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Canini D, Ceschi E, Perozeni F. Toward the Exploitation of Sustainable Green Factory: Biotechnology Use of Nannochloropsis spp. BIOLOGY 2024; 13:292. [PMID: 38785776 PMCID: PMC11117969 DOI: 10.3390/biology13050292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2024] [Revised: 04/19/2024] [Accepted: 04/24/2024] [Indexed: 05/25/2024]
Abstract
Securing food, energy, and raw materials for a growing population is one of the most significant challenges of our century. Algae play a central role as an alternative to plants. Wastewater and flue gas can secure nutrients and CO2 for carbon fixation. Unfortunately, algae domestication is necessary to enhance biomass production and reduce cultivation costs. Nannochloropsis spp. have increased in popularity among microalgae due to their ability to accumulate high amounts of lipids, including PUFAs. Recently, the interest in the use of Nannochloropsis spp. as a green bio-factory for producing high-value products increased proportionally to the advances of synthetic biology and genetic tools in these species. In this review, we summarized the state of the art of current nuclear genetic manipulation techniques and a few examples of their application. The industrial use of Nannochloropsis spp. has not been feasible yet, but genetic tools can finally lead to exploiting this full-of-potential microalga.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Federico Perozeni
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Verona, 37134 Verona, Italy; (D.C.); (E.C.)
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2
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Masojídek J, Lhotský R, Štěrbová K, Zittelli GC, Torzillo G. Solar bioreactors used for the industrial production of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6439-6458. [PMID: 37725140 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are excellent sources of biomass containing several important compounds for human and animal nutrition-proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, pigments and antioxidants as well as bioactive secondary metabolites. In addition, they have a great biotechnological potential for nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals as well as for CO2 sequestration, wastewater treatment, and potentially also biofuel and biopolymer production. In this review, the industrial production of the most frequently used microalgae genera-Arthrospira, Chlorella, Dunaliella, Haematococcus, Nannochloropsis, Phaeodactylum, Porphyridium and several other species is discussed as concerns the applicability of the most widely used large-scale systems, solar bioreactors (SBRs)-open ponds, raceways, cascades, sleeves, columns, flat panels, tubular systems and others. Microalgae culturing is a complex process in which bioreactor operating parameters and physiological variables closely interact. The requirements of the biological system-microalgae culture are crucial to select the suitable type of SBR. When designing a cultivation process, the phototrophic production of microalgae biomass, it is necessary to employ SBRs that are adequately designed, built and operated to satisfy the physiological requirements of the selected microalgae species, considering also local climate. Moreover, scaling up microalgae cultures for commercial production requires qualified staff working out a suitable cultivation regime. KEY POINTS: • Large-scale solar bioreactors designed for microalgae culturing. • Most frequently used microalgae genera for commercial production. • Scale-up requires suitable cultivation conditions and well-elaborated protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Masojídek
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Science, Třeboň, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Lhotský
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Science, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Štěrbová
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Science, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | | | - Giuseppe Torzillo
- Istituto Per La Bioeconomia, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Centro de Investigation en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnologia (CIMAR), Ciudad de La Investigation, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
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Mixotrophy in a Local Strain of Nannochloropsis granulata for Renewable High-Value Biomass Production on the West Coast of Sweden. Mar Drugs 2022; 20:md20070424. [PMID: 35877717 PMCID: PMC9316773 DOI: 10.3390/md20070424] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2022] [Revised: 06/14/2022] [Accepted: 06/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
A local strain of Nannochloropsis granulata (Ng) has been reported as the most productive microalgal strain in terms of both biomass yield and lipid content when cultivated in photobioreactors that simulate the light and temperature conditions during the summer on the west coast of Sweden. To further increase the biomass and the biotechnological potential of this strain in these conditions, mixotrophic growth (i.e., the simultaneous use of photosynthesis and respiration) with glycerol as an external carbon source was investigated in this study and compared with phototrophic growth that made use of air enriched with 1-2% CO2. The addition of either glycerol or CO2-enriched air stimulated the growth of Ng and theproduction of high-value long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (EPA) as well as the carotenoid canthaxanthin. Bioassays in human prostate cell lines indicated the highest antitumoral activity for Ng extracts and fractions from mixotrophic conditions. Metabolomics detected betaine lipids specifically in the bioactive fractions, suggesting their involvement in the observed antitumoral effect. Genes related to autophagy were found to be upregulated by the most bioactive fraction, suggesting a possible therapeutic target against prostate cancer progression. Taken together, our results suggest that the local Ng strain can be cultivated mixotrophically in summer conditions on the west coast of Sweden for the production of high-value biomass containing antiproliferative compounds, carotenoids, and EPA.
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Cecchin M, Cazzaniga S, Martini F, Paltrinieri S, Bossi S, Maffei ME, Ballottari M. Astaxanthin and eicosapentaenoic acid production by S4, a new mutant strain of Nannochloropsis gaditana. Microb Cell Fact 2022; 21:117. [PMID: 35710482 PMCID: PMC9204945 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-022-01847-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Astaxanthin is a ketocarotenoid with high antioxidant power used in different fields as healthcare, food/feed supplementation and as pigmenting agent in aquaculture. Primary producers of astaxanthin are some species of microalgae, unicellular photosynthetic organisms, as Haematococcus lacustris. Astaxanthin production by cultivation of Haematococcus lacustris is costly due to low biomass productivity, high risk of contamination and the requirement of downstream extraction processes, causing an extremely high price on the market. Some microalgae species are also primary producers of omega-3 fatty acids, essential nutrients for humans, being related to cardiovascular wellness, and required for visual and cognitive development. One of the main well-known producers of omega-3 fatty eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) is the marine microalga Nannochloropsis gaditana (named also Microchloropsis gaditana): this species has been already approved by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) for human consumption and it is characterized by a fast grow phenotype. RESULTS Here we obtained by chemical mutagenesis a Nannochloropsis gaditana mutant strain, called S4, characterized by increased carotenoid to chlorophyll ratio. S4 strain showed improved photosynthetic activity, increased lipid productivity and increased ketocarotenoids accumulation, producing not only canthaxanthin but also astaxanthin, usually found only in traces in the WT strain. Ketocarotenoids produced in S4 strain were extractible in different organic solvents, with the highest efficiency observed upon microwaves pre-treatment followed by methanol extraction. By cultivation of S4 strain at different irradiances it was possible to produce up to 1.3 and 5.2 mgL-1 day-1 of ketocarotenoids and EPA respectively, in a single cultivation phase, even in absence of stressing conditions. Genome sequencing of S4 strain allowed to identify 199 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNP): among the mutated genes, mutations in a carotenoid oxygenase gene and in a glutamate synthase gene could explain the different carotenoids content and the lower chlorophylls content, respectively. CONCLUSIONS By chemical mutagenesis and selection of strain with increased carotenoids to chlorophyll ratio it was possible to isolate a new Nannochloropsis gaditana strain, called S4 strain, characterized by increased lipids and ketocarotenoids accumulation. S4 strain can thus be considered as novel platform for ketocarotenoids and EPA production for different industrial applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michela Cecchin
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefano Cazzaniga
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Flavio Martini
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Stefania Paltrinieri
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy
| | - Simone Bossi
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Unità di Fisiologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo E Maffei
- Dipartimento di Scienze della Vita e Biologia dei Sistemi, Unità di Fisiologia Vegetale, Università di Torino, Via Quarello 15/a, 10135, Turin, Italy
| | - Matteo Ballottari
- Dipartimento di Biotecnologie, Università degli Studi di Verona, Strada le Grazie 15, 37134, Verona, Italy.
