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Wang J, Yu Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Xiao L, Zong Y, Feng Q, Peng L, Zhang H, Liu C. Ethylene thiourea exposure induces neurobehavioral toxicity in zebrafish by disrupting axon growth and neuromuscular junctions. J Environ Sci (China) 2024; 137:108-119. [PMID: 37980000 DOI: 10.1016/j.jes.2022.11.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2022] [Revised: 11/20/2022] [Accepted: 11/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/20/2023]
Abstract
Ethylene thiourea (ETU) converted from ethylene bisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicides has aroused great concern because of its prevalence and harmful effects. Although ETU-induced neurotoxicity has been reported, the potential mechanisms remain unclear. This study provided insights into its neurotoxic effects at environmentally relevant concentrations in zebrafish. Our findings showed that embryonic exposure to ETU decreased the hatch rate and delayed somite development. Furthermore, ETU treatment significantly reduced the dark velocity in the locomotion assay. The upregulated tendency of the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) pathway (mknk1, atf4, mapkapk3) screened by transcriptome analysis implied motor neuron degeneration, which was validated by subsequent morphological observation, as axon length and branches were truncated in the 62.5 µg/L ETU group. However, although the rescue experiment with a p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB203580) successfully ameliorated axon degeneration, it failed to reverse the locomotion behaviors. Further exploration of transcriptome data revealed the varied expression of presynaptic scaffold protein-related genes (pcloa, pclob, bsna), whose downregulation might impair the neuromuscular junction (NMJ). Therefore, we reasonably suspected that ETU-induced neurobehavioral deficits might result from the combined effects of the MAPK pathway and presynaptic proteins. Considering this, we highlighted the necessity to take precautions and early interventions for susceptible ETU-exposed populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingming Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Zhiquan Yu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yongfeng Wang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yuanyao Chen
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lin Xiao
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Yanjun Zong
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Qiyuan Feng
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Lianqi Peng
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Huiping Zhang
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Chunyan Liu
- Institute of Reproductive Health, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Ziech CC, Rodrigues NR, Macedo GE, Gomes KK, Martins IK, Franco JL, Posser T. Pre-imaginal exposure to mancozeb induces morphological and behavioral deficits and oxidative damage in Drosophila melanogaster. Drug Chem Toxicol 2023; 46:575-587. [PMID: 35502483 DOI: 10.1080/01480545.2022.2069802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Mancozeb (MZ), a manganese/zinc containing ethylene-bis-dithiocarbamate, is a broad-spectrum fungicide. Chronic exposure to MZ has been related to several organisms' neurological, hormonal, and developmental disorders. However, little is known about the post-natal effects of developmental exposure to MZ. In this study, Drosophila melanogaster was subjected to a pre-imaginal (eggs-larvae-pupae stage) model of exposure to MZ at 0.1 and 0.5 mg/mL. The emergence rate, body size, locomotor performance, sleep patterns, and molecular and biochemical parameters were evaluated in post-emerged flies. Results demonstrate that pre-imaginal exposure to MZ significantly impacted early emerged flies. Additionally, reduced progeny viability, smaller body size and delaying in emergence period, locomotor impairment, and prolonged sleep time were observed. Content of glucose, proteins, and triglycerides were altered, and the bioenergetics efficiency and oxidative phosphorylation at complex I were inhibited. mRNA stade state levels of genes responsive to stress, metabolism, and regulation of circadian cycle (Nrf2, p38, Hsp83, Akt1, GPDH, tor, per, tim, dILP2, and dILP6) were augmented, pointing out to stimulation of antioxidant defenses, insulin-dependent signaling pathway activation, and disruption of sleep regulation. These data were followed by increased lipid peroxidation and lower glutathione levels. In addition, the activity of catalase and glutathione-S-transferase were induced, whereas superoxide dismutase was inhibited. Together, these results demonstrate that developmental exposure to MZ formulation led to phenotype and behavioral alterations in young flies, possibly related to disruption of energetic metabolism, oxidative stress, and deregulation of genes implied in growth, sleep, and metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cynthia Camila Ziech
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biotechnology - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Nathane Rosa Rodrigues
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biotechnology - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil.,Biochemistry Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Giulianna Echeverria Macedo
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biotechnology - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Karen Kich Gomes
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biotechnology - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Illana Kemmerich Martins
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biotechnology - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
| | - Jeferson Luis Franco
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biotechnology - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil.,Biochemistry Post-Graduation Program, Universidade Federal do Pampa, Uruguaiana, Brazil
| | - Thaís Posser
