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Takahama R, Kato H, Tajima K, Tagawa S, Kondo T. Biofabrication of a Hyaluronan/Bacterial Cellulose Composite Nanofibril by Secretion from Engineered Gluconacetobacter. Biomacromolecules 2021; 22:4709-4719. [PMID: 34705422 DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.1c00987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Naturally occurring polysaccharides, such as cellulose, hemicellulose, and chitin, have roles in plant skeletons and/or related properties in living organisms. Their hierarchically regulated production systems show potential for designing nanocomposite fabrication using engineered microorganisms. This study has demonstrated that genetically engineered Gluconacetobacter hansenii (G. hansenii) individual cells can fabricate naturally composited nanofibrils by simultaneous production of hyaluronan (HA) and bacterial cellulose (BC). The cells were manipulated to contain hyaluronan synthase and UDP-glucose dehydrogenase genes, which are essential for HA biosynthesis. Fluorescence microscopic observations indicated the production of composited nanofibrils and suggested that HA secretion was associated with the cellulose secretory pathway in G. hansenii. The gel-like nanocomposite materials produced by the engineered G. hansenii exhibited superior properties compared with conventional in situ nanocomposites. This genetic engineering approach facilitates the use of G. hansenii for designing integrated cellulose-based nanomaterials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ryo Takahama
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Honami Kato
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University, N13W8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Satomi Tagawa
- Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Graduate School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan.,Faculty of Agriculture, Kyushu University, West 5th, 744, Motooka, Nishi-ku, Fukuoka 819-0395, Japan
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Fricke PM, Klemm A, Bott M, Polen T. On the way toward regulatable expression systems in acetic acid bacteria: target gene expression and use cases. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2021; 105:3423-3456. [PMID: 33856535 PMCID: PMC8102297 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-021-11269-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 03/24/2021] [Accepted: 04/04/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria (AAB) are valuable biocatalysts for which there is growing interest in understanding their basics including physiology and biochemistry. This is accompanied by growing demands for metabolic engineering of AAB to take advantage of their properties and to improve their biomanufacturing efficiencies. Controlled expression of target genes is key to fundamental and applied microbiological research. In order to get an overview of expression systems and their applications in AAB, we carried out a comprehensive literature search using the Web of Science Core Collection database. The Acetobacteraceae family currently comprises 49 genera. We found overall 6097 publications related to one or more AAB genera since 1973, when the first successful recombinant DNA experiments in Escherichia coli have been published. The use of plasmids in AAB began in 1985 and till today was reported for only nine out of the 49 AAB genera currently described. We found at least five major expression plasmid lineages and a multitude of further expression plasmids, almost all enabling only constitutive target gene expression. Only recently, two regulatable expression systems became available for AAB, an N-acyl homoserine lactone (AHL)-inducible system for Komagataeibacter rhaeticus and an L-arabinose-inducible system for Gluconobacter oxydans. Thus, after 35 years of constitutive target gene expression in AAB, we now have the first regulatable expression systems for AAB in hand and further regulatable expression systems for AAB can be expected. KEY POINTS: • Literature search revealed developments and usage of expression systems in AAB. • Only recently 2 regulatable plasmid systems became available for only 2 AAB genera. • Further regulatable expression systems for AAB are in sight.
