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La Spada P, Dominguez E, Continella A, Heredia A, Gentile A. Factors influencing fruit cracking: an environmental and agronomic perspective. Front Plant Sci 2024; 15:1343452. [PMID: 38434425 PMCID: PMC10904461 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2024.1343452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2023] [Accepted: 02/02/2024] [Indexed: 03/05/2024]
Abstract
Fruit cracking, a widespread physiological disorder affecting various fruit crops and vegetables, has profound implications for fruit quality and marketability. This mini review delves into the multifaceted factors contributing to fruit cracking and emphasizes the pivotal roles of environmental and agronomic factors in its occurrence. Environmental variables such as temperature, relative humidity, and light exposure are explored as determinants factors influencing fruit cracking susceptibility. Furthermore, the significance of mineral nutrition and plant growth regulators in mitigating fruit cracking risk is elucidated, being calcium deficiency identified as a prominent variable in various fruit species. In recent years, precision farming and monitoring systems have emerged as valuable tools for managing environmental factors and optimizing fruit production. By meticulously tracking parameters such as temperature, humidity, soil moisture, and fruit skin temperature, growers can make informed decisions to prevent or alleviate fruit cracking. In conclusion, effective prevention of fruit cracking necessitates a comprehensive approach that encompasses both environmental and agronomic factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo La Spada
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A) - Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Eva Dominguez
- Departamento de Mejora Genética y Biotecnología, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alberto Continella
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A) - Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Antonio Heredia
- Departamento de Biología Molecular y Bioquímica, Instituto de Hortofruticultura Subtropical y Mediterránea La Mayora, Universidad de Málaga - Consejo Superior de Investigaciones Científicas, Málaga, Spain
| | - Alessandra Gentile
- Dipartimento Agricoltura, Alimentazione e Ambiente (Di3A) - Università degli Studi di Catania, Catania, Italy
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2
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Wang L, Li Q, Hu Y, Cui T, Li R. Shrinkage and Cracking Properties of Cellulose Fiber-Concrete Composites for 3D Printing by Leveraging Internal Curing. 3D Print Addit Manuf 2024; 11:50-59. [PMID: 38389692 PMCID: PMC10880664 DOI: 10.1089/3dp.2021.0281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2024]
Abstract
Compared with conventional formwork casting materials, 3D printed concrete (3DPC) is characterized by large amounts of cementitious materials, a low aggregate-binder ratio, and a large water evaporation area, which make the printed materials and structures highly prone to plastic shrinkage and cracking. In this study, cellulose fibers were incorporated into concrete to improve its moisture distribution and increase its early-age strength. The effects of both dry and prewet cellulose fibers on properties of 3DPC were experimentally investigated. To ensure consistency in the amounts of dry fibers used, 0.5-2% dry cellulose fibers and 1-4% prewet cellulose fibers were adopted. The effects of the added cellulose fibers on printability, mechanical strength, shrinkage, and cracking performance of the 3DPC were experimentally studied. Particularly, a constraint method was developed to access the cracking behavior of 3DPC. Favorable shrinkage resistance was achieved, and the 120-day shrinkage decreased by 17.9% and 23.3% by addition of 2% dry fibers and 4% prewet fibers, respectively. Cracking was eliminated with addition of 4% prewet fibers, without influencing the printability and mechanical properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Wang
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Qiqi Li
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Yuanyuan Hu
- Yaobai Special Cement Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
| | - Tianlong Cui
- School of Civil and Transportation Engineering, Hebei University of Technology, Tianjin, China
| | - Rong Li
- Yaobai Special Cement Group Co., Ltd., Xi'an, China
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3
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Zhang Y, Wang J, Xie X, Wang X, Wu WD, Chen XD, Wu Z. Deep Cracking of Bulky Hydrocarbons into Light Products via Tandem Catalysis over Uniform Interconnected ZSM-5@AlSBA-15 Composites. Small 2024:e2309114. [PMID: 38233203 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202309114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2023] [Revised: 12/26/2023] [Indexed: 01/19/2024]
Abstract
Deep cracking of bulky hydrocarbons on zeolite-containing catalysts into light products with high activity, desired selectivity, and long-term stability is demanded but challenging. Herein, the efficient deep cracking of 1,3,5-triisopropylbenzene (TIPB) on intimate ZSM-5@AlSBA-15 composites via tandem catalysis is demonstrated. The rapid aerosol-confined assembly enables the synthesis of the composites composed of a continuous AlSBA-15 matrix decorated with isolated ZSM-5 nanoparticles. The two components at various ZSM-5/AlSBA-15 mass ratios are uniformly mixed with chemically bonded pore walls, interconnected pores, and eliminated external surfaces of nanosized ZSM-5. The typical composite with a ZSM-5/AlSBA-15 mass ratio of 0.25 shows superior performance in TIPB cracking with outstanding activity (≈100% conversion) and deep cracking selectivity (mass of propylene + benzene > 60%) maintained for a long time (> 6 h) under a high TIPB flux (2 mL h-1 ), far better (several to tens of times higher) than the single-component and physically mixed catalysts and superior to literature results. The high performance is attributed to the cooperative tandem catalytic process, that is, selective and timely pre-cracking of TIPB to isopropylbenzene (IPB) in AlSBA-15 and subsequently timely diffusion and deep cracking of IPB in nanosized ZSM-5.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yali Zhang
- Particle Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Jiaren Wang
- Particle Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xianglin Xie
- Particle Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiaoning Wang
- Particle Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Winston Duo Wu
- Particle Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Xiao Dong Chen
- Particle Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
| | - Zhangxiong Wu
- Particle Engineering Laboratory, School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, and Suzhou Key Laboratory of Novel Semiconductor-optoelectronics Materials and Devices, College of Chemistry Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, Soochow University, Suzhou, Jiangsu, 215123, P. R. China
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4
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Qiao D, Man J, Yan W, Xue B, Bian X, Zeng W. Comprehensive Understanding of the Effect of TGO Growth Modes on Thermal Barrier Coating Failure Based on a Simulation. Materials (Basel) 2023; 17:180. [PMID: 38204032 PMCID: PMC10780004 DOI: 10.3390/ma17010180] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2023] [Revised: 12/13/2023] [Accepted: 12/27/2023] [Indexed: 01/12/2024]
Abstract
The growth stress induced by thermally grown oxide (TGO) is one of the main reasons for the failure of thermal barrier coatings (TBCs). In this study, the failure behavior of TBCs was examined based on different growth modes of TGO. A TBC thermo-mechanical model with a simplified sinusoidal interface morphology was established by the secondary development of a numerical simulation. The plasticity and creep behavior of materials were considered. Based on the subroutine development, the non-uniform growth of the TGO layer was realized. Cohesive elements were also applied to the TC/TGO interface. The stress distribution and evolution at the TC/TGO interface were investigated. Then, the cracking behavior near the interface was studied. The results show that lateral growth causes the off-valley site to replace the previous off-peak site as a vulnerable site. The non-uniform growth accelerates damage in the off-valley site, which leads to a change in the failure behavior. These results will provide significant guidance for understanding the TBC failure and the development of advanced TBCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Da Qiao
- Advanced Gas Turbine Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (D.Q.); (J.M.); (W.Y.); (B.X.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Light-Duty Gas-Turbine, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy and Power, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Jixin Man
- Advanced Gas Turbine Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (D.Q.); (J.M.); (W.Y.); (B.X.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Light-Duty Gas-Turbine, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy and Power, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wengao Yan
- Advanced Gas Turbine Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (D.Q.); (J.M.); (W.Y.); (B.X.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Light-Duty Gas-Turbine, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy and Power, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Beirao Xue
- Advanced Gas Turbine Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (D.Q.); (J.M.); (W.Y.); (B.X.); (X.B.)
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Light-Duty Gas-Turbine, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy and Power, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xiangde Bian
- Advanced Gas Turbine Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (D.Q.); (J.M.); (W.Y.); (B.X.); (X.B.)
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Light-Duty Gas-Turbine, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy and Power, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Wu Zeng
- Advanced Gas Turbine Laboratory, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; (D.Q.); (J.M.); (W.Y.); (B.X.); (X.B.)