- Oxidative Stress and Cell Signaling Research Group, Interdisciplinary Research Center on Biotechnology - CIPBIOTEC, Universidade Federal do Pampa, São Gabriel, Brazil
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Handa S, Hassan I, Gilbert M, El-Masri H. Mechanistic Computational Model for Extrapolating In vitro Thyroid Peroxidase (TPO) Inhibition Data to Predict Serum Thyroid Hormone Levels in Rats. Toxicol Sci 2021; 183:36-48. [PMID: 34117770 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfab074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
High throughput (HTP) in vitro assays are developed to screen chemicals for their potential to inhibit thyroid hormones (THs) synthesis. Some of these experiments, such as the thyroid peroxidase (TPO) inhibition assay, are based on thyroid microsomal extracts. However, the regulation of thyroid disruption chemicals (TDCs) is based on THs in vivo serum levels. This necessitates the estimation of TDCs in vivo tissue levels in the thyroid where THs synthesis inhibition by TPO takes place. The in vivo tissue levels of chemicals are controlled by pharmacokinetic determinants such as absorption, distribution, metabolism and excretion (ADME), and can be described quantitatively in physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) models. An integrative computational model including chemical specific PBPK and TH kinetics models provides a mechanistic quantitative approach to translate thyroidal HTP in vitro assays to in vivo measures of circulating THs serum levels. This computational framework is developed to quantitatively establish the linkage between applied dose, chemical thyroid tissue levels, thyroid TPO inhibition potential, and in vivo TH serum levels. Once this link is established quantitively, the overall model is used to calibrate the TH kinetics parameters using experimental data for THs levels in thyroid tissue and serum for the two drugs Propylthiouracil (PTU) and Methimazole (MMI). The calibrated quantitative framework is then evaluated against literature data for the environmental chemical ethylenethiourea (ETU). The linkage of PBPK and TH kinetics models illustrates a computational framework that can be extrapolated to humans to screen chemicals based on their exposure levels and potential to disrupt serum THs levels in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sakshi Handa
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Iman Hassan
- Office of Air Quality Planning and Standards, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Mary Gilbert
- Center for Public Health and Environmental Assessment, Research Triangle Park, NC
| | - Hisham El-Masri
- Center for Computational Toxicology and Exposure, Research Triangle Park, NC
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4
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Wang Z, Kottawatta KSA, Kodithuwakku SP, Fernando TS, Lee YL, Ng EHY, Yeung WSB, Lee KF. The fungicide Mancozeb reduces spheroid attachment onto endometrial epithelial cells through downregulation of estrogen receptor β and integrin β3 in Ishikawa cells. ECOTOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL SAFETY 2021; 208:111606. [PMID: 33396126 DOI: 10.1016/j.ecoenv.2020.111606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Revised: 10/30/2020] [Accepted: 11/01/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Mancozeb is a metal-containing ethylene bis-dithiocarbamate fungicide widely used in agriculture. Ethylene thiourea (ETU) is the primary metabolite of Mancozeb. Mancozeb has been associated with spontaneous abortions and abnormal menstruation in women. However, the effects of Mancozeb and ETU on embryo attachment remain unknown. The human blastocyst surrogate trophoblastic spheroids (JEG-3), endometrial epithelial surrogate adenocarcinoma cells (Ishikawa), or human primary endometrial epithelial cells (EECs) monolayer were used in the spheroid attachment models. Ishikawa and EECs were pretreated with different concentrations of Mancozeb or ETU for 48 h before the attachment assay. Gene expression profiles of Ishikawa cells were examined to understand how Mancozeb modulates endometrial receptivity with Microarray. The genes altered by Mancozeb were confirmed by qPCR and compared with the ETU treated groups. Mancozeb and ETU treatment inhibited cell viability at 10 μg/mL and 5000 µg/mL, respectively. At non-cytotoxic concentrations, Mancozeb at 3 μg/mL and ETU at 300 μg/mL reduced JEG-3 spheroid attachment onto Ishikawa cells. A similar result was observed with human primary endometrial epithelial cells. Mancozeb at 3 μg/mL modified the transcription of 158 genes by at least 1.5-fold in Microarray analysis. The expression of 10 differentially expressed genes were confirmed by qPCR. Furthermore, Mancozeb decreased spheroid attachment possibly through downregulating the expression of endometrial estrogen receptor β and integrin β3, but not mucin 1. These results were confirmed in both overexpression and knockdown experiments and co-culture assay. Mancozeb but not its metabolite ETU reduced spheroid attachment through modulating gene expression profile and decreasing estrogen receptor β and integrin β3 expression of endometrial epithelial cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ziyi Wang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kottawattage S A Kottawatta
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Veterinary Public Health and Pharmacology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Suranga P Kodithuwakku
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Department of Animal Science, Faculty of Agriculture, The University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya 20400, Sri Lanka
| | - Thevarathanthrige S Fernando
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China
| | - Yin-Lau Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Ernest H Y Ng
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - William S B Yeung
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China
| | - Kai-Fai Lee
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, China; Shenzhen Key Laboratory of Fertility Regulation, The University of Hong Kong-Shenzhen Hospital, Futian District, Shenzhen, China.