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Affiliation(s)
- Philipp Moritz Fricke
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Angelika Klemm
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Michael Bott
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
| | - Tino Polen
- IBG-1: Biotechnology, Institute of Bio- and Geosciences, Forschungszentrum Jülich GmbH, 52425 Jülich, Germany
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Liu LP, Yang X, Zhao XJ, Zhang KY, Li WC, Xie YY, Jia SR, Zhong C. A Lambda Red and FLP/FRT-Mediated Site-Specific Recombination System in Komagataeibacter xylinus and Its Application to Enhance the Productivity of Bacterial Cellulose. ACS Synth Biol 2020; 9:3171-3180. [PMID: 33048520 DOI: 10.1021/acssynbio.0c00450] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Komagataeibacter xylinus has received increasing attention as an important microorganism for the conversion of several carbon sources to bacterial cellulose (BC). However, BC productivity has been impeded by the lack of efficient genetic engineering techniques. In this study, a lambda Red and FLP/FRT-mediated site-specific recombination system was successfully established in Komagataeibacter xylinus. Using this system, the membrane bound gene gcd, a gene that encodes glucose dehydrogenase, was knocked out to reduce the modification of glucose to gluconic acid. The engineered strain could not produce any gluconic acid and presented a decreased bacterial cellulose (BC) production due to its restricted glucose utilization. To address this problem, the gene of glucose facilitator protein (glf; ZMO0366) was introduced into the knockout strain coupled with the overexpression of the endogenous glucokinase gene (glk). The BC yield of the resultant strain increased by 63.63-173.68%, thus reducing the production cost.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling-Pu Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xue Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Xiang-Jun Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Kai-Yue Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Wen-Chao Li
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Yan-Yan Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Shi-Ru Jia
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
| | - Cheng Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Food Nutrition & Safety, Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
- Key Laboratory of Industrial Fermentation Microbiology, (Ministry of Education), Tianjin University of Science & Technology, Tianjin 300072, PR China
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Jacek P, Ryngajłło M, Bielecki S. Structural changes of bacterial nanocellulose pellicles induced by genetic modification of Komagataeibacter hansenii ATCC 23769. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:5339-5353. [PMID: 31037382 PMCID: PMC6570709 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-019-09846-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2019] [Revised: 04/09/2019] [Accepted: 04/10/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) synthesized by Komagataeibacter hansenii is a polymer that recently gained an attention of tissue engineers, since its features make it a suitable material for scaffolds production. Nevertheless, it is still necessary to modify BNC to improve its properties in order to make it more suitable for biomedical use. One approach to address this issue is to genetically engineer K. hansenii cells towards synthesis of BNC with modified features. One of possible ways to achieve that is to influence the bacterial movement or cell morphology. In this paper, we described for the first time, K. hansenii ATCC 23769 motA+ and motB+ overexpression mutants, which displayed elongated cell phenotype, increased motility, and productivity. Moreover, the mutant cells produced thicker ribbons of cellulose arranged in looser network when compared to the wild-type strain. In this paper, we present a novel development in obtaining BNC membranes with improved properties using genetic engineering tools.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jacek
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Ryngajłło
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
| | - Stanisław Bielecki
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland
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Jacek P, Kubiak K, Ryngajłło M, Rytczak P, Paluch P, Bielecki S. Modification of bacterial nanocellulose properties through mutation of motility related genes in Komagataeibacter hansenii ATCC 53582. N Biotechnol 2019; 52:60-68. [PMID: 31096013 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbt.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2018] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Bacterial nanocellulose (BNC) produced by Komagataeibacter hansenii has received significant attention due to its unique supernetwork structure and properties. It is nevertheless necessary to modify bacterial nanocellulose to achieve materials with desired properties and thus with broader areas of application. The aim here was to influence the 3D structure of BNC by genetic modification of the cellulose producing K. hansenii strain ATCC 53582. Two genes encoding proteins with homology to the MotA and MotB proteins, which participate in motility and energy transfer, were selected for our studies. A disruption mutant of one or both genes and their respective complementation mutants were created. The phenotype analysis of the disruption mutants showed a reduction in motility, which resulted in higher compaction of nanocellulose fibers and improvement in their mechanical properties. The data strongly suggest that these genes play an important role in the formation of BNC membrane by Komagataeibacter species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Jacek
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Katarzyna Kubiak
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Małgorzata Ryngajłło
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Przemysław Rytczak
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Piotr Paluch
- Centre of Molecular and Macromolecular Studies, Polish Academy of Sciences, Sienkiewicza 112, 90-363 Lodz, Poland.
| | - Stanisław Bielecki
- Institute of Technical Biochemistry, Lodz University of Technology, B. Stefanowskiego 4/10, 90-924 Lodz, Poland.
