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Zong H, Gao M, Ul Hassan Mohsan A, Lin Y, Zhou Y, Yu L, Zhao S, Li Y, Zhang J. Effect of static pressure on ultrasonic liquid phase exfoliation of few-layer graphene. Ultrason Sonochem 2024; 105:106863. [PMID: 38579571 PMCID: PMC11004987 DOI: 10.1016/j.ultsonch.2024.106863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2023] [Revised: 03/24/2024] [Accepted: 03/28/2024] [Indexed: 04/07/2024]
Abstract
Ultrasonic Liquid Phase Exfoliation (LPE) has gathered attention from both scientific and industrial communities for its accessibility and cost-effectiveness in producing graphene. However, this technique has faced challenges such as low yield and long production time. In this study, we developed a cyclic ultrasonication system to exfoliate expanded graphite (EG) by applying static pressure to a flow chamber to address these challenges. Using deionized water (DIW) as solvent and polyvinylpyrrolidone (PVP) as dispersion, we obtained graphene slurries with an average lateral size of 7 μm and averaged number of layers of 3.5 layers, after 40 min of ultrasonication. After centrifugation, the yield of single and bilayer graphene was approximately 16 %. The findings showed that regulating hydrostatic pressure can effectively affect the lateral size and number of layers of few-layer graphene. The proposed method is of good potential for scaled-up production of few-layer graphene.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hu Zong
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Minhui Gao
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Aziz Ul Hassan Mohsan
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Yibiao Lin
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China; Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Ying Zhou
- College of Chemical Engineering, Zhejiang University of Technology, Hangzhou 310014, China.
| | - Lei Yu
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Su Zhao
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China.
| | - Yifei Li
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
| | - Jiahao Zhang
- Ningbo Institute of Materials Technology and Engineering, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Ningbo 315201, China
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2
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Baltazar-Bernal O, Mora-González EG, Ramírez-Mosqueda MA. Orchid Micropropagation Using Temporary Immersion Systems: A Review. Methods Mol Biol 2024; 2759:227-244. [PMID: 38285154 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3654-1_21] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2024]
Abstract
Temporary immersion systems (TIS) have been used for orchid micropropagation. The main advantage of TIS use for micropropagation is that the explant is periodically immersed in nutrient media, and then, the nutrient solution is drained, which allows the explant tissue to stay in air. The current review resumes the application of TIS in orchid propagation. Fifty-three papers are discussed considering: explant, culture media, TIS bioreactor type, frequency and immersion time, and the TIS effects in acclimatization phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Obdulia Baltazar-Bernal
- Laboratório de Cultivo de Tejidos Vegetales, Colegio de Postgraduados Campus Cordoba, Amatlan de los Reyes, Veracruz, Mexico.
| | | | - Marco A Ramírez-Mosqueda
- Centro de Investigaciones Biológicas del Noroeste S.C, Unidad Guerrero Negro, Guerrero Negro, Baja California Sur, Mexico
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3
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Pongérard A, Mallo L, Do Sacramento V, Boiron O, Eckly A, Gachet C, Lanza F, Knapp Y, Strassel C. Development of an efficient, ready to use, blood platelet-release device based on two new flow regime parameters: The periodic hydrodynamic loading and the shear stress accumulation. N Biotechnol 2023; 77:68-79. [PMID: 37442418 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2023.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2023] [Revised: 06/13/2023] [Accepted: 07/09/2023] [Indexed: 07/15/2023]
Abstract
In vitro production of blood platelets for transfusion purposes is gaining interest. While platelet production is now possible on a laboratory scale, the challenge is to move towards industrial production. Attaining this goal calls for the development of platelet release devices capable of producing large quantities of platelets. To this end, we have developed a continuous-flow platelet release device composed of five spherical chambers each containing two calibrated cones placed in a staggered configuration. Following perfusion of proplatelet-bearing cultured megakaryocytes, the device achieves a high yield of about 100 bona-fide platelets/megakaryocyte, at a flow rate of ∼80 mL/min. Performances and operating conditions comply with the requirements of large-scale platelet production. Moreover, this device enabled an in-depth analysis of the flow regimes through Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). This revealed two new universal parameters to be taken into account for an optimal platelet release: i.e. a periodic hydrodynamic load and a sufficient accumulation of shear stress. An efficient 16 Pa.s shear stress accumulation is obtained in our system at a flow rate of 80 mL/min.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anaïs Pongérard
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065 Strasbourg, France
| | - Léa Mallo
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065 Strasbourg, France
| | - Valentin Do Sacramento
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065 Strasbourg, France
| | - Olivier Boiron
- CNRS, Université Aix-Marseille, Ecole Centrale Marseille, IRPHE UMR7342, F-13000 Marseille, France
| | - Anita Eckly
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065 Strasbourg, France
| | - Christian Gachet
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065 Strasbourg, France
| | - François Lanza
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065 Strasbourg, France
| | - Yannick Knapp
- Université Avignon, LAPEC UPR-4278, F-84000 Avignon, France
| | - Catherine Strassel
- Université de Strasbourg, INSERM, EFS Grand-Est, BPPS UMR-S1255, FMTS, F-67065 Strasbourg, France.
