiology underlying the changes on neural activity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Danjela Ibrahimi
- Facultad de Medicina, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76176, Mexico
- Facultad de Ingeniería, Universidad Autónoma de Querétaro, Santiago de Querétaro 76010, Mexico
| | - Enoé Crúz-Martínez
- Hospital Infantil Teletón de Oncología, Anillo Vial Junipero Serra 1999, Santiago de Querétaro 76140, Mexico
| | - Guillermo Valencia Luna
- Metrólogo del Laboratorio de Propriedades Ópticas de los Materiales de la Dirección Óptica y Radiometría, del Centro Nacional de Metrología, El Marqués 76246, Mexico
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
15
|
Moradi M, Chen Y. Monte Carlo Simulation of Diffuse Optical Spectroscopy for 3D Modeling of Dental Tissues. Sensors (Basel) 2023; 23:s23115118. [PMID: 37299844 DOI: 10.3390/s23115118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2023] [Revised: 05/22/2023] [Accepted: 05/24/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Three-dimensional precise models of teeth are critical for a variety of dental procedures, including orthodontics, prosthodontics, and implantology. While X-ray-based imaging devices are commonly used to obtain anatomical information about teeth, optical devices offer a promising alternative for acquiring 3D data of teeth without exposing patients to harmful radiation. Previous research has not examined the optical interactions with all dental tissue compartments nor provided a thorough analysis of detected signals at various boundary conditions for both transmittance and reflectance modes. To address this gap, a GPU-based Monte Carlo (MC) method has been utilized to assess the feasibility of diffuse optical spectroscopy (DOS) systems operating at 633 nm and 1310 nm wavelengths for simulating light-tissue interactions in a 3D tooth model. The results show that the system's sensitivity to detect pulp signals at both 633 nm and 1310 nm wavelengths is higher in the transmittance compared with that in the reflectance mode. Analyzing the recorded absorbance, reflectance, and transmittance data verified that surface reflection at boundaries can improve the detected signal, especially from the pulp region in both reflectance and transmittance DOS systems. These findings could ultimately lead to more accurate and effective dental diagnosis and treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mousa Moradi
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| | - Yu Chen
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
- Institute for Applied Life Sciences, University of Massachusetts, Amherst, MA 01003, USA
| |
Collapse
|
16
|
Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Chen YT, Liu YC, Huang YJ, Chi PW. The Influence of Annealing and Film Thickness on the Specific Properties of Co 40Fe 40Y 20 Films. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:2490. [PMID: 36984370 PMCID: PMC10056263 DOI: 10.3390/ma16062490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/20/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Cobalt Iron Yttrium (CoFeY) magnetic film was made using the sputtering technique in order to investigate the connection between the thickness and annealing procedures. The sample was amorphous as a result of an insufficient thermal driving force according to X-ray diffraction (XRD) examination. The maximum low-frequency alternate-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) values were raised in correlation with the increased thickness and annealing temperatures because the thickness effect and Y addition improved the spin exchange coupling. The best value for a 50 nm film at annealing 300 °C for χac was 0.20. Because electron carriers are less constrained in their conduction at thick film thickness and higher annealing temperatures, the electric resistivity and sheet resistance are lower. At a thickness of 40 nm, the film's maximum surface energy during annealing at 300 °C was 28.7 mJ/mm2. This study demonstrated the passage of photon signals through the film due to the thickness effect, which reduced transmittance. The best condition was found to be 50 nm with annealing at 300 °C in this investigation due to high χac, strong adhesion, and low resistivity, which can be used in magnetic fields.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung City 840, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung City 80778, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Yu-Jie Huang
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.L.); (Y.-J.H.)
| | - Po-Wei Chi
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|
17
|
Toral-Lopez A, Pérez MM, Rodríguez-Águila AB, Cardona JC, Ionescu AM, Godoy A. Investigation of the Optical Properties of Indium Tin Oxide Thin Films by Double Integration Sphere Combined with the Numerical IAD Method. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1425. [PMID: 36837057 PMCID: PMC9967440 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2022] [Revised: 01/24/2023] [Accepted: 02/03/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Transparent conductive electrodes have become essential components of numerous optoelectronic devices. However, their optical properties are typically characterized by the direct transmittance achieved by making use of spectrophotometers, avoiding an in-depth knowledge of the processes involved in radiation attenuation. A different procedure based on the Double Integration Sphere combined with the numerical Inverse Adding-Doubling (IAD) method is employed in this work to provide a comprehensive description of the physical processes limiting the light transmittance in commercial indium tin oxide (ITO) deposited on flexible PET samples, highlighting the noticeable contribution of light scattering on the total extinction of radiation. Moreover, harnessing their flexibility, the samples were subjected to different mechanical stresses to assess their impact on the material's optical and electrical properties.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandro Toral-Lopez
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María M. Pérez
- Laboratory of Biomaterials Optics, Department of Optics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Juan C. Cardona
- Laboratory of Biomaterials Optics, Department of Optics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Ana M. Ionescu
- Laboratory of Biomaterials Optics, Department of Optics, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - Andres Godoy
- Pervasive Electronics Advanced Research Laboratory (PEARL), Department of Electronics and Computer Technology, University of Granada, 18071 Granada, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
18
|
Feng L, Chen S, Zhang K, Jing J, Zhou Z, Xue Q, Liu Z, Chen Y, Dong S, Huang F, Cao Y. Phosphotungstate-Based Anode Interfacial Material for Constructing High-Performance Polymer Solar Cells with a Fill Factor over 80. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:5566-5576. [PMID: 36659861 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c22130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
In the field of organic solar cells (OSCs), the interfacial layer plays the role of enhancing carrier extraction/transportation, inhibiting their recombination, etc. In contrast to the wide variety of cathode interfacial materials with good modification ability, much less effort has been reported for anode interfacial materials. In this study, we report a polyoxometalate-based inorganic molecular cluster, zinc phosphotungstate (Zn3P2W24O80, denoted ZnPW), as an anode interfacial layer. Based on the PM6/EH-HD-4F/L8-BO-F ternary system, the device with ZnPW modification achieved a high power conversion efficiency (PCE) and a fill factor of up to 18.67 and 80.29%, respectively, which are higher than the counterpart device (PCE of 18.01%) with PEDOT/PSS as the anode interfacial layer. Detailed studies revealed that under the modification of ZnPW, the devices obtained promoted light absorption and suitable energy level matching between the active layer and the electrode, reduced contact resistance, and suppressed charge recombination. In addition, the ZnPW-modified devices had improved photostability and storage stability compared to PEDOT/PSS-modified devices. Our work shows that the polyoxometalate-based inorganic nanocluster ZnPW has great advantages in enhancing the device performance and stability of OSCs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lingwei Feng
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Shihao Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Kai Zhang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Jianhua Jing
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Zhisheng Zhou
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Qifan Xue
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Zixian Liu
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Yanwei Chen
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Sheng Dong
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Fei Huang
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| | - Yong Cao
- Institute of Polymer Optoelectronic Materials and Devices, State Key Laboratory of Luminescent Materials and Devices, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou510640, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
19
|
