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Röver C, Rindskopf D, Friede T. How trace plots help interpret meta-analysis results. Res Synth Methods 2024; 15:413-429. [PMID: 38100240 DOI: 10.1002/jrsm.1693] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 11/30/2023] [Accepted: 12/04/2023] [Indexed: 04/26/2024]
Abstract
The trace plot is seldom used in meta-analysis, yet it is a very informative plot. In this article, we define and illustrate what the trace plot is, and discuss why it is important. The Bayesian version of the plot combines the posterior density of τ , the between-study standard deviation, and the shrunken estimates of the study effects as a function of τ . With a small or moderate number of studies, τ is not estimated with much precision, and parameter estimates and shrunken study effect estimates can vary widely depending on the correct value of τ . The trace plot allows visualization of the sensitivity to τ along with a plot that shows which values of τ are plausible and which are implausible. A comparable frequentist or empirical Bayes version provides similar results. The concepts are illustrated using examples in meta-analysis and meta-regression; implementation in R is facilitated in a Bayesian or frequentist framework using the bayesmeta and metafor packages, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Röver
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
| | - David Rindskopf
- Graduate School and University Center, City University of New York, New York, New York, USA
| | - Tim Friede
- Department of Medical Statistics, University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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2
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Daneshvar A, Golalizadeh M. Quantile regression shrinkage and selection via the Lqsso. J Biopharm Stat 2024; 34:297-322. [PMID: 37032487 DOI: 10.1080/10543406.2023.2198593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 03/29/2023] [Indexed: 04/11/2023]
Abstract
Quantile regression has recently received a considerable attention due to its remarkable development in enriching the variety of regression models. Many efforts have been made to blend different penalty and loss function to extend or develop novel regression models that are unique from different perspectives. Bearing in mind that the lasso quantile regression model ignores the randomness of the realizations in the penalty part, we propose a new penalty for the quantile regression models. Similar to the adaptive lasso quantile regression model, the proposed model simultaneously does estimation and variable selection tasks. We call the new model 'lqsso-QR', standing for the least quantile shrinkage and selection operator quantile regression. In this article, we present a sufficient and necessary condition for the variable selection of the lasso quantile regression to enjoy the consistent property. We show that the lqsso-QR follows oracle properties under some mild conditions. From computational perspective, we apply an efficient algorithm, originally developed for the lasso quantile regression. Using simulation studies, we elaborate on the superiority of the proposed model compared with other lasso-type penalties, especially regarding relative prediction error. Also, an application of our method to a real-life data; the rat eye data, is reported.
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Kim H, Noh H. Signal Amplification by Spatial Concentration for Immunoassay on Cellulose Media. Small 2024; 20:e2307556. [PMID: 38012537 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202307556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2023] [Revised: 11/13/2023] [Indexed: 11/29/2023]
Abstract
Immunoassay is one of the most common bioanalytical techniques from lab-based to point-of-care settings. Over time, various approaches have been developed to amplify signals for greater sensitivity. However, the need for effective, versatile, and simple signal amplification methods persists yet. This paper presents a novel signal amplification method for immunoassay that utilizes spatial concentration of a cellulose-based plate possessing sensor transducers, specifically gold nanoparticles. By modifying the dimensions of the plate, the density of nanoparticles increased, resulting in intensified color signals. The coating material, polydopamine, which is utilized to protect the gold nanoparticles. Chemical changes in nanocomposites are characterized using scanning electron microscopy, Raman spectroscopy, Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and scanning electron microscopy. The application of this method to colorimetric quantification demonstrated great consistency across various concentrations of nanoparticles, with better reliability at lower concentration ranges. A model immunoassay is designed to evaluate the analytical performance. As a result, this method successfully corrected a false-negative result with a lowered Kd of 0.509 pmol per zone. This method shows strong signal enhancement capability that can correct false-negative signals in the immunoassays, with potential benefits including versatility, simplicity, low cost, and the ability to operate multiple plates simultaneously.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeokjung Kim
- Department of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
| | - Hyeran Noh
- Department of Optometry, Seoul National University of Science and Technology, Seoul, 01811, South Korea
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Chen YC, Lee WH, Cheng TW, Li YF. A Study on the Shrinkage and Compressive Strength of GGBFS and Metakaolin Base Geopolymer under Different NaOH Concentrations. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:1181. [PMID: 38473652 DOI: 10.3390/ma17051181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2024] [Revised: 02/28/2024] [Accepted: 02/29/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024]
Abstract
Geopolymers (GPs) are gaining prominence due to their low carbon emissions and sustainable attributes. However, one challenge with GPs, particularly those made with ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBFS), is their significant shrinkage during the geopolymerization process, limiting its practical applicability. This study focuses on how the substitution ratio of metakaolin (MK) and the concentration of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) in the activator can influence the shrinkage and strength of a GGBFS-based GP. The experimental approach employed a 3 × 3 parameter matrix, which varied MK substitution ratios (0%, 50%, and 100%) and adjusted the NaOH concentration (6 M, 10 M, and 14 M). The results revealed that increasing MK substitution, particularly with 6 M NaOH activation, reduced the GP shrinkage but also diminished compressive strength, requiring higher NaOH concentrations for strength improvement. Statistical tools, including analysis of variance (ANOVA) and second-order response surface methodology (RSM), were employed for analysis. ANOVA results indicated the significant impacts of both the MK content and NaOH concentration on compressive strength, with no observable interaction. However, the shrinkage exhibited a clear interaction between MK content and NaOH concentration. The RSM model accurately predicted compressive strength and shrinkage, demonstrating a high predictive accuracy, for which the coefficients of determination (R2) were 0.99 and 0.98, respectively. The model provides a reliable method for determining the necessary compressive strength and shrinkage for GGBFS-based GP based on MK substitution and NaOH concentration. Within the optimization range, the RSM model compared with experimental results showed a 6.04% error in compressive strength and 0.77% error in shrinkage for one interpolated parameter set. This study establishes an optimized parameter range ensuring a GP performance that is comparable to or surpassing OPC, with a parameter set achieving a compressive strength of 34.9 MPa and shrinkage of 0.287% at 28 days.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yen-Chun Chen
- Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Wei-Hao Lee
- Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Ta-Wui Cheng
- Institute of Mineral Resources Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
| | - Yeou-Fong Li
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Taipei University of Technology, Taipei 10608, Taiwan
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van Zwet EW, Tian L, Tibshirani R. Evaluating a shrinkage estimator for the treatment effect in clinical trials. Stat Med 2024; 43:855-868. [PMID: 38111969 DOI: 10.1002/sim.9992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2023] [Revised: 11/21/2023] [Accepted: 12/03/2023] [Indexed: 12/20/2023]
Abstract
The main objective of most clinical trials is to estimate the effect of some treatment compared to a control condition. We define the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) as the ratio of the true treatment effect to the SE of its estimate. In a previous publication in this journal, we estimated the distribution of the SNR among the clinical trials in the Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews (CDSR). We found that the SNR is often low, which implies that the power against the true effect is also low in many trials. Here we use the fact that the CDSR is a collection of meta-analyses to quantitatively assess the consequences. Among trials that have reached statistical significance we find considerable overoptimism of the usual unbiased estimator and under-coverage of the associated confidence interval. Previously, we have proposed a novel shrinkage estimator to address this "winner's curse." We compare the performance of our shrinkage estimator to the usual unbiased estimator in terms of the root mean squared error, the coverage and the bias of the magnitude. We find superior performance of the shrinkage estimator both conditionally and unconditionally on statistical significance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik W van Zwet
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Lu Tian
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Robert Tibshirani
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, California, USA
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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Ling L, Chen Y, Malyala R. Assessment of Degree of Conversion and Volumetric Shrinkage of Novel Self-Adhesive Cement. Polymers (Basel) 2024; 16:581. [PMID: 38475265 DOI: 10.3390/polym16050581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2024] [Revised: 02/10/2024] [Accepted: 02/17/2024] [Indexed: 03/14/2024] Open
Abstract
The degree of monomer conversion and polymerization shrinkage are two of the main reasons for potential adhesion failure between the tooth structure and the restoration substrate. To evaluate the degree of conversion and polymerization shrinkage of a newly developed self-adhesive resin cement, the degree of conversion (DC) was measured using FTIR under different activation modes, temperatures, and times. Volumetric shrinkage was tested using the AcuVol video imaging method. The experimental cement showed a higher DC than other cements under self-curing. The DC of the experimental cement was higher than that of other cements, except SpeedCem Plus under light curing. The experimental cement had a higher DC than other cements, except SpeedCem Plus in some conditions under dual curing. All self-adhesive cements had a higher DC at 37 °C than at 23 °C under self-curing, and there was no statistical difference between 23 °C and 37 °C under light curing. All self-adhesive cements showed a significantly higher DC at 10 min than at 5 min under self-curing. There was no statistical difference between 5 min and 10 min for most cements under dual curing. All self-adhesive cements statistically had the same volumetric shrinkage under light curing and self-curing. The newly developed self-adhesive resin cement exhibited a higher degree of conversion and similar volumetric shrinkage compared to these commercial self-adhesive resin cements.
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Affiliation(s)
- Long Ling
- Glidewell Dental, Irvine, CA 92612, USA
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Yang F, Yang Y, Chen S, Jin C, Jiang J, Liu T, Lv F, Yang C, Lu Z, Li J. Shrinkage Reduction in Nanopore-Rich Cement Paste Based on Facile Organic Modification of Montmorillonite. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:922. [PMID: 38399172 PMCID: PMC10890156 DOI: 10.3390/ma17040922] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2024] [Revised: 01/29/2024] [Accepted: 02/04/2024] [Indexed: 02/25/2024]
Abstract
The organic modification of montmorillonite was successfully achieved using cetyltrimethyl ammonium bromide under facile conditions. The modified montmorillonite was subsequently used for the fabrication of montmorillonite-induced nanopore-rich cement paste (MNCP), and the shrinkage behavior and fundamental performance of MNCP were also investigated. The results indicate that alkali cations on a montmorillonite layer surface were exchanged by using CTAB under 80 °C, successfully achieving the organic modification of montmorillonite. As a pore-forming agent, the modified montmorillonite caused a reduction in shrinkage: the 28-day autogenous shrinkage at a design density of 400 kg/m3 and 800 kg/m3 was reduced to 2.05 mm/m and 0.24 mm/m, and the highest reduction percentages during the 28-day drying shrinkage were 68.1% and 62.2%, respectively. The enlarged interlamellar pores and hydrophobic effects caused by the organic modification of montmorillonite aided this process. Organic-modified montmorillonite had a minor influence on dry density and thermal conductivity and could contribute to an enhancement of strength in MNCP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyuan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Ying Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Shaoyou Chen
- Ningbo Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Ningbo 345040, China; (S.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Chao Jin
- Ningbo Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Ningbo 345040, China; (S.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Jun Jiang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Tie Liu
- Ningbo Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Ningbo 345040, China; (S.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Fei Lv
- Ningbo Construction Engineering Group Co., Ltd., Ningbo 345040, China; (S.C.); (C.J.)
| | - Chenxi Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Zhongyuan Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.)
| | - Jun Li
- State Key Laboratory of Environmentally Friendly Energy Materials, School of Materials and Chemistry, Southwest University of Science and Technology, Mianyang 621010, China; (F.Y.); (Y.Y.)