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5
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Nantaphol S, Moonla C, Promvichai S, Tangkuaram T, Chailapakul O, Siangproh W. A new alternative assay for sensitive analysis of ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea in fruit samples after their separation. ANALYTICAL METHODS : ADVANCING METHODS AND APPLICATIONS 2020; 12:3705-3712. [PMID: 32729855 DOI: 10.1039/d0ay01001d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography (UHPLC) coupled with a cobalt phthalocyanine screen-printed carbon electrode (CoPc-SPCE) was developed and validated for quantitative analysis of ethylenethiourea (ETU) and propylenethiourea (PTU). CoPC-SPCE provided high catalytic properties for ETU and PTU oxidation. This fabricated electrode is inexpensive, disposable, and easy to prepare by an in-house screen-printing technique. The chromatographic separation was performed in isocratic mode on a reversed phase C18 (100 mm × 4.6 mm, 3 μm) column, using a 90 : 10 (v/v) ratio of 0.05 M phosphate buffer solution (pH 4) and methanol as the mobile phase with a flow rate of 1.0 mL min-1 at an oxidation potential of +0.7 V vs. Ag/AgCl. The separation could be achieved within 3 min, and a wide linear range of 0.01-100 μg mL-1 (r2 > 0.99) was obtained for both analytes. The limits of detection (3 S/N) were found to be 0.006 and 0.009 μg mL-1 for ETU and PTU, respectively. Furthermore, this proposed method was utilized to determine ETU and PTU in fruit samples with satisfactory results, yielding excellent intra-day and inter-day relative standard deviations and recoveries. These results demonstrated that the proposed assay can be used as a new alternative way for inexpensive, rapid, selective and sensitive determination of ETU and PTU in fruit samples.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siriwan Nantaphol
- Electrochemical and Optical Spectroscopy Center of Excellence (EOSCE), Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Chulalongkorn University, 254 Phayathai Road, Pathumwan, Bangkok, 10330, Thailand
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6
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Khan E, Khan S, Gul Z, Muhammad M. Medicinal Importance, Coordination Chemistry with Selected Metals (Cu, Ag, Au) and Chemosensing of Thiourea Derivatives. A Review. Crit Rev Anal Chem 2020; 51:812-834. [DOI: 10.1080/10408347.2020.1777523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ezzat Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Sikandar Khan
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Zarif Gul
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
| | - Mian Muhammad
- Department of Chemistry, University of Malakand, Chakdara, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
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7
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Chronic exposure to ethylenethiourea induces kidney injury and polycystic kidney in mice. Mol Cell Toxicol 2018. [DOI: 10.1007/s13273-019-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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8
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Heidari R, Niknahad H, Jamshidzadeh A, Eghbal MA, Abdoli N. An overview on the proposed mechanisms of antithyroid drugs-induced liver injury. Adv Pharm Bull 2015; 5:1-11. [PMID: 25789213 DOI: 10.5681/apb.2015.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2014] [Revised: 05/09/2014] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a major problem for pharmaceutical industry and drug development. Mechanisms of DILI are many and varied. Elucidating the mechanisms of DILI will allow clinicians to prevent liver failure, need for liver transplantation, and death induced by drugs. Methimazole and propylthiouracil (PTU) are two convenient antithyroid agents which their administration is accompanied by hepatotoxicity as a deleterious side effect. Although several cases of antithyroid drugs-induced liver injury are reported, there is no clear idea about the mechanism(s) of hepatotoxicity induced by these medications. Different mechanisms such as reactive metabolites formation, oxidative stress induction, intracellular targets dysfunction, and immune-mediated toxicity are postulated to be involved in antithyroid agents-induced hepatic damage. Due to the idiosyncratic nature of antithyroid drugs-induced hepatotoxicity, it is impossible to draw a specific conclusion about the mechanisms of liver injury. However, it seems that reactive metabolite formation and immune-mediated toxicity have a great role in antithyroids liver toxicity, especially those caused by methimazole. This review attempted to discuss different mechanisms proposed to be involved in the hepatic injury induced by antithyroid drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reza Heidari
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Gerash School of Paramedical Sciences,Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Gerash, Iran
| | - Hossein Niknahad
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Akram Jamshidzadeh
- Pharmaceutical Sciences Research Center, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran. ; Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran
| | - Mohammad Ali Eghbal
