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Sung BH, Weaver AM. Visualization of Exosome Release and Uptake During Cell Migration Using the Live Imaging Reporter pHluorin_M153R-CD63. Methods Mol Biol 2023; 2608:83-96. [PMID: 36653703 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-0716-2887-4_6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Exosome secretion and uptake regulate cell migration through autocrine and paracrine mechanisms. Monitoring exosome secretion and uptake during cell migration is critical for investigation of these mechanisms. Exosomes can be visualized by direct labeling with fluorescent dyes or by tagging intrinsic markers with fluorescent proteins for live imaging. Due to several limitations of fluorescent dye-labeled exosomes, we created two bright genetically encoded reporters of exosome secretion, pHluorin_M153R-CD63 and pHluorin_M153R-CD63-mScarlet. Here, we describe how to visualize secretion and uptake of exosomes labeled with these pH-sensitive and pH-insensitive fluorescent protein-tagged exosomal markers during cell migration using time-lapse fluorescent microscopy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong H Sung
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Vanderbilt University School of Medicine, Nashville, TN, USA.
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Zhang Q, Chen L, Huang L, Cheng H, Wang L, Xu L, Hu D, He C, Fu C, Wei Q. CD44 promotes angiogenesis in myocardial infarction through regulating plasma exosome uptake and further enhancing FGFR2 signaling transduction. Mol Med 2022; 28:145. [PMID: 36463112 PMCID: PMC9719212 DOI: 10.1186/s10020-022-00575-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Since angiogenesis occurs as the pathological process following myocardial infarction to alleviate ischemia, therapeutic angiogenesis has been proposed to be a cardioprotective strategy. CD44 has been implicated in endothelial cell functions and its role has been well established in angiogenesis for years. Although recent studies indicate the close correlation between CD44 and exosome, as well as the two being implicated in myocardial ischemia pathological processes, the effect and the underlying mechanism of CD44 and its regulated plasma exosome in pathological angiogenesis post-myocardial infarction have not been fully elucidated. METHODS In this study, we used CD44 knockout mice to study the in vivo impacts of CD44 on ischemic angiogenesis in myocardial infarction. Mouse cardiac function was measured by echocardiography, histological changes were observed by Evans Blue and TTC-double staining and Masson's trichrome staining, and molecular changes were detected by immunofluorescence. In the in vitro study, CD44 knockout HUVECs were generated and CD44 inhibitor was used to study the mechanism of CD44 on angiogenesis. We performed the immunoprecipitation, proximity ligation assay, and super-resolution imaging to study the mechanistic regulation of FGFR2 signaling transduction by CD44. Importantly, we also isolated plasma exosomes from myocardial infarction model mice and studied the effect of plasma exosomes on the activation of the FGFR2 signaling pathway and the related phenotypic alterations, including exosomes uptake and angiogenic function in primary mouse microvascular endothelial cells, and further discovered the regulation mechanism of exosomal miRNAs. RESULTS We observed that the expression of CD44 in the border zone of the infarcted heart was tightly related to pathological angiogenesis following myocardial ischemia. The depletion of CD44 impaired angiogenesis and impacts biogenesis and proangiogenic function of plasma exosomes. Subsequently, we found that CD44 mediated the activation of the FGFR2 signaling pathway as well as the caveolin 1-dependent uptake of exosomes in vascular endothelial cells. Most importantly, the proangiogenic therapeutic effect of plasma exosomal miRNAs depended upon the participation of CD44/FGFR2 signaling transduction in vascular endothelial cells. CONCLUSION CD44 and its regulated plasma exosomes have crucial potent angiogenic activity. Our studies elucidate that CD44 plays a key role in plasma exosomal miRNA-enhanced angiogenic FGFR2 singling transduction and ischemic angiogenesis in the early stage of myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qing Zhang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Li Chen
- grid.415440.0Department of Rehabilitation Medicine, The Fifth Affiliated People’s Hospital of Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Liyi Huang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Hongxin Cheng
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Lu Wang
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Lin Xu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Danrong Hu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chengqi He
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Chenying Fu
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581National Clinical Research Center for Geriatrics, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Aging and Geriatric Mechanism Laboratory, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
| | - Quan Wei
- grid.13291.380000 0001 0807 1581Rehabilitation Medicine Center and Institute of Rehabilitation Medicine, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China ,Key Laboratory of Rehabilitation Medicine in Sichuan Province, Chengdu, Sichuan People’s Republic of China
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Kimiz-Gebologlu I, Oncel SS. Exosomes: Large-scale production, isolation, drug loading efficiency, and biodistribution and uptake. J Control Release 2022; 347:533-543. [PMID: 35597405 DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2022.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 65.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2022] [Revised: 05/13/2022] [Accepted: 05/14/2022] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Exosomes are nanovesicles with different contents that play a role in various biological and pathological processes. It offers significant advantages over other delivery systems such as liposomes and polymeric nanoparticles. Although exosomes are expected to be effective therapeutic agents, their optimal use remains a challenge. The development of methods for large-scale production, isolation, and drug loading is necessary to improve their efficiency and therapeutic potential. In this review, after mentioning general properties and biological functions of the exosomes, details of their potential for use in the drug delivery system are presented. For this purpose, methodologies for the large-scale production of exosomes, exosome isolation, exosomal cargo loading, and exosome uptake by the recipient cell are reviewed. The current challenges and potential directions of this new area of drug delivery that has become popular recently are also investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Suphi S Oncel
- Department of Bioengineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ege University, Izmir, Turkey..