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4
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Estévez M, Cicuéndez M, Crespo J, Serrano-López J, Colilla M, Fernández-Acevedo C, Oroz-Mateo T, Rada-Leza A, González B, Izquierdo-Barba I, Vallet-Regí M. Large-scale production of superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles by flame spray pyrolysis: In vitro biological evaluation for biomedical applications. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 650:560-572. [PMID: 37429163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2023.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2023] [Revised: 06/21/2023] [Accepted: 07/03/2023] [Indexed: 07/12/2023]
Abstract
Despite the large number of synthesis methodologies described for superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs), the search for their large-scale production for their widespread use in biomedical applications remains a mayor challenge. Flame Spray Pyrolysis (FSP) could be the solution to solve this limitation, since it allows the fabrication of metal oxide nanoparticles with high production yield and low manufacture costs. However, to our knowledge, to date such fabrication method has not been upgraded for biomedical purposes. Herein, SPIONs have been fabricated by FSP and their surface has been treated to be subsequently coated with dimercaptosuccinic acid (DMSA) to enhance their colloidal stability in aqueous media. The final material presents high quality in terms of nanoparticle size, homogeneous size distribution, long-term colloidal stability and magnetic properties. A thorough in vitro validation has been performed with peripheral blood cells and mesenchymal stem cells (hBM-MSCs). Specifically, hemocompatibility studies show that these functionalized FSP-SPIONs-DMSA nanoparticles do not cause platelet aggregation or impair basal monocyte function. Moreover, in vitro biocompatibility assays show a dose-dependent cellular uptake while maintaining high cell viability values and cell cycle progression without causing cellular oxidative stress. Taken together, the results suggest that the FSP-SPIONs-DMSA optimized in this work could be a worthy alternative with the benefit of a large-scale production aimed at industrialization for biomedical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Estévez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Mónica Cicuéndez
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria del Hospital Clínico San Carlos (IdISSC), 28040 Madrid, Spain.
| | - Julián Crespo
- Tecnología Navarra de Nanoproductos S.L. (TECNAN), área industrial PERGUITA, C/A, N° 1, 31210 Los Arcos (Navarra), Spain.
| | - Juana Serrano-López
- Experimental Hematology Lab, IIS- Fundación Jiménez Díaz, UAM, Madrid 28040, Spain.
| | - Montserrat Colilla
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - Claudio Fernández-Acevedo
- Centro Tecnológico ĹUrederra, área industrial PERGUITA, C/A, N° 1, 31210 Los Arcos (Navarra), Spain.
| | - Tamara Oroz-Mateo
- Centro Tecnológico ĹUrederra, área industrial PERGUITA, C/A, N° 1, 31210 Los Arcos (Navarra), Spain.
| | - Amaia Rada-Leza
- Centro Tecnológico ĹUrederra, área industrial PERGUITA, C/A, N° 1, 31210 Los Arcos (Navarra), Spain.
| | - Blanca González
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - Isabel Izquierdo-Barba
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
| | - María Vallet-Regí
- Departamento de Química en Ciencias Farmacéuticas, Facultad de Farmacia, Universidad Complutense de Madrid, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria, Hospital 12 de Octubre i+12, Plaza Ramón y Cajal s/n, 28040 Madrid, Spain; Centro de Investigación Biomédica en Red de Bioingeniería, Biomateriales y Nanomedicina (CIBER-BBN), Spain.