- National Key Laboratory of Science and Technology on Advanced Light-Duty Gas-Turbine, Beijing 100190, China
- Key Laboratory of Advanced Energy and Power, Institute of Engineering Thermophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
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5
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Mahanta D, Acharya D, Das D. Cracking the Left Main Coronary Artery Nodular Calcium With a Scoring Balloon. Cureus 2023; 15:e44123. [PMID: 37750115 PMCID: PMC10518211 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.44123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/25/2023] [Indexed: 09/27/2023] Open
Abstract
Nodular calcium in the coronary artery poses a great challenge during coronary intervention. Although rotational atherectomy is the preferred modality of treatment of nodular calcium, we treated the left main coronary artery (LMCA) nodular calcium with a scoring balloon during primary angioplasty of an octogenarian with anterior wall myocardial infarction and EKG suggestive of LMCA occlusion. During primary coronary angioplasty, the scoring balloon alone also sometimes suffices in achieving good angiographic results and thrombolysis in myocardial infarction grade III (TIMI III) flow.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dibyasundar Mahanta
- Cardiology, Sunshine Hospital, Bhubaneswar, IND
- Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Debasis Acharya
- Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, IND
| | - Debasish Das
- Cardiology, All India Institute of Medical Sciences (AIIMS), Bhubaneswar, IND
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6
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Chen K, Zhang L, Wu K, Yang C, Wang R, Xu C, Zhang J, Liu G, Sun J. Highly Robust and Strain-Resilient Thin Film Conductors Featuring Brittle Materials. Nano Lett 2023. [PMID: 37409851 DOI: 10.1021/acs.nanolett.3c01781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/07/2023]
Abstract
Stretchable conductors with stable electrical conductivity under various deformations are essential for wearable electronics, soft robots, and biointegrated devices. However, brittle film-based conductors on elastomeric substrates often suffer from unexpected electrical disconnection due to the obvious mechanical incompatibility between stiff films and soft substrates. We proposed a novel out-of-plane crack control strategy to achieve the strain-insensitive electrical performance of thin-film-based conductors, featuring conductive brittle materials, including nanocrystalline metals (Cu, Ag, Mo) and transparent oxides (ITO). Our metal film-based conductors exhibit an ultrahigh initial conductivity (1.3 × 105 S cm-1) and negligible resistance change (R/R0 = 1.5) over wide strain range from 0 to 130%, enabled by film-induced substrate cracking and liquid metal-induced electrical self-repairing. They could function well under multimodal deformations (stretching, bending, and twisting) and severe mechanical damage (cutting and puncturing). We demonstrated the strain-resilient electrical functionality of metal film-based conductors in a flexible light-emitting diode display that shows high mechanical compliance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Chen
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Linyuan Zhang
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Kai Wu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Chao Yang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, P. R. China
| | - Ruihong Wang
- School of Materials Science and Engineering, Xi'an University of Technology, Xi'an 710048, P. R. China
| | - Canhua Xu
- School of Biomedical Engineering, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, P. R. China
| | - Jinyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Gang Liu
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
| | - Jun Sun
- State Key Laboratory for Mechanical Behavior of Materials, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, P. R. China
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7
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Zhu Q, Liu J. Calculation Method for the Cracking Resistance and Bearing Performance of SFRAC Beams. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:4769. [PMID: 37445082 DOI: 10.3390/ma16134769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/27/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
The utilization of recycled aggregate (RCA) in preparing recycled concrete (RAC) is an effective measure to solve the increase in construction waste. Furthermore, applying RAC to flexural members is a viable practice. The addition of steel fiber to RAC to prepare steel fiber recycled concrete (SFRAC) solves the performance deterioration caused by the recycled aggregate, so it is necessary to study the effects of the recycled aggregate replacement rate and fiber-volume ratio on the crack resistance and bending performance of SFRAC beams. In this study, 13 beams were designed and manufactured, with the water-cement ratio, recycled aggregate replacement rate, and fiber-volume ratio as the primary variables, and the cracking moment and ultimate moment of the SFRAC beams were systematically studied. The results show that the cracking and ultimate moments of the SFRAC beams increased with decreases in the water-cement ratio or with increases in the fiber-volume ratio and were unaffected by the replacement rate of recycled aggregates. Based on the experimental results and theoretical analysis, a calculation model and formula for the cracking moment were established. The ultimate bearing capacity of SFRAC beams can be accurately determined using the ACI 318 and ACI 544 standards. The research results serve as a valuable reference for the design of SFRAC beams, effectively address the issue of performance degradation in RAC structural members, and promote the use of green building materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Zhu
- School of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Zhengzhou University of Aeronautics, Zhengzhou 450046, China
- School of Water Conservancy and Environment, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou 450001, China
| | - Jie Liu
- China Construction Seventh Engineering Bureau Co., Ltd., Zhengzhou 450004, China
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8
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Miranda-Pérez AF, Rodríguez-Vargas BR, Calliari I, Pezzato L. Corrosion Resistance of GMAW Duplex Stainless Steels Welds. Materials (Basel) 2023; 16:1847. [PMID: 36902962 PMCID: PMC10004506 DOI: 10.3390/ma16051847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2022] [Revised: 02/17/2023] [Accepted: 02/22/2023] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
The hydrocarbon industry constantly requires a better understanding of stainless-steel welding metallurgy. Despite the fact that gas metal arc welding (GMAW) is one of the most commonly employed welding processes in the petrochemical industry, the process is characterized by the presence of a high number of variables to control in order to obtain components that are dimensionally repeatable and satisfy the functional requirements. In particular, corrosion is still a phenomenon that highly affects the performance of the exposed materials, and special attention must be paid when welding is applied. In this study, the real operating conditions of petrochemical industry were reproduced through an accelerated test in a corrosion reactor at 70 °C for 600 h, exposing robotic GMAW samples free of defects with suitable geometry. The results show that, even if duplex stainless steels are characterized for being more corrosion resistant than other stainless steels, under these conditions it was possible to identify microstructural damage. In detail was found that the corrosion properties were strongly related to the heat input during welding and that the best corrosion properties can be obtained with the higher heat input.
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Affiliation(s)
- Argelia Fabiola Miranda-Pérez
- Department of Strategic Planning and Technology Management, Universidad Popular Autónoma del Estado de Puebla, 17 Sur, 901, Barrio de Santiago, Puebla 72410, Mexico
| | - Bryan Ramiro Rodríguez-Vargas
- Corporación Mexicana de Investigación en Materiales S.A. de C.V., Ciencia y Tecnología No. 790, Saltillo 400, Saltillo 25290, Mexico
- Department of Engineering, University of Perugia, Via G. Duranti 93, 06125 Perugia, Italy
| | - Irene Calliari
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy
| | - Luca Pezzato
- Department of Industrial Engineering (DII), University of Padua, Via Marzolo 9, 35131 Padua, Italy
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9
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Zhu H, Yang T, Lee PK, Yin Z, Tang Y, Li T, Gallington LC, Ren Y, Yu DYW, Liu Q. High-Performance Layered Ni-Rich Cathode Materials Enabled by Stress-Resistant Nanosheets. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2023; 15:8046-8053. [PMID: 36723949 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.2c20405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/18/2023]
Abstract
Layered O3-type transition metal oxides are promising cathode candidates for high-energy-density Li-ion batteries. However, the structural instability at the highly delithiated state and low kinetics at the fully lithiated state are arduous challenges to overcome. Here, a facile approach is developed to make secondary particles of Ni-rich materials with nanosheet primary grains. Because the alignment of the primary grains reduces internal stress buildup within the particle during charge-discharge and provides straightforward paths for Li transport, the as-synthesized Ni-rich materials do not undergo cracking upon cycling with higher overall Li+ ion diffusion rates. Specifically, a LiNi0.75Co0.14Mn0.11O2 cathode with nanosheet grains delivers a high reversible capacity of 206 mAh g-1 and shows ultrahigh cycling stability, e.g., 98% capacity retention over 500 cycles in a full cell with a graphite anode.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hekang Zhu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tingting Yang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Pui-Kit Lee
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Zijia Yin
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yu Tang
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Tianyi Li
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Leighanne C Gallington
- X-Ray Science Division, Argonne National Laboratory, Lemont, Illinois 60439, United States
| | - Yang Ren
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
| | - Denis Y W Yu
- School of Energy and Environment, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Center for Green Research on Energy and Environmental Materials (GREEN), National Institute for Materials Science, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0044, Japan
| | - Qi Liu
- Department of Physics, City University of Hong Kong, Tat Chee Avenue, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
- Shenzhen Research Institute, City University of Hong Kong, Shenzhen 518057, China
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10
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Haldar K, Tirumkudulu MS, Jain A, Blackwood DO, Berchielli A, Doshi P. Experimental Evaluation of the Impact of Rapid Environmental Changes on Stress Distribution in Tablet Coatings. AAPS PharmSciTech 2022; 24:30. [PMID: 36577920 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-022-02474-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2022] [Accepted: 11/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Drying-induced cracks in tablet coatings are undesirable as they not only affect tablet's appearance, but they may also interfere with its function. While it is well known that tensile stresses in the coating are responsible for coating failures, few have measured the stress in tablet coatings, especially when exposed to rapid environmental changes. In this study, two commercial tablet coatings based on Hydroxy Propyl Methyl Cellulose (HPMC) and Poly Vinyl Alcohol (PVA) are exposed to rapid variations in temperature and humidity to observe the variation in residual stress. Reducing temperature at a fixed humidity or reducing humidity at fixed temperature, both lead to high residual stresses. When both the humidity and temperature were reduced together, the residual stresses were very high causing delamination in the PVA-based film and cracking in the HPMC-based film. The changes in residual stress are almost instantaneous for the HPMC-based film while it is slower for the PVA-based film. The results highlight the importance of environmental conditions on the residual stress in the film and the resulting coating failure.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Ashwin Jain
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Daniel O Blackwood
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Alfred Berchielli
- Worldwide Research and Development, Pfizer Inc., Groton, Connecticut, USA
| | - Pankaj Doshi
- Pfizer Products India Private Limited, Mumbai, 400051, India
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11
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Nie S, Li L, Wang Q, Zhao R, Lin X, Liu F. Effects of Thermal Stress on the Formation and Cracking Behavior of Nickel-Based Superalloys by Selective Laser Melting Based on a Coupled Thermo-Mechanical Model. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8968. [PMID: 36556772 PMCID: PMC9781950 DOI: 10.3390/ma15248968] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2022] [Revised: 12/10/2022] [Accepted: 12/12/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Complex thermal cycles and stress fields commonly occur in the selective laser melting process for nickel-based superalloys, which are prone to generating cracks and decreasing the performance of forming parts. In this paper, the reasons for cracking were analyzed by combining the experiment with the evolution behavior of the temperature field/stress field during the solidification process of a nickel-based superalloy (FGH96) via a three-dimensional finite element thermo-mechanical coupling model. It showed that a radial temperature distribution of the melting pool led to a similar distributed stress; as a result, the value declined slowly along the scanning direction but declined quickly along the direction perpendicular to the scanning direction. A stress concentration with maximum stress up to 339 MPa was found at the center of the molten pool, easily causing a crack in SLM. It was found that both the initiation and propagation of the cracks were along the grain growth direction and were affected by the epitaxial growth of columnar crystals. For the case of process parameters with relatively high power or low scanning speed, the stress value of the molten pool during solidification was more than 370 MPa so as to form a large area of cracks. The adjustment of the rotation angle between the adjacent layers was effective at avoiding stress accumulation in the building direction and prevent the formation of long grain boundaries, thus avoiding crack propagation. The present study lays a foundation for the wide applications of selective laser melting technologies in nickel-based superalloys.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shijin Nie
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Lin Li
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Qin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Rongxia Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
| | - Xin Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Solidification Processing, Northwestern Polytechnical University, Xi’an 710072, China
| | - Furong Liu
- Key Laboratory of Trans-Scale Laser Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Ministry of Education, Beijing 100124, China
- Institute of Laser Engineering, Faculty of Materials and Manufacturing, Beijing University of Technology, Beijing 100124, China