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Wang L, Li Q, Hu Y, Cui T, Li R. Shrinkage and Cracking Properties of Cellulose Fiber-Concrete Composites for 3D Printing by Leveraging Internal Curing. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2024; 11:50-59. [PMID: 38389692 PMCID: PMC10880664 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Compared with conventional formwork casting materials, 3D printed concrete (3DPC) is characterized by large amounts of cementitious materials, a low aggregate-binder ratio, and a large water evaporation area, which make the printed materials and structures highly prone to plastic shrinkage and cracking. In this study, cellulose fibers were incorporated into concrete to improve its moisture distribution and increase its early-age strength. The effects of both dry and prewet cellulose fibers on properties of 3DPC were experimentally investigated. To ensure consistency in the amounts of dry fibers used, 0.5-2% dry cellulose fibers and 1-4% prewet cellulose fibers were adopted. The effects of the added cellulose fibers on printability, mechanical strength, shrinkage, and cracking performance of the 3DPC were experimentally studied. Particularly, a constraint method was developed to access the cracking behavior of 3DPC. Favorable shrinkage resistance was achieved, and the 120-day shrinkage decreased by 17.9% and 23.3% by addition of 2% dry fibers and 4% prewet fibers, respectively. Cracking was eliminated with addition of 4% prewet fibers, without influencing the printability and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Yaobai Special Cement Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Tianlong Cui
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Li
- Yaobai Special Cement Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
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Oyinloye TM, Yoon WB. Analysis of Mass Transfer and Shrinkage Characteristics of Chinese Cabbage (Brassica rapa L. ssp. pekinensis) Leaves during Osmotic Dehydration. Foods 2024; 13:332. [PMID: 38275699 PMCID: PMC10815306 DOI: 10.3390/foods13020332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/25/2023] [Revised: 01/16/2024] [Accepted: 01/18/2024] [Indexed: 01/27/2024] Open
Abstract
The mass transfer and shrinkage characteristics of Chinese cabbage (CC) during osmotic dehydration (OD) were investigated. The leaves were grouped into four sections and analyzed based on their morphological characteristics (i.e., maturity, width, and thickness). The sections were immersed in 2.0 mol/m3 NaCl for 120 h at 25 ± 2 °C. The diffusion coefficient (D) of the leaf blade was not significantly different with respect to the sections that were formed, but it was significantly different in the midrib in the increasing order of P1, P4, P3, and P2, with values of 1.12, 1.61, 1.84, and 2.06 (× 10-6), respectively, after a 1 h soaking period due to the different characteristics in morphology and structure, such as porosity (0.31, 0.41, 0.42, and 0.38 for positions 1, 2, 3, and 4, respectively) and fiber contents. Numerical simulation (NS) for CC was conducted with and without the consideration of shrinkage during OD. The shrinkage effect on the NaCl uptake analyzed using NS indicated no significant difference between 0 to 48 h for both models. However, changes in the NaCl concentration were observed from 48 h onwards, with a lesser concentration in the model with shrinkage for all sections. The difference in NaCl concentration for the models with and without shrinkage was within the standard error range (±0.2 mol/m3) observed during experimental analysis. This implies that the shrinkage effect can be overlooked during the modeling of CC to reduce computational power.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timilehin Martins Oyinloye
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
- Elder-Friendly Research Center, Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
| | - Won Byong Yoon
- Department of Food Science and Biotechnology, College of Agriculture and Life Sciences, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea;
- Elder-Friendly Research Center, Agriculture and Life Science Research Institute, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon 24341, Republic of Korea
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Eiduks TV, Drunka R, Abramovskis V, Zalite I, Gavrilovs P, Baronins J, Lapkovskis V. Study of Lightweight Ceramic Matrix-Less Syntactic Foam Composed of Cenosphere Using Spark Plasma Sintering. Materials (Basel) 2024; 17:450. [PMID: 38255618 PMCID: PMC10820978 DOI: 10.3390/ma17020450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2023] [Revised: 12/29/2023] [Accepted: 01/04/2024] [Indexed: 01/24/2024]
Abstract
The current investigation presents porous ceramic materials prepared with cenospheres (CS) by using spark plasma sintering. The impact of sintering temperature, mould diameter (20, 30 and 50 mm) and cenosphere size on the properties of the sintered material was investigated. Shrinkage of the samples during sintering started at 900 °C. Total sample shrinkage during sintering increases with increasing temperature and decreases with increasing mould size; increasing sample sintering temperature increases the apparent density of all sample series CS 63-150 µm in a 20 mm mould from 0.97 to 2.3 g·cm-3 at 1050-1300 °C; in a 30 mm mould, 0.81-1.87 g·cm-3 at 1050-1200 °C; in 50 mm mould, 0.54-0.75 g·cm-3 at 1050-1150 °C; while CS 150-250 µm in a 20 mm mould is 0.93-1.96 g·cm-3 at 1050-1200 °C. Total porosity decreases from 61.5% to 3.9% by increasing sintering temperature from 1050 to 1250 °C, while open porosity reduces at lower temperatures, with closed porosity being highest in samples sintered at 1150 °C. When the sintering temperature increases from 1050 to 1300 °C, the compressive strength of the CS 63-150 samples produced in a 20 mm mould increases from 11 MPa to 312 MPa. These results correlate with the Rice model, which describes an exponential dependence of compressive strength on material porosity and fully dense material compressive strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toms Valdemars Eiduks
- Institute of Materials and Surface Technologies, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena str. 7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (T.V.E.); (R.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Reinis Drunka
- Institute of Materials and Surface Technologies, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena str. 7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (T.V.E.); (R.D.); (I.Z.)
| | - Vitalijs Abramovskis
- Laboratory of Ecological Solutions and Sustainable Development of Materials, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Street 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.A.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Ilmars Zalite
- Institute of Materials and Surface Technologies, Riga Technical University, P. Valdena str. 7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (T.V.E.); (R.D.); (I.Z.)
- Laboratory of Ecological Solutions and Sustainable Development of Materials, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Street 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.A.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Pavels Gavrilovs
- Laboratory of Ecological Solutions and Sustainable Development of Materials, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Street 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.A.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
- Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Street 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia
| | - Janis Baronins
- Laboratory of Ecological Solutions and Sustainable Development of Materials, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Street 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.A.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
| | - Vjaceslavs Lapkovskis
- Laboratory of Ecological Solutions and Sustainable Development of Materials, Institute of General Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Materials Science and Applied Chemistry, Riga Technical University, Paula Valdena Street 3/7, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia; (V.A.); (P.G.); (J.B.)
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Grant AJ, Burgess S. A Bayesian approach to Mendelian randomization using summary statistics in the univariable and multivariable settings with correlated pleiotropy. Am J Hum Genet 2024; 111:165-180. [PMID: 38181732 PMCID: PMC10806746 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2023.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2023] [Revised: 12/01/2023] [Accepted: 12/01/2023] [Indexed: 01/07/2024] Open
Abstract
Mendelian randomization uses genetic variants as instrumental variables to make causal inferences on the effect of an exposure on an outcome. Due to the recent abundance of high-powered genome-wide association studies, many putative causal exposures of interest have large numbers of independent genetic variants with which they associate, each representing a potential instrument for use in a Mendelian randomization analysis. Such polygenic analyses increase the power of the study design to detect causal effects; however, they also increase the potential for bias due to instrument invalidity. Recent attention has been given to dealing with bias caused by correlated pleiotropy, which results from violation of the "instrument strength independent of direct effect" assumption. Although methods have been proposed that can account for this bias, a number of restrictive conditions remain in many commonly used techniques. In this paper, we propose a Bayesian framework for Mendelian randomization that provides valid causal inference under very general settings. We propose the methods MR-Horse and MVMR-Horse, which can be performed without access to individual-level data, using only summary statistics of the type commonly published by genome-wide association studies, and can account for both correlated and uncorrelated pleiotropy. In simulation studies, we show that the approach retains type I error rates below nominal levels even in high-pleiotropy scenarios. We demonstrate the proposed approaches in applied examples in both univariable and multivariable settings, some with very weak instruments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew J Grant
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia.
| | - Stephen Burgess
- MRC Biostatistics Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK; Cardiovascular Epidemiology Unit, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Akiyama R, Ishii A, Kikuchi T, Okawa M, Yamao Y, Abekura Y, Ono I, Sasaki N, Tsuji H, Matsukawa S, Miyamoto S. Predictors of aneurysm shrinkage after flow diversion treatment for internal carotid artery aneurysms: quantitative volume analysis with MRI. Front Neurol 2023; 14:1266460. [PMID: 38187156 PMCID: PMC10768176 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2023.1266460] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 12/08/2023] [Indexed: 01/09/2024] Open
Abstract
Background and purpose Although aneurysm shrinkage often occurs after flow diversion treatment for intracranial aneurysms, no reports have addressed the factors associated with aneurysm shrinkage. Materials and methods This retrospective single-center study was performed to examine patients with unruptured internal carotid artery aneurysms who were treated using flow diversion and followed up by imaging for at least 12 months. The study outcome was aneurysm shrinkage (volume reduction of ≥10%) 12 months after treatment. Aneurysm volume was quantitatively assessed using the MRIcroGL software. Patient and aneurysm characteristics were statistically analyzed. Results This study involved 81 patients with 88 aneurysms. At the 6 months, 12 months, and last follow-ups, the proportion of aneurysms that had shrunk was 50, 64, and 65%, respectively. No adjunctive coiling (odds ratio, 56.7; 95% confidence interval, 7.03-457.21; p < 0.001) and aneurysm occlusion (odds ratio, 90.7; 95% confidence interval, 8.32-988.66; p < 0.001) were significantly associated with aneurysm shrinkage. In patients treated by flow diversion with adjunctive coiling, only the volume embolization rate was a factor significantly associated with aneurysm shrinkage (p < 0.001). Its cutoff value was 15.5% according to the receiver operating characteristic curve analysis (area under the curve, 0.87; sensitivity, 0.87; specificity, 0.83). Conclusion The rate of aneurysm shrinkage after flow diversion increased during the first 12 months after treatment, but not thereafter. No adjunctive coiling and aneurysm occlusion were predictors of aneurysm shrinkage, respectively. If adjunctive coiling is required, a volume embolization rate of ≤15.5% may be suggested for aneurysm regression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Akiyama
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Akira Ishii
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Takayuki Kikuchi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Masakazu Okawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yukihiro Yamao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Yu Abekura
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Isao Ono
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hikone Municipal Hospital, Hikone, Japan
| | - Natsuhi Sasaki
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Tsuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - So Matsukawa
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Susumu Miyamoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Kyoto University Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto, Japan
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13