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Kumar S, Stecher G, Li M, Knyaz C, Tamura K. MEGA X: Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis across Computing Platforms. Mol Biol Evol 2018; 35:1547-1549. [PMID: 29722887 DOI: 10.1007/0-387-30745-1_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/24/2023] Open
Abstract
The Molecular Evolutionary Genetics Analysis (Mega) software implements many analytical methods and tools for phylogenomics and phylomedicine. Here, we report a transformation of Mega to enable cross-platform use on Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. Mega X does not require virtualization or emulation software and provides a uniform user experience across platforms. Mega X has additionally been upgraded to use multiple computing cores for many molecular evolutionary analyses. Mega X is available in two interfaces (graphical and command line) and can be downloaded from www.megasoftware.net free of charge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sudhir Kumar
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
- Department of Biology, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
- Center for Excellence in Genome Medicine and Research, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Glen Stecher
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Michael Li
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Christina Knyaz
- Institute for Genomics and Evolutionary Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA
| | - Koichiro Tamura
- Research Center for Genomics and Bioinformatics, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Tokyo Metropolitan University, Hachioji, Japan
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Brandt JU, Born FL, Jakob F, Vogel RF. Environmentally triggered genomic plasticity and capsular polysaccharide formation are involved in increased ethanol and acetic acid tolerance in Kozakia baliensis NBRC 16680. BMC Microbiol 2017; 17:172. [PMID: 28797225 PMCID: PMC5553594 DOI: 10.1186/s12866-017-1070-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kozakia baliensis NBRC 16680 secretes a gum-cluster derived heteropolysaccharide and forms a surface pellicle composed of polysaccharides during static cultivation. Furthermore, this strain exhibits two colony types on agar plates; smooth wild-type (S) and rough mutant colonies (R). This switch is caused by a spontaneous transposon insertion into the gumD gene of the gum-cluster, resulting in a heteropolysaccharide secretion deficient, rough phenotype. To elucidate, whether this is a directed switch triggered by environmental factors, we checked the number of R and S colonies under different growth conditions including ethanol and acetic acid supplementation. Furthermore, we investigated the tolerance of R and S strains against ethanol and acetic acid in shaking and static growth experiments. To get new insights into the composition and function of the pellicle polysaccharide, the polE gene of the R strain was additionally deleted, as it was reported to be involved in pellicle formation in other acetic acid bacteria. RESULTS The number of R colonies was significantly increased upon growth on acetic acid and especially ethanol. The morphological change from K. baliensis NBRC 16680 S to R strain was accompanied by changes in the sugar contents of the produced pellicle EPS. The R:ΔpolE mutant strain was not able to form a regular pellicle anymore, but secreted an EPS into the medium, which exhibited a similar sugar monomer composition as the pellicle polysaccharide isolated from the R strain. The R strain had a markedly increased tolerance towards acetic acid and ethanol compared to the other NBRC 16680 strains (S, R:ΔpolE). A relatively high intrinsic acetic acid tolerance was also observable for K. baliensis DSM 14400T, which might indicate diverse adaptation mechanisms of different K. baliensis strains in altering natural habitats. CONCLUSION The results suggest that the genetically triggered R phenotype formation is directly related to increased acetic acid and ethanol tolerance. The polE gene turned out to be involved in the formation of a cell-associated, capsular polysaccharide, which seems to be essential for increased ethanol/acetic tolerance in contrast to the secreted gum-cluster derived heteropolysaccharide. The genetic and morphological switch could represent an adaptive evolutionary step during the development of K. baliensis NBRC 16680 in course of changing environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia U Brandt
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Friederike-Leonie Born
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
| | - Frank Jakob
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany.
| | - Rudi F Vogel
- Technische Universität München, Lehrstuhl für Technische Mikrobiologie, Gregor-Mendel-Straße 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Genome sequence and plasmid transformation of the model high-yield bacterial cellulose producer Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC 53582. Sci Rep 2016; 6:23635. [PMID: 27010592 PMCID: PMC4806288 DOI: 10.1038/srep23635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Bacterial cellulose is a strong, highly pure form of cellulose that is used in a range of applications in industry, consumer goods and medicine. Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC 53582 is one of the highest reported bacterial cellulose producing strains and has been used as a model organism in numerous studies of bacterial cellulose production and studies aiming to increased cellulose productivity. Here we present a high-quality draft genome sequence for G. hansenii ATCC 53582 and find that in addition to the previously described cellulose synthase operon, ATCC 53582 contains two additional cellulose synthase operons and several previously undescribed genes associated with cellulose production. In parallel, we also develop optimized protocols and identify plasmid backbones suitable for transformation of ATCC 53582, albeit with low efficiencies. Together, these results provide important information for further studies into cellulose synthesis and for future studies aiming to genetically engineer G. hansenii ATCC 53582 for increased cellulose productivity.