- Drug Applied Research Center & Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Tbariz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
| | - Narges Abdoli
- Drug Applied Research Center & Pharmacology and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmacy, Tbariz University of Medical Sciences, Tabriz, Iran
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9
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Yaqoob M, Asghar M, Nabi A. Determination of manganese- and manganese-containing fungicides with lucigenin-Tween-20-enhanced chemiluminescence detection. LUMINESCENCE 2015; 30:950-61. [DOI: 10.1002/bio.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 07/18/2014] [Accepted: 11/30/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad Yaqoob
- Department of Chemistry; University of Balochistan; Sariab Road Quetta 87300 Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Asghar
- Department of Chemistry; University of Balochistan; Sariab Road Quetta 87300 Pakistan
| | - Abdul Nabi
- Department of Chemistry; University of Balochistan; Sariab Road Quetta 87300 Pakistan
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López-Fernández O, Rial-Otero R, Cid A, Simal-Gándara J. Combined determination and confirmation of ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea residues in fruits at low levels of detection. Food Chem 2014; 145:1002-10. [PMID: 24128576 DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.09.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2013] [Revised: 08/29/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
In this work, a new method for the determination of ethylenethiourea (ETU) and propylenethiourea (PTU) in fruits and vegetables is presented. Different extraction and purification techniques, including matrix solid phase dispersion (MSPD) and solid-liquid extraction (SLE), followed by a clean-up step by solid phase extraction (SPE), were compared. The determination of ETU and PTU was performed by high performance liquid chromatography with diode array detection (HPLC/DAD) or by gas chromatography with mass spectrometry detection (GC/MS). The effect of several parameters on the extraction, separation and detection was studied. The proposed method based on solid-liquid extraction with acetonitrile, clean-up with Envicarb II/PSA cartridges and subsequent analysis by HPLC/DAD was characterised and applied to the analysis of fruits and vegetables from different countries. Analytes recoveries were between 71% and 94% with relative standard deviations (RSDs) ranging from 8% to 9.5%. Quantification limits obtained for ETU and PTU with the HPLC/DAD method were 7 and 16 μg kg⁻¹ in strawberries (fresh weight), respectively. For apples, they were 11 and 25 μg kg⁻¹, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- O López-Fernández
- Nutrition and Bromatology Group, Analytical and Food Chemistry Department, Faculty of Sciences, University of Vigo, Ourense Campus, E-32004 Ourense, Spain
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López-Fernández O, Rial-Otero R, Simal-Gándara J. Factors governing the removal of mancozeb residues from lettuces with washing solutions. Food Control 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodcont.2013.05.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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12
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Zhou L, Liu X, Kang S, Zhang F, Pan C. A rapid determination method for ethylenethiourea in potato and cucumber by modified QuEChERS – High performance liquid chromatography–tandem mass spectrometry. Food Chem 2013; 138:1355-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2012.11.038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2011] [Revised: 04/14/2012] [Accepted: 11/08/2012] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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13
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Kleinstreuer NC, Dix DJ, Houck KA, Kavlock RJ, Knudsen TB, Martin MT, Paul KB, Reif DM, Crofton KM, Hamilton K, Hunter R, Shah I, Judson RS. In Vitro Perturbations of Targets in Cancer Hallmark Processes Predict Rodent Chemical Carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci 2012; 131:40-55. [DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfs285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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14
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Benigni R, Bossa C. Mechanisms of Chemical Carcinogenicity and Mutagenicity: A Review with Implications for Predictive Toxicology. Chem Rev 2011; 111:2507-36. [PMID: 21265518 DOI: 10.1021/cr100222q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 239] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Romualdo Benigni
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Environment and Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
| | - Cecilia Bossa
- Istituto Superiore di Sanita’, Environment and Health Department, Viale Regina Elena, 299 00161 Rome, Italy
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15