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12
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Thives LP, Pais JC, Pereira PAA, Palha CAOF, Trichês G. Contribution of Asphalt Rubber Mixtures to Sustainable Pavements by Reducing Pavement Thickness. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8592. [PMID: 36500089 PMCID: PMC9737376 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2022] [Revised: 11/25/2022] [Accepted: 11/30/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
Asphalt rubber mixtures have been used as pavement surface layers due to their ability to prevent early degradation, and are considered a sustainable option. This study performed analysis comparing the fatigue resistance of asphalt rubber mixtures of different combinations of asphalt bases, crumb rubber, and gradation, in order to estimate the performance of asphalt rubber mixtures as pavement surface layers. The methodology was developed in a laboratory and involved asphalt rubber production by continuous and terminal blend systems with different crumb rubbers and asphalt base types. Asphalt rubber mixtures with varying gradations and an unmodified asphalt mixture as a reference were produced. The mechanical behavior as a dynamic modulus and with respect to fatigue resistance was evaluated using a four-point bending test. In order to verify each of the asphalt rubber mixtures' contribution as a surface layer, pavement structures were designed and their lifespans were compared. The findings showed that all asphalt rubber mixtures presented higher fatigue resistance than the reference. For pavement design, in comparison with the reference mixture, the thickness of the surface layer could be reduced by at least 50% while achieving the same life, proving its successful performance. This study demonstrated the effective contribution of crumb rubber from scrap tires as an asphalt modifier for producing sustainable mixtures with adequate fatigue performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liseane Padilha Thives
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil
| | - Jorge C. Pais
- Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Paulo A. A. Pereira
- Department of Civil Engineering, CTAC, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Carlos A. O. F. Palha
- Department of Civil Engineering, ISISE, University of Minho, 4800-058 Guimarães, Portugal
| | - Glicério Trichês
- Department of Civil Engineering, Federal University of Santa Catarina, Florianópolis 88037-000, SC, Brazil
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13
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Sierra-Carrillo de Albornoz FJ, Moreno-Navarro F, Rubio-Gámez MDC. Analysis of the Real Performance of Crumb-Rubber-Modified Asphalt Mixtures. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8366. [PMID: 36499860 PMCID: PMC9738721 DOI: 10.3390/ma15238366] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2022] [Revised: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 06/17/2023]
Abstract
The main goal of this study is to evaluate the field performance of crumb-rubber-modified asphalt mixtures used as a surface layer on high-volume traffic roads. For this purpose, several road sections were constructed under different climate conditions and using control mixtures (manufactured with traditional SBS polymer-modified binders) and crumb-rubber-modified mixtures. After the construction of the different road sections, cores were taken at different periods of their service life (up to 63 months) and they were tested in the laboratory in order to assess the evolution of the density, stiffness and fatigue resistance of the layers. Based on the results obtained from tests, it can be concluded that under real severe traffic and climate conditions, asphalt mixtures manufactured with crumb-rubber-modified bitumen offer ageing and mechanical performance very similar to that offered by asphalt mixtures manufactured with traditional SBS-modified bitumen. Based on these considerations, this application can be an interesting solution to minimize environmental problems caused by end-of-life tires in landfills.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Fernando Moreno-Navarro
- Laboratory of Construction Engineering, University of Granada (LabIC.UGR), Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
| | - María del Carmen Rubio-Gámez
- Laboratory of Construction Engineering, University of Granada (LabIC.UGR), Avda. Severo Ochoa s/n, 18071 Granada, Spain
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14
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Fojt-Dymara G, Opiela M, Borek W. Susceptibility of High-Manganese Steel to High-Temperature Cracking. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:8198. [PMID: 36431687 PMCID: PMC9696971 DOI: 10.3390/ma15228198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2022] [Revised: 11/03/2022] [Accepted: 11/08/2022] [Indexed: 06/16/2023]
Abstract
Tests were carried out on two high-Mn steels: 27Mn-4Si-2Al-Nb with Nb microaddition and 24Mn-3Si-1.5Al-Nb-Ti with Nb and Ti microadditions. High-manganese austenitic steels, due to their good strength and plastic properties belong to the AHSS (Advanced High-Strength Steel) group and are used in the automotive industry. The main difficulties faced during the casting of the steel and hot working are hot cracks, which can appear in the surface of the ingot. Cracks on the edges of the sheet after hot rolling are the reason for cutting the edges of the sheet and increasing production costs and material losses. The main reason for the formation of hot cracks is the decrease in metal ductility in the high-temperature brittleness range (HTBR). The width of the HTBR depends on mechanical properties and microstructural factors, i.e., non-metallic inclusions or intermetallic phases at austenite grain boundaries. In this paper, a hot tensile test was performed. The research was performed on the GLEEBLE 3800 thermomechanical simulator. This test allows us to determine the width of the high-temperature brittleness range (HTBR), the Nil Strength Temperature (NST), the Nil Ductility Temperature (NDT), and the Ductility Recovery Temperature (DRT). Hot ductility was determined from the value of the reduction in area R(A). The obtained results make it possible to determine the temperature of the beginning of hot working from the tested high-Mn steels. Fractographic research enabled us to define mechanisms of hot cracking. It was found that hot cracks form as a result of disruptions in the liquid film on crystals' boundaries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Fojt-Dymara
- Department of Engineering Processes Automation and Integrated Manufacturing Systems, Silesian University of Technology, 18A Konarskiego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Marek Opiela
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18A Konarskiego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
| | - Wojciech Borek
- Department of Engineering Materials and Biomaterials, Silesian University of Technology, 18A Konarskiego Street, 44-100 Gliwice, Poland
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15
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Golewski GL. Fracture Performance of Cementitious Composites Based on Quaternary Blended Cements. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:6023. [PMID: 36079405 PMCID: PMC9457035 DOI: 10.3390/ma15176023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2022] [Revised: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 08/27/2022] [Indexed: 06/15/2023]
Abstract
This study presents test results and in-depth discussion regarding the measurement of the fracture mechanics parameters of new concrete composites based on quaternary blended cements (QBC). A composition of the two most commonly used mineral additives, i.e., fly ash (FA) and silica fume (SF), in combination with nanosilica (nS), has been proposed as a partial replacement for ordinary Portland cement (OPC) binder. Four series of concrete were made, one of which was the reference concrete (REF) and the remaining three were QBC. During the research, the main mechanical parameters of compressive strength (fcm) and splitting tensile strength (fctm), as well as fracture mechanics parameters and the critical stress intensity factor KIcS, along with critical crack-tip opening displacements (CTODc) were investigated. Based on the tests, it was found that the total addition of siliceous materials, i.e., SF + nS without FA, increases the strength and fracture parameters of concrete by approximately 40%. On the other hand, supplementing the composition of the binder with SF and nS with 5% of FA additive causes an increase in all mechanical parameters by approximately 10%, whereas an increase by another 10% in the FA content in the concrete mix causes a significant decrease in all the analyzed factors by 10%, compared to the composite with the addition of silica modifiers only.
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Affiliation(s)
- Grzegorz Ludwik Golewski
- Department of Structural Engineering, Faculty of Civil Engineering and Architecture, Lublin University of Technology, Nadbystrzycka 40 Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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16
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Pan X, Xiao Y, Suhail SA, Ahmad W, Murali G, Salmi A, Mohamed A. Use of Artificial Intelligence Methods for Predicting the Strength of Recycled Aggregate Concrete and the Influence of Raw Ingredients. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:4194. [PMID: 35744254 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2022] [Revised: 06/07/2022] [Accepted: 06/09/2022] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Cracking is one of the main problems in concrete structures and is affected by various parameters. The step-by-step laboratory method, which includes casting specimens, curing for a certain period, and testing, remains a source of worry in terms of cost and time. Novel machine learning methods for anticipating the behavior of raw materials on the ultimate output of concrete are being introduced to address the difficulties outlined above such as the excessive consumption of time and money. This work estimates the splitting-tensile strength of concrete containing recycled coarse aggregate (RCA) using artificial intelligence methods considering nine input parameters and 154 mixes. One individual machine learning algorithm (support vector machine) and three ensembled machine learning algorithms (AdaBoost, Bagging, and random forest) are considered. Additionally, a post hoc model-agnostic method named SHapley Additive exPlanations (SHAP) was performed to study the influence of raw ingredients on the splitting-tensile strength. The model's performance was assessed using the coefficient of determination (R2), root mean square error (RMSE), and mean absolute error (MAE). Then, the model's performance was validated using k-fold cross-validation. The random forest model, with an R2 of 0.96, outperformed the AdaBoost models. The random forest models with greater R2 and lower error (RMSE = 0.49) had superior performance. It was revealed from the SHAP analysis that the cement content had the highest positive influence on the splitting-tensile strength of the recycled aggregate concrete and the primary contact of cement is with water. The feature interaction plot shows that high water content has a negative impact on the recycled aggregate concrete (RAC) splitting-tensile strength, but the increased cement content had a beneficial effect.
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17
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Šmilauer V, Reiterman P, Šulc R, Schořík P. Crack-Resistant Cements under Drying: Results from Ring Shrinkage Tests and Multi-Physical Modeling. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15124040. [PMID: 35744099 PMCID: PMC9230038 DOI: 10.3390/ma15124040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2022] [Revised: 06/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/02/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cementitious materials exhibit shrinkage strain on drying, leading easily to crack formation when internally or externally restrained. It is known that cements with a slow strength gain show higher crack resistance under external drying. The ring shrinkage test can be considered an accelerated method for cracking tendency due to existing historical correlations between ring cracking time and long-term surface concrete cracking. The experimental campaign used ring shrinkage tests on 25 mortars, covering 10 commercial cements and 15 cements produced on demand, covering Portland cements and blended cements up to a 30% slag substitution. The results show that the restrained ring cracking time generally increases with lower Blaine fineness and higher slag substitution in 6 to over 207 days’ span. Upper limits for crack-resistant cements were proposed for 2-day compressive strength and Blaine fineness, in the case of Portland cements: 27.7 MPa and 290 m2/kg, respectively. A hygro-mechanical model successfully replicated strain evolution with crack formation and brittle failure. Only two out of ten commercial cements were classified as crack-resistant, while the ratio increased to 10 out of 15 cements which were produced on demand.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vít Šmilauer
- Department of Mechanics, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague , Czech Republic
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-224-354-483
| | - Pavel Reiterman
- Experimental Center, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Rostislav Šulc
- Department of Construction Technology, Faculty of Civil Engineering, Czech Technical University in Prague, Thákurova 7, 166 29 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Petr Schořík
- Českomoravský Cement, a.s., Mokrá 359, 664 04 Mokrá-Horákov, Czech Republic;
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18
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Yun J, Mazumder M, Na IH, Lee MS, Kim HH. Evaluation of Effect of Thermoplastic Polyurethane (TPU) on Crumb Rubber Modified (CRM) Asphalt Binder. Materials (Basel) 2022; 15:ma15113824. [PMID: 35683122 PMCID: PMC9181471 DOI: 10.3390/ma15113824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2022] [Revised: 05/19/2022] [Accepted: 05/21/2022] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Crumb rubber binder with thermoplastic polyurethane (TPU) has been experimented with to characterize the performance properties considering the workability, rutting, fatigue cracking and cracking resistance at low temperatures depending on the temperatures and aging states. Physical and rheological properties were evaluated to proceed with the study by applying Superpave asphalt binder testing and multi-stress creep recovery (MSCR). Based on the targeted experiments, the binder samples were produced at three aging states (original, short-term aged and long-term aged) using a rolling thin film oven (RTFO) and pressure aging vessel (PAV). The results revealed that (i) the addition of TPU into CRM binders has a potential effect on increasing viscoelasticity at the original condition, (ii) CRM binders containing TPU showed improved anti-aging performance based on results of RTFO residues and (iii) the inclusion of TPU made it possible for CRM asphalt binder to improve its fatigue and cracking resistance at low temperature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jihyeon Yun
- Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (J.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Mithil Mazumder
- Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (J.Y.); (M.M.)
| | - Il-Ho Na
- Korea Petroleum, Seoul 04427, Korea;
| | - Moon-Sup Lee
- Korea Institute of Civil Engineering and Building Technology, Goyang 10223, Korea
- Correspondence: (M.-S.L.); (H.H.K.)
| | - Hyun Hwan Kim
- Department of Engineering Technology, Texas State University, San Marcos, TX 78666, USA; (J.Y.); (M.M.)
- Correspondence: (M.-S.L.); (H.H.K.)