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Zhang S, Guo M, Guo T, Yang M, Cheng J, Cui C, Kang J, Wang J, Nian Y, Ma W, Weng H, Weng H. DAL-1/4.1B promotes the uptake of exosomes in lung cancer cells via Heparan Sulfate Proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2). Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 477:241-254. [PMID: 34657240 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04268-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/29/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
DAL-1/4.1B is frequently absent in lung cancer tissues, which is significantly related to the occurrence and development of lung cancer. In this research, we found that DAL-1/4.1B affected the uptake of exosomes by lung cancer cells. When the expression of DAL-1/4.1B increased and decreased, the ability of exosome uptake enhanced and attenuated correspondingly. And we found that when cells were treated with different vesicles uptake inhibitors (chlorpromazine, methyl-β-cyclodextrin (MβCD), cytochalasin D, chloroquine and heparin) and heparinase (HSPE), only heparin and HSPE counteracted the uptake enhancement effect caused by DAL-1/4.1B. Therefore, we speculated that DAL-1/4.1B might promote the uptake of exosomes through the heparan sulfate proteoglycans (HSPGs) pathway. After screening the expression of HSPGs and HSPE in H292 cells, the expression of heparan sulfate proteoglycan 2 (HSPG2) increased with overexpression of DAL-1/4.1B and decreased with knockdown of DAL-1/4.1B. Meanwhile, exosome uptake decreased with HSPG2 knockdown in H292 and DAL-1/4.1B-overexpressing H292 cells. Moreover, knockdown of DAL-1/4.1B and HSPG2 in lung cancer A549 cells resulted in a similar decrease in exosome uptake, and the expression of HSPG2 was also decreased with DAL-1/4.1B knockdown. These results indicated that HSPG2 directly affected the uptake of exosomes, while DAL-1/4.1B positively affected the expression of HSPG2. Therefore, DAL-1/4.1B may promote cellular adhesion and inhibit migration in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuai Zhang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Min Guo
- Key Laboratory of Prenatal Diagnostic Medicine of Jiaozuo Municipal Health Commission, Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Maternal and Child Health Hospital of Jiaozuo, Jiaozuo, 454000, Henan, China
| | - Tingting Guo
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Mingyan Yang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jiaqi Cheng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Chenyang Cui
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jie Kang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Jiajia Wang
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Yuanru Nian
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Wenjie Ma
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China
| | - Haibin Weng
- Liaocheng People's Hospital Emergency Department, Liaocheng, 252000, Shandong, China.
| | - Haibo Weng
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, Henan, China.