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Dong X, Meng J, Yang B, Zhang Y, Gan J, Shu X, Shu J. Experimental studies on ozonation of ethylenethiourea. J Environ Sci (China) 2011; 23:65-69. [PMID: 21476342 DOI: 10.1016/s1001-0742(10)60374-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The experimental study on ozonation of ethylenethiourea (ETU) is conducted. The reaction of gas-phase ETU with 0.63 x 10(-6) mol/L ozone is carried out in a 200-L reaction chamber. The secondary organic aerosol (SOA) resulted from the ozonation of gas-phase ETU is observed with a scanning mobility particle size (SMPS). The rapid exponential growth of SOA reveals that the atmospheric lifetime of ETU vapor towards ozone reaction is less than four days. The ozonation of dry ETU particles, ETU-contained water droplets and ETU aqueous solution is investigated with a vacuum ultraviolet photoionization aerosol time-of-flight mass spectrometer (VUV-ATOFMS). The formation of 2-imidazoline is observed in the ozonation of dry ETU particles and ETU-contained water droplets. The formation of 2-imidazoline and ethylenerea is observed in the ozonation of ETU aqueous solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinyu Dong
- Research Center for Eco-Environmental Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100085, China.
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16
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Jones K, Patel K, Cocker J, Bevan R, Levy L. Determination of ethylenethiourea in urine by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation–mass spectrometry for monitoring background levels in the general population. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2010; 878:2563-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2009.10.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2009] [Revised: 10/20/2009] [Accepted: 10/26/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
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17
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Experimental and computational approach to the rational monitoring of hydrogen-bonding interaction of 2-Imidazolidinethione with DNA and guanine. Food Chem Toxicol 2010; 48:29-36. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2009.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2009] [Revised: 09/09/2009] [Accepted: 09/14/2009] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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18
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Aitken R, De Iuliis G. On the possible origins of DNA damage in human spermatozoa. Mol Hum Reprod 2009; 16:3-13. [DOI: 10.1093/molehr/gap059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 389] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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19
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Evaluation of the ability of a battery of three in vitro genotoxicity tests to discriminate rodent carcinogens and non-carcinogens. MUTATION RESEARCH-GENETIC TOXICOLOGY AND ENVIRONMENTAL MUTAGENESIS 2008; 654:114-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mrgentox.2008.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 127] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2008] [Revised: 05/03/2008] [Accepted: 05/09/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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Montesano MA, Olsson AO, Kuklenyik P, Needham LL, Bradman ASA, Barr DB. Method for determination of acephate, methamidophos, omethoate, dimethoate, ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea in human urine using high-performance liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. JOURNAL OF EXPOSURE SCIENCE & ENVIRONMENTAL EPIDEMIOLOGY 2007; 17:321-30. [PMID: 17440487 DOI: 10.1038/sj.jes.7500550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/14/2023]
Abstract
Because of increasing concern about widespread use of insecticides and fungicides, we have developed a highly sensitive analytical method to quantify urine-specific urinary biomarkers of the organophosphorus pesticides acephate, methamidophos, omethoate, dimethoate, and two metabolites from the fungicides alkylenebis-(dithiocarbamate) family: ethylenethiourea and propylenethiourea. The general sample preparation included lyophilization of the urine samples followed by extraction with dichloromethane. The analytical separation was performed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), and detection by a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer with and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization source in positive ion mode using multiple reaction monitoring and tandem mass spectrometry (MS/MS) analysis. Two different Thermo-Finnigan (San Jose, CA, USA) triple quadrupole mass spectrometers, a TSQ 7,000 and a TSQ Quantum Ultra, were used in these analyses; results are presented comparing the method specifications of these two instruments. Isotopically labeled internal standards were used for three of the analytes. The use of labeled internal standards in combination with HPLC-MS/MS provided a high degree of selectivity and precision. Repeated analysis of urine samples spiked with high, medium and low concentration of the analytes gave relative standard deviations of less than 18%. For all compounds the extraction efficiency ranged between 52% and 63%, relative recoveries were about 100%, and the limits of detection were in the range of 0.001-0.282 ng/ml.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Angela Montesano
- Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 4770 Buford Hwy NE, Mailstop F-17, Atlanta, Georgia 30341, USA.