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Carneiro M, Maia I, Cunha P, Guerra I, Magina T, Santos T, Schulze P, Pereira H, Malcata F, Navalho J, Silva J, Otero A, Varela J. Effects of LED lighting on Nannochloropsis oceanica grown in outdoor raceway ponds. ALGAL RES 2022. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2022.102685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Paper M, Glemser M, Haack M, Lorenzen J, Mehlmer N, Fuchs T, Schenk G, Garbe D, Weuster-Botz D, Eisenreich W, Lakatos M, Brück TB. Efficient Green Light Acclimation of the Green Algae Picochlorum sp. Triggering Geranylgeranylated Chlorophylls. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2022; 10:885977. [PMID: 35573232 PMCID: PMC9095919 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2022.885977] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2022] [Accepted: 04/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
In analogy to higher plants, eukaryotic microalgae are thought to be incapable of utilizing green light for growth, due to the “green gap” in the absorbance profiles of their photosynthetic pigments. This study demonstrates, that the marine chlorophyte Picochlorum sp. is able to grow efficiently under green light emitting diode (LED) illumination. Picochlorum sp. growth and pigment profiles under blue, red, green and white LED illumination (light intensity: 50–200 μmol m−2 s−1) in bottom-lightened shake flask cultures were evaluated. Green light-treated cultures showed a prolonged initial growth lag phase of one to 2 days, which was subsequently compensated to obtain comparable biomass yields to red and white light controls (approx. 0.8 gDW L−1). Interestingly, growth and final biomass yields of the green light-treated sample were higher than under blue light with equivalent illumination energies. Further, pigment analysis indicated, that during green light illumination, Picochlorum sp. formed unknown pigments (X1-X4). Pigment concentrations increased with illumination intensity and were most abundant during the exponential growth phase. Mass spectrometry and nuclear magnetic resonance data indicated, that pigments X1-X2 and X3-X4 are derivatives of chlorophyll b and a, which harbor C=C bonds in the phytol side chain similar to geranylgeranylated chlorophylls. Thus, for the first time, the natural accumulation of large pools (approx. 12 mg gDW−1) of chlorophyll intermediates with incomplete hydrogenation of their phytyl chains is demonstrated for algae under monochromatic green light (Peak λ 510 nm, full width at half maximum 91 nm). The ability to utilize green light offers competitive advantages for enhancing biomass production, particularly under conditions of dense cultures, long light pathways and high light intensity. Green light acclimation for an eukaryotic microalgae in conjunction with the formation of new aberrant geranylgeranylated chlorophylls and high efficiency of growth rates are novel for eukaryotic microalgae. Illumination with green light could enhance productivity in industrial processes and trigger the formation of new metabolites–thus, underlying mechanisms require further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Paper
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Matthias Glemser
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- TUM AlgaeTec Center, Ludwig Bölkow Campus, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Taufkirchen, Germany
| | - Martina Haack
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Jan Lorenzen
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Norbert Mehlmer
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Tobias Fuchs
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- TUM AlgaeTec Center, Ludwig Bölkow Campus, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Taufkirchen, Germany
| | - Gerhard Schenk
- School of Chemistry and Molecular Biosciences, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Sustainable Minerals Institute, The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Daniel Garbe
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- TUM AlgaeTec Center, Ludwig Bölkow Campus, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Taufkirchen, Germany
| | - Dirk Weuster-Botz
- TUM AlgaeTec Center, Ludwig Bölkow Campus, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Taufkirchen, Germany
- Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Faculty of Mechanical Engineering, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Eisenreich
- Chair of Biochemistry, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
| | - Michael Lakatos
- Integrative Biotechnology, University of Applied Sciences Kaiserslautern, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Thomas B. Brück
- Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Department of Chemistry, Technical University of Munich, Garching, Germany
- TUM AlgaeTec Center, Ludwig Bölkow Campus, Department of Aerospace and Geodesy, Taufkirchen, Germany
- *Correspondence: Thomas B. Brück,
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Continuous Production of Lipids with Microchloropsis salina in Open Thin-Layer Cascade Photobioreactors on a Pilot Scale. ENERGIES 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/en14020500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Studies on microalgal lipid production as a sustainable feedstock for biofuels and chemicals are scarce, particularly those on applying open thin-layer cascade (TLC) photobioreactors under dynamic diurnal conditions. Continuous lipid production with Microchloropsis salina was studied in scalable TLC photobioreactors at 50 m2 pilot scale, applying a physically simulated Mediterranean summer climate. A cascade of two serially connected TLC reactors was applied, promoting biomass growth under nutrient-replete conditions in the first reactor, while inducing the accumulation of lipids via nitrogen limitation in the second reactor. Up to 4.1 g L−1 of lipids were continuously produced at productivities of up to 0.27 g L−1 d−1 (1.8 g m2 d−1) at a mean hydraulic residence time of 2.5 d in the first reactor and 20 d in the second reactor. Coupling mass balances with the kinetics of microalgal growth and lipid formation enabled the simulation of phototrophic process performances of M. salina in TLC reactors in batch and continuous operation at the climate conditions studied. This study demonstrates the scalability of continuous microalgal lipid production in TLC reactors with M. salina and provides a TLC reactor model for the realistic simulation of microalgae lipid production processes after re-identification of the model parameters if other microalgae and/or varying climate conditions are applied.
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Effect of Phytohormones Supplementation under Nitrogen Depletion on Biomass and Lipid Production of Nannochloropsis oceanica for Integrated Application in Nutrition and Biodiesel. SUSTAINABILITY 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/su13020592] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Economic viability of biodiesel production relies mainly on the productivity of biomass and microalgal lipids. In addition, production of omega fatty acids is favorable for human nutrition. Thus, enhancement of lipid accumulation with high proportion of omega fatty acids could help the dual use of microalgal lipids in human nutrition and biodiesel production through biorefinery. In that context, phytohormones have been identified as a promising factor to increase biomass and lipids production. However, nitrogen limitation has been discussed as a potential tool for lipid accumulation in microalgae, which results in simultaneous growth retardation. The present study aims to investigate the combined effect of N-depletion and 3-Indoleacetic acid (IAA) supplementation on lipid accumulation of the marine eustigmatophyte Nannochloropsis oceanica as one of the promising microalgae for omega fatty acids production. The study confirmed that N-starvation stimulates the lipid content of N. oceanica. IAA enhanced both growth and lipid accumulation due to enhancement of pigments biosynthesis. Therefore, combination effect of IAA and nitrogen depletion showed gradual increase in the dry weight compared to the control. Lipid analysis showed lower quantity of saturated fatty acids (SFA, 26.25%) than the sum of monounsaturated (MUFA) and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). Under N-depletion, SFA decreased by 12.98% compared to the control, which recorded much reduction by increasing of IAA concentration. Reduction of SFA was in favor of PUFA, mainly omega-6 and omega-3 fatty acids which increased significantly due to IAA combined with N-depletion. Thus, the present study suggests a biorefinery approach for lipids extracted from N. oceanica for dual application in nutrition followed by biodiesel production.