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Czech Z, Bartkowiak M, Krystofiak T. Effect of Residue Acrylic Monomers in Synthesized Solvent-Free Photoreactive Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives on the Main Properties of Transfer Tapes Applied to Joining Wooden Elements. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7563. [PMID: 38138705 PMCID: PMC10744897 DOI: 10.3390/ma16247563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2023] [Revised: 12/05/2023] [Accepted: 12/06/2023] [Indexed: 12/24/2023]
Abstract
This publication describes the influence of residue monomers in synthesized pressure-sensitive adhesives based on acrylics on their main properties-tack, peel adhesion, shear strength and shrinkage-in the form of transfer tapes used for joining wooden elements in the furniture industry. The discussed carrier-free adhesive tapes are synthesized via photo-crosslinking and photopolymerization with UV radiation of the photoreactive prepolymers sandwiched between two adhesive siliconized polyester films. The simultaneous crosslinking and polymerization processes carried out under UV lamps placed simultaneously above and below the crosslinked photoreactive polymer layer lead to the production of a carrier-free adhesive film. The preliminary target of these studies was to investigate how the intensity of UV radiation and the time of its exposure affect the viscosity of the photoreactive compositions and the content of unreacted monomers in them. Next, the influence of the crosslinking agent concentration and UV irradiation time on the content of unreacted monomers after the crosslinking process was tested. The last step of the studies was the investigation of the influence of the residue monomer concentration on the application properties of the obtained pressure-sensitive adhesive layers. The typical PSA application properties were tested on the wood samples: tack, peel adhesion, shear strength (cohesion) and shrinkage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zbigniew Czech
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (Z.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Marcin Bartkowiak
- Department of Chemical Organic Technology and Polymeric Materials, Faculty of Chemical Technology and Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology in Szczecin, Piastów Ave. 42, 71-065 Szczecin, Poland; (Z.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Tomasz Krystofiak
- Department of Wood Science and Thermal Techniques, Faculty of Forestry and Wood Technology, Poznań University of Life Sciences, Wojska Polskiego 28, 60-637 Poznań, Poland
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14
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Rosenman ETR, Basse G, Owen AB, Baiocchi M. Combining observational and experimental datasets using shrinkage estimators. Biometrics 2023; 79:2961-2973. [PMID: 36629736 DOI: 10.1111/biom.13827] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2022] [Accepted: 01/04/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
We consider the problem of combining data from observational and experimental sources to draw causal conclusions. To derive combined estimators with desirable properties, we extend results from the Stein shrinkage literature. Our contributions are threefold. First, we propose a generic procedure for deriving shrinkage estimators in this setting, making use of a generalized unbiased risk estimate. Second, we develop two new estimators, prove finite sample conditions under which they have lower risk than an estimator using only experimental data, and show that each achieves a notion of asymptotic optimality. Third, we draw connections between our approach and results in sensitivity analysis, including proposing a method for evaluating the feasibility of our estimators.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evan T R Rosenman
- Harvard Data Science Initiative, Harvard University, Cambridge, Massachusetts, USA
| | | | - Art B Owen
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
| | - Mike Baiocchi
- Department of Statistics, Stanford University, Stanford, California, USA
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15
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Kręcisz M, Stępień B, Łyczko J, Kamiński P. The Influence of the Vacuum Impregnation, Beetroot Juice, and Various Drying Methods on Selected Properties of Courgette and Broccoli Snacks. Foods 2023; 12:4294. [PMID: 38231696 DOI: 10.3390/foods12234294] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2023] [Revised: 11/24/2023] [Accepted: 11/25/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024] Open
Abstract
The drying process is used in the food industry to extend the shelf life of fruits and vegetables without the use of preservatives. As quality, visual, and aroma characteristics are important determinants of consumer interest, they play a key role in the development of new foods. In the present study, vacuum impregnation (VI) was used prior to vacuum drying (VD) and freeze drying (FD) of courgette and broccoli. Organic beet juice was used to produce the novel snacks. The study showed that the use of vacuum impregnation significantly affected the VOCs profile (volatile organic compounds profile), in which the following compounds were found: viz: 2-(E)-hexen-1-ol, 2-(Z)-hexen-1-ol and aceto-phenone. VI caused a decrease in volumetric gel index (VGI), drying shrinkage (S), water activity (AW), decreased color saturation (∆C), and increased dry matter content (DM). All these properties testify to the positive effect of the pretreatment used. The drying methods used had a significant effect on the properties of the dried vegetables. The dries obtained by the FD method showed higher density and water activity, as well as better preserved color (lower ∆E) and higher VOCs, so it is considered that freeze drying is a suitable method for obtaining novel courgette and broccoli snacks.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Kręcisz
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Street 37a, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Bogdan Stępień
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Street 37a, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Jacek Łyczko
- Department of Food Chemistry and Biocatalysis, Wrocław University of Environmental and Life Sciences, 50-375 Wrocław, Poland
| | - Piotr Kamiński
- Institute of Agricultural Engineering, Wroclaw University of Environmental and Life Sciences, Chełmońskiego Street 37a, 51-630 Wrocław, Poland
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16
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Totah HS, Moujdin IA, Abulkhair HA, Albeirutty M. Influence of Inner Gas Curing Technique on the Development of Thermoplastic Nanocomposite Reinforcement. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7179. [PMID: 38005108 PMCID: PMC10672929 DOI: 10.3390/ma16227179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/29/2023] [Indexed: 11/26/2023]
Abstract
In this work, a comprehensive shrinkage and tensile strength characterization of unsaturated polyester (UPE-8340) and vinyl ester (VE-922) epoxy matrices and composites reinforced with multiwall carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) was conducted. The aspect ratio of UPE and VE with methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEKP) was kept at 1:16.6; however, the weight of the MWCNTs was varied from 0.03 to 0.3 gm for the doping of the reinforced nanocomposites. Using a dumbbell-shaped mold, samples of the epoxy matrix without MWCNTs and with reinforced UPE/MWCNT and VE/MWCNT nanocomposites were made. The samples were then cured in a typical ambient chamber with air and an inner gas (carbon dioxide). The effect of the MWCNTs on UPE- and VE-reinforced composites was studied by observing the curing kinetics, shrinkage, and tensile properties, as well as the surface free energy of each reinforced sample in confined saline water. The CO2 curing results reveal that the absence of O2 shows a significantly lower shrinkage rate and higher tensile strength and flexural modulus of UPE- and VE-reinforced nanocomposite samples compared with air-cured reinforced nanocomposites. The construction that was air- and CO2-cured produced results in the shape of a dumbbell, and a flawless surface was seen. The results also show that smaller quantities of MWCNTs made the UPET- and VE-reinforced nanocomposites more stable when they were absorbed and adsorbed in concentrated salt water. Perhaps, compared to air-cured nanocomposites, CO2-cured UPE and VE nanocomposites were better at reducing shrinkage, having important mechanical properties, absorbing water, and being resistant to seawater.
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Affiliation(s)
- Husam Saber Totah
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Iqbal Ahmed Moujdin
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Abdulelah Abulkhair
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muhammad Albeirutty
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
- Center of Excellence in Desalination Technology, King Abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 80200, Jeddah 21589, Saudi Arabia
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Brzyski P, Boris R. The Influence of Acid Casein on the Selected Properties of Lime-Metakaolin Mortars. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:7050. [PMID: 37959646 PMCID: PMC10649651 DOI: 10.3390/ma16217050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 11/03/2023] [Indexed: 11/15/2023]
Abstract
One of the ways to modify selected parameters of lime mortars is the use of biopolymers of animal origin, such as bone glue, skin glue, bovine blood, eggs, and casein. These are protein-based biopolymers. Casein is an example of an organic polymer produced from cow's milk. The aim of the work was to investigate the possibilities of improving selected properties of mortars based on hydrated lime and metakaolin. The mixture was modified with powdered technical casein in amounts of 0.5%, 1.5%, 1%, 1.5%, and 2% as a partial mass replacement for the binding mixture. Additionally, the influence of increasing the amount of water on the properties of the mortar with a casein admixture of 2% was checked. This study examined consistency, shrinkage, water absorption, capillary action, porosity, flexural, compressive strength, and Young's modulus. The admixture of casein influenced the properties of the mortar, but not in all cases, and it was possible to determine a clear trend related to the variable amount of casein. Strength properties deteriorated as the amount of casein increased. When air bubbles were introduced into the mortar after the casein was dissolved, the porosity increased as the amount of admixture increased. The moisture properties improved; namely, casein led to a reduction in water absorption and water absorption caused by capillary action. No relationship was observed between the amount of casein and the drying shrinkage. Increasing the amount of water in the mixture led to the expected effects, i.e., an increase in porosity, shrinkage, and water absorption, and a decrease in mechanical strength.
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Affiliation(s)
- Przemysław Brzyski
- Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, 40 Nadbystrzycka St., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
| | - Renata Boris
- Institute of Building Materials, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Vilnius Gediminas Technical University, 28 Linkmenu St., LT-08217 Vilnius, Lithuania;
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18
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Li K, Ma L, Gao Y, Zhang J, Li S. Characterizing a Cost-Effective Hydrogel-Based Transparent Soil. Gels 2023; 9:835. [PMID: 37888408 PMCID: PMC10606193 DOI: 10.3390/gels9100835] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Revised: 10/10/2023] [Accepted: 10/19/2023] [Indexed: 10/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Transparent soil (TS) was specifically designed to support root growth in the presence of air, water, and nutrients and allowed the time-resolved phenotyping of roots in vivo. Nevertheless, it is imperative to further optimize the reagent cost of TS to enable its wider utilization. We substituted the costly Phytagel obtained from Sigma with two more economical alternatives, namely Biodee and Coolaber. TS beads from each brand were prepared using 12 different polymer concentrations and seven distinct crosslinker concentrations. A comprehensive assessment encompassing transparency, mechanical characteristics, particle size, porosity, and stability of TS was undertaken. Compared to the Sigma Phytagel brand, both Biodee and Coolaber significantly reduced the transparency and collapse stress of the TS they produced. Consequently, this led to a significant reduction in the allowable width and height of the growth box, although they could still simultaneously exceed 20 cm and 19 cm. There was no notable difference in porosity and stability among the TS samples prepared using the three Phytagel brands. Therefore, it is feasible to consider replacing the Phytagel brand to reduce TS production costs. This study quantified the differences in TS produced using three Phytagel brands at different prices that will better promote the application of TS to root phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanghu Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.)
- Graduate School of Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Beijing 100081, China
| | - Lin Ma
- Key Laboratory of Colloid and Interface Chemistry, Shandong University, Ministry of Education, Jinan 250100, China;
| | - Yang Gao
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.)
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
| | - Jiyang Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.)
| | - Sen Li
- Key Laboratory of Crop Water Use and Regulation, Institute of Farmland Irrigation, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Xinxiang 453002, China; (K.L.); (Y.G.)