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21
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Startin JR, Hird SJ, Sykes MD. Determination of ethylenethiourea (ETU) and propylenethiourea (PTU) in foods by high performance liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionisation–medium-resolution mass spectrometry. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2005; 22:245-50. [PMID: 16019792 DOI: 10.1080/02652030500110618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
A robust and sensitive method for the determination of ethylenethiourea (ETU) and iso-propylenethiourea (i-PTU) in foods is reported. ETU and i-PTU were extracted by blending with dichloromethane (DCM) in the presence of sodium sulphate, sodium carbonate, thiourea and ascorbic acid. 2H4-ETU and n-PTU were used as internal standards. After filtration the DCM was removed by rotary evaporation and the extract re-dissolved in water before analysis by reversed-phase liquid chromatography with detection by atmospheric pressure chemical ionization-mass spectrometry using a double focusing mass spectrometer at a resolution of 5000. Mean recoveries of ETU and i-PTU from fruit-based, cereal-based and meat-based infant foods, potato chips and tinned potatos at 0.01 mg kg(-1) and from pizza and yoghurt at 0.02-0.1 mg kg(-1) were 95% and 97% respectively. Precision, including both repeatability and internal reproducibility, was in the range of 3.1-13.1%.
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22
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Osaba L, Rey MJ, Aguirre A, Alonso A, Graf U. Evaluation of genotoxicity of captan, maneb and zineb in the wing spot test of Drosophila melanogaster: role of nitrosation. Mutat Res 2002; 518:95-106. [PMID: 12063071 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(02)00080-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
The wing spot test in Drosophila melanogaster is a suitable system for the analysis of genotoxic activity of compounds that need metabolic transformation to render them active. We have analysed the genotoxicity of three fungicides for which it was reported that the metabolic processes taking place in vivo may determine their activity. The compounds analysed are captan, maneb, zineb and ethylenethiourea (ETU) (a metabolic derivative of ethylenebisdithiocarbamates like maneb and zineb). We have also evaluated the ability of ETU to form genotoxic derivatives in vivo analysing this compound in combined treatments with sodium nitrite. Both standard and high bioactivation NORR strains have been used. Captan, usually considered a mutagen in vitro but a non-mutagen in vivo, gave negative results in the wing spot test with both crosses. Positive results were obtained for maneb in the standard cross and for ETU in both the standard and the high bioactivation cross. The genotoxicities of maneb and ETU were higher when treatments were made on media in which nitrosation is favoured. A low absorption of the fungicide and an inefficient availability of the compound in the target may explain negative results obtained with zineb in both crosses. The results obtained in this study with the wing spot test demonstrate once again the suitability of this in vivo assay, in which absorption, distribution and metabolism processes take place, for the evaluation of genotoxicity of compounds to which humans are exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lourdes Osaba
- Department of Animal Biology and Genetics, Sciences Faculty, University of Basque Country, E-48080 Bilbao, Spain
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23
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Saltmiras DA, Lemley AT. Degradation of ethylene thiourea (ETU) with three fenton treatment processes. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2000; 48:6149-6157. [PMID: 11141275 DOI: 10.1021/jf000084v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Anodic Fenton treatment (AFT), an electrochemical, hydroxyl radical oxidation treatment system, was developed for the degradation of aqueous pesticides and other aqueous organic wastes. AFT of ethylene thiourea (ETU) was optimized and compared with electrochemical Fenton treatment (EFT) and classic Fenton treatment (CFT). ETU is a known carcinogen and is an impurity and degradation product of the widely used ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) fungicide group. ETU was degraded effectively in all treatment methods, with CFT being the most rapid; however, significant differences in degradation product profiles were noted over the course of treatments. AFT displayed the most efficient degradation of primary degradation products of ETU.