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High-Density Microalgae Cultivation in Open Thin-Layer Cascade Photobioreactors with Water Recycling. APPLIED SCIENCES-BASEL 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/app10113883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
(1) Background: Recycling of water and non-converted nutrients is considered to be a necessity for an economically viable production of microalgal biomass as a renewable feedstock. However, medium recycling might also have a negative impact on algal growth and productivity due to the accumulation of growth-inhibiting substances. (2) Methods: Consecutive batch processes with repeated water recycling after harvesting of algal biomass were performed with the saline microalga Microchloropsis salina in open thin-layer cascade photobioreactors operated at a physically simulated Mediterranean summer climate. The impact of water recycling on culture performance was studied and the composition of the recycled water was analyzed. (3) Results: Water recycling had no adverse effect on microalgal growth and biomass productivity (14.9−21.3 g m−2 d−1) if all necessary nutrients were regularly replenished and KNO3 was replaced by urea as the nitrogen source to prevent the accumulation of K+ ions. Dissolved organic carbon accumulated in recycled water, probably promoting mixotrophic growth. (4) Conclusion: This study shows that repeated recycling of water is feasible even in high-density cultivation processes with M. salina of more than 30 g L−1 cell dry weight, increasing culture performance while reducing nutrient consumption and circumventing wastewater production.
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Zhu C, Zhai X, Xi Y, Wang J, Kong F, Zhao Y, Chi Z. Efficient CO2 capture from the air for high microalgal biomass production by a bicarbonate Pool. J CO2 UTIL 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcou.2019.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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12
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Nwoba EG, Parlevliet DA, Laird DW, Alameh K, Moheimani NR. Pilot-scale self-cooling microalgal closed photobioreactor for biomass production and electricity generation. ALGAL RES 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
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13
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You W, Wei L, Gong Y, Hajjami ME, Xu J, Poetsch A. Integration of proteome and transcriptome refines key molecular processes underlying oil production in Nannochloropsis oceanica. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:109. [PMID: 32565907 PMCID: PMC7302151 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01748-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/08/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Under nitrogen deficiency situation, Nannochloropsis spp. accumulate large amounts of lipids in the form of triacylglycerides (TAG). Mechanisms of this process from the perspective of transcriptome and metabolome have been obtained previously, yet proteome analysis is still sparse which hinders the analysis of dynamic adaption to nitrogen deficiency. Here, proteomes for 3 h, 6 h, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 10th day of nitrogen deplete (N-) and replete (N+) conditions were obtained and integrated with previous transcriptome data for N. oceanica. RESULTS Physiological adaptations to N- not apparent from transcriptome data were unveiled: (a) abundance of proteins related to photosynthesis only slightly decreased in the first 48 h, indicating that photosynthesis is still working efficiently, and protein amounts adjust gradually with reduction in chloroplast size. (b) Most proteins related to the TCA cycle were strongly upregulated after 48 h under N-, suggesting that respiration is enhanced after 48 h and that TCA cycle efflux supports the carbon required for lipid synthesis. (c) Proteins related to lipid accumulation via the Kennedy pathway increased their abundance at 48 h, synchronous with the previously reported diversification of fatty acids after 48 h. CONCLUSIONS This study adds a proteome perspective on the major pathways for TAG accumulation in Nannochloropsis spp. Temporal changes of proteome exhibited distinct adaptation phases that are usually delayed relative to transcriptomic responses. Notably, proteome data revealed that photosynthesis and carbon fixation are still ongoing even after 48 h of N-. Moreover, sometimes completely opposite trends in proteome and transcriptome demonstrate the relevance of underexplored post-transcriptional regulation for N- adaptation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wuxin You
- Single-Cell Center CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Li Wei
- Single-Cell Center CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Yanhai Gong
- Single-Cell Center CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Mohamed El Hajjami
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
| | - Jian Xu
- Single-Cell Center CAS Key Laboratory of Biofuels and Shandong Key Laboratory of Energy Genetics, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, Shandong China
- University of Chinese Academy of Science, Beijing, China
| | - Ansgar Poetsch
- Department of Plant Biochemistry, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
- Laboratory for Marine Biology and Biotechnology, Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology, Qingdao, 266237 China
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, Qingdao, 266003 China
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14
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Banerjee S, Ramaswamy S. Comparison of productivity and economic analysis of microalgae cultivation in open raceways and flat panel photobioreactor. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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15
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Nuclear Genome Assembly of the Microalga Nannochloropsis salina CCMP1776. Microbiol Resour Announc 2019; 8:8/44/e00750-19. [PMID: 31672738 PMCID: PMC6953503 DOI: 10.1128/mra.00750-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Nannochloropsis salina is a halotolerant, high-lipid-producing microalga that is being explored as a biofuel production species. Here, we report an improved high-quality draft assembly and annotation for the nuclear genome of N. salina strain CCMP1776. Nannochloropsis salina is a halotolerant, high-lipid-producing microalga that is being explored as a biofuel production species. Here, we report an improved high-quality draft assembly and annotation for the nuclear genome of N. salina strain CCMP1776.
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Schädler T, Caballero Cerbon D, de Oliveira L, Garbe D, Brück T, Weuster-Botz D. Production of lipids with Microchloropsis salina in open thin-layer cascade photobioreactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 289:121682. [PMID: 31271918 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.121682] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2019] [Revised: 06/17/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Microalgal biomass is considered as the most promising feedstock for sustainable production of liquid fuels. Lipid production with Microchloropsis salina was studied in open thin-layer cascade (TLC) photobioreactors with a surface area of 8 m2 applying a physically simulated Mediterranean summer climate. High lipid concentrations of up to 6.6 g L-1 with 46% (w w-1) total lipids in dry cell mass were achieved in two-phase batch processes applying a nitrogen limitation. The two-phase batch process was transferred into a continuously operated reactor cascade of two TLC photobioreactors. Microchloropsis salina cells were produced continuously in the first photobioreactor, whereas continuous lipid production was enabled in the second, nitrogen-limited TLC photobioreactor resulting in continuous production of 3.0 g L-1 lipids with a high overall lipid space-time-yield of 0.2 g L-1 d-1. The control of alkalinity to about 10 mM resulted in high CO2 conversion efficiencies of 84-87%.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Schädler
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM-AlgaeTec Center, Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1, 82024 Taufkirchen, Germany.
| | - D Caballero Cerbon
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM-AlgaeTec Center, Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1, 82024 Taufkirchen, Germany
| | - L de Oliveira
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM-AlgaeTec Center, Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1, 82024 Taufkirchen, Germany
| | - D Garbe
- Technical University of Munich, Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM-AlgaeTec Center, Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1, 82024 Taufkirchen, Germany.
| | - T Brück
- Technical University of Munich, Werner Siemens-Chair of Synthetic Biotechnology, Lichtenbergstr. 4, 85748 Garching, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM-AlgaeTec Center, Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1, 82024 Taufkirchen, Germany.
| | - D Weuster-Botz
- Technical University of Munich, Institute of Biochemical Engineering, Boltzmannstr. 15, 85748 Garching, Germany; Technical University of Munich, TUM-AlgaeTec Center, Willy-Messerschmitt-Straße 1, 82024 Taufkirchen, Germany.