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Zhao X, Wu D, Ma X, Wang J, Hou W, Zhang W. Exosomes as drug carriers for cancer therapy and challenges regarding exosome uptake. Biomed Pharmacother 2020; 128:110237. [PMID: 32470747 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2020.110237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Revised: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
With the development of biomedicine, exosomes are rapidly developing as a new therapy for tumors. As biological carriers, exosomes possess biological activity and can transport their contents between cells. The contents are natural or artificially loaded with biomolecules or chemical drugs. Exosomes deliver biomolecules or chemical drugs into the pathological sites of recipient, which can effectively inhibit the progression of tumors. However, the treatments of tumors through the delivery of exosomes are not sufficiently accurate or efficient, and various challenges need to be overcome. Exosomes from different cell sources possess different characteristics, as well as different specificity for various cells. In the future, for the promotion and application of exosomes, it is of great significance to understand how to select appropriate exosomes loaded with biomolecules or chemical drugs for different tumors types, and how to deliver exosomes to recipient cells accurately and efficiently. This review introduces the application and challenges of exosomes as delivery carriers in tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoyin Zhao
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
| | - Dongliang Wu
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Xudong Ma
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Jiale Wang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wenjun Hou
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China
| | - Wen Zhang
- Lab of Chemical Biology and Molecular Drug Design, Institute of Drug Development & Chemical Biology, College of Pharmaceutical Science, Zhejiang University of Technology, 18 Chaowang Road, Hangzhou, 310014, China.
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Abstract
Exosomes are diverse bioactive extracellular nanovesicles excreted by different cell types. These tiny membrane-bound vesicles, once thought to be functionally insignificant, are now believed to be important vehicles for transport and intercellular communication. Exosomes have been shown to contain a broad range of molecules, from miRNAs to proteins to soluble factors. Moreover, an accumulating body of evidence indicates that some viruses can hijack the exosomal excretory pathway to influence the microenvironment surrounding the infected cells. In this chapter, we describe the protocols we use to examine the impact of exosomes isolated from EBV-infected cells on different cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gulfaraz Khan
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Tawam Hospital Campus, 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates.
| | - Pretty S Philip
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, United Arab Emirates University, Tawam Hospital Campus, 17666, Al Ain, United Arab Emirates
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Abstract
Exosomes are small membrane bound vesicles between 30 and 100 nm in diameter of endocytic origin that are secreted into the extracellular environment by many different cell types. Exosomes play a role in intercellular communication by transferring proteins, lipids, and RNAs to recipient cells.Exosomes from human cells could be used as vectors to provide cells with therapeutic RNAs. Here we describe how exogenous small interfering RNAs may successfully be introduced into various kinds of human exosomes using electroporation and subsequently delivered to recipient cells. Methods used to confirm the presence of siRNA inside exosomes and cells are presented, such as flow cytometry, confocal microscopy, and Northern blot.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica Wahlgren
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Luisa Statello
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Gabriel Skogberg
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Esbjörn Telemo
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hadi Valadi
- Department of Rheumatology and Inflammation Research, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Guldhedsgatan 10A, 413 46, Gothenburg, Sweden.
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Coscia C, Parolini I, Sanchez M, Biffoni M, Boussadia Z, Zanetti C, Fiani ML, Sargiacomo M. Generation, Quantification, and Tracing of Metabolically Labeled Fluorescent Exosomes. Methods Mol Biol 2016; 1448:217-35. [PMID: 27317184 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3753-0_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Over the last 10 years, the constant progression in exosome (Exo)-related studies highlighted the importance of these cell-derived nano-sized vesicles in cell biology and pathophysiology. Functional studies on Exo uptake and intracellular trafficking require accurate quantification to assess sufficient and/or necessary Exo particles quantum able to elicit measurable effects on target cells. We used commercially available BODIPY(®) fatty acid analogues to label a primary melanoma cell line (Me501) that highly and spontaneously secrete nanovesicles. Upon addition to cell culture, BODIPY fatty acids are rapidly incorporated into major phospholipid classes ultimately producing fluorescent Exo as direct result of biogenesis. Our metabolic labeling protocol produced bright fluorescent Exo that can be examined and quantified with conventional non-customized flow cytometry (FC) instruments by exploiting their fluorescent emission rather than light-scattering detection. Furthermore, our methodology permits the measurement of single Exo-associated fluorescence transfer to cells making quantitative the correlation between Exo uptake and activation of cellular processes. Thus the protocol presented here appears as an appropriate tool to who wants to investigate mechanisms of Exo functions in that it allows for direct and rapid characterization and quantification of fluorescent Exo number, intensity, size, and eventually evaluation of their kinetic of uptake/secretion in target cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolina Coscia
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Isabella Parolini
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sanchez
- Department of Cell Biology and Neurosciences, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Mauro Biffoni
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Zaira Boussadia
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Cristiana Zanetti
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Luisa Fiani
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Massimo Sargiacomo
- Department of Hematology, Oncology and Molecular Medicine, Istituto Superiore di Sanità, Viale Regina Elena 299, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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