- Western Agricultural Research Center, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Changji 831100, China
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Bickendorf K, Qi F, Peirce K, Natalwala J, Chapple V, Liu Y. Spontaneous collapse as a prognostic marker for human blastocysts: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2023; 38:1891-1900. [PMID: 37581900 PMCID: PMC10546075 DOI: 10.1093/humrep/dead166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2023] [Revised: 08/01/2023] [Indexed: 08/16/2023] Open
Abstract
STUDY QUESTION Is spontaneous collapse (SC) by human blastocysts a prognostic factor in IVF treatment? SUMMARY ANSWER SC in human blastocyst is associated with reduced euploid embryo and pregnancy rates. WHAT IS KNOWN ALREADY SC of the human blastocyst is a phenomenon that was revealed relatively recently following the clinical application of time-lapse monitoring in IVF laboratories. The ploidy and clinical prognosis of affected blastocysts are still poorly understood, with inconsistent reports. Systematic reviews and meta-analyses on this topic are currently absent in the literature but its potential as a marker of embryo viability holds great clinical value. In this study, we aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential of SC as a prognostic factor in regard to ploidy status, and pregnancy, live birth and miscarriage rates. STUDY DESIGN, SIZE, DURATION A systematic review and meta-analysis were performed according to PRISMA guidelines, with a protocol registered with PROSPERO (CRD42022373749). A search of MEDLINE, EMBASE, and the Cochrane Library for relevant studies was carried out on 10 October 2022, using key words relevant to 'blastocyst collapse' and 'time-lapse imaging'. PARTICIPANTS/MATERIALS, SETTING, METHODS Two independent reviewers systematically screened and evaluated each study in terms of participants, exposure, comparator, and outcomes (PECO). The Quality In Prognosis Studies tool was used for quality assessment. Data were extracted according to Cochrane methods. Pregnancy, live birth, ploidy, or miscarriage data were summarized by risk ratios (RRs) or odds ratios and their 95% CIs. All meta-analyses were performed with random-effects models. MAIN RESULTS AND THE ROLE OF CHANCE Following removal of duplicates, a total of 196 records were identified by the initial search. After screening according to PECO, 19 articles were included for further eligibility assessment. For meta-analysis, seven retrospective cohort studies were eventually included. After data pooling, the incidence of blastocyst SC was 37.0% (2516/6801) among seven studies (ranging from 17.4% to 56.2%). SC was associated with significantly lower clinical pregnancy rates (two studies, n = 736; RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.62-0.95; I2 = 30%), ongoing pregnancy rates (five studies, n = 2503; RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53-0.83; I2 = 60%), and reduced euploidy rates (three studies, n = 3569; RR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.59-0.83; I2 = 69%). Nevertheless, live birth rates (two studies, n = 816; RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.55-1.04; I2 = 56%) and miscarriage rate (four studies, n = 1358; RR = 1.31, 95% CI = 0.95-1.80; I2 = 0%) did not differ between blastocysts with or without SC. There was, however, significant heterogeneity between the studies included for evaluation of ongoing pregnancy rates (I2 = 60%, P = 0.04), live birth rates (I2 = 56%, P = 0.13), and ploidy rates (I2 = 69%, P = 0.04). Subgroup analyses were conducted according to different definitions of SC, number of collapse events, and whether the transferred blastocyst had undergone preimplantation genetic testing for aneuploidy; with inconclusive findings across subgroups. LIMITATIONS, REASONS FOR CAUTION All studies in the meta-analysis were retrospective with varying levels of heterogeneity for different outcomes. Not all studies had accounted for potential confounding factors, therefore only unadjusted data could be used in the main meta-analysis. Studies employed slightly different strategies when defining blastocyst SC. Standardization in the definition for SC is needed to improve comparability between future studies. WIDER IMPLICATIONS OF THE FINDINGS Our results indicate that blastocyst SC has negative implications for a pregnancy. Such blastocysts should be given a low ranking when selecting from a cohort for intrauterine transfer. Blastocyst SC should be considered as a contributing variable when building blastocyst algorithms to predict pregnancy or live birth. STUDY FUNDING/COMPETING INTEREST(S) There is no external funding to report. All authors report no conflict of interest. REGISTRATION NUMBER PROSPERO 2022 CRD42022373749.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fang Qi
- Systematic Review Solutions Ltd, Shanghai, China
| | - Kelli Peirce
- Fertility North, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | - Jay Natalwala
- Fertility North, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
| | | | - Yanhe Liu
- Fertility North, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Medical and Health Sciences, Edith Cowan University, Joondalup, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Human Sciences, University of Western Australia, Crawley, Western Australia, Australia
- School of Health Sciences and Medicine, Bond University, Robina, Queensland, Australia
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20
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Arora P, Mostafa KG, Russell E, Dehgahi S, Butt SU, Talamona D, Qureshi AJ. Shrinkage Compensation and Effect of Building Orientation on Mechanical Properties of Ceramic Stereolithography Parts. Polymers (Basel) 2023; 15:3877. [PMID: 37835926 PMCID: PMC10575243 DOI: 10.3390/polym15193877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2023] [Revised: 08/31/2023] [Accepted: 09/05/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Stereolithography additive manufacturing (SLA-AM) can be used to produce ceramic structures by selectively curing a photosensitive resin that has ceramic powder in it. The photosensitive resin acts as a ceramic powder binder, which is burned, and the remaining ceramic part is sintered during post-processing using a temperature-time-controlled furnace. Due to this process, the ceramic part shrinks and becomes porous. Moreover, additive manufacturing leads to the orthotropic behavior of the manufactured parts. This article studies the effect of the manufacturing orientation of ceramic parts produced via SLA-AM on dimensional accuracy. Scaled CAD models were created by including the calculated shrinkage factor. The dimensions of the final sintered specimens were very close to the desired dimensions. As sintering induces porosity and reduces the mechanical strength, in this study, the effect of orientation on strength was investigated, and it was concluded that the on-edge specimen possessed by far the highest strength in terms of both compression and tension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Piyush Arora
- Additive Design and Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (P.A.); (K.G.M.); (S.D.); (S.U.B.); (A.J.Q.)
| | - Khaled G. Mostafa
- Additive Design and Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (P.A.); (K.G.M.); (S.D.); (S.U.B.); (A.J.Q.)
| | - Emmanuel Russell
- Fraunhofer Institute of Production Technology IPT, RWTH Aachen, 52062 Aachen, Germany;
| | - Shirin Dehgahi
- Additive Design and Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (P.A.); (K.G.M.); (S.D.); (S.U.B.); (A.J.Q.)
| | - Sajid Ullah Butt
- Additive Design and Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (P.A.); (K.G.M.); (S.D.); (S.U.B.); (A.J.Q.)
- Department of Mechanical Engineering (CEME), National University of Sciences and Technology (NUST), Islamabad 46000, Pakistan
| | - Didier Talamona
- School of Engineering and Digital Sciences, Nazarbayev University, Astana 010000, Kazakhstan
| | - Ahmed Jawad Qureshi
- Additive Design and Manufacturing Systems Laboratory, Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Alberta, Edmonton, AB T6G 2R3, Canada; (P.A.); (K.G.M.); (S.D.); (S.U.B.); (A.J.Q.)
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Chen HJ, Kuo CC, Tang CW. Evaluation of the Superiority of Lightweight-Aggregate-Concrete Prestressed Box Girders in Terms of Durability and Prestress Loss. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:6360. [PMID: 37834495 PMCID: PMC10573278 DOI: 10.3390/ma16196360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/01/2023] [Revised: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 10/15/2023]
Abstract
This case study aimed to compare the differences in the durability and prestress loss between normal-weight-concrete (NC) and lightweight-aggregate-concrete (LWC) prestressed box girders, which were constructed at the same time in the same area, so as to verify the superiority of using synthetic lightweight aggregate (LWA) made from reservoir sediments in prestressed bridges. For the NCs and LWCs used in the prestressed box girders, the basic mechanical properties (compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, and elastic modulus) were tested, as well as the durability properties (chloride ion penetration resistance and rapid chloride permeability). Then, through the prestress-monitoring system, the prestress losses of the two groups of prestressed box girders were tracked. The results of the durability test confirmed that LWC can inhibit the penetration of air, water, and chloride ions by strengthening the interfacial transition zone between the aggregate and the cement paste, thereby improving its durability. Moreover, the magnetic-flux prestress loss of the NC prestressed box girder reached 8.1%. In contrast, the magnetic-flux prestress losses on both sides of the LWC prestressed box girder were 4.6% and 4.9%, respectively. This verified that, under the same environmental conditions, the use of LWC produced less of a prestress loss than the use of NC.
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Affiliation(s)
- How-Ji Chen
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Cheng-Chang Kuo
- Department of Civil Engineering, National Chung-Hsing University, 145 Xingda Road, South District, Taichung City 40227, Taiwan; (H.-J.C.); (C.-C.K.)
| | - Chao-Wei Tang
- Department of Civil Engineering and Geomatics, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840 Chengching Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
- Center for Environmental Toxin and Emerging-Contaminant Research, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840 Chengching Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
- Super Micro Mass Research and Technology Center, Cheng Shiu University, No. 840 Chengching Road, Niaosong District, Kaohsiung 83347, Taiwan
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22
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Macedo LL, Corrêa JLG, Araújo CDS, Oliveira DDS, Teixeira LJQ. Use of coconut sugar as an alternative agent in osmotic dehydration of strawberries. J Food Sci 2023; 88:3786-3806. [PMID: 37493271 DOI: 10.1111/1750-3841.16715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 06/22/2023] [Accepted: 07/06/2023] [Indexed: 07/27/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to evaluate coconut sugar (CS) as an alternative osmotic agent to sucrose for the osmotic dehydration (OD) of strawberries. OD was performed by immersing strawberries cut into 13.6 ± 0.4 mm edge cubes in osmotic solutions of CS or sucrose, at two different concentrations (40% and 60%, w/w), with and without application of vacuum (AV) in the first 20 min of the process. The total OD time was 300 min. Evaluations of the kinetics of solid gain (SG), water loss (WL), and weight reduction (WR) were performed at 30, 60, 120, 180, 240, and 300 min. SG, WL, and WR increased over the OD time and showed values of up to 7.94%, 63.40%, and 55.94%, respectively. AV increased WL, WR, shrinkage, pH, and total color difference and decreased anthocyanin, ascorbic acid (AA), phenolic, and antioxidant contents. The higher concentration led to higher SG, WL, WR, shrinkage, hardness, and lower moisture content, water activity, anthocyanin, AA, phenolic, and antioxidant contents. The use of CS instead of sucrose had little influence on strawberry properties, except pH and color responses. The optimal treatment was using a 60% CS solution without AV, showing a very distinct color change, hardness increased by approximately 4.5 times and maintenance of acidity, anthocyanins, AA, total phenolics, and antioxidants of 38.0%, 39.6%, 11.8%, 30.0%, 31.1%, and 30.3%, respectively, compared to fresh strawberries. PRACTICAL APPLICATION: Osmotic dehydration of fruit is a process traditionally carried out using sucrose. However, increasing health concerns have made consumers seek alternative sugars to sucrose. The use of coconut sugar made it possible to produce osmo-dehydrated strawberries different from the traditional one, maintaining product quality and process efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Levate Macedo
- Department of Food Science, Federal University of Lavras, Lavras, Minas Gerais, Brazil
- Federal Institute of Espírito Santo, Venda Nova do Imigrante, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | | | - Cintia da Silva Araújo
- Department of Food Engineering, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
| | - Daniela da Silva Oliveira
- Department of Pharmacy and Nutrition, Federal University of Espírito Santo, Alegre, Espírito Santo, Brazil
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Rodacka M, Domagała L, Szydłowski R. Assessment of Properties of Structural Lightweight Concrete with Sintered Fly Ash Aggregate in Terms of Its Suitability for Use in Prestressed Members. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:5429. [PMID: 37570132 PMCID: PMC10419504 DOI: 10.3390/ma16155429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2023] [Revised: 07/27/2023] [Accepted: 07/28/2023] [Indexed: 08/13/2023]
Abstract
The main aim of the paper was to assess whether the lightweight concrete with a new type of sintered fly ash aggregate can be used as a structural material for post-tensioned elements subject to high effort. This purpose was achieved by comparison of the properties of lightweight aggregate concrete with Certyd aggregate (LWAC) and normal-weight concrete with dolomite aggregate (NWAC) of similar strength in terms of their suitability for use in prestressed members. Special emphasis was placed on long-term, relatively rarely performed tests of rheological properties such as shrinkage and creep. The research was conducted on standard specimens as well as on plain and post-tensioned beams of bigger scale, which could reflect better the behavior of the materials in a destined type of structural members. The carried out tests showed that, despite the expected lower density and modulus of elasticity, LWAC revealed comparable tensile strength and lower shrinkage and creep in the whole time of observations (ca 1.5 years) in comparison to NWAC. Moreover, the total loss of prestressing force for beams made of LWAC was slightly lower than for NWAC. Estimations of tensile strength and modulus of elasticity values according to the standard Eurocode EN-1992-1-1 for both concrete types turned out to be satisfactory. However, the rheological properties of the tested lightweight concrete seemed to be considerably overestimated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Małgorzata Rodacka
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Cracow University of Technology, 31-155 Cracow, Poland; (L.D.); (R.S.)