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Affiliation(s)
- D A Saltmiras
- Field of Environmental Toxicology, TXA, MVR Hall, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853, USA
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24
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Knio KM, Saad A, Dagher S. The fate and persistence of zineb, maneb, and ethylenethiourea on fresh and processed tomatoes. FOOD ADDITIVES AND CONTAMINANTS 2000; 17:393-8. [PMID: 10945106 DOI: 10.1080/026520300404806] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Tomatoes grown under greenhouse conditions were sprayed with radiolabelled maneb and zineb to determine the extent of degradation of these fungicides to ethylenethiourea (ETU) and to study the persistence of ETU on the fruits. The total (14C) residues decreased from 0.082 mg/kg and 0.11 mg/kg at day 0 to 0.023 mg/kg and 0.05 mg/kg at day 20, on zineb- and maneb-treated fruits, respectively. This reduction was mainly due to the rapid growth of the fruits. ETU residues on tomato fruits were found to decline with time. A sharp reduction in ETU content was observed during the first 24 h after treatment, followed by a slow decline in the following 5 days. ETU content was reduced by about 80% by day 20 after the fungicide application, and the concentration of EU, the major degradation product of ETU, doubled during the same period. Studies with tomatoes fortified with (14C) ETU (0.006 mg/kg) prior to processing into tomato paste showed that 70% of the radioactivity was lost during washing of the tomatoes in water. Further losses of ETU occurred during boiling of the juice (6%) and during storage of the tomato paste for a period of 3 weeks (3%).
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Affiliation(s)
- K M Knio
- Biology Department, Faculty of Arts and Sciences, American University of Beirut, Lebanon.
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Ohta T, Tokishita S, Shiga Y, Hanazato T, Yamagata H. An assay system for detecting environmental toxicants with cultured cladoceran eggs in vitro: malformations induced by ethylenethiourea. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 1998; 77:43-48. [PMID: 9593627 DOI: 10.1006/enrs.1997.3783] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
An in vitro assay system using cladoceran eggs was developed for the detection of toxic compounds in the aquatic environment. Parthenogenetic eggs of Daphnia magna were removed from the brood chambers of female adults and cultured individually in 96-well microtiter plates with Elendt M7 medium at 23 degrees C. Embryonic development proceeded completely in vitro with more than 95% hatchability. Egg development time in vitro was 2 days, which was almost equal to that in the brood chamber of the mother. Ethylenethiourea, a compound teratogenic to mammals, was investigated for toxicity to development of eggs. Isolated eggs were cultured in the presence of ethylenethiourea during the period of embryonic development for 3 days. Treatment with ethylenethiourea induced morphological abnormalities in the cladoceran carapace. Parthenogenetic eggs of Cladocera are genotypically identical, which makes them useful biological materials for a toxicity test on aquatic pollutants.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Ohta
- School of Life Science, Tokyo University of Pharmacy and Life Science, Japan.
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26
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Rodriguez-Arnaiz R. Genotoxic activation of hydrazine, two dialkylhydrazines, thiourea and ethylene thiourea in the somatic w/w + assay of Drosophila melanogaster. Mutat Res 1997; 395:229-42. [PMID: 9465935 DOI: 10.1016/s1383-5718(97)00159-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Genotoxic activation of hydrazine (HZ), two symmetrical dialkylhydrazines, namely, 1,2dimethylhydrazine and 1,2-diethylhydrazine (SDMH and SDEH), thiourea (TU) and ethylene thiourea (ETU) has been evaluated by means of the w/w + somatic assay of Drosophila. Both low bioactivation insecticide-susceptible (IS) and high biotransformation insecticide-resistant (IR) strains were used. The combined application of insecticide-susceptible and insecticide-resistant strains should, in principle, detect somatic cell recombinagens in the Drosophila melanogaster in vivo w/w + assay. The IS strain was more susceptible to toxicity induced by the test chemicals than the IR stocks. Its performance in the biotransformation of the chemicals tested was rather poor. TU was inactive in all strains. With the active compounds, spot frequencies increased approximately linearly with dose for each spot type. SDEH gave a strong positive result in all three female genotypes exposed. HZ, ETU and SDMH were overall weakly positive in the IR strain Haag-79 (HG-R). Interestingly, ETU was clearly positive in the IR Hikone-R (HK-R) strain. A comparison of the recombinagenic potencies between the active and the weakly positive compounds, and among strains, showed pronounced genotype-dependent differences between the low and the high bioactivation strains. The ability of Drosophila to express several procarcinogens in relation to insecticide-resistance after activation catalyzed by CYP450 enzymes is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rodriguez-Arnaiz
- Laboratorio de Genética, Facultad de Ciencias, UNAM Coyoacán, México, D.F., Mexico.