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19
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Zhao W, Zou L, Zhang L, Fan X, Zhang H, Pagani F, Brack E, Seidl L, Ou X, Egorov K, Guo X, Hu G, Trabesinger S, Wang C, Battaglia C. Assessing Long-Term Cycling Stability of Single-Crystal Versus Polycrystalline Nickel-Rich NCM in Pouch Cells with 6 mAh cm -2 Electrodes. Small 2022; 18:e2107357. [PMID: 35182015 DOI: 10.1002/smll.202107357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Lithium-ion batteries based on single-crystal LiNi1- x - y Cox Mny O2 (NCM, 1-x-y ≥ 0.6) cathode materials are gaining increasing attention due to their improved structural stability resulting in superior cycle life compared to batteries based on polycrystalline NCM. However, an in-depth understanding of the less pronounced degradation mechanism of single-crystal NCM is still lacking. Here, a detailed postmortem study is presented, comparing pouch cells with single-crystal versus polycrystalline LiNi0.60 Co0.20 Mn0.20 O2 (NCM622) cathodes after 1375 dis-/charge cycles against graphite anodes. The thickness of the cation-disordered layer forming in the near-surface region of the cathode particles does not differ significantly between single-crystal and polycrystalline particles, while cracking is pronounced for polycrystalline particles, but practically absent for single-crystal particles. Transition metal dissolution as quantified by time-of-flight mass spectrometry on the surface of the cycled graphite anode is much reduced for single-crystal NCM622. Similarly, CO2 gas evolution during the first two cycles as quantified by electrochemical mass spectrometry is much reduced for single-crystal NCM622. Benefitting from these advantages, graphite/single-crystal NMC622 pouch cells are demonstrated with a cathode areal capacity of 6 mAh cm-2 with an excellent capacity retention of 83% after 3000 cycles to 4.2 V, emphasizing the potential of single-crystalline NCM622 as cathode material for next-generation lithium-ion batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wengao Zhao
- Materials for Energy Conversion, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Lianfeng Zou
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Leiting Zhang
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Xinming Fan
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, No. 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
- Powder Metallurgy Research Institute, Central South University, Hunan, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Hehe Zhang
- Clean Nano Energy Center, State Key Laboratory of Metastable Material Science and Technology, Yanshan University, Qinhuangdao, 066004, China
| | - Francesco Pagani
- Materials for Energy Conversion, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Enzo Brack
- Materials for Energy Conversion, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Lukas Seidl
- Materials for Energy Conversion, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xing Ou
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, No. 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Konstantin Egorov
- Materials for Energy Conversion, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
| | - Xueyi Guo
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, No. 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Guorong Hu
- School of Metallurgy and Environment, Central South University, No. 932 South Lushan Road, Changsha, 410083, P. R. China
| | - Sigita Trabesinger
- Electrochemistry Laboratory, Paul Scherrer Institute, Villigen, 5232, Switzerland
| | - Chongmin Wang
- Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory, Pacific Northwest National Laboratory, 3335 Innovation Boulevard, Richland, WA, 99354, USA
| | - Corsin Battaglia
- Materials for Energy Conversion, Empa, Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials, Science and Technology, Dübendorf, 8600, Switzerland
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20
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Johnson A, Linse A, Novoa KC. A Tough Case to Crack: Diagnostic, Ethical, and Legal Considerations in Treating Compulsive Neck Cracking. Cureus 2022; 14:e23875. [PMID: 35530890 PMCID: PMC9076044 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.23875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Compulsive behaviors rarely lead to significant physical injury, but when they do, they can introduce challenges in treatment secondary to diagnostic uncertainty and introduce ethical and legal dilemmas when trying to optimize patient care. We discuss the clinical complexities in treating a patient with compulsive neck cracking as she navigates various clinical settings in hopes of alleviating the anxiety and pain that lead to her behaviors. Ultimately, the principles of beneficence and autonomy must be weighed when determining whether someone with a chronic risk of serious physical harm from compulsive behaviors requires involuntary psychiatric treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Johnson
- Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
| | - Alexander Linse
- Psychiatry, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, USA
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21
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Crump WW, Peace C, Zhang Z, McCord P. Detection of Breeding-Relevant Fruit Cracking and Fruit Firmness Quantitative Trait Loci in Sweet Cherry via Pedigree-Based and Genome-Wide Association Approaches. Front Plant Sci 2022; 13:823250. [PMID: 35310633 PMCID: PMC8924583 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2022.823250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 06/14/2023]
Abstract
Breeding for decreased fruit cracking incidence and increased fruit firmness in sweet cherry creates an attractive alternative to variable results from cultural management practices. DNA-informed breeding increases its efficiency, yet upstream research is needed to identify the genomic regions associated with the trait variation of a breeding-relevant magnitude, as well as to identify the parental sources of favorable alleles. The objectives of this research were to identify the quantitative trait loci (QTLs) associated with fruit cracking incidence and firmness, estimate the effects of single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) haplotypes at the detected QTLs, and identify the ancestral source(s) of functional haplotypes. Fruit cracking incidence and firmness were evaluated for multiple years on 259 unselected seedlings representing 22 important breeding parents. Phenotypic data, in conjunction with genome-wide genotypic data from the RosBREED cherry 6K SNP array, were used in the QTL analysis performed via Pedigree-Based Analysis using the FlexQTL™ software, supplemented by a Genome-Wide Association Study using the BLINK software. Haplotype analysis was conducted on the QTLs to identify the functional SNP haplotypes and estimate their phenotypic effects, and the haplotypes were tracked through the pedigree. Four QTLs (two per trait) were consistent across the years and/or both analysis methods and validated the previously reported QTLs. qCrack-LG1.1m (the label given to a consistent QTL for cracking incidence on chromosome 1) explained 2-15.1% of the phenotypic variance, while qCrack-LG5.1m, qFirm-LG1.2m, and qFirm-LG3.2m explained 7.6-13.8, 8.8-21.8, and 1.7-10.1% of the phenotypic variance, respectively. At each QTL, at least two SNP haplotypes had significant effects and were considered putative functional SNP haplotypes. Putative low-cracking SNP haplotypes were tracked to an unnamed parent of 'Emperor Francis' and 'Schmidt' and unnamed parents of 'Napoleon' and 'Hedelfingen,' among others, and putative high-firmness haplotypes were tracked to an unnamed parent of 'Emperor Francis' and 'Schmidt,' an unnamed grandparent of 'Black Republican,' 'Rube,' and an unknown parent of 'Napoleon.' These four stable QTLs can now be targeted for DNA test development, with the goal of translating information discovered here into usable tools to aid in breeding decisions.
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Affiliation(s)
- William Wesley Crump
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
| | - Cameron Peace
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Zhiwu Zhang
- Department of Crop and Soil Sciences, Washington State University, Pullman, WA, United States
| | - Per McCord
- Department of Horticulture, Washington State University, Prosser, WA, United States
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22
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Drogoudi P, Pantelidis GE. Comparative effects of gibberellin A 3 , glycine betaine, and Si, Ca, and K fertilizers on physiological disorders and yield of pomegranate cv. Wonderful. J Sci Food Agric 2022; 102:259-267. [PMID: 34091902 DOI: 10.1002/jsfa.11354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 05/26/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Damage from cracking, russeting, and sunscalds causes significant yield losses in pomegranate worldwide and may result from stressful environmental conditions. Although foliar sprays with minerals or growth regulators could be an important orchard management, little is known on the effectiveness of glycine betaine, silicon (Si)-based fertilizers or the response of cv. Wonderful to gibberellin A3 (GA3 ). RESULTS During a 2-year study, foliar spraying with GA3 at 75 or 150 mg L-1 applied in July substantially reduced cracking, russeting, and sunscald symptoms and increased fruit size, yield, and 100-aril weight, without affecting the % edible portion or % juice, suggesting that arils and skin increased similarly. Nevertheless, they reduced the skin red coloration, especially at the higher dose. GA3 at 75 mg L-1 applied in September resulted in a low number of harvested fruit as a result of delayed maturation. Spraying with glycine betaine at seven repeated times at biweekly intervals starting in July, reduced sunscald symptoms, red coloration, and maturity index only in the year with high damage. Foliar sprays with calcium chloride or Si-based fertilizer containing potassium, applied as in the glycine betaine treatment, did not affect the occurrence of physiological disorders, whereas Si-based fertilizer containing potassium and calcium increased cracking and decreased sunscald only in the year with high damage. CONCLUSION Spraying with GA3 at 75 mg L-1 in July could have a significant impact on a grower's income by reducing damage from physiological disorders, improving yield with a minimum decrease in red skin coloration. The efficacy of nutrient-related fertilizers and glycine betaine were not constant, and this would be useful to evaluate at earlier application times and under stress conditions. © 2021 Society of Chemical Industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Drogoudi
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'Demeter', Naoussa, Greece
| | - Georgios E Pantelidis
- Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Hellenic Agricultural Organization 'Demeter', Naoussa, Greece
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23
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Ishaq MA, Giustozzi F. Correlation between Rheological Fatigue Tests on Bitumen and Various Cracking Tests on Asphalt Mixtures. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:7839. [PMID: 34947432 DOI: 10.3390/ma14247839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2021] [Revised: 12/06/2021] [Accepted: 12/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Accurate characterisation and appropriate binder selection are essential to increase the load-induced cracking resistance of asphalt mixtures at an intermediate temperature. Hence, the primary goal of this study was to correlate the cracking resistance exerted by the binder with the cracking performance of asphalt mixtures. The laboratory-based experimental plan covered various types of laboratory tests specified by various agencies and road authorities to study the correlation of a neat bitumen and five polymer-modified binders with their corresponding asphalt mixtures. The fatigue life of the binders was assessed through a Linear Amplitude Sweep (LAS) test and statistically correlated with various load-induced cracking parameters from the indirect tensile test, semi-circular bending (SCB) test, and four points bending beam test (FPBB) of asphalt mixtures at 25 °C. Binders and mixes were further grouped depending on their polymeric family (i.e., modified with a particular type of polymer) to validate their statistical correlation. The indicator that mostly correlated the binder properties with the asphalt mixture properties is the secant modulus from the SCB test. Fatigue parameters obtained through LAS better explain the asphalt fatigue performance obtained through FPBB; specifically, asphalt tests at high strain levels (e.g., 400 micro strain) better correlate to the LAS fatigue parameter (Nf).