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5
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Ghorui M, Chowdhury S, Das K, Sunar K, Prakash B. Optimizing factors for large-scale production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi consortia using root organ cultures. J Biol Methods 2023; 10:jbm-10-e99010006. [PMID: 38023771 PMCID: PMC10668604 DOI: 10.14440/jbm.2023.410] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2023] [Revised: 10/11/2023] [Accepted: 10/17/2023] [Indexed: 12/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Large-scale production of Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi (AMF) consortia is a crucial stride in harnessing their potential for sustainable agriculture and plant growth enhancement. However, establishing optimal production conditions is challenging due to their obligate nature, variability, lack of standardized protocols, and limited understanding of their specific requirements. Previous attempts to standardize Root Organ Cultures (ROC) for AMF overlooked challenges related to viable inoculum production for field applications. This current investigation reported, for the first time, the optimization of various factors during large-scale production of AMF using ROC. By optimizing factors like gelling agents, media preparation, medium-to-inoculum ratios, incubation conditions, age, harvesting method and drying temperatures, we achieved significant yields of viable propagules. The standardized protocol outlined in this study will greatly influence commercial-scale AMF production. These standardized protocols are poised to contribute to larger-scale AMF production worldwide, with the potential to support sustainable agriculture and ecosystem management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maunata Ghorui
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai - 600117, India
| | - Shouvik Chowdhury
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai - 600117, India
| | - Keshab Das
- Department of Botany, Balurghat Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Balurghat, Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal – 733101, India
| | - Kiran Sunar
- Department of Botany, Balurghat Mahila Mahavidyalaya, Balurghat, Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal – 733101, India
| | - Balu Prakash
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Life Sciences, Vels Institute of Science, Technology and Advanced Studies (VISTAS), Pallavaram, Chennai - 600117, India
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6
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Masojídek J, Lhotský R, Štěrbová K, Zittelli GC, Torzillo G. Solar bioreactors used for the industrial production of microalgae. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2023; 107:6439-6458. [PMID: 37725140 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-023-12733-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2023] [Revised: 08/16/2023] [Accepted: 08/18/2023] [Indexed: 09/21/2023]
Abstract
Microalgae are excellent sources of biomass containing several important compounds for human and animal nutrition-proteins, lipids, polysaccharides, pigments and antioxidants as well as bioactive secondary metabolites. In addition, they have a great biotechnological potential for nutraceuticals, and pharmaceuticals as well as for CO2 sequestration, wastewater treatment, and potentially also biofuel and biopolymer production. In this review, the industrial production of the most frequently used microalgae genera-Arthrospira, Chlorella, Dunaliella, Haematococcus, Nannochloropsis, Phaeodactylum, Porphyridium and several other species is discussed as concerns the applicability of the most widely used large-scale systems, solar bioreactors (SBRs)-open ponds, raceways, cascades, sleeves, columns, flat panels, tubular systems and others. Microalgae culturing is a complex process in which bioreactor operating parameters and physiological variables closely interact. The requirements of the biological system-microalgae culture are crucial to select the suitable type of SBR. When designing a cultivation process, the phototrophic production of microalgae biomass, it is necessary to employ SBRs that are adequately designed, built and operated to satisfy the physiological requirements of the selected microalgae species, considering also local climate. Moreover, scaling up microalgae cultures for commercial production requires qualified staff working out a suitable cultivation regime. KEY POINTS: • Large-scale solar bioreactors designed for microalgae culturing. • Most frequently used microalgae genera for commercial production. • Scale-up requires suitable cultivation conditions and well-elaborated protocols.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiří Masojídek
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Science, Třeboň, Czech Republic.