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27
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Andrae U. Reactive intermediates of xenobiotics in thyroid: formation and biological consequences. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 1996; 387:213-9. [PMID: 8794215 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4757-9480-9_29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- U Andrae
- GSF-Forschungszentrum für Umwelt und Gesundheit, Institut fur Toxikologie, Neuherberg, Oberschleissheim, Germany
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28
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Ashby J, Clapp MJ. The rodent dominant lethal assay: a proposed format for data presentation that alerts to pseudo-dominant lethal effects. Mutat Res 1995; 330:209-18. [PMID: 7623866 DOI: 10.1016/0027-5107(95)00041-g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
The rodent dominant lethal (DL) germ cell mutagenicity assay is the primary test for possible human germ cell mutagens. As such, it occupies a critical regulatory position. DL assay data are often difficult to assess because of the quantity of data involved, and because several related assay parameters require to be considered simultaneously. To reduce this difficulty a schematic method of data presentation is proposed and illustrated. This method enables the most pertinent assay data and parameters to be viewed and considered simultaneously. Using this format of data presentation, existing DL studies on cyclophosphamide, methylnitrosourea, diethylhexylphthalate, divinyl sulphone, methyl methanesulphonate, 6-mercaptopurine and ethylenethiourea are re-analysed.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Ashby
- Zeneca Central Toxicology Laboratory, Macclesfield, Cheshire, UK
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29
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Elia MC, Arce G, Hurt SS, O'Neill PJ, Scribner HE. The genetic toxicology of ethylenethiourea: a case study concerning the evaluation of a chemical's genotoxic potential. Mutat Res 1995; 341:141-9. [PMID: 7529355 DOI: 10.1016/0165-1218(95)90004-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Ethylenethiourea (ETU) is a metabolite, environmental degradation product and minor technical impurity of the ethylenebisdithiocarbamate (EBDC) class of fungicides. The genetic toxicology of ETU is important given that ETU causes thyroid tumors in rodents and liver tumors in mice. Although it is clear that ETU induces thyroid tumors via a non-genotoxic, threshold mechanism, the role ETU plays in inducing mouse liver tumors remains to be fully elucidated. Recently, Dearfield (Mutation Res., 317, 111-132, 1994) reviewed the genetic toxicology of ETU, and concluded that, although ETU is not a potent genotoxic agent, it is weakly genotoxic. This view stands in contrast to reports from several independent authorities that have generally concurred that ETU is not a mammalian genotoxin (IARC, 1987; MAFF, 1990; NTP, 1992; FAO/WHO, 1994). These conflicting reports highlight a generic problem in genotoxicity safety assessment: although individual test results typically yield either a positive or negative response, the overall evaluation of an extensive battery of tests for a particular chemical rarely yields an unambiguous conclusion. Recently, Mendelsohn et al. (Mutation Res., 266, 43-60, 1992) showed that the response of a chemical to a battery of genotoxicity tests is not a dichotomous (i.e., either positive or negative) property, but rather, appears to be a continuous property that ranges from strongly negative to strongly positive. We have used these data, together with a four-step weight of the evidence procedure, to evaluate ETU. Our analysis indicates that ETU is not genotoxic in mammalian systems and suggests that ETU likely induces mouse liver tumors by a non-genotoxic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- M C Elia
- EBDC/ETU Task Force, Washington, DC
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