Mariani A, Malucelli G. Transparent Wood-Based Materials: Current State-of-the-Art and Future Perspectives. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:9069. [PMID: 36556874 PMCID: PMC9788626 DOI: 10.3390/ma15249069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Human history is largely characterized by the massive use of wood, the most well-known natural composite material, possessing unique thermal, mechanical, and environmental features that make it suitable for several applications, ranging from civil engineering, art, and household uses, to business uses (including furniture, stationery, shipbuilding, and fuel). Further, as a renewable and recyclable biomass, wood perfectly matches the current circular economy concept. However, because of its structure and composition, wood is not transparent: therefore, the possibility of removing the embedded lignin, hence limiting the light-scattering phenomena, has been investigated over the last ten to fifteen years, hence obtaining the so-called "transparent wood (TW)". This latter represents an up-to-date key material, as it can be utilized as obtained or further functionalized, combining the transparency with other features (such as flame retardance, energy storage ability, and environmental protection, among others), which widen the potential (and practical) applications of wood. The present manuscript aims at summarizing first the current methods employed for obtaining transparent wood, and then the latest achievements concerning the properties of transparent wood, providing the reader with some perspectives about its novel functionalizations and applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Mariani
- Department of Chemical, Physical, Mathematical and Natural Sciences, University of Sassari, Via Vienna 2, 07100 Sassari, Italy
| | - Giulio Malucelli
- Department of Applied Science and Technology, Politecnico di Torino, Viale Teresa Michel 5, 15121 Alessandria, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
20
|
Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chiang CC, Fern CL, Chen YT, Chen YH, Liao HW, Wu TH, Lin SH, Lin KW, Chi PW. Effect of Annealing and Thickness of Co 40Fe 40Yb 20 Thin Films on Various Physical Properties on a Glass Substrate. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8509. [PMID: 36500008 PMCID: PMC9740169 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/26/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The aim of this work is to investigate the effect of annealing and thickness on various physical properties in Co40Fe40Yb20 thin films. X-ray diffraction (XRD) was used to determine the amorphous structure of Co40Fe40Yb20 films. The maximum surface energy of 40 nm thin films at 300 °C is 34.54 mJ/mm2. The transmittance and resistivity decreased significantly as annealing temperatures and thickness increased. At all conditions, the 10 nm film had the highest hardness. The average hardness decreased as thickness increased, as predicted by the Hall-Petch effect. The highest low-frequency alternative-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) value was discovered when the film was annealed at 200 °C with 50 nm, and the optimal resonance frequency (ƒres) was in the low frequency range, indicating that the film has good applicability in the low frequency range. At annealed 200 °C and 50 nm, the maximum saturation magnetization (Ms) was discovered. Thermal disturbance caused the Ms to decrease when the temperature was raised to 300 °C. The optimum process conditions determined in this study are 200 °C and 50 nm, with the highest Ms, χac, strong adhesion, and low resistivity, which are suitable for magnetic applications, based on magnetic properties and surface energy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 84001, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Chin Chiang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, 415 Chien Kung Road, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan
| | - Chi-Lon Fern
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Ying-Hsuan Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Hao-Wen Liao
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Te-Ho Wu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Shih-Hung Lin
- Department of Electronic Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou 64002, Taiwan
| | - Ko-Wei Lin
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung 40227, Taiwan
| | - Po-Wei Chi
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
21
|
Yang J, Liu J, Li Y, Yu X, Yi Z, Zhang Z, Chi F, Liu L. A DSSC Electrolyte Preparation Method Considering Light Path and Light Absorption. Micromachines (Basel) 2022; 13:1930. [PMID: 36363951 PMCID: PMC9694077 DOI: 10.3390/mi13111930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2022] [Revised: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/04/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
The electrolyte is one of the key components of dye-sensitized solar cells' (DSSC) structure. In this paper, the electrolyte formulation of a new DSSC with external photoanode structure was studied. Based on the idea that the electrolyte should match the light absorption and light path, iodine series electrolytes with different concentrations were configured and used in the experiment. The results showed that the external photoanode structure solar cells assembled with titanium electrode had the best photoelectric conversion ability when the concentration of I2 was 0.048 M. It achieved the open circuit voltage of 0.71 V, the short circuit current of 8.87 mA, and the filling factor of 57%.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianjun Yang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Jiaxuan Liu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Yaxin Li
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Xiaobao Yu
- School of Optoelectronic Science and Engineering, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China, Chengdu 610054, China
| | - Zichuan Yi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Zhi Zhang
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Feng Chi
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| | - Liming Liu
- College of Electron and Information, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China Zhongshan Institute, Zhongshan 528402, China
| |
Collapse
|
22
|
Haiguang Chen, Youran Liu, Maoxian Chen, Tianmeng Jiang, Zhou Yang, Huai Yang. Negative Dielectric Anisotropy Liquid Crystal with Improved Photo-Stability, Anti-Flicker, and Transmittance for 8K Display Applications. Molecules 2022; 27:7150. [PMID: 36363981 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27217150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 10/10/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Video systems such as 8K displays can provide a strong sense of presence and reality due to their extremely high resolution and wide field of view. However, high-resolution displays generally suffer from reduced transmittance, which requires the use of liquid crystals with high transmittance and high stability. In this study, negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal compositions with excellent photo-stability, anti-flicker capability, and high transmittance are developed, showing potential for 8K display applications. The stability of different types of negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal compounds is assessed under light, and the high photo-stability compounds are obtained. In addition, it is demonstrated that the flicker can be optimized from -17.6 to -47.0 by removing the compounds with a higher ion content and a larger deformation number and adding the compounds with a smaller deformation number in the negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal compositions. Combining with the evaluation of the factors affecting the response time, the negative dielectric anisotropy liquid crystal mixed H is designed with improved stability and flicker; thus, the response time was decreased to 9.5 ms, and the optical transmittance was 5.5% higher than that of MAT-09-1284 (for normal) and 3.1% higher than that of BY19-J01A (for 4K).
Collapse
|
23
|
Duarte CDA, Gepiak AR. Optical Characterization of Bitumen: Inspecting the Quantum Size Effect in the Nanostructured Phase. Appl Spectrosc 2022; 76:1112-1122. [PMID: 35255718 DOI: 10.1177/00037028221081170] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Bitumen (BIT) is an oil sub-product with many applications. A variety of literature reports the analysis of its optical properties, as the fluorescence and the Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) optical transmittance (OT). We have performed photoluminescence (PL) on the visible region of the spectrum and OT on the visible-NIR in solutions of BIT in toluene at different concentrations. The results revealed a nonlinear, concentration-dependent effect attributed to intermolecular solvent-solute interactions. PL analysis of pure BIT as a function of the temperature and the laser pumping power pointed to the existence of nanosized crystalline inclusions on the amorphous BIT matrix with noticeable optical properties. The inference was confronted with the results of X-ray diffraction studies and literature reports. The possibility of the occurrence of a quantum size effect governing the luminescence is considered.