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Fang J, Kawano S, Tajima K, Kondo T. In Vivo Curdlan/Cellulose Bionanocomposite Synthesis by Genetically Modified Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Biomacromolecules 2015; 16:3154-60. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.biomac.5b01075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Ju Fang
- Graduate
School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1
Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
| | - Shin Kawano
- Database Center
for Life Science, Research Organization of Information and Systems, 178-4-4 Wakashiba, Kashiwa,
Chiba 277-0871, Japan
| | - Kenji Tajima
- Faculty
of Engineering, Hokkaido University, Kita 13, Nishi 8, Kita-ku, Sapporo 060-8628, Japan
| | - Tetsuo Kondo
- Graduate
School of Bioresource and Bioenvironmental Sciences, Kyushu University, 6-10-1
Hakozaki, Higashi-ku, Fukuoka 812-8581, Japan
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Deng Y, Nagachar N, Fang L, Luan X, Catchmark JM, Tien M, Kao TH. Isolation and characterization of two cellulose morphology mutants of Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC23769 producing cellulose with lower crystallinity. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119504. [PMID: 25790428 PMCID: PMC4366249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 01/13/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Gluconacetobacter hansenii, a Gram-negative bacterium, produces and secrets highly crystalline cellulose into growth medium, and has long been used as a model system for studying cellulose synthesis in higher plants. Cellulose synthesis involves the formation of β-1,4 glucan chains via the polymerization of glucose units by a multi-enzyme cellulose synthase complex (CSC). These glucan chains assemble into ordered structures including crystalline microfibrils. AcsA is the catalytic subunit of the cellulose synthase enzymes in the CSC, and AcsC is required for the secretion of cellulose. However, little is known about other proteins required for the assembly of crystalline cellulose. To address this question, we visually examined cellulose pellicles formed in growth media of 763 individual colonies of G. hansenii generated via Tn5 transposon insertion mutagenesis, and identified 85 that produced cellulose with altered morphologies. X-ray diffraction analysis of these 85 mutants identified two that produced cellulose with significantly lower crystallinity than wild type. The gene disrupted in one of these two mutants encoded a lysine decarboxylase and that in the other encoded an alanine racemase. Solid-state NMR analysis revealed that cellulose produced by these two mutants contained increased amounts of non-crystalline cellulose and monosaccharides associated with non-cellulosic polysaccharides as compared to the wild type. Monosaccharide analysis detected higher percentages of galactose and mannose in cellulose produced by both mutants. Field emission scanning electron microscopy showed that cellulose produced by the mutants was unevenly distributed, with some regions appearing to contain deposition of non-cellulosic polysaccharides; however, the width of the ribbon was comparable to that of normal cellulose. As both lysine decarboxylase and alanine racemase are required for the integrity of peptidoglycan, we propose a model for the role of peptidoglycan in the assembly of crystalline cellulose.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Deng
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Nivedita Nagachar
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Lin Fang
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Xin Luan
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey M. Catchmark
- Department of Agricultural and Biological Engineering, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Ming Tien
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
| | - Teh-hui Kao
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, the Pennsylvania State University, University Park, Pennsylvania, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Kostner D, Luchterhand B, Junker A, Volland S, Daniel R, Büchs J, Liebl W, Ehrenreich A. The consequence of an additional NADH dehydrogenase paralog on the growth of Gluconobacter oxydans DSM3504. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2014; 99:375-86. [PMID: 25267158 DOI: 10.1007/s00253-014-6069-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2014] [Revised: 08/29/2014] [Accepted: 09/02/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Acetic acid bacteria such as Gluconobacter oxydans are used in several biotechnological processes due to their ability to perform rapid incomplete regio- and stereo-selective oxidations of a great variety of carbohydrates, alcohols, and related compounds by their membrane-bound dehydrogenases. In order to understand the growth physiology of industrial strains such as G. oxydans ATCC 621H that has high substrate oxidation rates but poor growth yields, we compared its genome sequence to the genome