- Faculty of Science, University of South Bohemia, České Budějovice, Czech Republic.
| | - Richard Lhotský
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Science, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | - Karolína Štěrbová
- Laboratory of Algal Biotechnology, Centre Algatech, Institute of Microbiology of the Czech Academy of Science, Třeboň, Czech Republic
| | | | - Giuseppe Torzillo
- Istituto Per La Bioeconomia, CNR, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
- Centro de Investigation en Ciencias del Mar Y Limnologia (CIMAR), Ciudad de La Investigation, Universidad de Costa Rica, San Pedro, Costa Rica
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7
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Schatz S, van Dijk FH, Dubiel AE, Cantz T, Eggenschwiler R, Stitz J. Generation of Human 293-F Suspension NGFR Knockout Cells Using CRISPR/Cas9 Coupled to Fluorescent Protein Expression. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2681:361-371. [PMID: 37405658 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-3279-6_20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/06/2023]
Abstract
Suspension cells derived from human embryonic kidney cells (HEK 293) are attractive cell lines for retroviral vector production in gene therapeutic development studies and applications. The low-affinity nerve growth factor receptor (NGFR) is a genetic marker frequently used as a reporter gene in transfer vectors to detect and enrich genetically modified cells. However, the HEK 293 cell line and its derivatives endogenously express the NGFR protein. To eradicate the high background NGFR expression in future retroviral vector packaging cells, we here employed the CRISPR/Cas9 system to generate human suspension 293-F NGFR knockout cells. The expression of a fluorescent protein coupled via a 2A peptide motif to the NGFR targeting Cas9 endonuclease enabled the simultaneous depletion of cells expressing Cas9 and remaining NGFR-positive cells. Thus, a pure population of NGFR-negative 293-F cells lacking persistent Cas9 expression was obtained in a simple and easily applicable procedure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schatz
- Research Group Medical Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Campus Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
- Institute of Technical Chemistry, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Femke Harmina van Dijk
- Research Group Medical Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Campus Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Aleksandra Elzbieta Dubiel
- Research Group Medical Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Campus Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany
| | - Tobias Cantz
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Reto Eggenschwiler
- Research Group Translational Hepatology and Stem Cell Biology, Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology, and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Jörn Stitz
- Research Group Medical Biotechnology & Bioengineering, Faculty of Applied Natural Sciences, TH Köln - University of Applied Sciences, Campus Leverkusen, Leverkusen, Germany.
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8
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Zhang T, Weng S, Wang X, Zhang Z, Gao Y, Lin T, Zhu Y, Zhang W, Sun C. Platinum atomic clusters embedded in polyoxometalates-carbon black as an efficient and durable catalyst for hydrogen evolution reaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 624:704-712. [PMID: 35696788 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2022] [Revised: 05/26/2022] [Accepted: 06/04/2022] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Platinum-based catalysts are regarded as the Holy Grail of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER). As a benchmark catalyst for HER, the commercial Pt/C catalyst has low Pt utilization efficiency and high cost, which hinders its commercialization. Atomic clusters-based catalysts show high efficiency of atom utilization and high performance toward electrocatalysis. Herein, an environmentally friendly preparation strategy is proposed to construct Pt atomic clusters on the polyoxometalates-carbon black (Pt-POMs-CB) support. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that the Pt clusters can be stably anchored on the surface with the driving force arising from the charge transfer from Pt atoms to O atoms of the POMs. Benefiting from metal-support interaction, Pt atomic clusters embedded in silicotungstic acid-carbon black (Pt-STA-CB) exhibit excellent HER activity with an overpotential of 33.8 mV at 10 mA cm-2, and high mass activity is 1.62 A mg-1Pt at 33.8 mV, which is 5.4 times that of the commercial Pt/C. In addition, the catalyst displays high stability of 800 h at current density of 500 mA cm-2. It provides a platform for facile and low-cost preparation of stable Pt-based catalysts, which is crucial for their large-scale production and practical application in the industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongrui Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Suting Weng
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Xuefeng Wang
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China; Tianmu Lake Institute of Advanced Energy Storage Technologies Co. Ltd., Liyang 213300, Jiangsu, China
| | - Zhijun Zhang
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Yaling Gao
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China
| | - Ting Lin
- Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences; School of Physical Sciences, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100190, China
| | - Yuanqin Zhu
- School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Institute for Energy Research, Jiangsu University, Zhenjiang, Jiangsu 212013, China.
| | - Chunwen Sun
- School of Chemical and Environmental Engineering, China University of Mining & Technology (Beijing), Beijing 100083, China; School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Guangxi University, Nanning, Guangxi 530004, China.