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Canton MC, Holguin FO, Boeing WJ. Alkaloid gramine to control algal invaders: Algae inhibition and gramine persistence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biteb.2019.100304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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18
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Guo L, Liang S, Zhang Z, Liu H, Wang S, Pan K, Xu J, Ren X, Pei S, Yang G. Genome assembly of Nannochloropsis oceanica provides evidence of host nucleus overthrow by the symbiont nucleus during speciation. Commun Biol 2019; 2:249. [PMID: 31286066 PMCID: PMC6610115 DOI: 10.1038/s42003-019-0500-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2018] [Accepted: 05/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
The species of the genus Nannochloropsis are unique in their maintenance of a nucleus-plastid continuum throughout their cell cycle, non-motility and asexual reproduction. These characteristics should have been endorsed in their gene assemblages (genomes). Here we show that N. oceanica has a genome of 29.3 Mb consisting of 32 pseudochromosomes and containing 7,330 protein-coding genes; and the host nucleus may have been overthrown by an ancient red alga symbiont nucleus during speciation through secondary endosymbiosis. In addition, N. oceanica has lost its flagella and abilities to undergo meiosis and sexual reproduction, and adopted a genome reduction strategy during speciation. We propose that N. oceanica emerged through the active fusion of a host protist and a photosynthesizing ancient red alga and the symbiont nucleus became dominant over the host nucleus while the chloroplast was wrapped by two layers of endoplasmic reticulum. Our findings evidenced an alternative speciation pathway of eukaryotes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li Guo
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China (OUC), Qingdao, 266003 P. R. China
| | - Sijie Liang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China (OUC), Qingdao, 266003 P. R. China
| | - Zhongyi Zhang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China (OUC), Qingdao, 266003 P. R. China
| | - Hang Liu
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China (OUC), Qingdao, 266003 P. R. China
| | - Songwen Wang
- College of Agriculture and Resources and Environment, Tianjin Agricultural University, Tianjin, 300384 P. R. China
| | - Kehou Pan
- Laboratory of Applied Microalgae, College of Fisheries, OUC, Qingdao, 266003 P. R. China
| | - Jian Xu
- Functional Genomics Group, Qingdao Institute of Bioenergy and Bioprocess Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Qingdao, 266101 P. R. China
| | - Xue Ren
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100176 P. R. China
| | - Surui Pei
- Annoroad Gene Technology (Beijing) Co., Ltd, Beijing, 100176 P. R. China
| | - Guanpin Yang
- College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China (OUC), Qingdao, 266003 P. R. China
- Institutes of Evolution and Marine Biodiversity, OUC, Qingdao, 266003 P. R. China
- Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding of Ministry of Education, OUC, Qingdao, 266003 P. R. China
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Pfaffinger CE, Severin TS, Apel AC, Göbel J, Sauter J, Weuster-Botz D. Light-dependent growth kinetics enable scale-up of well-mixed phototrophic bioprocesses in different types of photobioreactors. J Biotechnol 2019; 297:41-48. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2019] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 03/08/2019] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
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20
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Dynamic process model and economic analysis of microalgae cultivation in flat panel photobioreactors. ALGAL RES 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2019.101445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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21
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Chen HH, Xue LL, Liang MH, Jiang JG. Sodium azide intervention, salinity stress and two-step cultivation of Dunaliella tertiolecta for lipid accumulation. Enzyme Microb Technol 2019; 127:1-5. [PMID: 31088611 DOI: 10.1016/j.enzmictec.2019.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2019] [Revised: 04/02/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
A two-step strategy was employed to culture Dunaliella tertiolecta, an oleaginous unicellular green alga, combined by the salt stress and sodium azide intervention, to observe their effects on its lipid accumulation. When the algae cultured at different salt concentrations reached the logarithmic growth phase, sodium azide was added. The results showed that the addition of sodium azide significantly increased the lipid content and had no significant effect on cell biomass. The lipid yield and single cell lipid content under 50 μM sodium azide increased by 10.4% and 21.7%. Under the two-step culture condition, combining of the treatment of 50 μM sodium azide and 2.5 M salt stress, the total lipid productivity and single-cell lipid content were 10% and 70.5% higher than that of the control. It seemed that sodium azide and salinity might have a synergistic effect on the lipid accumulation of D. tertiolecta. It can be concluded that sodium azide is an effective inducer of lipid accumulation in D. tertiolecta, and two-stage cultivation is a feasible way to improve lipid accumulation in microalgae.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Hong Chen
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China
| | - Lu-Lu Xue
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China; Industrial Crops Research Institute, Henan Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Zhengzhou, 45002, China
| | - Ming-Hua Liang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
| | - Jian-Guo Jiang
- College of Food Science and Engineering, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou, 510640, China.
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22
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Liang J, Wen F, Liu J. Transcriptomic and lipidomic analysis of an EPA-containing Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12 in response to nitrogen deprivation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:4540. [PMID: 30872742 PMCID: PMC6418175 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-41169-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand genes involved in neutral lipid accumulation upon nitrogen deprivation (ND) in a novel isolate of Nannochloropsis sp. PJ12, we performed comparative transcriptomic and lipidomic analyses of cells under ND and NR (nitrogen replete) conditions. Transcriptomic profiling indicated that, while enzymes involved in TCA cycle in PJ12 under ND condition were upregulated compared to that under NR condition, those involved in Calvin cycle and glycolysis under ND condition were downregulated. Furthermore, we showed that enzymes involved in fatty acid synthesis and glycerolipid synthesis were downregulated but not β-oxidation. Lipidomic profiling indicated that, while the level of neutral lipids in ND cells was increased compared to that of NR cells, level of photosynthetic membrane-lipids DGDG and PG was decreased. Taken together, our analysis indicated that TAG accumulation is attributed to the modification of membrane lipids derived primarily from “prokaryotic” pathway and secondarily from “eukaryotic” pathway based on the 16:X or 18:X fatty acid at the sn2 position of the glycerol backbone. We propose that two-phase (NR-ND) growth is ideal for biomass and biofuel production because ND reduces cell growth rate due to the loss of photosynthetic membrane and decreased quantum yield.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jibei Liang
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, ZJ316000, China
| | - Fang Wen
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, ZJ316000, China
| | - Jianhua Liu
- Ocean College, Zhejiang University, Zhoushan, ZJ316000, China. .,Ocean Research Center of Zhoushan, Zhoushan, ZJ316021, China.