sequence of strain DSM 3504 that reaches an almost three times higher optical density. Although the genome sequences are very similar, DSM 3504 has additional copies of genes that are absent from ATCC 621H. Most importantly, strain DSM 3504 contains an additional type II NADH dehydrogenase (ndh) gene and an additional triosephosphate isomerase (tpi) gene. We deleted these additional paralogs from DSM 3504, overexpressed NADH dehydrogenase in ATCC 621H, and monitored biomass and the concentration of the representative cell components as well as O2 and CO2 transfer rates in growth experiments on mannitol. The data revealed a clear competition of membrane-bound dehydrogenases and NADH dehydrogenase for channeling electrons in the electron transport chain of Gluconobacter and an important role of the additional NADH dehydrogenase for increased growth yields. The less active the NADH dehydrogenase is, the more active is the membrane-bound polyol dehydrogenase. These results were confirmed by introducing additional ndh genes via plasmid pAJ78 in strain ATCC 621H, which leads to a marked increase of the growth rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Kostner
- Lehrstuhl für Mikrobiologie, Technische Universität München, Emil-Ramann Str. 4, 85354, Freising, Germany
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Identification and characterization of non-cellulose-producing mutants of Gluconacetobacter hansenii generated by Tn5 transposon mutagenesis. J Bacteriol 2013; 195:5072-83. [PMID: 24013627 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00767-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The acs operon of Gluconacetobacter is thought to encode AcsA, AcsB, AcsC, and AcsD proteins that constitute the cellulose synthase complex, required for the synthesis and secretion of crystalline cellulose microfibrils. A few other genes have been shown to be involved in this process, but their precise role is unclear. We report here the use of Tn5 transposon insertion mutagenesis to identify and characterize six non-cellulose-producing (Cel(-)) mutants of Gluconacetobacter hansenii ATCC 23769. The genes disrupted were acsA, acsC, ccpAx (encoding cellulose-complementing protein [the subscript "Ax" indicates genes from organisms formerly classified as Acetobacter xylinum]), dgc1 (encoding guanylate dicyclase), and crp-fnr (encoding a cyclic AMP receptor protein/fumarate nitrate reductase transcriptional regulator). Protein blot analysis revealed that (i) AcsB and AcsC were absent in the acsA mutant, (ii) the levels of AcsB and AcsC were significantly reduced in the ccpAx mutant, and (iii) the level of AcsD was not affected in any of the Cel(-) mutants. Promoter analysis showed that the acs operon does not include acsD, unlike the organization of the acs operon of several strains of closely related Gluconacetobacter xylinus. Complementation experiments confirmed that the gene disrupted in each Cel(-) mutant was responsible for the phenotype. Quantitative real-time PCR and protein blotting results suggest that the transcription of bglAx (encoding β-glucosidase and located immediately downstream from acsD) was strongly dependent on Crp/Fnr. A bglAx knockout mutant, generated via homologous recombination, produced only ∼16% of the wild-type cellulose level. Since the crp-fnr mutant did not produce any cellulose, Crp/Fnr may regulate the expression of other gene(s) involved in cellulose biosynthesis.
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Importance of codB for new codA-based markerless gene deletion in Gluconobacter strains. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2013; 97:8341-9. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-013-5164-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2013] [Revised: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/29/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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Sunagawa N, Fujiwara T, Yoda T, Kawano S, Satoh Y, Yao M, Tajima K, Dairi T. Cellulose complementing factor (Ccp) is a new member of the cellulose synthase complex (terminal complex) in Acetobacter xylinum. J Biosci Bioeng 2013; 115:607-12. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiosc.2012.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2012] [Revised: 12/26/2012] [Accepted: 12/27/2012] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Kashima Y, Nakajima Y, Nakano T, Tayama K, Koizumi Y, Udaka S, Yanagida F. Cloning and characterization of ethanol-regulated esterase genes in Acetobacter pasteurianus. J Biosci Bioeng 2005; 87:19-27. [PMID: 16232420 DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(99)80003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/1998] [Accepted: 09/30/1998] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