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Bustamante M, Muñoz A, Romero I, Osorio P, Mánquez S, Arriola R, Reyes-Díaz M, Ribera-Fonseca A. Impact of Potassium Pre-Harvest Applications on Fruit Quality and Condition of Sweet Cherry ( Prunus avium L.) Cultivated under Plastic Covers in Southern Chile Orchards. Plants (Basel) 2021; 10:plants10122778. [PMID: 34961249 PMCID: PMC8704332 DOI: 10.3390/plants10122778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/09/2021] [Accepted: 12/09/2021] [Indexed: 06/04/2023]
Abstract
In rainy locations, sweet cherry is cultivated under plastic covers, which are useful to prevent fruit cracking but decrease cherry quality such as firmness and acidity. Here we evaluate the impact of pre-harvest K foliar applications on harvest and post-harvest fruit quality and condition of sweet cherry cultivated under plastic covers in southern Chile orchards. The study was performed on two commercial orchards (cv. Regina), located in different regions, during two consecutive seasons. In all cases, a conventional K regime (four sprays) was compared to an intensive K regimen (seven sprays). Results showed that cherries from the most southern region revealed lower acidity but higher soluble solids content weight and size. The intensive K regime improved the firmness and acidity of fruits of covered trees at harvest and post-harvest. Moreover, we found that condition defects were higher in fruits from un-covered trees and that trees grown under intensive K regime showed lower levels of cracking at harvest and pitting at post-harvest compared to trees treated with the conventional K regime. Otherwise, pedicel browning was inconsistently affected by K sprays. Our results revealed that an intensive K regime could improve the quality and condition of fruits at harvest and post-harvest in covered orchards of sweet cherry cv. Regina; however, the impacts can significantly vary depending on season and locality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Bustamante
- Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile; (M.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Ariel Muñoz
- Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile; (M.B.); (A.M.)
| | - Iverly Romero
- Instituto de Investigaciones Agropecuarias (INIA), Carillanca Station, km 10 Camino Cajón-Vilcún, Temuco P.O. Box 929, Chile;
| | - Pamela Osorio
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Exportadora Rancagua S.A.—Ranco Cherries, Route 5 South, 04000, km 80, Rancagua P.O. Box 576, Chile; (P.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Sergio Mánquez
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Exportadora Rancagua S.A.—Ranco Cherries, Route 5 South, 04000, km 80, Rancagua P.O. Box 576, Chile; (P.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Rocío Arriola
- Research, Development and Innovation Department, Exportadora Rancagua S.A.—Ranco Cherries, Route 5 South, 04000, km 80, Rancagua P.O. Box 576, Chile; (P.O.); (S.M.); (R.A.)
| | - Marjorie Reyes-Díaz
- Departamento de Ciencias Químicas y Recursos Naturales, Facultad de Ingeniería y Ciencias, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile;
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile
| | - Alejandra Ribera-Fonseca
- Centro de Fruticultura, Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile; (M.B.); (A.M.)
- Center of Plant-Soil Interaction and Natural Resources Biotechnology, Scientific and Technological Bioresource Nucleus (BIOREN), Campus Andrés Bello, Universidad de La Frontera, Avenida Francisco Salazar 01145, Temuco P.O. Box 24-D, Chile
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Jaydev SD, Martín AJ, Pérez-Ramírez J. Direct Conversion of Polypropylene into Liquid Hydrocarbons on Carbon-Supported Platinum Catalysts. ChemSusChem 2021; 14:5179-5185. [PMID: 34553832 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202101999] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2021] [Revised: 09/23/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Efforts to selectively convert polypropylene (≈30 % of all plastic waste) have not been particularly successful. Typical distributions span from gas to solid products, highlighting a challenging cleavage control. Here, carbon-supported platinum nanoparticles were designed for complete hydrocracking into liquid hydrocarbons (C5 -C45 ). The metal and carrier phases operated synergistically. The cleavage activity depended on platinum and its rate rose with decreasing particle size. The carbon carrier controlled selectivity via hydrocarbon binding strength, which depended on the chain length and on the surface oxygen concentration. An optimal binding provided by carbons with high oxygen content promoted both adsorption of long chains and desorption of short products. This strategy achieved an unprecedented 80 % selectivity toward motor oil (C21 -C45 ). Carbons exhibiting too strong binding (low oxygen content) hindered product desorption, while non-binding materials (e. g., silica or alumina) did not promote plastic-Pt contact, leading in both cases to low performance. This work pioneers design guidelines in a key process towards a sustainable plastic economy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shibashish D Jaydev
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Antonio J Martín
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Javier Pérez-Ramírez
- Institute for Chemical and Bioengineering, Department of Chemistry and Applied Biosciences, ETH Zürich, Vladimir-Prelog-Weg 1, 8093, Zürich, Switzerland
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26
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Bulzak T. Ductile Fracture Prediction in Cross-Wedge Rolling of Rail Axles. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14216638. [PMID: 34772162 PMCID: PMC8585426 DOI: 10.3390/ma14216638] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2021] [Revised: 10/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In the process of cross-wedge rolling, axial-symmetric forgings are formed using wedge tools. These tools may be flat- or roll-shaped. This article presents two methods of cross-wedge rolling of rail axles, traditional and multi-wedge, as well as their advantages and disadvantages. Two cross-wedge rolling processes are modelled numerically using Simufact Forming. Numerical results are then verified by experiments performed on a flat wedge rolling mill. Results obtained with the two rolling methods are compared in terms of material fracture, force parameters, effective strain and thermal conditions during rolling. Results show that material fracture poses a serious problem in these rolling processes. It is found that the Cockcroft–Latham ductile fracture criterion does not predict material fracture correctly. Results demonstrate that the fracture of railway axles in cross-wedge rolling can be best predicted by the fracture criteria developed by Ayada, Brozzo, Ko, Rice and Tracey.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Bulzak
- Mechanical Faculty, Lublin University of Technology, 36 Nadbystrzycka Str., 20-618 Lublin, Poland
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Krassowska J, Kosior-Kazberuk M. The Effect of Steel and Basalt Fibers on the Shear Behavior of Double-Span Fiber Reinforced Concrete Beams. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:6090. [PMID: 34683681 DOI: 10.3390/ma14206090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2021] [Revised: 09/24/2021] [Accepted: 10/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
This study investigates the effects of adding different types of fibers to concrete mixes on the shear behavior of double-span fiber-reinforced concrete beams with or without shear reinforcement. As a part of the experimental study, a total of twenty-seven natural-scale double-span beams were tested. The beams, made of concrete with steel or basalt fiber, with fiber dosages of 78.5 and 5 kg/m3, were tested under shear force. The three tested series consisted of three beams with dimensions of 120 × 300 × 4150 mm, with various numbers of stirrups and contents of fiber reinforcement. During the tests, the shear capacity of the elements was determined. The values of support reactions, deflection in the middle of the span of both beam spans, deformations on the surface of the concrete member in the middle of the span in the compressive and tensile zone, and cracking (crack development and crack width) were also measured. The beams were tested using a digital image correlation (DIC) technique. Test results show that shear capacity increases in beams made of concrete with steel (1.87) or basalt fibers (1.23). Moreover, the failure mode changes from shear (brittle) to flexure-shear (less brittle). The experimental shear capacity of beams was compared with the theoretical values predicted by different design codes, i.e., fib Model Code 2010 and RILEM TC 162-TDF 2003. The results show that all the design codes underestimate the contribution of fiber-reinforced concrete beams to shear resistance and greatly overestimate the contribution of shear reinforcement.
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Cheng T, Qin W, Lian Y, Liu X, Tang J, Cai G, Zhang S, Le X, Jiang C, Ren F. High Transient-Thermal-Shock Resistant Nanochannel Tungsten Films. Nanomaterials (Basel) 2021; 11:2663. [PMID: 34685104 DOI: 10.3390/nano11102663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2021] [Revised: 10/01/2021] [Accepted: 10/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
Abstract
Developing high-performance tungsten plasma-facing materials for fusion reactors is an urgent task. In this paper, novel nanochannel structural W films prepared by magnetron sputtering deposition were irradiated using a high-power pulsed electron beam or ion beam to study their edge-localized modes, such as transient thermal shock resistance. Under electron beam irradiation, a 1 μm thick nanochannel W film with 150 watt power showed a higher absorbed power density related cracking threshold (0.28–0.43 GW/m2) than the commercial bulk W (0.16–0.28 GW/m2) at room temperature. With ion beam irradiation with an energy density of 1 J/cm2 for different pulses, the bulk W displayed many large cracks with the increase of pulse number, while only micro-crack networks with a width of tens of nanometers were found in the nanochannel W film. For the mechanism of the high resistance of nanochannel W films to transient thermal shock, a residual stress analysis was made by Grazing-incidence X-ray diffraction (GIXRD), and the results showed that the irradiated nanochannel W films had a much lower stress than that of the irradiated bulk W, which indicates that the nanochannel structure can release more stress, due to its special nanochannel structure and ability for the annihilation of irradiation induced defects.
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Kendall K, Kendall K. Calculations on compact disc cracking. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 379:20200292. [PMID: 34148413 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
The Griffith equation for brittle cracking has three problems. First, it applies to an infinite sheet whereas a laboratory test sample is typically near 100 × 100 mm. Second, it describes a central crack instead of the more dangerous and easily observable edge crack. Third, the theory assumes a uniform stress field, instead of tensile force application used in the laboratory. The purpose of this paper is to avoid these difficulties by employing Gregory's solution in calculating the crack behaviour of PMMA (Poly Methyl Meth Acrylate) discs, pin loaded in tension. Our calculations showed that axial disc loading gave nominal strengths comparable with Griffith theory, but the force went to zero as the crack fully crossed the disc, fitting experimental results. Off-axis loading was more interesting because the predicted strength was lower than in axial testing, but also gave unexpected behaviour at short crack lengths, where nominal strength did not rise indefinitely but dropped as crack length went below D/10, quite different from Griffith, where strength rose continuously as cracks were shortened. Such off-axis loading leads to a size effect in which larger discs are weaker, reminiscent of the fine fibre strengthening phenomenon reported in Griffith's early paper (Griffith 1921 Phil. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. A 221, 163-198. (doi:10.1098/rsta.1921.0006)). This article is part of a discussion meeting issue 'A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaan Kendall
- Adelan, Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Harborne, West Midlands B15 9HD, UK
| | - Kevin Kendall
- Adelan, Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Harborne, West Midlands B15 9HD, UK
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Kendall K. A cracking approach to inventing new tough materials: fracture stranger than friction. Philos Trans A Math Phys Eng Sci 2021; 379:20200286. [PMID: 34148422 DOI: 10.1098/rsta.2020.0286] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/05/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Kendall
- Adelan, Weekin Works, 112 Park Hill Road, Harborne, West Midlands B15 9HD, UK
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Hurtado G, Knoche M. Water Soaking Disorder in Strawberries: Triggers, Factors, and Mechanisms. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:694123. [PMID: 34354724 PMCID: PMC8330803 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.694123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/11/2021] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Water soaking is an important surface disorder of strawberries that limits unprotected field production. The objective was to identify the mechanism(s) of water soaking. Symptomatic fruit show pale, deliquescent patches of skin. This damage extends into the flesh. Numerous cuticular microcracks occurred in water-soaked areas. Water soaking occurred only if the skin was exposed to liquid water. Water soaking was more rapid when the cuticle had been abraded. Water soaking, anthocyanin leakage, and water uptake all increased with incubation time. There was a lag phase for water soaking and anthocyanin leakage, but not for water uptake. Susceptibility to water soaking increased with fruit ripening and mass. Incubation in isotonic PEG 6000 increased cuticular microcracking but decreased water soaking and water uptake. Incubation in hypotonic fruit juice (natural and artificial) increased water soaking incidence and severity but reduced water uptake. Incubation in dilute citric and malic acids increased plasma membrane permeability as indexed by anthocyanin leakage and increased water soaking. Thus, water soaking involves cuticular microcracking, localized water uptake, bursting of cells, and the release of organic acids into the apoplast. The damage propagates from cell to cell.