Collapse
|
24
|
Li J, Lu X, Zhang Y, Wen X, Yao K, Cheng F, Wang D, Ke X, Zeng H, Yang S. Dynamic Refractive Index-Matching for Adaptive Thermoresponsive Smart Windows. Small 2022; 18:e2201322. [PMID: 35656742 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202201322] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Thermoresponsive smart windows (TRSWs) take great advantages in energy-efficient buildings and on-demand devices owing to their self-adaptiveness and external energy consumption-free nature. Currently used TRSWs largely rely on thermal-induced phase transitions in single-material systems, however, the intrinsic characteristics of which may not be suited for practical window utilization, such as poor luminous transparency and fixed critical temperature (Tc ). Herein, an adaptive TRSW based on dynamic refractive index (RI) matching between two phases is demonstrated, which is facilely fabricated by embedding ethylene glycol solution microdroplets into polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) via a one-step emulsification approach, realizing a smart temperature response in PDMS. The TRSW presents high transparency (≈92%) and bidirectional transparency-temperature response (≈20% at 73 °C, ≈40% at 8 °C). Moreover, the RI dispersion generates a unique effect of wavelength selectivity with temperature. Notably, the effective optical-temperature response with variable Tc could be tuned over a wide range of 13-68 °C by adjusting the EGS concentration. The proposed strategy with dynamic RI matching allows TRSW construction to extend beyond phase transitional materials and greatly broadens the applicable scope of TRSWs, which is promising in the fields of smart optical devices such as smart windows, anti-counterfeiting, optical switches, and optical selection.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jianing Li
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xuegang Lu
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Yin Zhang
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Xiaoxiang Wen
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Kangkang Yao
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Fei Cheng
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Dingchen Wang
- Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, 999077, China
| | - Xiaoqin Ke
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| | - Hao Zeng
- Department of Physics, University at Buffalo, The State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, 14260, USA
| | - Sen Yang
- School of Physics, MOE Key Laboratory for Nonequilibrium Synthesis and Modulation of Condensed Matter, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China
| |
Collapse
|
25
|
Ochiai J, Villanueva L, Niihara H, Niihara Y, Oliva J. Posology and Serum-/Xeno-Free Engineered Adipose Stromal Cells Cell Sheets. Front Cell Dev Biol 2022; 10:873603. [PMID: 35557946 PMCID: PMC9086846 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2022.873603] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2022] [Accepted: 03/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Well-characterized adipose stem cells and chemically defined culture media are important factors that control the production of the cell sheet, used in translational medicine. In this study, we have developed and engineered multilayer adipose stem cell cell sheets (ASCCSs) using chemically defined/serum-free culture media: undifferentiated or differentiated into osteoblasts and chondrocytes. In addition, using the cell sheet transmittance, we estimated the number of cells per cell sheet. Undifferentiated ASCCSs were engineered in 10 days, using serum-free/xeno-free culture media. They were CD29+, CD73+, CD90+, CD105+, HLA-A+, and HLA-DR-. ASCCSs differentiated into chondrocytes and osteoblasts were also engineered using chemically defined and animal-free culture media, in only 14 days. The addition of an ROCK inhibitor improved the chondrocyte cell sheet engineering. The decrease in the cell sheet transmittance rate was higher for the osteoblast cell sheets due to the intracellular Ca2+ accumulation. The estimation of cell number per cell sheet was carried out with the transmittance, which will provide important information for cell sheet posology. In conclusion, three types of ASCCSs were engineered using serum-free, xeno-free culture media, expressing their specific markers. Their transmittance measurement allowed estimating the number of cells per cell sheet, with a non-invasive methodology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Ochiai
- Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc., Torrance, CA, United States
| | | | - Hope Niihara
- Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc., Torrance, CA, United States
| | | | - Joan Oliva
- Emmaus Life Sciences, Inc., Torrance, CA, United States
| |
Collapse
|
26
|
Gryga M, Ciprian D, Hlubina P. Distributed Bragg Reflectors Employed in Sensors and Filters Based on Cavity-Mode Spectral-Domain Resonances. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:3627. [PMID: 35632032 DOI: 10.3390/s22103627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Revised: 05/06/2022] [Accepted: 05/09/2022] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Spectral-domain resonances for cavities formed by two distributed Bragg reflectors (DBRs) were analyzed theoretically and experimentally. We model the reflectance and transmittance spectra of the cavity at the normal incidence of light when DBRs are represented by a one-dimensional photonic crystal (1DPhC) comprising six bilayers of TiO2/SiO2 with a termination layer of TiO2. Using a new approach based on the reference reflectance, we model the reflectance ratio as a function of both the cavity thickness and its refractive index (RI) and show that narrow dips within the 1DPhC band gap can easily be resolved. We revealed that the sensitivity and figure of merit (FOM) are as high as 610 nm/RIU and 938 RIU−1, respectively. The transmittance spectra include narrow peaks within the 1DPhC band gap and their amplitude and spacing depend on the cavity’s thickness. We experimentally demonstrated the sensitivity to variations of relative humidity (RH) of moist air and FOM as high as 0.156 nm/%RH and 0.047 %RH−1, respectively. In addition, we show that, due to the transmittance spectra, the DBRs with air cavity can be employed as spectral filters, and this is demonstrated for two LED sources for which their spectra are filtered at wavelengths 680 nm and 780 nm, respectively, to widths as narrow as 2.3 nm. The DBR-based resonators, thus, represent an effective alternative to both sensors and optical filters, with advantages including the normal incidence of light and narrow-spectral-width resonances.
Collapse
|
27
|
Mai HV, Jaffré A, Doan KM, Trinh TD, Schneegans O. A New Simple Analytical Method for a Highly Accurate Determination of the Optical Parameters of a Slab from Transmittance Data. Appl Spectrosc 2022; 76:590-598. [PMID: 35137626 DOI: 10.1177/00037028211068078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
To date, determining with high accuracy the optical parameters (extinction coefficient k and refractive index n) of a slab from the sole transmittance data requires an inverse method based on numerical iteration procedures. In this paper, we propose a new inverse analytical method of extracting (k, n) without numerical iterative processes. The high accuracy of this new inverse method is assessed, and as an application example, the optical parameters of CaF2 and Si substrates are determined in the IR spectral range of 4-8 µm.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Huy V Mai
- 344748Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Alexandre Jaffré
- 122328Laboratoire Génie Électrique et Électronique de Paris, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Khai M Doan
- 344748Le Quy Don Technical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Thien D Trinh
- Faculty of Physics, 226333Hanoi National University of Education, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Olivier Schneegans
- 122328Laboratoire Génie Électrique et Électronique de Paris, CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, Sorbonne Université, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| |
Collapse
|
28
|
Pan K, Liu C, Zhu Z, Feng T, Tao S, Yang B. Soft-Hard Segment Combined Carbonized Polymer Dots for Flexible Optical Film with Superhigh Surface Hardness. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:14504-14512. [PMID: 35290026 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c00702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The rapid development of optical and electronic devices has driven up the demand of high performance optical protective films to avoid exterior influence and extend the service life. But it is not easy to obtain an ideal coating film with high transmittance, high hardness, and good flexibility. Herein, by taking advantage of the special core-shell structure of carbonized polymer dots (CPDs), we propose a strategy to build up a nanoscale soft-hard segment microstructure for optical protective coating materials. The CPDs with hard core and soft polymer chain shell are prepared from citric acid and (3-aminopropyl)triethoxysilane. The as-prepared CPDs can be converted directly to the coating film by the dehydration and cross-linking. In addition to the good optical transmittance, the final film exhibits simultaneously ultrahigh 9H pencil hardness to stand 4000 cycles of a steel-wool wear test, and excellent flexibility to stand bending and rolling-up.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaibo Pan
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, college of chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Chongming Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, college of chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhicheng Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, college of chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Tanglue Feng
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, college of chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Songyuan Tao
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, college of chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Supramolecular Structure and Materials, college of chemistry, Jilin University, Changchun, 130012, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|
29
|
Yang Y, Zheng Z, Lin J, Zhou L, Chen G. Effect of KI Concentration in Correcting Tank on Optical Properties of PVA Polarizing Film. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14:polym14071413. [PMID: 35406286 PMCID: PMC9002824 DOI: 10.3390/polym14071413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2022] [Revised: 03/25/2022] [Accepted: 03/27/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Polarizer is a key component of the liquid crystal display panel, and the optical properties mainly include transmittance, degree of polarization and chromaticity. Polarizer is made of a multilayer optical film, in which the PVA polarizing film is the core structure for realizing the polarization of the whole polarizer. PVA polarizing film is commonly manufactured through a multi-step craft, including rinsing, dyeing, stretching and correcting. The correction process has a significant impact on the final apparent color and optical properties of the polarizer. In this study, the KI concentration in the correcting tank, ranging from 1% to 3%, was systematically investigated. With the increase in KI concentration, the Raman vibration peak at 160 cm−1 representing I5− ions gradually weakened, while the Raman vibration peak at 110 cm−1 representing I3− ions gradually increased, indicating that the KI in the correcting tank changed the chemical equilibrium of polyiodide ions in PVA. Then abundant chromophore I5− ions were consumed and I3− ions generated, so that the apparent color of PVA polarizing film gradually changed from dark blue to dark gray, and the chromaticity a-value and b-value gradually increased. The change in the concentration of dichroic species (I5− and I3−) in PVA polarizing film had directly affected its transmittance in the visible range. From the UV-Vis transmittance spectrum of PVA polarizing film, when the I5− ions were consumed and I3− ions generated, the transmittance of PVA polarizing film in the region of 675–525 nm wavelength increased gradually while the polarization degree also increased.