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24
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Almohaimeed A, Einbeck J. A Sequential Cross-Sectional Analysis Producing Robust Weekly COVID-19 Rates for South East Asian Countries. Viruses 2023; 15:1572. [PMID: 37515258 PMCID: PMC10385022 DOI: 10.3390/v15071572] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2023] [Revised: 07/14/2023] [Accepted: 07/16/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has expanded fast over the world, affecting millions of people and generating serious health, social, and economic consequences. All South East Asian countries have experienced the pandemic, with various degrees of intensity and response. As the pandemic progresses, it is important to track and analyse disease trends and patterns to guide public health policy and treatments. In this paper, we carry out a sequential cross-sectional study to produce reliable weekly COVID-19 death (out of cases) rates for South East Asian countries for the calendar years 2020, 2021, and 2022. The main objectives of this study are to characterise the trends and patterns of COVID-19 death rates in South East Asian countries through time, as well as compare COVID-19 rates among countries and regions in South East Asia. Our raw data are (daily) case and death counts acquired from "Our World in Data", which, however, for some countries and time periods, suffer from sparsity (zero or small counts), and therefore require a modelling approach where information is adaptively borrowed from the overall dataset where required. Therefore, a sequential cross-sectional design will be utilised, that will involve examining the data week by week, across all countries. Methodologically, this is achieved through a two-stage random effect shrinkage approach, with estimation facilitated by nonparametric maximum likelihood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Almohaimeed
- Department of Statistics and Operation Research, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51482, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jochen Einbeck
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 5JW, UK
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25
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Saghiri MA, Vakhnovetsky J, Vakhnovetsky A, Samadi E, Samadi F. Volume and power of expansion of novel polyurethane-based sealers. J Endod 2023:S0099-2399(23)00291-1. [PMID: 37276958 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2023.05.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2023] [Revised: 05/26/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Shrinkage and lack of interfacial adaptation between endodontic sealers and root canal walls may jeopardize the root canal treatment outcome. This study aimed to evaluate the volume and power of expansion (and the relationship between the two) of three novel root canal sealers (polyurethane expandable sealer (PES), zeolite + PES (ZPES), and elastomeric polyurethane sealer (EPS)) in comparison with an epoxy-resin based sealer (AH Plus) and a calcium silicate-based sealer (EndoSequence BC). METHODS This study utilized 36 cylinders (30 plastic graduated cylinders for volume of expansion and 6 steel cylinders for power of expansion) (4x10mm) filled with PES, ZPES, EPS, AH Plus, EndoSequence BC, or water (n=5/group). The plastic graduated cylinders were inserted inside a customized Linear Swell Meter (LSM) apparatus to measure the percentage of volumetric expansion. The steel cylinders were placed inside an LSM apparatus mounted onto a universal testing machine to measure the maximum pressure in psi. Specimens were tested for 72 hours for both volume and power of expansion tests. Data were analyzed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov, one-way ANOVA, Post Hoc Tukey, and Pearson correlation tests (p<0.05). RESULTS The volume of expansion of PES, ZPES, and EPS was significantly higher than in AH Plus and EndoSequence BC (p<0.05). For the power of expansion, no significant differences were found between the root-filling materials (p>0.05). No correlation was seen between the volume and power of expansion (p>0.05). CONCLUSION Although polyurethane-based sealers showed a significantly higher volume of expansion compared to AH Plus and EndoSequence BC, their power of expansion did not increase significantly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Ali Saghiri
- Director of Biomaterial and Prosthodontics Laboratory, Assistant Professor, Department of Restorative Dentistry, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA; Adjunct Assistant Professor, Department of Endodontics, University of the Pacific, Arthur A. Dugoni School of Dentistry, San Francisco, CA, USA.
| | - Julia Vakhnovetsky
- Clinical Researcher, Sector of Innovation in Dentistry, Dr. Hajar Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster (DHAL), Hackensack, NJ, USA; Clinical Researcher, Biomaterial and Prosthodontics Laboratory, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Anna Vakhnovetsky
- Clinical Researcher, Biomaterial and Prosthodontics Laboratory, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA; Pre-Med Student, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Elham Samadi
- Clinical Researcher, Sector of Innovation in Dentistry, Dr. Hajar Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster (DHAL), Hackensack, NJ, USA; Clinical Researcher, Biomaterial and Prosthodontics Laboratory, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
| | - Fatereh Samadi
- Clinical Researcher, Sector of Innovation in Dentistry, Dr. Hajar Afsar Lajevardi Research Cluster (DHAL), Hackensack, NJ, USA; Clinical Researcher, Biomaterial and Prosthodontics Laboratory, Rutgers School of Dental Medicine, Newark, NJ, USA
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26
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Leongito M, Palaia R, Casaretti R, Tatangelo F, Foschini F, Di Mauro A, Belli A, Albino V. Role of shrinkage in esophageal-gastric junction cancer. Clin Case Rep 2023; 11:e6982. [PMID: 37312927 PMCID: PMC10258958 DOI: 10.1002/ccr3.6982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 11/15/2022] [Accepted: 02/05/2023] [Indexed: 06/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The esophagus undergoes shrinkage after resection and fixation. The surgical in situ margin is greater than the specimen margin, measured by the pathologist. The length of disease-free margins is critical to therapeutic planning. We propose specimen fixing to avoid discrepancies between the operative finding and the pathological result.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maddalena Leongito
- Chirurgia oncologica gastro‐pancreaticaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – IRCCS – Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Raffaele Palaia
- Chirurgia oncologica gastro‐pancreaticaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – IRCCS – Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Rossana Casaretti
- OncologiaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – IRCCS – Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Fabiana Tatangelo
- Anatomia patologicaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – IRCCS – Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Francesca Foschini
- OncologiaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – IRCCS – Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Annabella Di Mauro
- Anatomia patologicaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – IRCCS – Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Andrea Belli
- Chirurgia oncologica gastro‐pancreaticaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – IRCCS – Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
| | - Vittorio Albino
- Chirurgia oncologica gastro‐pancreaticaIstituto Nazionale Tumori – IRCCS – Fondazione G. PascaleNapoliItaly
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27
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Schade T, Middendorf B. Prediction Model Based on DoE and FTIR Data to Control Fast Setting and Early Shrinkage of Alkaline-Activated Slag/Silica Fume Blended Cementitious Material. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:ma16114104. [PMID: 37297238 DOI: 10.3390/ma16114104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2023] [Revised: 05/28/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
This study aims to develop a material-saving performance prediction model for fast-hardening alkali-activated slag/silica fume blended pastes. The hydration process in the early stage and the microstructural properties after 24 h were analyzed using design of experiments (DoE). The experimental results show that the curing time and the FTIR wavenumber of the Si-O-T (T = Al, Si) bond in the band range of 900-1000 cm-1 after 24 h can be predicted accurately. In detailed investigations, low wavenumbers from FTIR analysis were found to correlate with reduced shrinkage. The activator exerts a quadratic and not a silica modulus-related conditioned linear influence on the performance properties. Consequently, the prediction model based on FTIR measurements proved to be suitable in evaluation tests for predicting the material properties of those binders in the building chemistry sector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Schade
- Department of Structural Materials and Construction Chemistry, University of Kassel, Moenchebergstr. 7, 34125 Kassel, Germany
- Deutscher Beton- und Bautechnik-Verein e.V., 10785 Berlin, Germany
| | - Bernhard Middendorf
- Department of Structural Materials and Construction Chemistry, University of Kassel, Moenchebergstr. 7, 34125 Kassel, Germany
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28
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Amaguaña M, Guamán L, Gómez NBY, Khorami M, Calvo M, Albuja-Sánchez J. Test Method for Studying the Shrinkage Effect under Controlled Environmental Conditions for Concrete Reinforced with Coconut Fibres. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:3247. [PMID: 37110083 PMCID: PMC10146234 DOI: 10.3390/ma16083247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2023] [Revised: 03/20/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/19/2023]
Abstract
This study proposes a novel test method and corresponding procedure to evaluate how coconut fibres affect crack propagation rates resulting from plastic shrinkage during the accelerated drying of concrete slabs. The experiment employed concrete plate specimens, which were used to simulate slab structural elements with a surface dimension notably greater than their thickness. These slabs were reinforced with coconut fibre with 0.5%, 0.75%, and 1% fibre content. A wind tunnel was designed to simulate two significant climate parameters (wind speed and air temperature), which could impact the cracking behaviour of surface elements. The proposed wind tunnel allowed air temperature to be controlled alongside wind speed while monitoring moisture loss and the cracking propagation process. During testing, a photographic recording method was used to evaluate cracking behaviour, with the total crack length serving as a parameter to assess the impact of fibre content on the crack propagation of slab surfaces. Additionally, crack depth was measured using ultrasound equipment. The results indicate that the proposed test method was appropriate for future research, allowing for the evaluation of the effect of natural fibres on the plastic shrinkage behaviour of surface elements under controlled environmental conditions. Based on initial studies and the results obtained through the proposed test method, concrete containing 0.75% fibre content exhibited significantly reduced crack propagation on slab surfaces, as well as a reduction in the crack depth caused by plastic shrinkage during the early age of the concrete.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary Amaguaña
- Departamento de Ingeniera Civil y Ambiental, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito 170143, Ecuador
| | - Leidy Guamán
- Departamento de Ingeniera Civil y Ambiental, Escuela Politécnica Nacional (EPN), Quito 170143, Ecuador
| | | | - Majid Khorami
- Architecture Department, Universidad Politécnica Salesiana (UPS), Quito 170525, Ecuador
| | - María Calvo
- Faculty of Engineering, Laboratory of Materials Resistance, Soil Mechanics, Pavements and Geotechnics, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170143, Ecuador
| | - Jorge Albuja-Sánchez
- Faculty of Engineering, Laboratory of Materials Resistance, Soil Mechanics, Pavements and Geotechnics, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170143, Ecuador
- International Faculty of Innovation PUCE-Icam, Pontificia Universidad Católica del Ecuador (PUCE), Quito 170143, Ecuador
- Department of Engineering, University of Ferrara, 44122 Ferrara, Italy
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29
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Zhu G, Raghavan GSV, Xu W, Pei Y, Li Z. Online Machine Vision-Based Modeling during Cantaloupe Microwave Drying Utilizing Extreme Learning Machine and Artificial Neural Network. Foods 2023; 12:foods12071372. [PMID: 37048192 PMCID: PMC10093650 DOI: 10.3390/foods12071372] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2023] [Revised: 03/21/2023] [Accepted: 03/22/2023] [Indexed: 04/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Online microwave drying process monitoring has been challenging due to the incompatibility of metal components with microwaves. This paper developed a microwave drying system based on online machine vision, which realized real-time extraction and measurement of images, weight, and temperature. An image-processing algorithm was developed to capture material shrinkage characteristics in real time. Constant-temperature microwave drying experiments were conducted, and the artificial neural network (ANN) and extreme learning machine (ELM) were utilized to model and predict the moisture content of materials during the drying process based on the degree of material shrinkage. The results demonstrated that the system and algorithm operated effectively, and ELM provided superior predictive performance and learning efficiency compared to ANN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guanyu Zhu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - G S V Raghavan
- Department of Bioresource Engineering, McGill University, 21111 Lakeshore Road, Sainte-Anne-de-Bellevue, QC H9X 3V9, Canada
| | - Wanxiu Xu
- Key Laboratory of Urban Rail Transit Intelligent Operation and Maintenance Technology and Equipment of Zhejiang Provincial, Zhejiang Normal University, Jinhua 321004, China
| | - Yongsheng Pei
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
| | - Zhenfeng Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Advanced Food Manufacturing Equipment and Technology, School of Mechanical Engineering, Jiangnan University, Wuxi 214122, China
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30
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Joudi-Sarighayeh F, Abbaspour-Gilandeh Y, Kaveh M, Szymanek M, Kulig R. Response Surface Methodology Approach for Predicting Convective/Infrared Drying, Quality, Bioactive and Vitamin C Characteristics of Pumpkin Slices. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36900631 DOI: 10.3390/foods12051114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2023] [Revised: 02/27/2023] [Accepted: 03/02/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023] Open
Abstract
In this research, a convective/infrared (CV/IR) dryer was used to dry pumpkin slices. For optimization of the drying conditions, the influence of three levels of independent variables including air temperature (40, 55, and 70 °C), air velocity (0.5, 1, and 1.5 m/s), and IR power (250, 500, and 750 W) were assessed by response surface method (RSM) through a face-centered central composite design. Analysis of variance (non-fitting factor and R2 value) was employed to determine the desirability of the model. Response surfaces and diagrams were also utilized to show the interactive influence of the independent variables with the response variables (drying time, energy consumption, shrinkage, total color variation, rehydration ratio, total phenol, antioxidant, and vitamin C contents). According to the results, optimal drying conditions involved a temperature of 70 °C, air velocity of 0.69 m/s, and IR power of 750 W. At the mentioned conditions, response variables of drying time, energy consumption, shrinkage, color, rehydration ratio, total phenol, antioxidant, and vitamin C contents were 72.53 min, 24.52 MJ/kg, 23%, 14.74, 4.97, 617.97 mg GA/100 g dw, 81.57%, and 4.02 mg/g dw, with a confidence level of 0.948, respectively.