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9
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Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Exosomes: Large-scale production, isolation, drug loading efficiency, and biodistribution and uptake. J Control Release 2022; 347:533-543. [PMID: 35597405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles with different contents that play a role in various biological and pathological processes. It offers significant advantages over other delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Although exosomes are expected to be effective therapeutic agents, their optimal use remains a challenge. The development of methods for large-scale production, isolation, and drug loading is necessary to improve their efficiency and therapeutic potential. In this review, after mentioning general properties and biological functions of the exosomes, details of their potential for use in the drug delivery system are presented. For this purpose, methodologies for the large-scale production of exosomes, exosome isolation, exosomal cargo loading, and exosome uptake by the recipient cell are reviewed. The current challenges and potential directions of this new area of drug delivery that has become popular recently are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suphi S Oncel
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey..
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10
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Gao L, Sarmad B, Li J, Cheng B, Kang W, Deng N. Application of polyamide 6 microfiber non-woven fabrics in the large-scale production of all-solid-state lithium metal batteries. J Power Sources 2020; 475:228663. [PMID: 32863551 PMCID: PMC7443327 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpowsour.2020.228663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2020] [Revised: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 07/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
All-solid-state electrolytes have received extensive attention due to their excellent safety and good electrochemical performance. However, due to the harsh conditions of the preparation process, the commercial production of all-solid-state electrolytes remains a challenge. The outbreak of the novel coronavirus pneumonia (COVID-19) has caused great inconvenience to people, while also allowing soft, lightweight and mass-producible non-woven fabrics in masks come into sight. Here, a polymer/polymer solid composite electrolyte is obtained by introducing the polyamide 6 (PA6) microfiber non-woven fabric into PEO polymer through the hot-pressing method. The addition of the PA6 non-woven fabric with lithium-philic properties can not only reduce the crystallinity of the polymer, but also provide more functional transmission sites and then promote the migration of lithium ions at the molecular level. Moreover, due to the sufficient mechanical strength and flexibility of the PA6 non-woven fabric, the composite electrolyte shows excellent inhibition ability of lithium dendrite growth and high electrochemical stability. The novel design concept of introducing low-cost and large-scale production of non-woven fabrics into all-solid-state composite electrolytes to develop high-performance lithium metal batteries is attractive, and can also be broadened to the combination of different types of polymers to meet the needs of various batteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lu Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
| | - Bushra Sarmad
- School of International Education, Tiangong University, Tianjin 300387, PR China
| | - Jianxin Li
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
| | - Bowen Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
| | - Weimin Kang
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
| | - Nanping Deng
- State Key Laboratory of Separation Membranes and Membrane Processes, National Center for International Joint Research on Separation Membranes, School of Textile Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
- School of Material Science and Engineering, Tiangong University, Tianjin, 300387, PR China
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Feng S, Hu L, Zhang Q, Zhang F, Du J, Liang G, Li A, Song G, Liu Y. CRISPR/Cas technology promotes the various application of Dunaliella salina system. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2020; 104:8621-30. [PMID: 32918585 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-020-10892-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Dunaliella salina (D. salina) has been widely applied in various fields because of its inherent advantages, such as the study of halotolerant mechanism, wastewater treatment, recombinant proteins expression, biofuel production, preparation of natural materials, and others. However, owing to the existence of low yield or in the laboratory exploration stage, D. salina system has been greatly restricted for practical production of various components. In past decade, significant progresses have been achieved for research of D. salina in these fields. Among them, D. salina as a novel expression system demonstrated a bright prospect, especially for large-scale production of foreign proteins, like the vaccines, antibodies, and other therapeutic proteins. Due to the low efficiency, application of traditional regulation tools is also greatly limited for exploration of D. salina system. The emergence of the clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR)/Cas system offers a precise editing tool to overcome the obstacles of D. salina system. This review not only comprehensively summarizes the recent progresses of D. salina in domain of gene engineering but also gives a deep analysis of problems and deficiencies in different fields of D. salina. Moreover, further prospects of CRISPR/Cas system and its significant challenges have been discussed in various aspects of D. salina. It provides a great referencing value for speeding up the maturity of D. salina system, and also supplies practical guiding significance to expand the new application fields for D. salina. KEY POINTS: • The review provides recent research progresses of various applications of D. salina. • The problems and deficiencies in different fields of D. salina were deeply analyzed. • The further prospects of CRISPR/Cas technology in D. salina system were predicted. • CRISPR/Cas system will promote the new application fields and maturity for D. salina.