Collapse
|
30
|
Lee SH, Kang BS, Kwak MK. Magneto-Responsive Actuating Surfaces with Controlled Wettability and Optical Transmittance. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2022; 14:14721-14728. [PMID: 35289610 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.1c24556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
The wettability of surfaces can be manipulated using actuating micro/nanostructures, as in the manipulation of water droplets with magnetic forces. Controlling water droplets with magneto-responsive surfaces is limited to optical applications, however, because these surfaces are normally opaque. Herein, we introduce a magneto-responsive actuating surface that is capable of controlling not only the wettability but also the optical transmittance. The magneto-responsive actuating surface is fabricated using a composite of iron particles with polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS). Thanks to the elastic properties of PDMS, fabricated microstructures' bending is induced by applying magnetic force. Therefore, the static/dynamic water contact angle and the optical transmittance can be controlled. Furthermore, as a feasible application, a sliding angle control system that depends on the magnet location is implemented. On the basis of the interesting characteristics of not only wettability but also optical transmittance, this study is expected to be widely used in various fields such as optics, surface self-cleaning systems of solar cells, and smart windows.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sung Ho Lee
- Department of Electrical Electronics and Computer Science, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48109, United States
| | - Bong Su Kang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| | - Moon Kyu Kwak
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Kyungpook National University, Daegu 41566, Republic of Korea
| |
Collapse
|
31
|
Berardi A, Romano Perinelli D, Bisharat L, Sabbatini B, Bonacucina G, Tiboni M, Filippo Palmieri G, Cespi M. Factors affecting the rheological behaviour of carbomer dispersions in hydroalcoholic medium: towards the optimization of hand sanitiser gel formulations. Int J Pharm 2022; 616:121503. [PMID: 35085726 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Revised: 01/14/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Hand sanitizers represent a primary measure for the prevention of transmissible infections, whose use has been greatly increased during CoViD-19 pandemic. Most of the commercially available products are hydrogels, employing carbomers as thickening agents. However, few information is still available regarding performances of carbomers in hydroalcoholic media containing a percentage of alcohols ≥60% v/v as recommended for disinfection. The aim of this study was to investigate the colloidal behaviour of carbomer 974 and carbomer 980 in hydroalcoholic media containing from 50 to 80% w/w of alcohol (ethanol or isopropanol) and neutralised with triethanolamine or aminomethyl propanol. Both carbomers provide transparent hydrogels in water, but carbomer 980 should be preferred for the formulation of hydrogel with a percentage of alcohol ≥ 50% w/w for its better solvation. The critical ethanol concentration (CAlC), above which polymer precipitation occurs, depends on the type of alcohol and base used. Carbomer dispersions with a higher content of alcohol can be prepared using aminomethyl propanol than triethanolamine. The choice of the more suitable components is fundamental for the isopropanol-based dispersions since the CAlC is closer to the recommended concentration for disinfection. Overall, these results provide helpful insights for the correct preparation of alcohol-based hand sanitizers using carbomers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alberto Berardi
- Faculty of Pharmacy, Applied Science Private University, Amman 11931, Jordan
| | | | - Lorina Bisharat
- School of Pharmacy, The University of Jordan, Amman 11942, Jordan
| | | | - Giulia Bonacucina
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| | - Mattia Tiboni
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, 61029, Urbino, PU, Italy
| | | | - Marco Cespi
- School of Pharmacy, University of Camerino, Camerino, MC 62032, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
32
|
Santos-Rivera M, Woolums AR, Thoresen M, Meyer F, Vance CK. Bovine Respiratory Syncytial Virus (BRSV) Infection Detected in Exhaled Breath Condensate of Dairy Calves by Near-Infrared Aquaphotomics. Molecules 2022; 27:549. [PMID: 35056864 PMCID: PMC8779643 DOI: 10.3390/molecules27020549] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2021] [Revised: 01/12/2022] [Accepted: 01/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Bovine respiratory syncytial virus (BRSV) is a major contributor to respiratory disease in cattle worldwide. Traditionally, BRSV infection is detected based on non-specific clinical signs, followed by reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), the results of which can take days to obtain. Near-infrared aquaphotomics evaluation based on biochemical information from biofluids has the potential to support the rapid identification of BRSV infection in the field. This study evaluated NIR spectra (n = 240) of exhaled breath condensate (EBC) from dairy calves (n = 5) undergoing a controlled infection with BRSV. Changes in the organization of the aqueous phase of EBC during the baseline (pre-infection) and infected (post-infection and clinically abnormal) stages were found in the WAMACS (water matrix coordinates) C1, C5, C9, and C11, likely associated with volatile and non-volatile compounds in EBC. The discrimination of these chemical profiles by PCA-LDA models differentiated samples collected during the baseline and infected stages with an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity >93% in both the calibration and validation. Thus, biochemical changes occurring during BRSV infection can be detected and evaluated with NIR-aquaphotomics in EBC. These findings form the foundation for developing an innovative, non-invasive, and in-field diagnostic tool to identify BRSV infection in cattle.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Santos-Rivera
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.S.-R.); (F.M.)
| | - Amelia R. Woolums
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology & Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (A.R.W.); (M.T.)
| | - Merrilee Thoresen
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Pathobiology & Population Medicine, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (A.R.W.); (M.T.)
| | - Florencia Meyer
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.S.-R.); (F.M.)
| | - Carrie K. Vance
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, Entomology, and Plant Pathology, Mississippi State University, Starkville, MS 39762, USA; (M.S.-R.); (F.M.)
| |
Collapse
|
33
|
Jiang Y. Singular PT-symmetry broken point with infinite transmittance and reflectance-a classical analytical demonstration. Front Optoelectron 2021; 14:438-444. [PMID: 36637753 PMCID: PMC9743840 DOI: 10.1007/s12200-020-0969-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
To demonstrate the existence of singular parity-time symmetry (PT-symmetry) broken point in optics system, we designed a one-dimensional PT symmetric structure including N unit-cell with loss and gain materials in half. We performed an analytical deduction to obtain the transmittance and reflectance of the structure basing on Maxwell's equations. We found that with the exact structure unit-cell number and the imaginary part of refraction index, the transmittance and reflectance are both close to infinite. Such strict condition is called the singular point in this study. At the singular point position, both the transmission and reflection are direction-independent. Away from the singular point, the transmittance and reflectance become finite. In light of classical wave optics, the single unit and total structure both become the resonance units. The infinite transmittance and reflectance result from the resonance matching of single unit and total structure. In light of quantum theory, the singular point corresponds to the single eigenvalue of electromagnetic scattering matrix. The infinite transmittance and reflectance mean a huge energy transformation from pumping source to light waves. Numerical calculation and software simulation both demonstrate the result.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yingxin Jiang
- Department of Physics, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, 212013, China.
| |
Collapse
|
34
|
Kim S, Jo M, Lee J, Lee C. Transmittance Control of a Water-Repellent-Coated Layer on a Tensioned Web in a Roll-to-Roll Slot-Die Coating System. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13224003. [PMID: 34833300 PMCID: PMC8620358 DOI: 10.3390/polym13224003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Solar cells are important alternatives to fossil fuels for energy generation in today's world, where the demand for alternative, renewable sources of energy is increasing. However, solar cells, which are installed outdoors, are susceptible to pollution by environmental factors. A solution to overcome this limitation involves coating solar cell surfaces with functional coatings. In this study, we propose a transmittance control method for a tensioned web in a roll-to-roll, transparent, water-repellent film coating. First, we analyzed the effects of process conditions on the transmittance and contact angle of the transparent water-repellent film during roll-to-roll slot-die coating. It was confirmed that the tension was the most dominant factor, followed by the coating gap. Through the tension control, the transmittance was changed by 3.27%, and the contact angle of the DI water was changed by 17.7°. In addition, it was confirmed that the transmittance was changed by 0.8% and the contact angle of DI water by 3.9° via the coating gap control. Based on these results, a transmittance prediction model was developed according to the tension and coating gap, and was then verified experimentally. Finally, a water-repellent film with a high transmittance of 89.77% was obtained using this model.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Seongyong Kim
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Minho Jo
- Department of Mechanical Design and Production Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea; (S.K.); (M.J.)