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32
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Rathore M, Haritonovs V, Zaumanis M. Performance Evaluation of Warm Asphalt Mixtures Containing Chemical Additive and Effect of Incorporating High Reclaimed Asphalt Content. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14143793. [PMID: 34300713 PMCID: PMC8307261 DOI: 10.3390/ma14143793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2021] [Revised: 07/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/05/2021] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Reclaimed asphalt (RA) and Warm mix asphalt (WMA) are two widely used environmentally friendly mixtures in the paving industry. This study compares the laboratory performance of conventional hot mix asphalt (HMA) with virgin WMA, and WMA containing 60% RA content, using thermal stress restrained specimen test, wheel tracking test, and indirect tensile strength test. Based on test results, a reduction of 15 °C in mixing temperature was achieved for WMA mixtures compared to HMA using the given chemical additive. The virgin WMA mixture showed superior cracking resistance but lower rutting resistance than HMA, and incorporation of RA material without any further modification in the binder, deteriorated both cracking and rutting performance of WMA. It was also shown that laboratory short-term aging can significantly affect the performance of the mixtures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mukul Rathore
- Celu Eksperts, LV-5052 Ikskile, Latvia
- Department of Roads and Bridges, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +371-2576-5376
| | - Viktors Haritonovs
- Department of Roads and Bridges, Riga Technical University, LV-1048 Riga, Latvia;
| | - Martins Zaumanis
- EMPA Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology, CH-8600 Dubendorf, Switzerland;
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Kunčická L, Jambor M, Weiser A, Dvořák J. Structural Factors Inducing Cracking of Brass Fittings. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14123255. [PMID: 34204723 PMCID: PMC8231648 DOI: 10.3390/ma14123255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Revised: 06/03/2021] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/04/2022]
Abstract
Cu–Zn–Pb brasses are popular materials, from which numerous industrially and commercially used components are fabricated. These alloys are typically subjected to multiple-step processing—involving casting, extrusion, hot forming, and machining—which can introduce various defects to the final product. The present study focuses on the detailed characterization of the structure of a brass fitting—i.e., a pre-shaped medical gas valve, produced by hot die forging—and attempts to assess the factors beyond local cracking occurring during processing. The analyses involved characterization of plastic flow via optical microscopy, and investigations of the phenomena in the vicinity of the crack, for which we used scanning and transmission electron microscopy. Numerical simulation was implemented not only to characterize the plastic flow more in detail, but primarily to investigate the probability of the occurrence of cracking based on the presence of stress. Last, but not least, microhardness in specific locations of the fitting were examined. The results reveal that the cracking occurring in the location with the highest probability of the occurrence of defects was most likely induced by differences in the chemical composition; the location the crack in which developed exhibited local changes not only in chemical composition—which manifested as the presence of brittle precipitates—but also in beta phase depletion. Moreover, as a result of the presence of oxidic precipitates and the hard and brittle alpha phase, the vicinity of the crack exhibited an increase in microhardness, which contributed to local brittleness.
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Yeon JH. Restrained Stress Development in Hardening Mortar Internally Cured with Superabsorbent Polymers under Autogenous and Drying Conditions. Polymers (Basel) 2021; 13:polym13060979. [PMID: 33806826 PMCID: PMC8004907 DOI: 10.3390/polym13060979] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2021] [Revised: 03/19/2021] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
This study reports the results of a series of experiments, particularly paying attention to the early-age behavior and response of hardening mortars incorporating different types and contents of superabsorbent polymer (SAP) under autogenous (sealed) and drying shrinkage (unsealed) conditions. To achieve this primary aim, the effects of SAP type (i.e., cross-linking density and grain size) and content on the internal relative humidity (IRH) changes and corresponding free shrinkage behavior, restrained stress development, and cracking potential of the mortar were extensively measured and analyzed, along with their strength and set time properties. The results of this study have shown that the internal curing (IC) via SAP effectively counteracted the early-age residual stress build-up due to autogenous shrinkage, as many other former studies described. No or little tensile residual stresses due to autogenous shrinkage took place when more than 0.4% SAP was added, regardless of the SAP type. However, it should be mentioned that the addition of SAP, irrespective of its content and type, hardly improved the shrinkage cracking resistance of the mortar when directly exposed to drying environment at early ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jung Heum Yeon
- Department of Civil and Environmental Engineering, Gachon University, Seongnam 13120, Korea
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35
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Kania T, Derkach V, Nowak R. Testing Crack Resistance of Non-Load-Bearing Ceramic Walls with Door Openings. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:ma14061379. [PMID: 33809089 PMCID: PMC8001233 DOI: 10.3390/ma14061379] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Revised: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 03/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Cracking in non-load-bearing internal partition walls is a serious problem that frequently occurs in new buildings within the short term after putting them into service or even before completion of construction. Sometimes, it is so considerable that it cannot be accepted by the occupiers. The article presents tests of cracking in ceramic walls with a door opening connected in a rigid and flexible way along vertical edges. The first analyzes were conducted using the finite element method (FEM), and afterward, the measurements of deformations and stresses in walls on deflecting floors were performed on a full scale in the actual building structure. The measurements enabled to determine floor deformations leading to cracking of walls and to establish a dependency between the values of tensile stresses within the area of the door opening corners and their location along the length of walls and type of vertical connection with the structure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomasz Kania
- Faculty of Civil Engineering, Wrocław University of Science and Technology, Wybrzeże Wyspiańskiego 27, 50-370 Wrocław, Poland
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +48-71-352-84-52
| | - Valery Derkach
- Research Enterprise for Construction “Institute BelNIIS”, 15 “B”, F. Skoriny str., 220076 Minsk, Belarus;
| | - Rafał Nowak
- Faculty of Civil and Environmental Engineering, West Pomeranian University of Technology, 70-311 Szczecin, Poland;
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Tuz L, Ziewiec A, Pańcikiewicz K. Influence of the Thermal Cutting Process on Cracking of Pearlitic Steels. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:1284. [PMID: 33800317 DOI: 10.3390/ma14051284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/04/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The paper presents research results of the influence of heat input into high carbon rail steel during cutting processes on microstructure transformation and cracking. The massive block of steel prepared for rail rolling processes was cut and examined by nondestructive magnetic testing and destructive testing by microscopic examination and hardness measurements. The results show unfavorable microstructure changes where pearlite and transformed ledeburite were obtained. The effects of the presence of such microstructures are high hardness near to cutting surfaces (above 800 HV) and microcracks which grow into low hardness block cores during rolling and rail shaping.
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Abstract
In the course of biological evolution, plant stems have evolved mechanical properties and an internal structure that makes them resistant to various types of failure. The mechanisms involved during damage development and failure in bending are complex and incompletely understood. The work presented builds on a theoretical framework outlined by Ennos and van Casteren, who applied engineering mechanics theory to explain why different woody stems fail in different ways. Our work has extended this approach, applying it to a detailed analysis of one particular species: Fuchsia magellanica var. gracilis. When subjected to three-point bending, stems of this species exhibited one of two failure mechanisms: a plastic hinge or a greenstick fracture. We developed a predictive model using a computer simulation and a mathematical analysis using the theory of plastic bending. Required material properties were obtained from tests, the literature and imaging techniques. We found that greenstick fractures are more likely to occur in more lignified stems with a higher density. We discovered a new failure mode: an internal crack caused by tensile transverse stress. This work helps in understanding how plants have evolved their bending resistance and may assist in the creation of novel engineering structures inspired by these principles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hone
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland
| | - Max Mylo
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Olga Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - Thomas Speck
- Plant Biomechanics Group, Botanic Garden, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Germany.,Cluster of Excellence livMatS @ FIT-Freiburg Center for Interactive Materials and Bioinspired Technologies, University of Freiburg, Germany
| | - David Taylor
- Trinity Centre for Biomedical Engineering, Department of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, Trinity College Dublin, The University of Dublin, Ireland
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Gutiérrez-Jara C, Bilbao-Sainz C, McHugh T, Chiou BS, Williams T, Villalobos-Carvajal R. Effect of Cross-Linked Alginate/Oil Nanoemulsion Coating on Cracking and Quality Parameters of Sweet Cherries. Foods 2021; 10:449. [PMID: 33670567 PMCID: PMC7922150 DOI: 10.3390/foods10020449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2021] [Revised: 02/06/2021] [Accepted: 02/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The cracking of sweet cherries causes significant crop losses. Sweet cherries (cv. Bing) were coated by electro-spraying with an edible nanoemulsion (NE) of alginate and soybean oil with or without a CaCl2 cross-linker to reduce cracking. Coated sweet cherries were stored at 4 °C for 28 d. The barrier and fruit quality properties and nutritional values of the coated cherries were evaluated and compared with those of uncoated sweet cherries. Sweet cherries coated with NE + CaCl2 increased cracking tolerance by 53% and increased firmness. However, coated sweet cherries exhibited a 10% increase in water loss after 28 d due to decreased resistance to water vapor transfer. Coated sweet cherries showed a higher soluble solid content, titratable acidity, antioxidant capacity, and total soluble phenolic content compared with uncoated sweet cherries. Therefore, the use of the NE + CaCl2 coating on sweet cherries can help reduce cracking and maintain their postharvest quality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Camilo Gutiérrez-Jara
- Food Engineering Department, Universidad del Bío-Bío, P.O. Box 447, Av. Andrés Bello 720, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
| | - Cristina Bilbao-Sainz
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.B.-S.); (T.M.); (B.-S.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Tara McHugh
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.B.-S.); (T.M.); (B.-S.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Bor-Sen Chiou
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.B.-S.); (T.M.); (B.-S.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Tina Williams
- Western Regional Research Center, United States Department of Agriculture, Albany, CA 94710, USA; (C.B.-S.); (T.M.); (B.-S.C.); (T.W.)