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Banerjee S, Singh H, Das D, Atta A. Process Optimization for Enhanced Biodiesel Production by Neochloris oleoabundans UTEX 1185 with Concomitant CO2 Sequestration. Ind Eng Chem Res 2019. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.8b05730] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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24
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Stoyneva-Gärtner M, Uzunov B, Gärtner G, Borisova C, Draganova P, Radkova M, Stoykova P, Atanassov I. Current bioeconomical interest in stramenopilic Eustigmatophyceae: a review. BIOTECHNOL BIOTEC EQ 2019. [DOI: 10.1080/13102818.2019.1573154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Maya Stoyneva-Gärtner
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Blagoy Uzunov
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Georg Gärtner
- Institute of Botany, Faculty of Biology, University of Innsbruck, Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Cvetanka Borisova
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Draganova
- Department of Botany, Faculty of Biology, Sofia University “St Kliment Ohridski”, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Mariana Radkova
- Functional Genetics Legumes Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Petya Stoykova
- Functional Genetics Legumes Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
| | - Ivan Atanassov
- Molecular Genetics Group, AgroBioInstitute, Agricultural Academy, Sofia, Bulgaria
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Ryu KH, Kim B, Lee JH. A model-based optimization of microalgal cultivation strategies for lipid production under photoautotrophic condition. Comput Chem Eng 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2018.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
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Shaikh KM, Nesamma AA, Abdin MZ, Jutur PP. Molecular profiling of an oleaginous trebouxiophycean alga Parachlorella kessleri subjected to nutrient deprivation for enhanced biofuel production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:182. [PMID: 31338124 PMCID: PMC6628475 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1521-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2019] [Accepted: 07/05/2019] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Decreasing fossil fuels and its impact on global warming have led to an increasing demand for its replacement by sustainable renewable biofuels. Microalgae may offer a potential feedstock for renewable biofuels capable of converting atmospheric CO2 to substantial biomass and valuable biofuels, which is of great importance for the food and energy industries. Parachlorella kessleri, a marine unicellular green alga belonging to class Trebouxiophyceae, accumulates large amount of lipids under nutrient-deprived conditions. The present study aims to understand the metabolic imprints in order to elucidate the physiological mechanisms of lipid accumulations in this microalga under nutrient deprivation. RESULTS Molecular profiles were obtained using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) of P. kessleri subjected to nutrient deprivation. Relative quantities of more than 60 metabolites were systematically compared in all the three starvation conditions. Our results demonstrate that in lipid metabolism, the quantities of neutral lipids increased significantly followed by the decrease in other metabolites involved in photosynthesis, and nitrogen assimilation. Nitrogen starvation seems to trigger the triacylglycerol (TAG) accumulation rapidly, while the microalga seems to tolerate phosphorous limitation, hence increasing both biomass and lipid content. The metabolomic and lipidomic profiles have identified a few common metabolites such as citric acid and 2-ketoglutaric acid which play significant role in diverting flux towards acetyl-CoA leading to accumulation of neutral lipids, whereas other molecules such as trehalose involve in cell growth regulation, when subjected to nutrient deprivation. CONCLUSIONS Understanding the entire system through qualitative (untargeted) metabolome approach in P. kessleri has led to identification of relevant metabolites involved in the biosynthesis and degradation of precursor molecules that may have potential for biofuel production, aiming towards the vision of tomorrow's bioenergy needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kashif Mohd Shaikh
- Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Asha Arumugam Nesamma
- Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
| | - Malik Zainul Abdin
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Chemical and Life Sciences, Jamia Hamdard University, New Delhi, 110062 India
| | - Pannaga Pavan Jutur
- Omics of Algae Group, Integrative Biology, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067 India
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Surkatti R, Al-Zuhair S. Microalgae cultivation for phenolic compounds removal. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 25:33936-33956. [PMID: 30353440 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3450-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are promising sustainable and renewable sources of oils that can be used for biodiesel production. In addition, they contain important compounds, such as proteins and pigments, which have large applications in the food and pharmaceutical industries. Combining the production of these valuable products with wastewater treatment renders the cultivation of microalgae very attractive and economically feasible. This review paper presents and discusses the current applications of microalgae cultivation for wastewater treatment, particularly for the removal of phenolic compounds. The effects of cultivation conditions on the rate of contaminants removal and biomass productivity, as well as the chemical composition of microalgae cells are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Riham Surkatti
- Chemical Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates
| | - Sulaiman Al-Zuhair
- Chemical Engineering Department, United Arab Emirates University, 15551, Al-Ain, United Arab Emirates.
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28
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Biomass Production and Nutrient Removal by Chlorella vulgaris from Anaerobic Digestion Effluents. ENERGIES 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/en11071654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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29
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Willette S, Gill SS, Dungan B, Schaub TM, Jarvis JM, St. Hilaire R, Omar Holguin F. Alterations in lipidome and metabolome profiles of Nannochloropsis salina in response to reduced culture temperature during sinusoidal temperature and light. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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30
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Chen CY, Nagarajan D, Cheah WY. Eicosapentaenoic acid production from Nannochloropsis oceanica CY2 using deep sea water in outdoor plastic-bag type photobioreactors. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2018; 253:1-7. [PMID: 29328929 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.12.102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2017] [Revised: 12/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
In this study, Nannochloropsis oceanica CY2 was grown in deep-sea water (DSW)-based medium in 5-L plastic bag-type photobioreactors (PBRs) for the autotrophic production of Eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA, 20:5n-3). EPA production of N. oceanica CY2 was stimulated when it was grown in 100% DSW amended with 1.5 g L-1 NaNO3, achieving a EPA content of 3.1% and a biomass concentration of 3.3 g L-1. An outdoor-simulated microalgae cultivation system was also conducted to validate the feasibility of outdoor cultivation of the CY2 strain in plastic bag-type PBRs. Using an inoculum size of 0.6 g/L, the biomass concentration in the PBR culture was 3.5 g L-1, while the EPA content and productivity reached a maximal level of 4.12% and 7.49 mg L-1 d-1, respectively. When the PBRs were operated on semi-batch mode, the EPA productivity could further increase to 9.9 mg L-1 d-1 with a stable EPA content of 4.1%.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chun-Yen Chen
- University Center for Bioscience and Biotechnology, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan 701, Taiwan.