The esterase encoding genes, est1 and est2, were cloned from Acetobacter pasteurianus. Nucleotide sequence analysis of est1 revealed a gene of 954 bp, and est1 coded for an arylesterase with a molecular weight of 34863 Da consisting of 317 amino acids. The est2 gene contained an open reading frame composed of 1221 bp encoding an esterase with a molecular weight of 43389 Da consisting of 406 amino acids. The est1 gene showed some similarity, but the est2 gene showed no significant homology to other esterases reported in various microorganisms. Northern blot analysis of total RNA from A. pasteurianus revealed that transcription of the est1 gene was induced only when the cells were grown in a medium containing ethanol, and suggested that the est1 transcript is monocistronic. In contrast, transcription of the est2 gene was repressed in the presence of ethanol. In the absence of ethanol, expression of the est2-mRNA, capable of encoding a multiple number of proteins, was revealed by Northern blot analysis. In addition, deletion analysis indicated that the 5'-region of the est2 gene contained a cis-acting domain for est2 transcriptional regulation. Analysis of the est1 promoter using the chloramphenicol acetyltransferase gene as a reporter gene showed that the promoter within the 305-bp fragment upstream of the ATG initiation codon was responsible for the transcription in cells grown in the presence of ethanol. Primer extension analysis of est1-mRNA showed that the transcription initiation site was 49 bp upstream from the ATG initiation codon. The results of a gel mobility shift assay indicated that there is a regulatory protein related to est1 regulation, which may have some relation to the ethanol resistance of Acetobacter sp.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Kashima
- Department of Fermentation Science, Tokyo University of Agriculture, 1-1-1 Sakuragaoka, Setagaya-ku, Tokyo 156-8502 Japan
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Kawano S, Tajima K, Kono H, Erata T, Munekata M, Takai M. Effects of endogenous endo-β-1,4-glucanase on cellulose biosynthesis in Acetobacter xylinum ATCC23769. J Biosci Bioeng 2002. [DOI: 10.1016/s1389-1723(02)80162-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Taghavi S, van der Lelie D, Mergeay M. Electroporation of Alcaligenes eutrophus with (mega) plasmids and genomic DNA fragments. Appl Environ Microbiol 1994; 60:3585-91. [PMID: 7986037 PMCID: PMC201859 DOI: 10.1128/aem.60.10.3585-3591.1994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Electroporation was used as a tool to explore the genetics of the heavy-metal-resistant strain Alcaligenes eutrophus CH34. A 12.9-kb A. eutrophus-Escherichia coli shuttle vector, pMOL850, was constructed to optimize electroporation conditions. This vector is derived from the E. coli plasmid pSUP202 and contains the replication region of the A. eutrophus megaplasmid pMOL28. Electroporation was used to transform A. eutrophus CH34 derivatives with megaplasmids (sizes up to 240 kb), and transformants were selected for resistance to heavy metals. Electroporation was also performed with endonuclease-digested genomic DNA. Transformation of markers affecting lysine biosynthesis (lysA194) and biosynthesis of the siderophore alcaligin E were observed. Transfer of the nonselected markers pheB332 and aro-333, linked to lysA194, confirmed the intervention of homologous recombination. However, during transformation of ale::Tn5-Tc, illegitimate recombination and transposition were also observed as an alternative for the inheritance of the Tn5-Tc markers.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Taghavi
- Environmental Division, Flemish Institute for Technological Research, Mol, Belgium
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Abstract
Plasmid vectors for the acetic acid-producing strains of Acetobacter and Gluconobacter were constructed from their cryptic plasmids and the efficient transformation conditions were established. The systems allowed to reveal the genetic background of the strains used in the acetic acid fermentation. Genes encoding indispensable components in the acetic acid fermentation, such as alcohol dehydrogenase, aldehyde dehydrogenase and terminal oxidase, were cloned and characterized. Spontaneous mutations at high frequencies in the acetic acid bacteria to cause the deficiency in ethanol oxidation were analyzed. A new insertion sequence element, IS1380, was identified as a major factor of the genetic instability, which causes insertional inactivation of the gene encoding cytochrome c, an essential component of the functional alcohol dehydrogenase complex. Several genes including the citrate synthase gene of A. aceti were identified to confer acetic acid resistance, and the histidinolphosphate aminotransferase gene was cloned as a multicopy suppressor of an ethanol sensitive mutant. Improvement of the acetic acid productivity of an A. aceti strain was achieved through amplification of the aldehyde dehydrogenase gene with a multicopy vector. In addition, spheroplast fusion of the Acetobacter strains was developed and applied to improve their properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Beppu
- Department of Agricultural Chemistry, Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tokyo, Japan
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