| | - Jongsu Lee
- Department of Printed Electronics Engineering, Sunchon National University, Suncheon 57922, Korea;
| | - Changwoo Lee
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Konkuk University, Seoul 05029, Korea
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +82-2-450-3570; Fax: +82-2-454-0428
| |
Collapse
|
35
|
Akhmedov A, Abduev A, Murliev E, Asvarov A, Muslimov A, Kanevsky V. The ZnO-In 2O 3 Oxide System as a Material for Low-Temperature Deposition of Transparent Electrodes. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6859. [PMID: 34832261 DOI: 10.3390/ma14226859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2021] [Revised: 11/09/2021] [Accepted: 11/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The development of optoelectronic devices based on flexible organic substrates substantially decreases the possible process temperatures during all stages of device manufacturing. This makes it urgent to search for new transparent conducting oxide (TCO) materials, cheaper than traditional indium-tin oxide (ITO), for the low-temperature deposition of transparent electrodes, a necessary component of most optoelectronic devices. The article presents the results of a vertically integrated study aimed at the low-temperature production of TCO thin films based on a zinc-indium oxide (ZIO) system with acceptable functional characteristics. First, dense and conducting ceramic targets based on the (100-x) mol% (ZnO) + x mol% (In2O3) system (x = 0.5, 1.5, 2.5, 5.0, and 10.0) were synthesized by the spark plasma sintering method. The dependences of the microstructure and phase composition of the ZIO ceramic targets on the In2O3 content have been studied by powder X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy and energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy methods. Then, a set of ZIO thin films with different Zn/In ratios were obtained on unheated glass substrates by direct current (dc) magnetron sputtering of the sintered targets. Complex studies of microstructure, electrical and optical properties of the deposited films have revealed the presence of an optimal doping level (5 mol% In2O3) of the ZIO target at which the deposited TCO films, in terms of the combination of their electrical and optical properties, become comparable to the widely used expensive ITO.
Collapse
|
36
|
Yang HY, Chuquer A, Han SH, Gaudel GS, Pham XH, Kim HM, Yun WJ, Jun BH, Rho WY. Optimizing the Aspect Ratio of Nanopatterned Mesoporous TiO 2 Thin-Film Layer to Improve Energy Conversion Efficiency of Perovskite Solar Cells. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12235. [PMID: 34830119 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212235] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2021] [Revised: 11/05/2021] [Accepted: 11/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
The energy conversion efficiency (ECE) (η), current density (Jsc), open-circuit voltage (Voc), and fill factor (ff) of perovskite solar cells were studied by using the transmittance of a nanopatterned mesoporous TiO2 (mp-TiO2) thin-film layer. To improve the ECE of perovskite solar cells, a mp-TiO2 thin-film layer was prepared to be used as an electron transport layer (ETL) via the nanoimprinting method for nanopatterning, which was controlled by the aspect ratio. The nanopatterned mp-TiO2 thin-film layer had a uniform and well-designed structure, and the diameter of nanopatterning was 280 nm. The aspect ratio was controlled at the depths of 75, 97, 127, and 167 nm, and the perovskite solar cell was fabricated with different depths. The ECE of the perovskite solar cells with the nanopatterned mp-TiO2 thin-film layer was 14.50%, 15.30%, 15.83%, or 14.24%, which is higher than that of a non-nanopatterned mp-TiO2 thin-film layer (14.07%). The enhancement of ECE was attributed to the transmittance of the nanopatterned mp-TiO2 thin-film layer that is due to the improvement of the electron generation. As a result, better electron generation affected the electron density, and Jsc increased the Voc, and ff of perovskite solar cells.
Collapse
|
37
|
Caydamli Y, Heudorfer K, Take J, Podjaski F, Middendorf P, Buchmeiser MR. Transparent Fiber-Reinforced Composites Based on a Thermoset Resin Using Liquid Composite Molding (LCM) Techniques. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6087. [PMID: 34683679 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2021] [Revised: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
In this study, optically transparent glass fiber-reinforced polymers (tGFRPs) were produced using a thermoset matrix and an E-glass fabric. In situ polymerization was combined with liquid composite molding (LCM) techniques both in a resin transfer molding (RTM) mold and a lite-RTM (L-RTM) setup between two glass plates. The RTM specimens were used for mechanical characterization while the L-RTM samples were used for transmittance measurements. Optimization in terms of the number of glass fabric layers, the overall degree of transparency of the composite, and the mechanical properties was carried out and allowed for the realization of high mechanical strength and high-transparency tGFRPs. An outstanding degree of infiltration was achieved maintaining up to 75% transmittance even when using 29 layers of E-glass fabric, corresponding to 50 v.% fiber, using an L-RTM setup. RTM specimens with 44 v.% fiber yielded a tensile strength of 435.2 ± 17.6 MPa, and an E-Modulus of 24.3 ± 0.7 GPa.
Collapse
|
38
|
Peris-Martínez C, García-Domene MC, Penadés M, Luque MJ, Fernández-López E, Artigas JM. Spectral Transmission of the Human Corneal Layers. J Clin Med 2021; 10:jcm10194490. [PMID: 34640506 PMCID: PMC8509317 DOI: 10.3390/jcm10194490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2021] [Revised: 09/20/2021] [Accepted: 09/27/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
We have assessed the spectral transmittance of the different layers of the human cornea in the ultraviolet (UV), visible, and near-infrared (IR) spectral ranges. Seventy-four corneal sample donors were included in the study. Firstly, the corneal transmittance was measured using a spectrophotometer. Then, all samples were fixed for histopathological analysis, which allowed us to measure the thickness of each corneal layer. Finally, the absorption coefficients of the corneal layers were computed by a linear model reproducing total transmittance. The results show that corneal transmission was almost in unity at the visible and IR ranges but not at the UV range, in which the layer with higher transmission is Descemet’s membrane, whereas the stroma showed the lowest transmittance. Regarding the absorption coefficient, the most absorptive tissue was Bowman’s layer, followed by the endothelium. Variations on transmittance due to changes in the stroma, Bowman’s layer, or Descemet layer were simulated, and important transmission increases were found due to stroma and Bowman changes. To conclude, we have developed a method to measure the transmittance and thickness for each corneal layer. All corneal layers absorb UV light to a greater or lesser extent. The absorption coefficient is higher for Bowman’s layer, while the stroma is the layer with the lowest transmittance due to its thickness. Variations in stroma thickness or changes in the corneal tissue of Bowman’s layer or the endothelium layer due to some pathologies or surgeries could affect, to a greater or lesser degree, the total transmission of the cornea. Thus, obtaining accurate absorption coefficients for different layers would help us to predict and compensate these changes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Peris-Martínez
- Anterior Segment and Cornea and External Eye Diseases Unit, FISABIO-Oftalmología Médica (FOM), Av. Pío Baroja, 12, E-46015 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.G.-D.); (M.P.); (M.J.L.); (E.F.-L.); (J.M.A.)
- Surgery Department, Ophthalmology, School of Medicine, University of Valencia, Av. Blasco Ibáñez, 15, E-46010 Valencia, Spain
- Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, Physics School, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +34-962-787620
| | - Mari Carmen García-Domene
- Anterior Segment and Cornea and External Eye Diseases Unit, FISABIO-Oftalmología Médica (FOM), Av. Pío Baroja, 12, E-46015 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.G.-D.); (M.P.); (M.J.L.); (E.F.-L.); (J.M.A.)
- Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, Physics School, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
- Thematic Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III Health Institute, C/Sinesio Delgado, 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| | - Mariola Penadés
- Anterior Segment and Cornea and External Eye Diseases Unit, FISABIO-Oftalmología Médica (FOM), Av. Pío Baroja, 12, E-46015 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.G.-D.); (M.P.); (M.J.L.); (E.F.-L.); (J.M.A.)
- Thematic Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III Health Institute, C/Sinesio Delgado, 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
- Pathology Group, PASAPTA, Veterinary School, Cardenal Herrera-CEU University, C/Tirant lo Blanc, 7, E-46115, Alfara del Patriarca, E-46115 Valencia, Spain
| | - María Josefa Luque
- Anterior Segment and Cornea and External Eye Diseases Unit, FISABIO-Oftalmología Médica (FOM), Av. Pío Baroja, 12, E-46015 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.G.-D.); (M.P.); (M.J.L.); (E.F.-L.); (J.M.A.)
- Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, Physics School, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
| | - Ester Fernández-López
- Anterior Segment and Cornea and External Eye Diseases Unit, FISABIO-Oftalmología Médica (FOM), Av. Pío Baroja, 12, E-46015 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.G.-D.); (M.P.); (M.J.L.); (E.F.-L.); (J.M.A.)
| | - José María Artigas
- Anterior Segment and Cornea and External Eye Diseases Unit, FISABIO-Oftalmología Médica (FOM), Av. Pío Baroja, 12, E-46015 Valencia, Spain; (M.C.G.-D.); (M.P.); (M.J.L.); (E.F.-L.); (J.M.A.)
- Department of Optics and Optometry and Vision Sciences, Physics School, University of Valencia, Dr. Moliner, 50, E-46100 Valencia, Spain
- Thematic Cooperative Health Network for Research in Ophthalmology (Oftared), Carlos III Health Institute, C/Sinesio Delgado, 4, E-28029 Madrid, Spain
| |
Collapse
|
39
|
Lorenc Z, Paśko S, Pakuła A, Teper D, Sałbut L. An attempt to classify the botanical origin of honey using visible spectroscopy. J Sci Food Agric 2021; 101:5272-5277. [PMID: 33647165 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2020] [Revised: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The production of honey, and especially the unifloral varieties, is limited by factors such as weather conditions or the availability of nectar flow and honeydew. This results in a deficit in supply leading to the adulteration of honey. If they are not properly labeled, customers cannot distinguish artificial / synthetic products from real honey. Currently, the basic, commonly used method for determining the varieties of honey (botanical origin) is palynological analysis. However, this procedure is quite difficult owing to the dearth of experienced staff in the field of melissopalynology. RESULTS A method for identifying and classifying natural honey accurately based on its botanical origin has therefore been proposed. This analysis would rely on the visible light spectra transmitted through a relatively thin layer of the substance of interest, regardless of deviations in thickness. We present algorithms for analyzing the transmittance spectra-parametrization based on polynomial approximation (PMA) and applying a method for spectra selection and reduction (SSR) and a classical classification model (decision tree). A comparison is presented of the classification of four varieties of honey, confirmed by pollen analysis, obtained from the analysis of optically measured transmittance spectra of the samples. The algorithms that are compared contain a decision tree that uses raw data, data reduced by principal component analysis (PCA), and data after calculations based on the proposed algorithms alone (PMA and SSR) and together with the PCA method. CONCLUSION This novel method produced outstanding results in comparison with the standard PCA method and is helpful in identifying the botanical origin of honey effectively. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zofia Lorenc
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Paśko
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Pakuła
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Dariusz Teper
- Apiculture Division, Research Institute of Horticulture, Puławy, Poland
| | - Leszek Sałbut
- Faculty of Mechatronics, Institute of Micromechanics and Photonics, Warsaw University of Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| |
Collapse
|
40
|
Cheng CW, Lai KM, Liu WY, Li CH, Chen YH, Jeng CC. Real-Time Gauging of the Gelling Maturity of Duck Eggs Pickled in Strong Alkaline Solutions. Foods 2021; 10:2057. [PMID: 34574166 DOI: 10.3390/foods10092057] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2021] [Revised: 08/16/2021] [Accepted: 08/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although many ultraviolet-visible-near-infrared transmission spectroscopy techniques have been applied to chicken egg studies, such techniques are not suitable for duck eggs because duck eggshells are much thicker than chicken eggshells. In this study, a high-transmission spectrometer using an equilateral prism as a dispersive element and a flash lamp as a light source was constructed to nondestructively detect the transmission spectrum of duck eggs and monitor the pickling of eggs. The evolution of egg transmittance was highly correlated with the albumen during pickling. The transmittance exponentially decays with time during this period, and the decay rate is related to the pickling rate. The colors of the albumen and yolk remain almost unchanged in the first stage. A multiple linear regression analysis model that realizes a one-to-one association between the days of pickling and the transmission spectra was constructed to determine the pickling duration in the second stage. The coefficient of determination reached 0.88 for a single variable, wavelength, at 590 nm. This method can monitor the maturity of pickled eggs in real time and does not require the evolution of light transmittance.
Collapse
|
41
|
Ochiai J, Niihara Y, Oliva J. Measurement of the Adipose Stem Cells Cell Sheets Transmittance. Bioengineering (Basel) 2021; 8:93. [PMID: 34356200 DOI: 10.3390/bioengineering8070093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2021] [Revised: 06/26/2021] [Accepted: 06/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the field of cell therapy, the interest in cell sheet technology is increasing. To determine the cell sheet harvesting time requires experience and practice, and different factors could change the harvesting time (variability among donors and culture media, between cell culture dishes, initial cell seeding density). We have developed a device that can measure the transmittance of the multilayer cell sheets, using a light emitting diode and a light detector, to estimate the harvesting time. The transmittance of the adipose stromal cells cell sheets (ASCCS) was measured every other day as soon as the cells were confluent, up to 12 days. The ASCCS, from three different initial seeding densities, were harvested at 8, 10, and 12 days after seeding. Real-time PCR and immunostaining confirmed the expression of specific cell markers (CD29, CD73, CD90, CD105, HLA-A, HLA-DR), but less than the isolated adipose stromal cells. The number of cells per cell sheets, the average thickness per cell sheet, and the corresponding transmittance showed no correlation. Decrease of the transmittance seems to be correlated with the cell sheet maturation. For the first time, we are reporting the success development of a device to estimate ASCCS harvesting time based on their transmittance.
Collapse
|
42
|
Naz G, Asghar H, Ramzan M, Arshad M, Ahmed R, Tahir MB, Haq BU, Baig N, Jalil J. High-yield synthesis of silver nanowires for transparent conducting PET films. Beilstein J Nanotechnol 2021; 12:624-632. [PMID: 34285865 PMCID: PMC8261274 DOI: 10.3762/bjnano.12.51] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/16/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanowires (AgNWs) with ultrahigh purity and high yield were successfully synthesized by employing a modified facile polyol method using PVP as a capping and stabilizing agent. The reaction was carried out at a moderate temperature of 160 °C under mild stirring for about 3 h. The prepared AgNWs exhibited parallel alignment on a large scale and were characterized by UV-vis spectroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and PL spectroscopy. The luminescent AgNWs exhibited red emission, which was accredited to deep holes. The SEM results confirmed the formation of AgNWs of 3.3 to 4.7 µm in length with an average diameter of about 86 nm, that is, the aspect ratio values of the AgNWs exceeded 45. An ink consisting of hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC) and AgNWs was transferred to polyethylene terephthalate (PET) films by simple mechanical pressing. The PET films retained transparency and flexibility after the ink coating. The maximum transmittance value of as-prepared PET films in the visible region was estimated to be about 92.5% with a sheet resistance value of ca. 20 Ω/sq. This makes the films a potential substitute to commonly used expensive indium tin oxide (ITO) in the field of flexible optoelectronics.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gul Naz
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadid Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Hafsa Asghar
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadid Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Ramzan
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadid Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Arshad
- Nanosciences and Nanotechnology Department, National Centre for Physics, Quaid-i-Azam University Islamabad, Pakistan
| | - Rashid Ahmed
- Centre for High Energy Physics, The University of Punjab, Lahore, Pakistan
| | - Muhammad Bilal Tahir
- Department of Physics, Khawaja Fareed University of Engineering and Information Technology, Rahim Yar Khan, Pakistan
| | - Bakhtiar Ul Haq
- Advanced Functional Materials & Optoelectronics Laboratory (AFMOL), Department of Physics, Faculty of Science, King Khalid University, Abha 9004, Saudi Arabia
| | - Nadeem Baig
- Center of Research Excellent in Desalination & Water Treatment, King Fahd University of Petroleum and Minerals, Dhahran 31261, Saudi Arabia
| | - Junaid Jalil
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Science, The Islamia University of Bahawalpur, Baghdad-ul-Jadid Campus, Bahawalpur 63100, Pakistan
| |
Collapse
|
43
|
Zhou J, Zang Q, Zhao J, Xiao S, Che Y, Ren M. Optical Properties of Thomson Scattering Diagnostics Lower Window Glass under Laser Irradiation. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:2702. [PMID: 34063820 DOI: 10.3390/ma14112702] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2021] [Accepted: 05/18/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Tokamak diagnostic window glass is an indispensable optical medium in fusion research. The transmittance of the device affects the optical performance and accuracy of the diagnostic system. Especially, the window glass serves as the entrance of the light source while performing the sealing function for the active diagnosis method represented by Thomson scattering diagnostics. In this work, we studied the influence of the laser irradiation and tokamak discharge on the EAST (Experimental Advanced Superconducting Tokamak) Thomson scattering diagnostic borosilicate glass window. Using X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) and Raman scattering, we found that carbon-based impurities in the device aggravated the film damage due to laser irradiation, reducing the performance of the coating of the glass. Besides, the laser and the various rays of tokamak discharge generated many point defects in the glass, increasing the light absorption of the glass. These two factors caused the glass transmittance to drop significantly (from 99.99% to 77.62%). In addition, the long-term laser irradiation primarily reduced the transmittance, while environmental rays had a minor impact on the same. This work provides valuable insights into the selection and effective use of glass in optics-based diagnostics.