| | - Dillirani Nagarajan
- Department of Chemical Engineering, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan, Taiwan
| | - Wai Yan Cheah
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Science, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
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Huete-Ortega M, Okurowska K, Kapoore RV, Johnson MP, Gilmour DJ, Vaidyanathan S. Effect of ammonium and high light intensity on the accumulation of lipids in Nannochloropsis oceanica (CCAP 849/10) and Phaeodactylum tricornutum (CCAP 1055/1). BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:60. [PMID: 29541157 PMCID: PMC5844138 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1061-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 02/23/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae accumulate lipids when exposed to stressful conditions such as nutrient limitation that can be used to generate biofuels. Nitrogen limitation or deprivation is a strategy widely employed to elicit this response. However, this strategy is associated with a reduction in the microalgal growth, leading to overall poor lipid productivities. Here, we investigated the combined effect of a reduced source of nitrogen (ammonium) and super-saturating light intensities on the growth and induction of lipid accumulation in two model but diverse microalgal species, Phaeodactylum tricornutum and Nannochloropsis oceanica. We hypothesized that the lower energy cost of assimilating ammonium would allow the organisms to use more reductant power for lipid biosynthesis without compromising growth and that this would be further stimulated by the effect of high light (1000 µmol m-2 s-1) stress. We studied the changes in growth and physiology of both species when grown in culture media that either contained nitrate or ammonium as the nitrogen source, and an additional medium that contained ammonium with tungsten in place of molybdenum and compared this with growth in media without nitrogen. We focused our investigation on the early stages of exposure to the treatments to correspond to events relevant to induction of lipid accumulation in these two species. RESULTS At super-saturating light intensities, lipid productivity in P. tricornutum increased twofold when grown in ammonium compared to nitrogen free medium that increased further when tungsten was present in the medium in place of molybdenum. Conversely, N. oceanica growth and physiology was not compromised by the high light intensities used, and the use of ammonium had a negative effect on the lipid productivity, which was even more marked when tungsten was present. CONCLUSIONS Whilst the use of ammonium and super-saturating light intensities in P. tricornutum was revealed to be a good strategy for increasing lipid biosynthesis, no changes in the lipid productivity of N. oceanica were observed, under these conditions. Both results provide relevant direction for the better design of processes to produce biofuels in microalgae by manipulating growth conditions without the need to subject them to genetic engineering manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Huete-Ortega
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
- Department of Plant Sciences, University of Cambridge, Downing Street, Cambridge, UK
| | - Katarzyna Okurowska
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Rahul Vijay Kapoore
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
| | - Matthew P. Johnson
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - D. James Gilmour
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biotechnology, The University of Sheffield, Firth Court, Western Bank, Sheffield, UK
| | - Seetharaman Vaidyanathan
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Advanced Biomanufacturing Centre, The University of Sheffield, Sir Robert Hadfield Building, Mappin Street, Sheffield, UK
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Sun H, Zhao W, Mao X, Li Y, Wu T, Chen F. High-value biomass from microalgae production platforms: strategies and progress based on carbon metabolism and energy conversion. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:227. [PMID: 30151055 PMCID: PMC6100726 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1225-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2018] [Accepted: 08/09/2018] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are capable of producing sustainable bioproducts and biofuels by using carbon dioxide or other carbon substances in various cultivation modes. It is of great significance to exploit microalgae for the economical viability of biofuels and the revenues from high-value bioproducts. However, the industrial performance of microalgae is still challenged with potential conflict between cost of microalgae cultivation and revenues from them, which is mainly ascribed to the lack of comprehensive understanding of carbon metabolism and energy conversion. In this review, we provide an overview of the recent advances in carbon and energy fluxes of light-dependent reaction, Calvin-Benson-Bassham cycle, tricarboxylic acid cycle, glycolysis pathway and processes of product biosynthesis in microalgae, with focus on the increased photosynthetic and carbon efficiencies. Recent strategies for the enhanced production of bioproducts and biofuels from microalgae are discussed in detail. Approaches to alter microbial physiology by controlling light, nutrient and other environmental conditions have the advantages of increasing biomass concentration and product yield through the efficient carbon conversion. Engineering strategies by regulating carbon partitioning and energy route are capable of improving the efficiencies of photosynthesis and carbon conversion, which consequently realize high-value biomass. The coordination of carbon and energy fluxes is emerging as the potential strategy to increase efficiency of carbon fixation and product biosynthesis. To achieve more desirable high-value products, coordination of multi-stage cultivation with engineering and stress-based strategies occupies significant positions in a long term.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Sun
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Weiyang Zhao
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Xuemei Mao
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Yuelian Li
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Tao Wu
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
| | - Feng Chen
- Institute for Food & Bioresource Engineering, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
- BIC-ESAT, College of Engineering, Peking University, Beijing, 100871 China
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Yang H, He Q, Hu C. Feasibility of biodiesel production and CO 2 emission reduction by Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50 under semi-continuous culture with open raceway ponds in the desert area. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2018; 11:82. [PMID: 29619078 PMCID: PMC5879568 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-018-1068-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/07/2018] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Compared with other general energy crops, microalgae are more compatible with desert conditions. In addition, microalgae cultivated in desert regions can be used to develop biodiesel. Therefore, screening oil-rich microalgae, and researching the algae growth, CO2 fixation and oil yield in desert areas not only effectively utilize the idle desertification lands and other resources, but also reduce CO2 emission. RESULTS Monoraphidium dybowskii LB50 can be efficiently cultured in the desert area using light resources, and lipid yield can be effectively improved using two-stage induction and semi-continuous culture modes in open raceway ponds (ORPs). Lipid content (LC) and lipid productivity (LP) were increased by 20% under two-stage industrial salt induction, whereas biomass productivity (BP) increased by 80% to enhance LP under semi-continuous mode in 5 m2 ORPs. After 3 years of operation, M. dybowskii LB50 was successfully and stably cultivated under semi-continuous mode for a month during five cycles of repeated culture in a 200 m2 ORP in the desert area. This culture mode reduced the supply of the original species. The BP and CO2 fixation rate were maintained at 18 and 33 g m-2 day-1, respectively. Moreover, LC decreased only during the fifth cycle of repeated culture. Evaporation occurred at 0.9-1.8 L m-2 day-1, which corresponded to 6.5-13% of evaporation loss rate. Semi-continuous and two-stage salt induction culture modes can reduce energy consumption and increase energy balance through the energy consumption analysis of life cycle. CONCLUSION This study demonstrates the feasibility of combining biodiesel production and CO2 fixation using microalgae grown as feedstock under culture modes with ORPs by using the resources in the desert area. The understanding of evaporation loss and the sustainability of semi-continuous culture render this approach practically viable. The novel strategy may be a promising alternative to existing technology for CO2 emission reduction and biofuel production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haijian Yang
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072 China
| | - Qiaoning He
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072 China
- University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, 100039 China
| | - Chunxiang Hu
- Key Laboratory of Algal Biology, Institute of Hydrobiology, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Wuhan, 430072 China
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Optimal dynamic operation of microalgae cultivation coupled with recovery of flue gas CO2 and waste heat. Comput Chem Eng 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.compchemeng.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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Banerjee S, Ramaswamy S. Dynamic process model and economic analysis of microalgae cultivation in open raceway ponds. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
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Fei X, Li P, Li X, Deng X. Low-Temperature- and Phosphate Deficiency-Responsive Elements Control DGTT3 Expression inChlamydomonas reinhardtii. J Eukaryot Microbiol 2017; 65:117-126. [DOI: 10.1111/jeu.12444] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Fei
- School of Science; Hainan Medical College; Haikou 571101 China
| | - Ping Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science; Haikou 571101 China
| | - Xinghan Li
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science; Haikou 571101 China
| | - Xiaodong Deng
- Key Laboratory of Tropical Crop Biotechnology, Ministry of Agriculture, Institute of Tropical Bioscience and Biotechnology; Chinese Academy of Tropical Agricultural Science; Haikou 571101 China
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Loira N, Mendoza S, Paz Cortés M, Rojas N, Travisany D, Genova AD, Gajardo N, Ehrenfeld N, Maass A. Reconstruction of the microalga Nannochloropsis salina genome-scale metabolic model with applications to lipid production. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:66. [PMID: 28676050 PMCID: PMC5496344 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0441-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Background Nannochloropsis salina (= Eustigmatophyceae) is a marine microalga which has become a biotechnological target because of its high capacity to produce polyunsaturated fatty acids and triacylglycerols. It has been used as a source of biofuel, pigments and food supplements, like Omega 3. Only some Nannochloropsis species have been sequenced, but none of them benefit from a genome-scale metabolic model (GSMM), able to predict its metabolic capabilities. Results We present iNS934, the first GSMM for N. salina, including 2345 reactions, 934 genes and an exhaustive description of lipid and nitrogen metabolism. iNS934 has a 90% of accuracy when making simple growth/no-growth predictions and has a 15% error rate in predicting growth rates in different experimental conditions. Moreover, iNS934 allowed us to propose 82 different knockout strategies for strain optimization of triacylglycerols. Conclusions iNS934 provides a powerful tool for metabolic improvement, allowing predictions and simulations of N. salina metabolism under different media and genetic conditions. It also provides a systemic view of N. salina metabolism, potentially guiding research and providing context to -omics data. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12918-017-0441-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolás Loira
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 7th Floor, Santiago, Chile. .,Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile.