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Zhong X, Wang A, Zhang Y, Wu Z, Li B, Lou H, Huang G, Wen H. Reducing higher alcohols by nitrogen compensation during fermentation of Chinese rice wine. Food Sci Biotechnol 2020; 29:805-16. [PMID: 32523790 DOI: 10.1007/s10068-019-00718-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Excessive amount of higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages causes unwell and side-effect for consumers although adequate consumption offers joy and pleasure. Therefore, reducing higher alcohols in alcoholic beverages is necessary. We used nitrogen compensation to reduce higher alcohols with Chinese rice wine as an experimental model. Higher alcohols including isobutyl alcohols, isoamyl alcohols, and β-phenethyl alcohols were significantly decreased by 19.27, 23.03 and 19.43%, respectively, when 200 mg/L (NH4)2HPO4, 5% (w/v) yeast, and 11% wheat Koji were added to fermentation broth. Meanwhile, important quality parameters remained unchanged including free amino acids, organic acids, biogenic amines, and esters. The expression of glutamate dehydrogenase 1 gene (GDH1) and glutamine synthetase gene (GLN1) was significantly enhanced, 26.9- and 1.9-folds respectively. These results suggest that ammonium compensation could effectively decrease higher alcohols in Chinese rice wine by activating glutamate dehydrogenase (GDH) pathway in ammonium assimilation.
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Chen R, Li L, Feng L, Luo Y, Xu M, Leong KW, Yao R. Biomaterial-assisted scalable cell production for cell therapy. Biomaterials 2019; 230:119627. [PMID: 31767445 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2019.119627] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Cell therapy, the treatment of diseases using living cells, offers a promising clinical approach to treating refractory diseases. The global market for cell therapy is growing rapidly, and there is an increasing demand for automated methods that can produce large quantities of high quality therapeutic cells. Biomaterials can be used during cell production to establish a biomimetic microenvironment that promotes cell adhesion and proliferation while maintaining target cell genotype and phenotype. Here we review recent progress and emerging techniques in biomaterial-assisted cell production. The increasing use of auxiliary biomaterials and automated production methods provides an opportunity to improve quality control and increase production efficiency using standardized GMP-compliant procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Chen
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Ling Li
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Lu Feng
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yixue Luo
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Mingen Xu
- Key Laboratory of Medical Information and 3D Bioprinting of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou Dianzi University, Hangzhou, 310018, China
| | - Kam W Leong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Columbia University, New York, NY, 10027, USA.
| | - Rui Yao
- Key Laboratory for Advanced Materials Processing Technology of Ministry of Education, Biomanufacturing and Rapid Forming Technology Key Laboratory of Beijing, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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Abstract
Gene therapy refers to a rapidly growing field of medicine in which genes are introduced into the body to treat or prevent diseases. Although a variety of methods can be used to deliver the genetic materials into the target cells and tissues, modified viral vectors represent one of the more common delivery routes because of its transduction efficiency for therapeutic genes. Since the introduction of gene therapy concept in the 1970s, the field has advanced considerably with notable clinical successes being demonstrated in many clinical indications in which no standard treatment options are currently available. It is anticipated that the clinical success the field observed in recent years can drive requirements for more scalable, robust, cost effective, and regulatory-compliant manufacturing processes. This review provides a brief overview of the current manufacturing technologies for viral vectors production, drawing attention to the common upstream and downstream production process platform that is applicable across various classes of viral vectors and their unique manufacturing challenges as compared to other biologics. In addition, a case study of an industry-scale cGMP production of an AAV-based gene therapy product performed at 2,000 L-scale is presented. The experience and lessons learned from this largest viral gene therapy vector production run conducted to date as discussed and highlighted in this review should contribute to future development of commercial viable scalable processes for vial gene therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barb Thorne
- Thorne Bio-Consulting LLC, Sammamish, WA, USA
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15
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Abstract
Despite more than a century of research on effective biotechnological methods, micropropagation continues to be an important tool for the large-scale production of clonal plantlets of several important plant species that retain genetic fidelity and are pest-free. In some cases, micropropagation is the only technique that supports the maintenance and promotes the economic value of specific agricultural species. The micropropagation of plants solved many phytosanitary problems and allowed both the expansion and access to high-quality plants for growers from different countries and economic backgrounds, thereby effectively contributing to an agricultural expansion in this and the last century. The challenges for micropropagation in the twenty-first century include cost reduction, enhanced efficiency, developing new technologies, and combining micropropagation with other systems/propagation techniques such as microcuttings, hydroponics, and aeroponics. In this chapter, we discuss the actual uses of micropropagation in this century, its importance and limitations, and some possible techniques that can effectively increase its wider application by replacing certain conventional techniques and technologies.