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31
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Jordan P. On Reverse Shrinkage Effects and Shrinkage Overshoot. Psychometrika 2023; 88:274-301. [PMID: 35665449 PMCID: PMC9977901 DOI: 10.1007/s11336-022-09872-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2021] [Revised: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
Given a squared Euclidean norm penalty, we examine some less well-known properties of shrinkage estimates. In particular, we highlight that it is possible for some components of the shrinkage estimator to be placed further away from the prior mean than the original estimate. An analysis of this effect is provided within three different modeling settings-encompassing linear, logistic, and ordinal regression models. Additional simulations show that the outlined effect is not a mathematical artefact, but likely to occur in practice. As a byproduct, they also highlight the possibilities of sign reversals ("overshoots") for shrinkage estimates. We point out practical consequences and challenges, which might arise from the observed effects with special emphasis on psychometrics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pascal Jordan
- University of Hamburg, Von-Melle-Park 5, 20146, Hamburg, Germany.
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32
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Pate A, Riley RD, Collins GS, van Smeden M, Van Calster B, Ensor J, Martin GP. Minimum sample size for developing a multivariable prediction model using multinomial logistic regression. Stat Methods Med Res 2023; 32:555-571. [PMID: 36660777 PMCID: PMC10012398 DOI: 10.1177/09622802231151220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
Abstract
AIMS Multinomial logistic regression models allow one to predict the risk of a categorical outcome with > 2 categories. When developing such a model, researchers should ensure the number of participants (n ) is appropriate relative to the number of events (E k ) and the number of predictor parameters (p k ) for each category k. We propose three criteria to determine the minimum n required in light of existing criteria developed for binary outcomes. PROPOSED CRITERIA The first criterion aims to minimise the model overfitting. The second aims to minimise the difference between the observed and adjusted R 2 Nagelkerke. The third criterion aims to ensure the overall risk is estimated precisely. For criterion (i), we show the sample size must be based on the anticipated Cox-snell R 2 of distinct 'one-to-one' logistic regression models corresponding to the sub-models of the multinomial logistic regression, rather than on the overall Cox-snell R 2 of the multinomial logistic regression. EVALUATION OF CRITERIA We tested the performance of the proposed criteria (i) through a simulation study and found that it resulted in the desired level of overfitting. Criterion (ii) and (iii) were natural extensions from previously proposed criteria for binary outcomes and did not require evaluation through simulation. SUMMARY We illustrated how to implement the sample size criteria through a worked example considering the development of a multinomial risk prediction model for tumour type when presented with an ovarian mass. Code is provided for the simulation and worked example. We will embed our proposed criteria within the pmsampsize R library and Stata modules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Pate
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - Richard D Riley
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Gary S Collins
- Centre for Statistics in Medicine, Nuffield Department of Orthopaedics, Rheumatology and Musculoskeletal Sciences, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
- NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, UK
| | - Maarten van Smeden
- Julius Center for Health Sciences, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht University, Utrecht, Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ben Van Calster
- Department of Development and Regeneration, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
- Department of Biomedical Data Sciences, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
- EPI-center, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Joie Ensor
- Centre for Prognosis Research, School of Medicine, Keele University, Staffordshire, UK
| | - Glen P Martin
- Division of Informatics, Imaging and Data Science, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
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Bílek V, Kalina L, Dvořák R, Novotný R, Švec J, Másilko J, Šoukal F. Correlating Hydration of Alkali-Activated Slag Modified by Organic Additives to the Evolution of Its Properties. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1908. [PMID: 36903022 PMCID: PMC10004509 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
This study investigates the relationships between the hydration kinetics of waterglass-activated slag and the development of its physical-mechanical properties, as well as its color change. To modify the calorimetric response of alkali-activated slag, hexylene glycol was selected from various alcohols for in-depth experiments. In presence of hexylene glycol, the formation of initial reaction products was restricted to the slag surface, which drastically slowed down the further consumption of dissolved species and slag dissolution and consequently delayed the bulk hydration of the waterglass-activated slag by several days. This allowed to show that the corresponding calorimetric peak is directly related to the rapid evolution of the microstructure and physical-mechanical parameters and to the onset of a blue/green color change recorded as a time-lapse video. Workability loss was correlated with the first half of the second calorimetric peak, while the most rapid increase in strengths and autogenous shrinkage was related to the third calorimetric peak. Ultrasonic pulse velocity increased considerably during both the second and third calorimetric peak. Despite the modified morphology of the initial reaction products, the prolonged induction period, and the slightly reduced degree of hydration induced by hexylene glycol, the overall mechanism of alkaline activation remained unchanged in the long-term perspective. It was hypothesized that the main issue of the use of organic admixtures in alkali-activated systems is the destabilizing effect of these admixtures on soluble silicates introduced into the system with an activator.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vlastimil Bílek
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Lukáš Kalina
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Richard Dvořák
- Institute of Physics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Radoslav Novotný
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Švec
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Jiří Másilko
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
| | - František Šoukal
- Institute of Materials Science, Faculty of Chemistry, Brno University of Technology, 612 00 Brno, Czech Republic
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Gao Y, Qin J, Li Z, Jia X, Qian J. Creep Deformation and Its Effect on Mechanical Properties and Microstructure of Magnesium Phosphate Cement Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1760. [PMID: 36902875 PMCID: PMC10004722 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2023] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/19/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Creep deformation is an important aspect of magnesium phosphate cement (MPC) used as a structural material. In this study, the shrinkage and creep deformation behaviors of three different MPC concretes were observed for 550 days. The mechanical properties, phase composition, pore structure, and microstructure of MPC concretes after shrinkage and creep tests were investigated. The results showed that the shrinkage and creep strains of MPC concretes stabilized in the ranges of -140 to -170 με and -200 to -240 με, respectively. The low water-to-binder ratio and the formation of crystalline struvite were responsible for such low deformation. The creep strain had almost no effect on the phase composition; however, it increased the crystal size of struvite and reduced the porosity, especially the volume of pores with diameters <20 nm and >200 nm. The modification of struvite and densification of microstructure led to an improvement in both compressive strength and splitting tensile strength.
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35
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Pan Z, Zhang H, Zeng B, Wang Y. Statistical Evaluation of CEB-FIP 2010 Model for Concrete Creep and Shrinkage. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1576. [PMID: 36837204 PMCID: PMC9962149 DOI: 10.3390/ma16041576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2023] [Revised: 02/08/2023] [Accepted: 02/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
An extensive experimental database consisting of 2838 shrinkage data points and 3598 creep data points is used to evaluate the accuracy of the newly proposed CEB-FIP 2010 model in predicting the creep and shrinkage of concrete structures. To study the applicability of the model for high-strength concrete in general environments, the database was developed by only retaining the test data of concrete components with the average compressive strength greater than 30 MPa and the relative humidity in the test environment less than 95%. On this basis, combined with the B3 and CEB variation coefficient methods, the paper mainly adopts the residual method to assess the accuracy of the CEB-FIP 2010 model and compare it with the previous model, CEB-FIP 1990. The influences of several properties, such as the compressive strength, the age of concrete, the relative humidity, and the component size on the prediction accuracy of these two models are further studied. The results show that for the CEB-FIP 2010 model within the time interval of 0-9000 days, 52% and 48% of the shrinkage strain residuals of the total specimens are located in the negative and positive regions, respectively, while the positive and negative regions of the CEB-FIP 1990 model account for 73% and 27%, demonstrating the CEB-FIP 2010 model has better performance in predicting shrinkage strain than the CEB-FIP 1990 model, whereas the two models have comparable accuracy in predicting creep compliance. The CEB-FIP 2010 model is more reliable for considering the effects of compressive strength, relative humidity, and age at loading on shrinkage and creep than for considering the effect of member size.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zuanfeng Pan
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Haipeng Zhang
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Bin Zeng
- Central Research Institute of Building and Construction of MCC Group, Beijing 100088, China
| | - Yuwei Wang
- College of Civil Engineering, Tongji University, Shanghai 200092, China
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Avice J, Brotons G, Ruello P, Vaudel G, Guediche A, Piombini H. Vapor Phase Ammonia Curing to Improve the Mechanical Properties of Antireflection Optical Coatings Designed for Power Laser Optics. Gels 2023; 9:gels9020140. [PMID: 36826310 PMCID: PMC9956885 DOI: 10.3390/gels9020140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 01/23/2023] [Accepted: 01/28/2023] [Indexed: 02/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Projects of inertial confinement fusion using lasers need numerous optical components whose coatings allow the increase in their transmission and their resistance to high laser fluence. A coating process based on the self-assembly of sol-gel silica nanoparticles and a post-treatment with ammonia vapor over the surfaces of the optical components ("ammonia curing process") was developed and successfully optimized for industrial production. Manufacturing such antireflective coatings has clear advantages: (i) it is much cheaper than conventional top-down processes; (ii) it is well adapted to large-sized optical components and large-scale production; and (iii) it gives low optical losses in transmission and high resistances to laser fluence. The post-treatment was achieved by a simple exposition of optical components to room-temperature ammonia vapors. The resulting curing process induced strong optical and mechanical changes at the interface and was revealed to be of paramount importance since it reinforced the adhesion and abrasion resistance of the components so that the optical components could be handled easily. Here, we discuss how such coatings were characterized and how the initial thin nanoparticle film was transformed from a brittle film to a resistant coating from the ammonia curing process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jérémy Avice
- CEA, DAM Le Ripault, 37260 Monts, France
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS-Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Guillaume Brotons
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS-Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Pascal Ruello
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS-Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
| | - Gwenaëlle Vaudel
- Institut des Molécules et Matériaux du Mans, UMR 6283 CNRS-Le Mans Université, Av. Olivier Messiaen, CEDEX 9, 72085 Le Mans, France
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Zhu G, Raghavan GSV, Li Z. Predicting the Moisture Ratio of a Hami Melon Drying Process Using Image Processing Technology. Foods 2023; 12. [PMID: 36766200 DOI: 10.3390/foods12030672] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2023] [Revised: 01/30/2023] [Accepted: 02/01/2023] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
For food drying, moisture content and shrinkage are vital in the drying process. This paper is concerned with the moisture ratio modeling and prediction issues of the Hami melon drying process. First, an experimental system was developed; it included an adjustable-power microwave drying unit and an image-processing unit. The moisture contents and the areas of Hami melon slices at different times were sampled in real time. Then, the expression of the moisture ratio with regard to shrinkage was derived by using the Weierstrass approximation theorem. A maximum likelihood fitness function-based population evolution (MLFF-PE) algorithm was then put forward to fit the moisture ratio model and predict the moisture ratio. The results showed that the proposed MLFF-PE algorithm was effective at fitting and predicting the moisture ratio model of the drying process of Hami melon slices.