| | - Sebastian Mendoza
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 7th Floor, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile
| | - María Paz Cortés
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 7th Floor, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile.,Universidad Adolfo Ibáñez, Diagonal Las Torres 2640, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Rojas
- Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile
| | - Dante Travisany
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 7th Floor, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alex Di Genova
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 7th Floor, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile
| | - Natalia Gajardo
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Universidad Santo Tomás, Avenida Ejercito 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Nicole Ehrenfeld
- Centro de Investigación Austral Biotech, Universidad Santo Tomás, Avenida Ejercito 146, Santiago, Chile
| | - Alejandro Maass
- Mathomics, Center for Mathematical Modeling, Universidad de Chile, Beauchef 851, 7th Floor, Santiago, Chile.,Center for Genome Regulation (Fondap 15090007), Universidad de Chile, Blanco Encalada 2085, Santiago, Chile
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Apel A, Pfaffinger C, Basedahl N, Mittwollen N, Göbel J, Sauter J, Brück T, Weuster-Botz D. Open thin-layer cascade reactors for saline microalgae production evaluated in a physically simulated Mediterranean summer climate. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2017.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Ajjawi I, Verruto J, Aqui M, Soriaga LB, Coppersmith J, Kwok K, Peach L, Orchard E, Kalb R, Xu W, Carlson TJ, Francis K, Konigsfeld K, Bartalis J, Schultz A, Lambert W, Schwartz AS, Brown R, Moellering ER. Lipid production in Nannochloropsis gaditana is doubled by decreasing expression of a single transcriptional regulator. Nat Biotechnol 2017. [DOI: 10.1038/nbt.3865] [Citation(s) in RCA: 268] [Impact Index Per Article: 38.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Lammers PJ, Huesemann M, Boeing W, Anderson DB, Arnold RG, Bai X, Bhole M, Brhanavan Y, Brown L, Brown J, Brown JK, Chisholm S, Meghan Downes C, Fulbright S, Ge Y, Holladay JE, Ketheesan B, Khopkar A, Koushik A, Laur P, Marrone BL, Mott JB, Nirmalakhandan N, Ogden KL, Parsons RL, Polle J, Ryan RD, Samocha T, Sayre RT, Seger M, Selvaratnam T, Sui R, Thomasson A, Unc A, Van Voorhies W, Waller P, Yao Y, Olivares JA. Review of the cultivation program within the National Alliance for Advanced Biofuels and Bioproducts. ALGAL RES 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.11.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Pfaffinger CE, Schöne D, Trunz S, Löwe H, Weuster-Botz D. Model-based optimization of microalgae areal productivity in flat-plate gas-lift photobioreactors. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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42
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Taleb A, Kandilian R, Touchard R, Montalescot V, Rinaldi T, Taha S, Takache H, Marchal L, Legrand J, Pruvost J. Screening of freshwater and seawater microalgae strains in fully controlled photobioreactors for biodiesel production. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2016; 218:480-90. [PMID: 27394994 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2016.06.086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/13/2016] [Revised: 06/21/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
Strain selection is one of the primary hurdles facing cost-effective microalgal biodiesel production. Indeed, the strain used affects both upstream and downstream biodiesel production processes. This study presents a screening procedure that considers the most significant criteria in microalgal biodiesel production including TAG production and wet extraction and recovery of TAGs. Fourteen freshwater and seawater strains were investigated. Large variation was observed between the strains in all the screening criteria. The overall screening procedure ultimately led to the identification of Parachlorella kessleri UTEX2229 and Nannochloropsis gaditana CCMP527 as the best freshwater and seawater strains, respectively. They featured the largest areal TAG productivity equal to 2.7×10(-3) and 2.3×10(-3)kgm(-2)d(-1), respectively. These two strains also displayed encouraging cell fragility in a high pressure bead milling process with 69% and 98% cell disruption at 1750bar making them remarkable strains for TAG extraction in wet environment.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Taleb
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6144, bd de l'Université, CRTT, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France; AZM Center for Biotechnology Research and Its Applications, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Lebanese University, EDST, Tripoli, Lebanon; Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekweneh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - R Kandilian
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6144, bd de l'Université, CRTT, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - R Touchard
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6144, bd de l'Université, CRTT, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - V Montalescot
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6144, bd de l'Université, CRTT, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - T Rinaldi
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6144, bd de l'Université, CRTT, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - S Taha
- AZM Center for Biotechnology Research and Its Applications, Laboratory of Applied Biotechnology, Lebanese University, EDST, Tripoli, Lebanon
| | - H Takache
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Faculty of Agricultural and Veterinary Medicine, Lebanese University, Dekweneh, Beirut, Lebanon
| | - L Marchal
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6144, bd de l'Université, CRTT, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - J Legrand
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6144, bd de l'Université, CRTT, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France
| | - J Pruvost
- GEPEA, Université de Nantes, CNRS UMR6144, bd de l'Université, CRTT, BP 406, 44602 Saint-Nazaire Cedex, France.
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de Vree JH, Bosma R, Wieggers R, Gegic S, Janssen M, Barbosa MJ, Wijffels RH. Turbidostat operation of outdoor pilot-scale photobioreactors. ALGAL RES 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2016.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Chakraborty S, Mohanty D, Ghosh S, Das D. Improvement of lipid content of Chlorella minutissima MCC 5 for biodiesel production. J Biosci Bioeng 2016; 122:294-300. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2016.01.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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Stress-induced neutral lipid biosynthesis in microalgae - Molecular, cellular and physiological insights. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Cell Biol Lipids 2016; 1861:1269-1281. [PMID: 26883557 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbalip.2016.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 96] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2015] [Revised: 02/04/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Photosynthetic microalgae have promise as biofuel feedstock. Under certain conditions, they produce substantial amounts of neutral lipids, mainly in the form of triacylglycerols (TAGs), which can be converted to fuels. Much of our current knowledge on the genetic and molecular basis of algal neutral lipid metabolism derives mainly from studies of plants, i.e. seed tissues, and to a lesser extent from direct studies of algal lipid metabolism. Thus, the knowledge of TAG synthesis and the cellular trafficking of TAG precursors in algal cells is to a large extent based on genome predictions, and most aspects of TAG metabolism have yet to be experimentally verified. The biofuel prospects of microalgae have raised the interest in mechanistic studies of algal TAG biosynthesis in recent years and resulted in an increasing number of publications on lipid metabolism in microalgae. In this review we summarize the current findings on genetic, molecular and physiological studies of TAG accumulation in microalgae. Special emphasis is on the functional analysis of key genes involved in TAG synthesis, molecular mechanisms of regulation of TAG biosynthesis, as well as on possible mechanisms of lipid droplet formation in microalgal cells. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled: Plant Lipid Biology edited by Kent D. Chapman and Ivo Feussner.