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Pavot V, Sebastian S, Turner AV, Matthews J, Gilbert SC. Generation and Production of Modified Vaccinia Virus Ankara (MVA) as a Vaccine Vector. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1581:97-119. [PMID: 28374245 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6869-5_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
The smallpox vaccine based on the vaccinia virus was successfully used to eradicate smallpox, but although very effective, it was a very reactogenic vaccine and responsible for the deaths of one to two people per million vaccinated. Modified Vaccinia virus Ankara (MVA) is an attenuated derivative, also used in the smallpox eradication campaign and now being developed as a recombinant viral vector to produce vaccines against infectious diseases and cancer. MVA can encode one or more foreign antigens and thus can function as a multivalent vaccine. The vector can be used at biosafety level 1, has intrinsic adjuvant properties, and induces humoral and cellular immune responses. Many clinical trials of these new vaccines have been conducted, and the safety of MVA is now well documented. Immunogenicity is influenced by the dose and vaccination regimen, and information on the efficacy of MVA-vectored vaccines is now beginning to accumulate. In this chapter, we provide protocols for generation, isolation, amplification, and purification of recombinant MVA for preclinical and clinical evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincent Pavot
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Research Bldg., Old Road Campus, ORCRB, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah Sebastian
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Research Bldg., Old Road Campus, ORCRB, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Alison V Turner
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Research Bldg., Old Road Campus, ORCRB, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Jake Matthews
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Research Bldg., Old Road Campus, ORCRB, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK
| | - Sarah C Gilbert
- The Jenner Institute, University of Oxford, Research Bldg., Old Road Campus, ORCRB, Oxford, OX3 7DQ, UK.
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Steinmacher DA, Heringer AS, Jiménez VM, Quoirin MGG, Guerra MP. Somatic Embryogenesis in Peach-Palm (Bactris gasipaes) Using Different Explant Sources. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1359:279-88. [PMID: 26619867 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3061-6_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/23/2023]
Abstract
Peach palm (Bactris gasipaes Kunth) is a member of the family Arecaceae and is a multipurpose but underutilized species. Nowadays, fruit production for subsistence and local markets, and heart-of-palm production for local, national, and international markets are the most important uses of this plant. Conventional breeding programs in peach palm are long-term efforts due to the prolonged generation time, large plant size, difficulties with controlled pollination and other factors. Although it is a caespitose palm, its propagation is currently based on seeds, as off-shoots are difficult to root. Hence, tissue culture techniques are considered to be the most likely strategy for efficient clonal plantlet regeneration of this species. Among various techniques, somatic embryogenesis offers the advantages of potential automated large-scale production and putative genetic stability of the regenerated plantlets. The induction of somatic embryogenesis in peach palm can be achieved by using different explant sources including zygotic embryos, immature inflorescences and thin cell layers from the young leaves and shoot meristems. The choice of a particular explant depends on whether clonal propagation is desired or not, as well as on the plant conditions and availability of explants. Protocols to induce and express somatic embryogenesis from different peach palm explants, up to acclimatization of plantlets, are described in this chapter.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas A Steinmacher
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Agronomia, UFPR, Curitiba, PR, Brazil. .,Vivetech Agrociências, Rua Men de Sá, 391, Marechal Candido Rondon, 85960-000, PR, Brazil.