| | - Ricardo Villalobos-Carvajal
- Food Engineering Department, Universidad del Bío-Bío, P.O. Box 447, Av. Andrés Bello 720, Chillán 3800708, Chile;
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Sakoda H, Aizawa M, Ueda A, Toida H, Uematsu M, Nakaoka R, Miyajima A, Haishima Y. [Evaluation of the Influence of Pharmaceuticals on the Mechanical Properties of Polymeric Medical Devices]. YAKUGAKU ZASSHI 2021; 141:199-206. [PMID: 33518641 DOI: 10.1248/yakushi.20-00199-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Pharmaceuticals reportedly cause damage to some polymeric medical devices that administer them. Because this phenomenon and its causes still remain unclear, in this study, all the possible combinations of polymeric materials and pharmaceutical ingredients that could cause failures were identified by conducting a comprehensive analysis on a wide variety of such combinations and through verification tests using the products. The results of the simple immersion tests and the reports of clinical failures indicated that the failures were not caused by the lack of chemical resistance of the polymers but by the environmental stress cracking (ESC) induced by a combination of the stress generated in the material and the interaction with a specific chemical. Therefore, we evaluated all combinations that could cause ESC by developing and applying a simple method for testing ESC. Polycarbonate and polyethylene terephthalate were found to be damaged by alkaline solutions and oils and fats, and surfactants solutions. These failures were also confirmed by the verification tests. Results from the stress state verification, fractographic analysis, and other studies confirmed that these failures were caused by ESC. Cytotoxicity owing to the induction of ESC was not detected in any combination. These results indicated that the residual stress generated during the manufacturing process was one of the reasons for the failure of the medical devices. This residual stress can be eliminated by employing additional processes such as annealing, thereby preventing medical device failures induced through interactions with pharmaceutical ingredients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hideyuki Sakoda
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Masami Aizawa
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Asako Ueda
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Hitomi Toida
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Miyuki Uematsu
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Ryusuke Nakaoka
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Atsuko Miyajima
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
| | - Yuji Haishima
- Division of Medical Devices, National Institute of Health Sciences
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Abbas YM. Microscale Cohesive-Friction-Based Finite Element Model for the Crack Opening Mechanism of Hooked-End Steel Fiber-Reinforced Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2021; 14:669. [PMID: 33535546 DOI: 10.3390/ma14030669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2020] [Revised: 01/24/2021] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The entire mechanical properties of steel fiber-reinforced concrete (SFRC) are significantly dependent on the fiber–matrix interactions. In the current study, a finite element (FE) model was developed to simulate the pullout response of hooked-end SFRC employing cohesive–frictional interactions. Plain stress elements were adapted in the model to exemplify the fiber process constituents, taking into consideration the material nonlinearity of the hooked-end fiber. Additionally, a surface-to-surface contact model was used to simulate the fiber’s behavior in the pullout mechanism. The model was calibrated against experimental observations, and a modification factor model was proposed to account for the 3D phenomenalistic behavior of the pullout behavior. Realistic predictions were obtained by using this factor to predict the entire pullout-slip curves and independent results for the peak pullout load. The numerical results indicated that the increased fiber diameter would alter the mode of crack opening from fiber–matrix damage to that combined with matrix spalling, which can neutralize the sensitivity of the entire pullout response of hooked-end steel fiber to embedment depth. Additionally, the fiber–matrix bond was enhanced by increasing the fiber’s surface area, sensibly leading to a higher pullout peak load and toughness. The developed FE model was also proficient in predicting microstructural stress distribution and deformations during the crack opening of SFRC. This model could be extended to fully model a loaded SFRC composite material by the inclusion of various randomly oriented dosages of fibers in the concrete block.
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Drogoudi P, Pantelidis GE, Vekiari SA. Physiological Disorders and Fruit Quality Attributes in Pomegranate: Effects of Meteorological Parameters, Canopy Position and Acetylsalicylic Acid Foliar Sprays. Front Plant Sci 2021; 12:645547. [PMID: 33777081 PMCID: PMC7991580 DOI: 10.3389/fpls.2021.645547] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2021] [Indexed: 05/02/2023]
Abstract
Meteorological parameters and occurrences of cracking (CR), russeting (RS), and sun scald (SS) symptoms were monitored in a pomegranate cv. "Wonderful" orchard planted in a W-E orientation, during a 3-year study. Moreover, the efficacy of preharvest foliar sprays with acetylsalicylic acid (ASA; 0.5 mM or 1.0 mM), applied biweekly four to six times, on yield and fruit quality attributes were evaluated in a 2-year study. Fruit from the N-side of the canopy had greater CR and RS, whereas SS symptoms were lower, compared with the S-exposed part of the canopy. The N-side of the canopy had also substantially lower fruit number and yield, suggesting for an important role of light on bisexual flower formation and/or fruit set. Following the occurrences in CR and RS during the fruit maturation period, it was found that temperature fluctuation was the main cause. The presence of RS damages may also be related with increased relative humidity and water movement as symptoms were higher in years with higher values, in the N-side of the canopy and often occurred in the exposed and stylar end of the fruit. The ASA treatment substantially reduced RS by up to 57%, improved the peel red coloration, while anthocyanin, antioxidant capacity, and soluble solid contents in juice were higher. Foliar sprays with ASA did not affect yield, but induced a trend of bigger-sized fruit. In conclusion, planting in a N-S row orientation and selecting an orchard plantation site with a minimum temperature fluctuation and low relative humidity during the fruit-ripening period are measures to control CR and RS in pomegranate. ASA foliar applications proved to have beneficial effects on juice antioxidant contents, but more importantly on fruit appearance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pavlina Drogoudi
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (HAO) ‘Demeter’, Naousa, Greece
- *Correspondence: Pavlina Drogoudi,
| | - Georgios E. Pantelidis
- Department of Deciduous Fruit Trees, Institute of Plant Breeding and Genetic Resources, Hellenic Agricultural Organization (HAO) ‘Demeter’, Naousa, Greece
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Zanuy C, Irache PJ, García-Sainz A. Composite Behavior of RC-HPFRC Tension Members under Service Loads. Materials (Basel) 2020; 14:ma14010047. [PMID: 33374336 PMCID: PMC7795273 DOI: 10.3390/ma14010047] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2020] [Revised: 12/15/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
A significant increase of the use of high-performance fiber-reinforced concrete (HPFRC) to strengthen reinforced concrete structures (RC) has been noted for the past few years, thereby achieving composite RC-HPFRC elements. Such a technique tries to take advantage of the superior material properties of HPFRC in the ultimate and service load regimes. Many of the existing works on RC-HPFRC elements have focused on the strength increase at the ultimate load state and much less effort has been devoted to the serviceability response. The in-service performance of RC structures is governed by the behavior of the tension chord, which determines the crack pattern (crack widths are critical for durability) and deformations. The presence of HPFRC is supposed to improve serviceability due to its strain-hardening and tension-softening capacities. In this paper, the experimental analysis of composite RC-HPFRC tension members is dealt with. Specimens consisting of a RC tie strengthened with two 35 mm thick HPFRC layers have been subjected to loads in the service range so that the deformational and cracking response can be analyzed. The HPFRC has been a cement-based mortar with 3% volumetric amount of short straight steel fibers with a compressive and tensile strength of 144 MPa and 8.5 MPa, respectively. The experiments have shown that RC-HPFRC has higher stiffness, first cracking strength and reduced crack widths and deformations compared to companion unstrengthened RC. To understand the observed behavioral stages, the experimental results are compared with an analytical tension chord model, which is a simplified version of a previous general model by the authors consisting of 4 key points. In addition, the influence of time-dependent shrinkage has been included in the presented approach.
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Nakagomi K, Shigemune A, Sasahara H, Arai T, Hirabayashi H, Yamanouchi U, Ideta O. Finding a novel QTL responsible for kernel cracking resistance from CSSLs of 'Itadaki' (O. sativa L.) × donor O. rufipogon. Breed Sci 2020; 70:567-575. [PMID: 33603553 PMCID: PMC7878932 DOI: 10.1270/jsbbs.20058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
To find new QTLs responsible for kernel cracking resistance, we screened 50 CSSLs derived from the moderately resistant cultivar 'Itadaki' (O. sativa L.) and the donor O. rufipogon. Two lines, IRSL 30 and IRSL 37, were selected as resistant. QTL analyses of the percentage of cracked kernels (PCK) in F4 individuals derived from "Itadaki/IRSL 30" and "Itadaki/IRSL 37" identified a major QTL, qCR (Cracking Resistance) 8-2, at the same position on chromosome 8 in both populations. 'IRSL 30' and 'IRSL 37' had a reduced PCK. These results show that qCR8-2 is likely to be an important QTL for kernel cracking resistance. Both lines had long awns, linked to qCR8-2, but the awnless line 'Chukei 19301' was also derived from "Itadaki/IRSL 37", so qCR8-2 is distinct from the gene for awn development. We consider that qCR8-2 will help in the breeding of new rice cultivars with high cracking resistance and in elucidating the physiological mechanism of kernel cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koji Nakagomi
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 6-12-1 Nishi-Fukatsucho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514, Japan
| | - Akiko Shigemune
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 6-12-1 Nishi-Fukatsucho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514, Japan
| | - Hideki Sasahara
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 6-12-1 Nishi-Fukatsucho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514, Japan
| | - Toru Arai
- Western Region Agricultural Research Center, NARO, 6-12-1 Nishi-Fukatsucho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Hirabayashi
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Utako Yamanouchi
- Institute of Crop Science, NARO, 2-1-2 Kannondai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-0856, Japan
| | - Osamu Ideta
- Administrative Headquarters, NARO, 6-12-1 Nishi-Fukatsucho, Fukuyama, Hiroshima 721-8514, Japan
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Mark LO, Cendejas MC, Hermans I. The Use of Heterogeneous Catalysis in the Chemical Valorization of Plastic Waste. ChemSusChem 2020; 13:5808-5836. [PMID: 32997889 DOI: 10.1002/cssc.202001905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2020] [Revised: 09/22/2020] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Plastic solid waste (PSW) is an ever-growing environmental challenge for our society, as it not only ends up in landfills but also in waterways and oceans and is consequently entering the food chain. A key strategy to overcome this problem while also preserving carbon resources is to use PSW as a feedstock, evolving towards a circular economy. To implement this, mechanical as well as chemical recycling technologies must be developed. Indeed, owing to the high volume of PSW generated each year, mechanical recycling alone is not adequate for addressing this global challenge. Because of this, chemical recycling via thermal and heterogeneous catalytic conversion has received growing attention. This process has the potential to take PSW and convert it into usable monomers, fuels, synthesis gas, and adsorbents under more sustainable conditions than thermal degradation. This Review highlights the recent research advances in catalytic technologies for PSW conversion and valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lesli O Mark
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Melissa C Cendejas
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
| | - Ive Hermans
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Wisconsin - Madison, 1415 Engineering Drive, Madison, WI, 53706, USA
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45
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Vilanova M, Escribano-García R, Guraya T, San Sebastian M. Optimizing Laser Powder Bed Fusion Parameters for IN-738LC by Response Surface Method. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E4879. [PMID: 33143154 DOI: 10.3390/ma13214879] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A method to find the optimum process parameters for manufacturing nickel-based superalloy Inconel 738LC by laser powder bed fusion (LPBF) technology is presented. This material is known to form cracks during its processing by LPBF technology; thus, process parameters have to be optimized to get a high quality product. In this work, the objective of the optimization was to obtain samples with fewer pores and cracks. A design of experiments (DoE) technique was implemented to define the reduced set of samples. Each sample was manufactured by LPBF with a specific combination of laser power, laser scan speed, hatch distance and scan strategy parameters. Using the porosity and crack density results obtained from the DoE samples, quadratic models were fitted, which allowed identifying the optimal working point by applying the response surface method (RSM). Finally, five samples with the predicted optimal processing parameters were fabricated. The examination of these samples showed that it was possible to manufacture IN738LC samples free of cracks and with a porosity percentage below 0.1%. Therefore, it was demonstrated that RSM is suitable for obtaining optimum process parameters for IN738LC alloy manufacturing by LPBF technology.