Collapse
|
44
|
Li X, Zhou J, Yan D, Peng Y, Wang Y, Zhou Q, Wang K. Effects of Concentration and Spin Speed on the Optical and Electrical Properties of Silver Nanowire Transparent Electrodes. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14092219. [PMID: 33925839 PMCID: PMC8123474 DOI: 10.3390/ma14092219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2021] [Revised: 03/31/2021] [Accepted: 04/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In this paper, silver nanowires (AgNWs) with a diameter of 40 nm and a length of 45 μm were dispersed into an ethanol solution to prepare AgNW solutions with concentrations of 1, 2, and 3 mg/mL, respectively. The AgNW solutions were then deposited on a glass substrate using spin-coating at 1000, 2000, and 3000 rpm for 45 s, respectively, to prepare transparent electrodes. The results showed that the distribution of AgNWs on the substrate increased in density with the increase in the AgNW solution concentration and the decrease in spin speed. The effect of concentration on the distribution of AgNWs was greater than that of the spin speed. The transmittance of each electrode was between 84.19% and 88.12% at 550 nm, the average sheet resistance was between 20.09 and 358.11 Ω/sq, the highest figure of merit (FoM) was 104.42, and the lowest haze value was 1.48%. The electrode prepared at 1000 rpm with a concentration of 2 mg/mL and that prepared at 3000 rpm with a concentration of 3 mg/mL were very similar in terms of the average sheet resistance, transmittance at 550 nm, FoM, and haze value; thus, these two electrodes could be considered equivalent. The haze value of the electrode was positively correlated with the spin speed at low concentration, but that relationship became inverse as the concentration rose. For the AgNWs used in this experiment with an aspect ratio of 1125, the concentration of the AgNW solution should reach at least 2 mg/mL to ensure that the FoM of the electrode is greater than 35.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaopeng Li
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Z.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.P.); Tel.: +86-182-6002-2588 (X.L.); +86-138-6182-3291 (Y.P.)
| | - Jiayue Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Z.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.)
| | - Dejun Yan
- China State Shipbuilding Corporation Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding Company Limited, Guangzhou 510715, China; (D.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Yong Peng
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Z.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.)
- Correspondence: (X.L.); (Y.P.); Tel.: +86-182-6002-2588 (X.L.); +86-138-6182-3291 (Y.P.)
| | - Yong Wang
- China State Shipbuilding Corporation Huangpu Wenchong Shipbuilding Company Limited, Guangzhou 510715, China; (D.Y.); (Y.W.)
| | - Qi Zhou
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Z.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.)
| | - Kehong Wang
- College of Materials Science and Technology, Nanjing University of Science and Technology, Nanjing 210014, China; (J.Z.); (Q.Z.); (K.W.)
| |
Collapse
|
45
|
Chen J, Dong Y, Wang H, Sun P, Zeng X. Simulation and Optimization of SNAP-Taper Coupling System in Displacement Sensing. Sensors (Basel) 2021; 21:2947. [PMID: 33922319 PMCID: PMC8122849 DOI: 10.3390/s21092947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2021] [Revised: 04/17/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
Sensing applications based on whispering gallery mode (WGM) microcavities have attracted extensive attention recently, especially in displacement sensing applications. However, the traditional displacement sensing scheme based on shift in a single resonance wavelength, has a lot of drawbacks. Herein, a novel displacement sensing scheme based on the surface nanoscale axial photonics (SNAP) is proposed to achieve a wide range and high-resolution displacement sensor through analyzing the transmittance of multiple axial modes. By analyzing the surface plot of the resonance spectrum with different coupling positions, the ideal coupling parameters and ERV for displacement sensing are obtained. In the following, displacement sensing with high sensitivity and a wide range is theoretically realized through adjusting the sensitivity threshold and the number of modes. Finally, we present our views on the current challenges and the future development of the displacement sensing based on an SNAP resonator. We believe that a comprehensive understanding on this sensing scheme would significantly contribute to the advancement of the SNAP resonator for a broad range of applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yongchao Dong
- State Key Laboratory of Precision Electronic Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Micro-Nano Manufacturing Technology and Equipment, Mechanical and Electrical Engineering, Guangdong University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, China; (J.C.); (H.W.); (P.S.); (X.Z.)
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
46
|
Kuo CW, Chang JC, Chang JK, Huang SW, Lee PY, Wu TY. Electrodeposited Copolymers Based on 9,9'-(5-Bromo-1,3-phenylene)biscarbazole and Dithiophene Derivatives for High-Performance Electrochromic Devices. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:1136. [PMID: 33918293 PMCID: PMC8038177 DOI: 10.3390/polym13071136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2021] [Revised: 03/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/26/2021] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
A 1,3-bis(carbazol-9-yl)benzene derivative (BPBC) was synthesized and its related homopolymer (PBPBC) and copolymers (P(BPBC-co-BT), P(BPBC-co-CDT), and P(BPBC-co-CDTK)) were prepared using electrochemical polymerization. Investigations of polymeric spectra showed that PBPBC film was grey, iron-grey, yellowish-grey, and greyish-green from the neutral to the oxidized state. P(BPBC-co-BT), P(BPBC-co-CDT), and P(BPBC-co-CDTK) films showed multicolor transitions from the reduced to the oxidized state. The transmittance change (ΔT) of PBPBC, P(BPBC-co-BT), P(BPBC-co-CDT), and P(BPBC-co-CDTK) films were 29.6% at 1040 nm, 44.4% at 1030 nm, 22.3% at 1050 nm, and 41.4% at 1070 nm. The coloration efficiency (η) of PBPBC and P(BPBC-co-CDTK) films were evaluated to be 140.3 cm2 C-1 at 1040 nm and 283.7 cm2 C-1 at 1070 nm, respectively. A P(BPBC-co-BT)/PEDOT electrochromic device (ECD) showed a large ΔT (36.2% at 625 nm) and a fast response time (less than 0.5 s), whereas a P(BPBC-co-CDTK)/PEDOT ECD revealed a large η (534.4 cm2 C-1 at 610 nm) and sufficient optical circuit memory.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Chung-Wen Kuo
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; (C.-W.K.); (S.-W.H.)
| | - Jui-Cheng Chang
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
- Bachelor Program in Interdisciplinary Studies, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan
| | - Jeng-Kuei Chang
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, No. 1001 University Road, Hsinchu 30010, Taiwan;
| | - Sheng-Wei Huang
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, National Kaohsiung University of Science and Technology, Kaohsiung 80778, Taiwan; (C.-W.K.); (S.-W.H.)
| | - Pei-Ying Lee
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
| | - Tzi-Yi Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Engineering, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (J.-C.C.); (P.-Y.L.)