| | - Angelo Schuabb Heringer
- UENF, Universidade Estadual do Norte Fluminense Darcy Ribeiro, Campos dos Goytacazes, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Miguel P Guerra
- Graduate Program in Plant Genetic Resources, Plant Developmental Physiology and Genetics Laboratory, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, SC, Brazil
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Badenes SM, Fernandes TG, Rodrigues CAV, Diogo MM, Cabral JMS. Microcarrier-based platforms for in vitro expansion and differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells in bioreactor culture systems. J Biotechnol 2016; 234:71-82. [PMID: 27480342 DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2016.07.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2016] [Revised: 07/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Human pluripotent stem cells (hPSC) have attracted a great attention as an unlimited source of cells for cell therapies and other in vitro biomedical applications such as drug screening, toxicology assays and disease modeling. The implementation of scalable culture platforms for the large-scale production of hPSC and their derivatives is mandatory to fulfill the requirement of obtaining large numbers of cells for these applications. Microcarrier technology has been emerging as an effective approach for the large scale ex vivo hPSC expansion and differentiation. This review presents recent achievements in hPSC microcarrier-based culture systems and discusses the crucial aspects that influence the performance of these culture platforms. Recent progress includes addressing chemically-defined culture conditions for manufacturing of hPSC and their derivatives, with the development of xeno-free media and microcarrier coatings to meet good manufacturing practice (GMP) quality requirements. Finally, examples of integrated platforms including hPSC expansion and directed differentiation to specific lineages are also presented in this review.
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Abstract
Current systems of recombinant protein production include bacterial, insect, and mammalian cell culture. However, these platforms are expensive to build and operate at commercial scales and/or have limited abilities to produce complex proteins. In recent years, plant-based expression systems have become top candidates for the production of recombinant proteins as they are highly scalable, robust, safe, and can produce complex proteins due to having a eukaryotic endomembrane system. Newly developed "deconstructed" viral vectors delivered via Agrobacterium tumefaciens (agroinfiltration) have enabled robust plant-based production of proteins with a wide range of applications. The leafy Lactuca sativa (lettuce) plant with its strong foundation in agriculture is an excellent host for pharmaceutical protein production. Here, we describe a method for agroinfiltration of lettuce that can rapidly produce high levels of recombinant proteins in a matter of days and has the potential to be scaled up to an agricultural level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Chen
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA.
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA.
| | - Matthew Dent
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
| | - Jonathan Hurtado
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
| | - Jake Stahnke
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
| | - Alyssa McNulty
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
- School of Life Sciences, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
| | - Kahlin Leuzinger
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA
| | - Huafang Lai
- The Biodesign Institute, Arizona State University, Tempe, AZ, 85225, USA.
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Leuchs B, Roscher M, Müller M, Kürschner K, Rommelaere J. Standardized large-scale H-1PV production process with efficient quality and quantity monitoring. J Virol Methods 2015; 229:48-59. [PMID: 26658622 DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2015] [Revised: 11/27/2015] [Accepted: 11/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
The promising anticancer properties of rodent protoparvoviruses, notably H-1PV, have led to their clinical testing. This makes it necessary to produce highly pure, well-characterized virus batches in sufficient quantity. The present work focused on developing standardized production, purification, and characterization procedures as a basis for exploiting H-1PV both preclinically and in clinical trials for anticancer virotherapy. Two infection and two virus purification strategies were tested and the resulting virus preparations compared for their purity and full-, infectious-, and empty-particle contents. The adopted production process, which involves culturing and infecting NB-324K cells in 10-layer CellSTACK(®) chambers (1×10(3) infectious units per infected cell), is simple, scalable, and reproducible. Downstream processing to eliminate contaminating DNA and protein includes DNAse treatment, filtration, and two Iodixanol density-gradient centrifugations, the first gradient being a step gradient and the second, either a step (1×10(10) PFU/ml) or a continuous gradient (3×10(11) PFU/ml). A procedure was also developed for obtaining infectious particle-free preparations of empty virions for research purposes: cesium chloride density gradient centrifugation followed by UV irradiation (1×10(14) physical particles/ml). For quick, sensitive determination of physical particles (and hence, particle-to-infectivity ratios), a "Capsid-ELISA" was developed, based on a novel monoclonal antibody that specifically targets assembled capsids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Leuchs
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Tumor Virology F010, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Mandy Roscher
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Tumor Virology F010, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marcus Müller
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Tumor Virology F010, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Kathrin Kürschner
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Tumor Virology F010, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Jean Rommelaere
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Tumor Virology F010, Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, 69120 Heidelberg, Germany
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