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46
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Panin S, Vlasov I, Maksimov P, Moiseenko D, Maruschak P, Yakovlev A, Schmauder S, Berto F. Increasing Fatigue Life of 09Mn2Si Steel by Helical Rolling: Theoretical-Experimental Study on Governing Role of Grain Boundaries. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13204531. [PMID: 33066074 PMCID: PMC7601125 DOI: 10.3390/ma13204531] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2020] [Revised: 09/24/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The structure and mechanical properties of the 09Mn2Si high-strength low-alloyed steel after the five-stage helical rolling (HR) were studied. It was revealed that the fine-grained structure had been formed in the surface layer ≈ 1 mm deep as a result of severe plastic strains. In the lower layers, the “lamellar” structure had been formed, which consisted of thin elongated ferrite grains oriented in the HR direction. It was shown that the five-stage HR resulted in the increase in the steel fatigue life by more than 3.5 times under cyclic tension. The highest values of the number of cycles before failure were obtained for the samples cut from the bar core. It was demonstrated that the degree of the elastic energy dissipation in the steel samples under loading directly depended on the area of the grain boundaries as well as on the grain shapes. The fine-grained structure possessed the maximum value of the average torsional energy among all the studied samples, which caused the local material structure transformation and the decrease in the elastic energy level. This improved the crack resistance under the cyclic mechanical loading. The effect of the accumulation of the rotational strain modes at the grain boundaries was discovered, which caused the local structure transformation at the boundary zones. In the fine-grained structure, the formation of grain conglomerates was observed, which increased the values of the specific modulus of the moment of force. This could be mutually compensated due to the small sizes of grains. At the same time, the coarse-grained structures were characterized by the presence of the small number of grains with a high level of the moments of forces at their boundaries. They could result in trans-crystalline cracking.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sergey Panin
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Sciences SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (I.V.); (P.M.); (D.M.)
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634055 Tomsk, Russia;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +7-3822-286-904
| | - Ilya Vlasov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Sciences SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (I.V.); (P.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Pavel Maksimov
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Sciences SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (I.V.); (P.M.); (D.M.)
| | - Dmitry Moiseenko
- Institute of Strength Physics and Materials Sciences SB RAS, 634055 Tomsk, Russia; (I.V.); (P.M.); (D.M.)
- Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials (IMWF), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Pavlo Maruschak
- Department of Industrial Automation, Ternopil Ivan Puluj National Technical University, 46001 Ternopil, Ukraine;
| | - Alexander Yakovlev
- School of Advanced Manufacturing Technologies, Tomsk Polytechnic University, 634055 Tomsk, Russia;
- TomskNIPIneft JSC, 634027 Tomsk, Russia
| | - Siegfried Schmauder
- Institute for Materials Testing, Materials Science and Strength of Materials (IMWF), University of Stuttgart, 70569 Stuttgart, Germany;
| | - Filippo Berto
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering Faculty of Engineering, Norwegian University of Science and Technology, NO-7491 Trondheim, Norway;
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Zhang F, Zarate Garnica GI, Yang Y, Lantsoght E, Sliedrecht H. Monitoring Shear Behavior of Prestressed Concrete Bridge Girders Using Acoustic Emission and Digital Image Correlation. Sensors (Basel) 2020; 20:E5622. [PMID: 33019609 PMCID: PMC7582688 DOI: 10.3390/s20195622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Revised: 09/23/2020] [Accepted: 09/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
In the Netherlands, many prestressed concrete bridge girders are found to have insufficient shear-tension capacity. We tested four girders taken from a demolished bridge and instrumented these with traditional displacement sensors and acoustic emission (AE) sensors, and used cameras for digital image correlation (DIC). The results show that AE can detect cracking before the traditional displacement sensors, and DIC can identify the cracks with detailed crack kinematics. Both AE and DIC methods provide additional information for the structural analysis, as compared to the conventional measurements: more accurate cracking load, the contribution of aggregate interlock, and the angle of the compression field. These results suggest that both AE and DIC are suitable options that warrant further research on their use in lab tests and field testing of prestressed bridges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengqiao Zhang
- Department of Engineering Structures, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (G.I.Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (E.L.)
| | - Gabriela I. Zarate Garnica
- Department of Engineering Structures, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (G.I.Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (E.L.)
| | - Yuguang Yang
- Department of Engineering Structures, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (G.I.Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (E.L.)
| | - Eva Lantsoght
- Department of Engineering Structures, Delft University of Technology, 2628 CN Delft, The Netherlands; (G.I.Z.G.); (Y.Y.); (E.L.)
- Politécnico, Universidad San Francisco de Quito, Quito EC 17015, Ecuador
| | - Henk Sliedrecht
- Rijkswaterstaat, Ministry of Infrastructure and Water Management, 3526 LA Utrecht, The Netherlands;
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48
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Thang NC, Tuan NV, Yang KH, Phung QT. Effect of Zeolite on Shrinkage and Crack Resistance of High-Performance Cement-Based Concrete. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:ma13173773. [PMID: 32859074 PMCID: PMC7504716 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173773] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/24/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
This study examined the effectiveness of zeolite addition to reduce the autogenous shrinkage of high-performance cement-based concrete (HPC). The zeolites were replaced up to 15% of the cement content by weight and their mean particle size varied from 5.6 to 16.7 µm. To evaluate the crack resistance of HPC containing zeolites, the ring tests and internal relative humidity measurements were performed at different ages. The compressive strengths were determined at 3, 7, 28 and 90 days of curing. Test results confirmed that the addition of zeolite was promising and favourable in enhancing the compressive strength, crack resistance and reducing the autogenous shrinkage of HPC due to synergistic pozzolanic and internal curing effects. The autogenous shrinkage tended to decrease with the increase in zeolite content and its particle size. In addition, the extent of the autogenous shrinkage development at the early ages decreased with higher zeolite content replaced. Furthermore, to predict the autogenous shrinkage of HPC containing zeolite, an improved model has been proposed, in which the conventional ultimate autogenous shrinkage strain and time function were modified by introducing new parameters accounting for the zeolite content and its particle size. It appeared that the proposed model was able to capture the autogenous shrinkage behaviour of HPC with or without zeolite, while the fib 2010 model underestimated the autogenous shrinkage of HPC containing less than 10% zeolite replacement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Cong Thang
- Faculty of Building Material, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
| | - Nguyen Van Tuan
- Faculty of Building Material, National University of Civil Engineering, Hanoi 100000, Vietnam;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +84-909-886-386
| | - Keun-Hyeok Yang
- Department of Architectural Engineering, Kyonggi University, Suwon 16227, Korea;
| | - Quoc Tri Phung
- Institute for Environment, Health, and Safety, Belgian Nuclear Research Centre (SCK CEN), 2400 Mol, Belgium;
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49
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Tomita Y, Yoneyama A, Choi H, Inoue M, Kim J, Choi H, Sudoh Y. Evaluation of Mechanical and Shrinkage Behavior of Lowered Temperatures Cementitious Mortars Mixed with Nitrite-Nitrate Based Accelerator. Materials (Basel) 2020; 13:E3686. [PMID: 32825477 DOI: 10.3390/ma13173686] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recently, calcium nitrite (Ca(NO2)2) and calcium nitrate (Ca(NO3)2) have been increasingly used as the main components of salt- and alkali-free anti-freezing agents, for promoting concrete hydration in cold-weather concreting. With an increase in the amount of nitrite-based accelerator, the hydration of C3A, C3S, and βC2S in the cement is accelerated, thereby improving its early strength and effectively preventing the initial frost damage. Meanwhile, with an increase in the amount of nitrite-based accelerator, the expansion and shrinkage of the concrete—and, therefore, the crack occurrence—are expected to increase. In this study, various experiments were conducted on shrinkage, crack initiation, and the development of mortar containing a considerable amount of a nitrite-based accelerator. The result confirmed that, as the amount of nitrite-based accelerator was increased, the shrinkage was increased, and cracking in early age was more likely to occur, compared to the cases without the addition of this accelerator.
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50
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Yu Y, Peng S, Blanloeuil P, Wu S, Wang CH. Wearable Temperature Sensors with Enhanced Sensitivity by Engineering Microcrack Morphology in PEDOT:PSS-PDMS Sensors. ACS Appl Mater Interfaces 2020; 12:36578-36588. [PMID: 32667193 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.0c07649] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Wearable temperature sensors with high sensitivity, linearity, and flexibility are required to meet the increasing demands for unobtrusive monitoring of temperature changes indicative of the onset of infections and diseases. Herein, we present a new method for engineering highly sensitive and flexible temperature sensors made by sandwiching a poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene):polystyrene (PEDOT:PSS) sensing film between two poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) substrates. Pre-stretching the sensor to a certain strain can create stable microcracks in the sensing layer that bestow high senstivity and linearity. The average length and density of the microcracks, which dictate the sensor's temperature sensitivity, can be engineered by controlling three key processing parameters, incuding (a) pre-stretching strain, (b) sulfuric acid treatment time, and (c) surface roughness of the substrate. For a given acid treatment time and surface roughness condition, the density and average length of the microcracks increase pre-stretching strain. A smooth PDMS substrate tends to yield long and straight cracks in the PEDOT:PSS film, compared to shorter microcracks with higher density on rough surfaces. Crack density can be further increased via sulfuric acid treatment with an optimum duration of approximately 3 h. Prolonged treatment would result in weak adhesion between the PEDOT:PSS film and the PDMS substrate, which in turn reduces the microcrack density but increases the crack length. By optimizing the three design parameters we have designed a high performance PEDOT:PSS-PDMS sensor that provides a combined high temperature sensitivity of 0.042 °C-1 with an excellent linearity of 0.998 (from 30 to 55 °C), better than the highest temperature sensitivity of PEDOT:PSS based sensors reported in the literature. With a good optical transparency, high temperature sensitivity, excellent linearity, and high flexibility, this microcrack-based sensor is a very promising wearable temperature-sensing solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuyan Yu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuhua Peng
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Philippe Blanloeuil
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Shuying Wu
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
- School of Engineering, Macquarie University, Sydney, New South Wales 2109, Australia
| | - Chun H Wang
- School of Mechanical and Manufacturing Engineering, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales 2052, Australia
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