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Łabowska MB, Skrodzka M, Sicińska H, Michalak I, Detyna J. Influence of Cross-Linking Conditions on Drying Kinetics of Alginate Hydrogel. Gels 2023; 9. [PMID: 36661829 DOI: 10.3390/gels9010063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/04/2023] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Hydrogels are three-dimensional cross-linked polymeric networks capable of a large amount of fluid retention in their structure. Hydrogel outputs manufactured using additive manufacturing technologies are exposed to water loss, which may change their original shape and dimensions. Therefore, the possibility of retaining water is important in such a structure. In this manuscript, kinetic analysis of water evaporation from sodium alginate-based hydrogels exposed to different environmental conditions such as different temperatures (7 and 23 °C) and ambient humidity (45, 50 and 95%) has been carried out. The influence of the cross-linking method (different calcium chloride concentration-0.05, 0.1 and 0.5 M) of sodium alginate and cross-linking time on the water loss was also considered. Studies have shown that a decrease in the temperature and increase in the storage humidity can have a positive effect on the water retention in the structure. The storage conditions that led to the least weight and volume loss were T 7 °C and 95% humidity. These experiments may help in selecting the appropriate hydrogel preparation method for future applications, as well as their storage conditions for minimum water loss and, consequently, the least change in dimensions and shape.
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Goldberg LR, Kercheval AN. James-Stein for the leading eigenvector. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2023; 120:e2207046120. [PMID: 36603029 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.2207046120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Recent research identifies and corrects bias, such as excess dispersion, in the leading sample eigenvector of a factor-based covariance matrix estimated from a high-dimension low sample size (HL) data set. We show that eigenvector bias can have a substantial impact on variance-minimizing optimization in the HL regime, while bias in estimated eigenvalues may have little effect. We describe a data-driven eigenvector shrinkage estimator in the HL regime called "James-Stein for eigenvectors" (JSE) and its close relationship with the James-Stein (JS) estimator for a collection of averages. We show, both theoretically and with numerical experiments, that, for certain variance-minimizing problems of practical importance, efforts to correct eigenvalues have little value in comparison to the JSE correction of the leading eigenvector. When certain extra information is present, JSE is a consistent estimator of the leading eigenvector.
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Al-Kharabsheh BN, Arbili MM, Majdi A, Alogla SM, Hakamy A, Ahmad J, Deifalla AF. Basalt Fiber Reinforced Concrete: A Compressive Review on Durability Aspects. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:429. [PMID: 36614766 PMCID: PMC9822047 DOI: 10.3390/ma16010429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2022] [Revised: 12/13/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The creation of sustainable composites reinforced with natural fibers has recently drawn the interest of both industrial and academics. Basalt fiber (BF) stands out as the most intriguing among the natural fibers that may be utilized as reinforcement due to their characteristics. Numerous academics have conducted many tests on the strength, durability, temperature, and microstructure characteristics of concrete reinforced with BF and have found promising results. However, because the information is dispersed, readers find it problematic to assess the advantages of BF reinforced concrete, which limits its applications. Therefore, a condensed study that provides the reader with an easy route and summarizes all pertinent information is needed. The purpose of this paper (Part II) is to undertake a compressive assessment of basalt fiber reinforced concrete's durability features. The results show that adding BF significantly increased concrete durability. The review also identifies a research deficiency that must be addressed before BF is used in practice.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohamed Moafak Arbili
- Department of Technical Civil Engineering, Erbil Technical Engineering College, Erbil Polytechnic University, Erbil 44001, Iraq
| | - Ali Majdi
- Department of Building and Construction Techniques, Al-Mustaqbal University College, Hillah 51001, Iraq
| | - Saleh M. Alogla
- Department of Civil Engineering, College of Engineering, Qassim University, Buraydah 51452, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmad Hakamy
- Department of Physics, Faculty of Applied Science, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah 21955, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jawad Ahmad
- Department of Civil Engineering, Military College of Engineering, Sub Campus of National University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad 44000, Pakistan
| | - Ahmed Farouk Deifalla
- Structural Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering and Technology, Future University in Egypt, New Cairo 11845, Egypt
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Stingl JC, Radermacher J, Wozniak J, Viviani R. Pharmacogenetic Dose Modeling Based on CYP2C19 Allelic Phenotypes. Pharmaceutics 2022; 14:pharmaceutics14122833. [PMID: 36559326 PMCID: PMC9781550 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics14122833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2022] [Revised: 12/12/2022] [Accepted: 12/13/2022] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Pharmacogenetic variability in drug metabolism leads to patient vulnerability to side effects and to therapeutic failure. Our purpose was to introduce a systematic statistical methodology to estimate quantitative dose adjustments based on pharmacokinetic differences in pharmacogenetic subgroups, addressing the concerns of sparse data, incomplete information on phenotypic groups, and heterogeneity of study design. Data on psychotropic drugs metabolized by the cytochrome P450 enzyme CYP2C19 were used as a case study. CYP2C19 activity scores were estimated, while statistically assessing the influence of methodological differences between studies, and used to estimate dose adjustments in genotypic groups. Modeling effects of activity scores in each substance as a population led to prudential predictions of adjustments when few data were available ('shrinkage'). The best results were obtained with the regularized horseshoe, an innovative Bayesian approach to estimate coefficients viewed as a sample from two populations. This approach was compared to modeling the population of substance as normally distributed, to a more traditional "fixed effects" approach, and to dose adjustments based on weighted means, as in current practice. Modeling strategies were able to assess the influence of study parameters and deliver adjustment levels when necessary, extrapolated to all phenotype groups, as well as their level of uncertainty. In addition, the horseshoe reacted sensitively to small study sizes, and provided conservative estimates of required adjustments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia Carolin Stingl
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-241-8089131
| | - Jason Radermacher
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Justyna Wozniak
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, University Hospital of RWTH, 52074 Aachen, Germany
| | - Roberto Viviani
- Institute of Psychology, University of Innsbruck, 6020 Innsbruck, Austria
- Psychiatry and Psychotherapy Clinic, University of Ulm, 89075 Ulm, Germany
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Liu T, Fan J, Peng Z. Mechanical Properties, Dry Shrinkage, and Water Penetration of Reusing Fine and Ultrafine Recycled Concrete Aggregate. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8947. [PMID: 36556752 PMCID: PMC9783472 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2022] [Revised: 12/06/2022] [Accepted: 12/09/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The effect of fine and ultrafine recycled concrete aggregate (RCA) on road construction still lacks investigation. This study investigates the properties of fine and ultrafine RCA, further, the influence of the different proportions of ultrafine RCA on the long-term performance of the designed matrix. The fine and ultrafine RCA are thoroughly characterized. Simultaneously, the mechanical properties, shrinkage properties, and water penetration of the designed matrix are evaluated. The results indicate that RCA shows low density, high porosity, and high water absorption. Furthermore, elevated ultrafine RCA contents result in higher compressive strength of up to 43.14% at 90 days and higher resistance of water penetration of up to 50% at 28 days due to the refined microstructure. However, higher drying shrinkage is observed with higher ultrafine RCA, which is associated with the high water absorption of the ultrafine RCA. The understanding of the utilization of ultrafine RCA in the construction of road base courses has been explored.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Liu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
- Department of Built Environment, Eindhoven University of Technology, 5600 MB Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Jianfeng Fan
- School of Civil Engineering and Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Ziqiang Peng
- School of Civil Engineering and Architectures, Wuhan University of Technology, Wuhan 430070, China
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Yager JS, Hoult NA, Bentz EC, Woods JE. Measurement of Restrained and Unrestrained Shrinkage of Reinforced Concrete Using Distributed Fibre Optic Sensors. Sensors (Basel) 2022; 22:9397. [PMID: 36502100 PMCID: PMC9739817 DOI: 10.3390/s22239397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Revised: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 11/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Shrinkage is an important component of the behaviour of reinforced concrete (RC) structures, however, the number of variables that affect shrinkage make it a complex time-dependent phenomenon. Additionally, as new concrete materials with lower embodied carbon gain popularity, there is a need for an in-depth understanding into their shrinkage behaviour before they can be widely adopted by industry. Currently, the shrinkage behaviour of concrete is studied using discrete measurements on small-scale unrestrained prisms. Distributed fibre optic sensing (DFOS) potentially provides a method of measuring both restrained (with reinforcement) and unrestrained (without reinforcement) shrinkage in both small-scale specimens and structural elements. In the current study, methods of measuring distributed unrestrained shrinkage strains were developed and evaluated, and the restrained shrinkage strains in different types of structural members were studied. Unrestrained shrinkage strains were measured using fibres optic cables embedded in small concrete prisms, while restrained shrinkage strains were measured with fibres bonded to the longitudinal reinforcement. Unrestrained shrinkage strains were found to be highly variable (as large as 3800 microstrain range) depending on location, but further research needs to be undertaken to account for end effects, early-stage shrinkage, and bond between the fibre optic cable and the concrete. Restrained shrinkage strains from structural members revealed non-uniform shrinkage strain distributions along member length due to functional grading as well as high supplementary cementitious material concretes, suggesting that shrinkage models will need to account for this variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jacob S. Yager
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, 58 University Ave., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Neil A. Hoult
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, 58 University Ave., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
| | - Evan C. Bentz
- Department of Civil & Mineral Engineering, University of Toronto, 35 St. George St., Toronto, ON M5S 1A4, Canada
| | - Joshua E. Woods
- Department of Civil Engineering, Queen’s University, 58 University Ave., Kingston, ON K7L 3N6, Canada
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Licbarski A, Bartkowiak M, Czech Z. Influence of Selected Crosslinking Agents and Selected Unsaturated Copolymerizable Photoinitiators Referring to the Shrinkage Resistance of Solvent-Based Acrylic Pressure-Sensitive Adhesives. Polymers (Basel) 2022; 14. [PMID: 36501584 DOI: 10.3390/polym14235190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2022] [Revised: 11/22/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
The properties of solvent-based pressure-sensitive adhesive (PSA) acrylics, especially shrinkage, are mostly determined by the type and amount of the crosslinking agent added to the prepolymer or by the crosslinking method. The shrinkage profiles of the selected solvent-based acrylic PSA coated on PVC film were investigated using metal chelates (between 0 and 0.55 wt.%), N-methylol acrylamide (up to 8 wt.%), polycarbodiimide and amino resins (up to 6 wt.%), diisocyanate (up to 1 wt.%), multi-functional propylene imines (up to 0.9 wt.%), conventional photoinitiators (up to 3 wt.%) and copolymerizable photoinitiators (up to 2 wt.%). These chemicals were both crosslinking agents that react after the solvent has been evaporated or at higher temperatures, and to the crosslinking agents that react under UV radiation. Some of them were copolymerizable, and others were added to the prepolymer before crosslinking. The best results of shrinkage (0.2%) were obtained by using the UV-crosslinking method and copolymerizable photoinitiators ZLI 3331 and ABP, as well as metal chelates AlACA and TiACA and multifunctional propylene imine Neocryl CX-100 (0.2%). Acceptable results were also achieved for amide BPIA (0.3%), benzophenone derivative PCB (0.4%), N-methylol acrylamide (0.35%) and benzoguanamine resin Cymel 1123 (0.45%).