| |
Collapse
|
47
|
Wang H, Liu LY, Ye P, Huang Z, Ng AYR, Du Z, Dong Z, Tang D, Gan CL. 3D Printing of Transparent Spinel Ceramics with Transmittance Approaching the Theoretical Limit. Adv Mater 2021; 33:e2007072. [PMID: 33682251 DOI: 10.1002/adma.202007072] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
3D printing of transparent ceramics has attracted great attention recently but faces the challenges of low transparency and low printing resolution. Herein, magnesium aluminate spinel transparent ceramics with transmittance reaching 97% of the theoretical limit are successfully fabricated using a stereolithography-based 3D printing method assisted by hot isostatic pressing and the critical factors governing the transparency are revealed. Various transparent spinel lenses and microlattices are printed at a high resolution of ≈100-200 µm. The 3D printed spinel lens demonstrates fairly good optical imaging ability, and the printed spinel diamond microlattices as a transparent photocatalyst support for TiO2 significantly enhance its photocatalytic efficiency compared with its opaque counterparts. Compared with other 3D printed transparent materials such as silica glass or organic polymers, the printed spinel ceramics have the advantages of broad optical window, high hardness, excellent high-temperature stability, and chemical resistance and therefore, have great potential to be used in various optical lenses/windows and photocatalyst supports for application in harsh environments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Haomin Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Li Ying Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Pengcheng Ye
- Creatz3D Pte Ltd., 180 Paya Lebar Road, Singapore, 409032, Singapore
| | - Zhangyi Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Andrew Yun Ru Ng
- Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Zehui Du
- Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| | - Zhili Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Dingyuan Tang
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
| | - Chee Lip Gan
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 639798, Singapore
- Temasek Laboratories, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, 637553, Singapore
| |
Collapse
|
48
|
Asamoah BO, Salmi P, Räty J, Ryymin K, Talvitie J, Karjalainen AK, Kukkonen JVK, Roussey M, Peiponen KE. Optical Monitoring of Microplastics Filtrated from Wastewater Sludge and Suspended in Ethanol. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:871. [PMID: 33799897 PMCID: PMC8000454 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060871] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/09/2021] [Accepted: 03/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
The abundance of microplastics (MPs) in the atmosphere, on land, and especially in water bodies is well acknowledged. In this study, we establish an optical method based on three different techniques, namely, specular reflection to probe the medium, transmission spectroscopy measurements for the detection and identification, and a speckle pattern for monitoring the sedimentation of MPs filtrated from wastewater sludge and suspended in ethanol. We used first Raman measurements to estimate the presence and types of different MPs in wastewater sludge samples. We also used microscopy to identify the shapes of the main MPs. This allowed us to create a teaching set of samples to be characterized with our optical method. With the developed method, we clearly show that MPs from common plastics, such as polypropylene (PP), polyethylene terephthalate (PET), polystyrene (PS), and polyethylene (PE), are present in wastewater sludge and can be identified. Additionally, the results also indicate that the density of the plastics, which influences the sedimentation, is an essential parameter to consider in optical detection of microplastics in complex natural environments. All of the methods are in good agreement, thus validating the optics-based solution.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin O. Asamoah
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;
| | - Pauliina Salmi
- Faculty of Information Technology, University of Jyväskylä, Mattilanniemi 2 (Agora building), P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland;
| | - Jukka Räty
- Unit of Measurement Technology, MITY, University of Oulu, Technology Park, P.O.BOX 127, FI-87400 Kajaani, Finland;
| | - Kalle Ryymin
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C (YAC Building), P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (K.R.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Julia Talvitie
- Marine Management, Finnish Environment Institute (SYKE), Latokartanonkaari 11, FI-00790 Helsinki, Finland;
| | - Anna K. Karjalainen
- Department of Biological and Environmental Science, University of Jyväskylä, Survontie 9C (YAC Building), P.O. Box 35, FI-40014 Jyväskylä, Finland; (K.R.); (A.K.K.)
| | - Jussi V. K. Kukkonen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Science, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio Campus, P.O. Box 1627, FI-79211 Kuopio, Finland;
| | - Matthieu Roussey
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;
| | - Kai-Erik Peiponen
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, University of Eastern Finland, P.O. Box 111, FI-80101 Joensuu, Finland;
| |
Collapse
|
49
|
Huang J, Zhang G, Dong B, Liu J. Synthesis and Properties of Polyimide Silica Nanocomposite Film with High Transparent and Radiation Resistance. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:nano11030562. [PMID: 33668194 PMCID: PMC7995970 DOI: 10.3390/nano11030562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 02/14/2021] [Accepted: 02/21/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In order to prepare flexible glass cover sheet materials suitable for space solar cells, fluorinated diamine 2,2’-bistrifluoromethyl benzidine (TFDB) and fluorinated dianhydride 4,4’ (hexafluoroisopropyl) diphthalic dianhydride (6FDA) as the monomer, polyimide (PI)/SiO2 composite film was synthesized by in situ polymerization, and the influence of coupling agent and SiO2 nanoparticle content on the film structure and properties was studied. The results show that PI synthesized from fluorine-containing monomers has better light transmittance, and the highest transmittance can reach 91.4%. The average visible light transmittance of the composite film decreases with the increase of SiO2 content, and the transmittance of the film decreases less in the high-wavelength region and greatly decreases in the low-wavelength region. The tensile strength and elastic modulus of PI/SiO2 composite film increase with the increase of SiO2 content, first increase and then decrease, reaching the maximum when the content is 10%; while the elongation at break of the composite film gradually increases with the increase of SiO2 content reduce. The thermal stability of PI/SiO2 composite film increases with the increase of SiO2 content. The doping of nano-SiO2 significantly suppresses the influence of irradiation on the mechanical properties of the film.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jindong Huang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (J.H.); (G.Z.); (B.D.)
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Guanglu Zhang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (J.H.); (G.Z.); (B.D.)
- School of Physical Science and Technology, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China
| | - Beiping Dong
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (J.H.); (G.Z.); (B.D.)
| | - Juncheng Liu
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, China; (J.H.); (G.Z.); (B.D.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +86-(0)-22-83-955-811
| |
Collapse
|
50
|
Liu WJ, Chang YH, Chen YT, Chiang YC, Liu YC, Wu TH, Chi PW. Effect of Annealing on the Structural, Magnetic and Surface Energy of CoFeBY Films on Si (100) Substrate. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14040987. [PMID: 33669878 PMCID: PMC7923294 DOI: 10.3390/ma14040987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2021] [Revised: 02/11/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
The structure, magnetic properties, optical properties and adhesion efficiency of CoFeBY films were studied. Co40Fe40B10Y10 alloy was sputtered onto Si (100) with a thickness of 10–50 nm, and then annealed at room temperature, 100 °C, 200 °C and 300 °C for 1 h. X-ray diffraction (XRD) showed that the CoFeBY films deposited at room temperature are amorphous. Annealing at 100 °C gave the films enough thermal energy to change the structure from amorphous to crystalline. After annealing, the CoFeBY thin film showed a body-centered cubic (BCC) CoFeB (110) characteristic peak at 44°. However, the low-frequency alternative-current magnetic susceptibility (χac) and saturation magnetization (MS) increased with the increase of thickness. CoFeBY thin films had the highest χac and MS after annealing at 300 °C compared to that at other temperatures. After annealing at 300 °C, the surface energy of CoFeBY film is the maximum at 50 nm. Higher surface energy indicated stronger adhesion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Jen Liu
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung 840, Taiwan;
| | - Yung-Huang Chang
- Bachelor Program in Industrial Technology, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan;
| | - Yuan-Tsung Chen
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (T.-H.W.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: + 886-5-534-2601
| | - Yi-Chen Chiang
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (T.-H.W.)
| | - Yu-Chi Liu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (T.-H.W.)
| | - Te-Ho Wu
- Graduate School of Materials Science, National Yunlin University of Science and Technology, 123 University Road, Section 3, Douliou, Yunlin 64002, Taiwan; (Y.-C.C.); (Y.-C.L.); (T.-H.W.)
| | - Po-Wei Chi
- Institute of Physics, Academia Sinica, Nankang, Taipei 11529, Taiwan;
| |
Collapse
|