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Abstract
Plant and algal oils are some of the most energy-dense renewable compounds provided by nature. Triacylglycerols (TAGs) are the major constituent of plant oils, which can be converted into fatty acid methyl esters commonly known as biodiesel. As one of the most efficient producers of TAGs, photosynthetic microalgae have attracted substantial interest for renewable fuel production. Currently, the big challenge of microalgae based TAGs for biofuels is their high cost compared to fossil fuels. A conundrum is that microalgae accumulate large amounts of TAGs only during stress conditions such as nutrient deprivation and temperature stress, which inevitably will inhibit growth. Thus, a better understanding of why and how microalgae induce TAG biosynthesis under stress conditions would allow the development of engineered microalgae with increased TAG production during conditions optimal for growth. Land plants also synthesize TAGs during stresses and we will compare new findings on environmental stress-induced TAG accumulation in plants and microalgae especially in the well-characterized model alga Chlamydomonas reinhardtii and a biotechnologically relevant genus Nannochloropsis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Yan Du
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA
| | - Christoph Benning
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI, 48824, USA.
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de Vree JH, Bosma R, Janssen M, Barbosa MJ, Wijffels RH. Comparison of four outdoor pilot-scale photobioreactors. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2015; 8:215. [PMID: 26689675 PMCID: PMC4683866 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-015-0400-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/30/2015] [Indexed: 05/04/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Microalgae are a potential source of sustainable commodities of fuels, chemicals and food and feed additives. The current high production costs, as a result of the low areal productivities, limit the application of microalgae in industry. A first step is determining how the different production system designs relate to each other under identical climate conditions. The productivity and photosynthetic efficiency of Nannochloropsis sp. CCAP 211/78 cultivated in four different outdoor continuously operated pilot-scale photobioreactors under the same climatological conditions were compared. The optimal dilution rate was determined for each photobioreactor by operation of the different photobioreactors at different dilution rates. RESULTS In vertical photobioreactors, higher areal productivities and photosynthetic efficiencies, 19-24 g m(-2) day(-1) and 2.4-4.2 %, respectively, were found in comparison to the horizontal systems; 12-15 g m(-2) day(-1) and 1.5-1.8 %. The higher ground areal productivity in the vertical systems could be explained by light dilution in combination with a higher light capture. In the raceway pond low productivities were obtained, due to the long optical path in this system. Areal productivities in all systems increased with increasing photon flux densities up to a photon flux density of 30 mol m(-2) day(-1). Photosynthetic efficiencies remained constant in all systems with increasing photon flux densities. The highest photosynthetic efficiencies obtained were; 4.2 % for the vertical tubular photobioreactor, 3.8 % for the flat panel reactor, 1.8 % for the horizontal tubular reactor, and 1.5 % for the open raceway pond. CONCLUSIONS Vertical photobioreactors resulted in higher areal productivities than horizontal photobioreactors because of the lower incident photon flux densities on the reactor surface. The flat panel photobioreactor resulted, among the vertical photobioreactors studied, in the highest average photosynthetic efficiency, areal and volumetric productivities due to the short optical path. Photobioreactor light interception should be further optimized to maximize ground areal productivity and photosynthetic efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeroen H. de Vree
- />Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 8129, 6721 NG Bennekom, The Netherlands
| | - Rouke Bosma
- />Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Marcel Janssen
- />Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - Maria J. Barbosa
- />Food and Biobased Research, AlgaePARC, Wageningen UR, P.O. Box 17, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
| | - René H. Wijffels
- />Bioprocess Engineering, AlgaePARC, Wageningen University, P.O. Box 16, 6700 AA Wageningen, The Netherlands
- />Biosciences and Aquaculture, Nordland University, 8049 Bodø, Norway
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Fakhry EM, El Maghraby DM. Lipid accumulation in response to nitrogen limitation and variation of temperature in Nannochloropsis salina. BOTANICAL STUDIES 2015; 56:6. [PMID: 28510815 PMCID: PMC5432932 DOI: 10.1186/s40529-015-0085-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 05/18/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This batch study deals with the relation between lipid as well as triglyceride contents in Nannochloropsis salina and variation in culture conditions such as nitrogen concentration and temperature. RESULTS The tested parameters caused reduction in growth expressed as cell count, optical density and dry weight, as well strongly involved in lipids and triglycerides accumulation and significantly affected the lipid productivity. At the beginning of the work, the concentration of nitrogen in the medium was reduced to three quarter, half and quarter of the original f2 medium while the temperature kept constant. After that, the optimal nitrogen concentration (quarter of the original media) giving high lipid yield was tested with different temperature degrees from 15 to 35°C with five degree intervals. Although the growth was insignificantly influenced, a considerable increase in lipid and triglyceride (56.1 and 15.1% of dry weight respectively) was observed when the concentration of nitrogen in the medium was reduced to the quarter. Moreover, 59.3% lipid and 17.1% triglyceride on the basis of dry weight were obtained by the combination of 25% nitrogen concentration and 30°C. Simple regressions recommended that the interaction effect of nitrogen limitation and temperature on lipid and triglyceride accumulation was not as fundamental as for nitrogen limitation stress. CONCLUSION The degree of nitrogen availability in the combination of temperature effect has been identified as the critical determinant for the maximal production of lipid in N. salina. Nevertheless, major advances in this field can be considered by studying more stresses techniques and genetic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman M Fakhry
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
| | - Dahlia M El Maghraby
- Department of Botany and Microbiology, Faculty of Science, Alexandria University, Alexandria, 21511 Egypt
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Malek A, Zullo LC, Daoutidis P. Modeling and Dynamic Optimization of Microalgae Cultivation in Outdoor Open Ponds. Ind Eng Chem Res 2015. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.iecr.5b03209] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Abdulla Malek
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
| | - Luca C. Zullo
- VerdeNero LLC, 955 Highway
169 North, Plymouth, Minnesota 55441, United States
| | - Prodromos Daoutidis
- Department of Chemical Engineering & Materials Science, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota 55455, United States
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Racharaks R, Ge X, Li Y. Cultivation of marine microalgae using shale gas flowback water and anaerobic digestion effluent as the cultivation medium. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2015; 191:146-56. [PMID: 25989090 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2015.04.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 04/18/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
The potential of shale gas flowback water and anaerobic digestion (AD) effluent to reduce the water and nutrient requirements for marine microalgae cultivation was evaluated with the following strains: Nannochloropsis salina, Dunaliella tertiolecta, and Dunaliella salina. N. salina and D. tertiolecta achieved the highest biomass productivity in the medium composed of flowback water and AD effluent (6% v/v). Growth in the above unsterilized medium was found to be comparable to that in sterilized commercial media with similar initial inorganic nitrogen concentrations, salinity, and pH levels. Specific growth rates of 0.293 and 0.349 day(-1) and average biomass productivities of 225 and 275 mg L(-1)day(-1) were obtained for N. salina and D. tertiolecta, respectively. The lipid content and fatty acid profile of both strains in the medium were also comparable to those obtained with commercial nutrients and salts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ratanachat Racharaks
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
| | - Xumeng Ge
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA
| | - Yebo Li
- Department of Food, Agricultural and Biological Engineering, The Ohio State University/Ohio Agricultural Research and Development Center, 1680 Madison Ave., Wooster, OH 44691-4096, USA.
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