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Liu Z, Shi D, Gao G, Feng Y. Mechanism of Shrinkage in Compacted Graphite Iron and Prediction of Shrinkage Tendency. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8413. [PMID: 36499908 PMCID: PMC9735853 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238413] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/22/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Shrinkage greatly influences the mechanical and fatigue properties of compacted graphite iron and it is necessary in order to study the causes of shrinkage in compacted graphite iron and to predict it effectively. In this paper, a kind of cylindrical necking test sample was designed to evaluate the shrinkage in compacted graphite iron, and a method to calculate the size of shrinkage was proposed. By observing the microstructure around the shrinkage zone, it is concluded that concentrated shrinkage mainly appears in the solidification region where the dendritic gap is closed, and the isolated shrinkage mainly occurs in the final solidification region, and the supersaturated carbon elements are gathered on the surface of the shrinkage. The cause of shrinkage in compacted graphite iron is caused by its solidification method, where the austenite dendrites and the eutectic clusters are generated close to the melt zone during the solidification process, leading to the inability to feed the shrinkage. Based on the thermodynamic analysis, the equations between the volume change of each phase, solid phase rate, and time during solidification of compacted graphite iron were established to theoretically explain the formation mechanism of the shrinkage. Taking nine parameters such as the chemical elements and characteristic values of thermal analysis as the input nods, a four-layer BP neural network model for predicting the size of shrinkage in compacted graphite iron was constructed, and the R-squared of the model reached 97%, which indicates it could be used to predict the shrinkage tendency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zeyu Liu
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
| | - Dequan Shi
- School of Materials and Chemistry, University of Shanghai for Science and Technology, Shanghai 200093, China
| | - Guili Gao
- School of Mechanical and Energy Engineering, Shanghai Technical Institute of Electronics and Information, Shanghai 201411, China
| | - Yicheng Feng
- School of Materials Science and Chemical Engineering, Harbin University of Science and Technology, Harbin 150040, China
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Liu H, Li Z, Zhang X, Zhou S. Effect of Samples Size on the Water Removal and Shrinkage of Eucalyptus urophylla × E. grandis Wood during Supercritical CO2 Dewatering. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8073. [PMID: 36431579 PMCID: PMC9697744 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2022] [Revised: 11/10/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Eucalyptus urophydis E. grandis green wood with different lengths were dewatered using CO2 that was cyclically alternated between the supercritical fluid and gas phases. The results indicate that shorter specimens can be dewatered to below the fiber saturation point (FSP). There was no significant difference in the dewatering rate between the specimens of 20 and 50 mm in length. The dewatering was faster when the moisture content (MC) was over the FSP, leading to a greater gradient and a non-uniform distribution of moisture. The MC distributions in all specimens had no clear differences between in tangential and radial directions. Supercritical CO2 dewatering generated a different moisture gradient than conventional kiln drying. Most water was dewatered from the end-grain section of the wood along the fiber direction, but a small amount of water was also removed in the transverse directions. There was no deformation in the specimens when the MC was above the FSP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Honghai Liu
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
- Jiangsu Co-Innovation Center of Efficient Processing and Utilization of Forest Resources, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Zhilan Li
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Xiaokai Zhang
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
| | - Simin Zhou
- College of Furnishings and Industrial Design, Nanjing Forestry University, Nanjing 210037, China
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Almohaimeed A, Einbeck J, Qarmalah N, Alkhidhr H. Using Random Effect Models to Produce Robust Estimates of Death Rates in COVID-19 Data. Int J Environ Res Public Health 2022; 19:14960. [PMID: 36429678 PMCID: PMC9690214 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph192214960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2022] [Revised: 10/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/07/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tracking the progress of an infectious disease is critical during a pandemic. However, the incubation period, diagnosis, and treatment most often cause uncertainties in the reporting of both cases and deaths, leading in turn to unreliable death rates. Moreover, even if the reported counts were accurate, the "crude" estimates of death rates which simply divide country-wise reported deaths by case numbers may still be poor or even non-computable in the presence of small (or zero) counts. We present a novel methodological contribution which describes the problem of analyzing COVID-19 data by two nested Poisson models: (i) an "upper model" for the cases infected by COVID-19 with an offset of population size, and (ii) a "lower" model for deaths of COVID-19 with the cases infected by COVID-19 as an offset, each equipped with their own random effect. This approach generates robustness in both the numerator as well as the denominator of the estimated death rates to the presence of small or zero counts, by "borrowing" information from other countries in the overall dataset, and guarantees positivity of both the numerator and denominator. The estimation will be carried out through non-parametric maximum likelihood which approximates the random effect distribution through a discrete mixture. An added advantage of this approach is that it allows for the detection of latent subpopulations or subgroups of countries sharing similar behavior in terms of their death rates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amani Almohaimeed
- Department of Statistics, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51482, Saudi Arabia
| | - Jochen Einbeck
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Durham University, Durham DH1 3LE, UK
| | - Najla Qarmalah
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, Princess Nourah bint Abdulrahman University, Riyadh 11671, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hanan Alkhidhr
- Department of Mathematics, College of Science, Qassim University, Buraydah 51482, Saudi Arabia
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Bi Z, Qiu PF, Yang T, Chen P, Song XR, Zhao T, Zhang ZP, Wang YS. The modified shrinkage classification modes could help to guide breast conserving surgery after neoadjuvant therapy in breast cancer. Front Oncol 2022; 12:982011. [PMID: 36439466 PMCID: PMC9690342 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2022.982011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2022] [Accepted: 10/20/2022] [Indexed: 11/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Purpose The traditional shrinkage classification modes might not suitable for guiding breast conserving surgery (BCS) after neoadjuvant therapy (NAT). Aim was to explore the modified shrinkage classification modes to guide BCS after NAT. Methods From April 2010 to 2018, 104 patients were included. All patients underwent MRI examinations before and after NAT. Residual tumors were removed and divided into more than 30 tissue blocks at 5-mm intervals. After performing routine procedures for paraffin-embedded histology, we made semiserial sections (6-μm thick). The MRI and pathology 3D models were reconstructed with 3D-DOCTOR software. Combined with traditional shrinkage modes and efficacy of NAT, we derived modified shrinkage classification modes which oriented by BCS purpose: modified concentric shrinkage modes (MCSM) and modified non concentric shrinkage modes (MNCSM). The MCSM means the longest diameter of residual tumor was less than 50% and ≤2cm in comparison with the primary tumor before NAT. Other shrinkage modes were classified as MNCSM. Results According to traditional shrinkage modes, 50 (48.1%) cases were suitable for BCS;while 70 (67.3%) cases were suitable for BCS according to the modified shrinkage modes (p=0.007). The consistency of MRI 3D reconstruction in assessing modified shrinkage classification modes was 93.2%, while it was 61.5% when assessing traditional shrinkage modes. Multivariate analysis showed that primary tumor stage, mammographic malignant calcification, molecular subtypes and nodal down-staging after NAT were independent predictors of modified shrinkage modes (all p<0.05). A nomogram was created based on these four predictors. With a median follow-up time of 77 months, the recurrence/metastasis rate in the MCSM and MNCSM group was 7.1% and 29.4%, respectively. Conclusion Modified shrinkage classification modes could help to guide the individualized selection of BCS candidates and scope of resection after NAT. MRI 3D reconstruction after NAT could accurately predict modified shrinkage modes and extent of residual tumor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhao Bi
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng-Fei Qiu
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yang
- The First People’s Hospital of Lian Yun Gang, Radiotherapy Department, Xuzhou, Jiangsu, China
| | - Peng Chen
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Xian-Rang Song
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Zhao
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhao-Peng Zhang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
| | - Yong-Sheng Wang
- Shandong Cancer Hospital and Institute, Shandong First Medical University and Shandong Academy of Medical Sciences, Jinan, Shandong, People's Republic of China
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49
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Betlej I, Salerno-Kochan R, Borysiuk P, Boruszewski P, Monder S, Krajewski K, Andres B, Krochmal-Marczak B, Pisulewska E, Danecki L, Pochwała S. Quality Parameters of PE-Pomace Based Membranes. Membranes (Basel) 2022; 12:1086. [PMID: 36363641 PMCID: PMC9693594 DOI: 10.3390/membranes12111086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2022] [Revised: 10/19/2022] [Accepted: 10/29/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
This paper presents the results of research on selected mechanical and physical properties of polyethylene membranes containing 50% of the plant fraction obtained as waste from an edible oil press. The produced biomembranes were characterized by low tensile strength (2.02-4.28 MPa). The addition of plant material will not adversely affect the barrier properties such as water vapor permeability or the contact angle. Additionally, there was a discoloration of the characteristics affecting the shrinkage of the membrane. The presence of the plant component clearly lowered the shrinkage of the material. This research is important and provides valuable knowledge on the possibilities of using plant waste and the direction of the potential application of the materials produced with their use.
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Affiliation(s)
- Izabela Betlej
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Science—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Renata Salerno-Kochan
- Institute of Quality Sciences and Product Management, Krakow University of Economics, 27 Rakowicka St., 31-510 Krakow, Poland
| | - Piotr Borysiuk
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Science—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Piotr Boruszewski
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Science—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Monder
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Science—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Krzysztof Krajewski
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Science—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Bogusław Andres
- Institute of Wood Sciences and Furniture, Warsaw University of Life Science—SGGW, 159 Nowoursynowska St., 02-776 Warsaw, Poland
| | - Barbara Krochmal-Marczak
- Department of Plant Production and Food Safety, Carpathian State College in Krosno, 12 Dmochowskiego St., 38-400 Krosno, Poland
| | - Elżbieta Pisulewska
- Department of Plant Production and Food Safety, Carpathian State College in Krosno, 12 Dmochowskiego St., 38-400 Krosno, Poland
| | - Leszek Danecki
- Research and Development Centre for Wood-Based Panels, 10a Adama Mickiewicza St., 83-262 Czarna Woda, Poland
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50
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Abstract
Hypernatremia occurs when the plasma sodium concentration is greater than 145 mmol/L. Depending on the duration, hypernatremia can be differentiated into acute and chronic. According to severity: mild, moderate and threatening hypernatremia. Finally, depending on pathogenesis, hypernatremia can be defined as hypervolemic, hypovolemic, and euvolemic. Acute hypervolemic hypernatremia is often secondary to increased sodium intake (hypertonic NaCl and NaHCO3 solutions). Instead, chronic hypervolemic hypernatremia may be an expression of primary hyperaldosteronism. Euvolemic hypernatremia occurs in diabetes insipidus: depending on the underlying pathogenesis, it can be classified into two basic types: neurogenic (or central) and nephrogenic. The neurogenic form may be triggered by traumatic, vascular or infectious events; the nephrogenic form may be due to pharmacological causes, such as lithium, or non-pharmacological ones, such as hypokalemia. For hypovolemic hypernatremia, possible explanations are renal or extrarenal losses. The main goal of treatment of hypernatremia is the restoration of plasma tonicity. In particular, if the imbalance has occurred acutely, rapid correction improves the prognosis by preventing the effects of cellular dehydration; if hypernatremia has developed slowly, over a period of days, a slow correction rate (no more than 0.4 mmol/L/h) is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfonso Ilardi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Inmates ward, "Antonio Cardarelli" Hospital, Naples, Italy
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