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Alghamdi EA, Sai R. Impact of alloying iron pyrite by ruthenium on its band gap values and its insight to photovoltaic performance. Heliyon 2023; 9:e20270. [PMID: 37810828 PMCID: PMC10556601 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e20270] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2023] [Revised: 09/11/2023] [Accepted: 09/18/2023] [Indexed: 10/10/2023] Open
Abstract
In pursuit of augmenting the band gap value of thin films composed of F e S 2 Pyrite, our study encompasses both theoretical and experimental investigations. Specifically, we sought to delve into the electronic and optical properties of F e S 2 alloyed with ruthenium, denoted as F e 1 - x R u x S 2 , where x varied across a range of values (x = 0.3966, 0.1586, 0.0496, 0.0347, 0.0106, and 0.00). Our theoretical analysis employed the Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital technique within the Atomic-Sphere approximation (LMTO-ASA) framework, focusing on the density of states. In parallel, our experimental samples were fabricated via a cost-effective and straightforward method involving the sulfuration of amorphous iron oxide thin films, which were deposited through spray pyrolysis of an aqueous solution containing FeCl3.6H2O onto heated glass substrates at 400 °C. This comprehensive investigation sheds light on the influence of alloying on the atomic structure and the optical characteristics of R u x F e 1 - x S 2 samples. Utilizing X-ray diffraction (XRD) and optical characterizations, we observed a notable widening of the band gap of F e S 2 , ranging from 0.90508 to 1.38 eV, when approximately 1.06% of the Fe atoms were replaced with ruthenium atoms (x = 0.0106 concentration of Ru). This finding holds significant implications for the potential applications of our samples in photovoltaic technologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eman A. Alghamdi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh, 11451, Saudi Arabia
| | - Refka Sai
- Departement de Physique, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Bizerte, 7200, Tunisia
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2
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Sai R, Shawish I, Nofal MM, Alghamdi EA. Impact of zinc structural on the photovoltaic Properties of iron Pyrite. Heliyon 2023; 9:e13248. [PMID: 36825185 PMCID: PMC9941955 DOI: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/23/2023] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
F e S 2 pyrite is one of the most interesting photovoltaic materials with low-cost and natural abundance but with small band gap of 0.95 eV. In the present work, we show the feasibility of increases band gap was determined by Zinc alloying of Iron pyrite. We showed that we can increase the band gap of F e S 2 pyrite to 1.15 e V by theoretical calculation and to 1.16 e V using experimental method, by just adding a very small amount of Zinc ( 1 % ) . We prepared our samples by chemical vapor transport technic and we utilized the technic of linear muffin-tin orbital method in the atomic-sphere approximation (LMTO-ASA). The effect of Zinc alloyed Iron pyrite were examined by transmission electron micrograph TEM, XRD, Raman spectroscopy and optical characterization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Refka Sai
- Departement de Physique, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunisia,Photovoltaic Laboratory Research and Technology Center of Energy, Borj-Cedria Science and Technology Park, BP 95, 2050 Hammam-Lif, Tunisia,Corresponding author. Departement de Physique, Faculté des Sciences de Bizerte, Université de Carthage, Tunisia.
| | - Ihab Shawish
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, P. O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Muaffaq M. Nofal
- Department of Mathematics and Sciences, Prince Sultan University, P. O. Box 66833, Riyadh 11586, Saudi Arabia
| | - Eman A. Alghamdi
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, King Saud University, Riyadh 11451, Saudi Arabia
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3
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Liu C, Xiao H, Liu Y, Li D, He H, Huang X, Shen W, Yan Z, Dang Z, Zhu R. Internal electric field induced photocarriers separation of nickel-doped pyrite/pyrite homojunction with rich sulfur vacancies for superior Cr(VI) reduction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2023; 629:847-858. [PMID: 36202028 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2022.09.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2022] [Revised: 09/07/2022] [Accepted: 09/25/2022] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Improving the separation efficiency and transfer ability of photoinduced electrons/holes in pyrite (FeS2)-based photocatalytic materials is significant for the photoreduction of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) but still remains a challenge. Herein, a novel homojunction was prepared through in-situ growth of nickel (Ni) doped FeS2 nanoparticles on FeS2 nanobelts (denoted as Ni-FeS2/FeS2). Systematical characterizations revealed that Ni doped FeS2 nanoparticles have been successfully in situ grown along the lattice of FeS2 nanobelts. Photoreduction experiments demonstrated that the Ni-FeS2/FeS2 homojunction with 2 mmol Ni doping contents (denoted as 2Ni-FeS2/FeS2) exhibited the optimum Cr(VI) reduction efficiency among the studied catalysts. Density Functional Theory (DFT) calculated results verified that Ni doping could not only be advantageous for the formation of sulfur vacancies but also modify the band gap and band structure of FeS2 nanoparticles. Moreover, several doping energy levels caused by Ni doping have also appeared near the Fermi level of FeS2 nanoparticles. The migration paths of electrons and the existence of internal electric field (IEF) in homojunction were further verified by the calculation of work function. To sum up, the doping energy levels and IEF that produced by homojunction played important roles in accelerating the separation efficiency of its photogenerated carriers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenrui Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - He Xiao
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Yun Liu
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China.
| | - Dejian Li
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Hao He
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Xiaohan Huang
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Wentao Shen
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Zhiyan Yan
- Department of Environmental Science and Engineering, College of Environment and Resources, Xiangtan University, Xiangtan 411105, PR China
| | - Zhi Dang
- School of Environment and Energy, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China; The Key Laboratory of Pollution Control and Ecosystem Restoration in Industry Clusters, Ministry of Education, South China University of Technology, Guangzhou 510006, PR China
| | - Runliang Zhu
- CAS Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory of Mineral Physics and Materials, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS), Guangzhou 510640, PR China
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4
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An Insight of the Theoretical Physics of Ru-Alloyed Iron Pyrite Studied for Energy Generation. Symmetry (Basel) 2022. [DOI: 10.3390/sym14112252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyrite FeS2 has become the focus of many researchers in thin-film photovoltaics because it has some possibilities in photovoltaics. In this manuscript, we present an experimental and a theoretical study of the electronic structure of pyrite FeS2 alloyed with a small concentration of 1.19% of ruthenium (Fe0.9881Ru0.0119S2) by using the Linear Muffin-Tin Orbital Method in the Atomic-Sphere approximation (LMTO-ASA) calculations and the density of states. We observed that the bandgap of FeS2 increases from 0.90508 to 1.21586 eV when we replace ~1.19% of the Fe atoms with ruthenium atoms x=0.0119 concentration of Ru. We prove that this low concentration of Ru saved the gap states and the electronic and optical properties of FeS2 pyrite. Our calculated electronic bandgap is 1.21586 eV and direct. Our results confirm that the symmetric operation of the space Th6 Pa3 saves electronic structure of iron pyrite when alloyed with ruthenium.
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Uchiyama S, Sato R, Katsube R, Islam MM, Adachi H, Sakurai T, Nose Y, Ishikawa Y. Optical and Electrical Transport Evaluations of n-Type Iron Pyrite Single Crystals. ACS OMEGA 2021; 6:31358-31365. [PMID: 34841179 PMCID: PMC8613854 DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.1c05232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2021] [Accepted: 10/28/2021] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Iron pyrite [cubic FeS2 (cFeS2)] is considered as an earth-abundant and low-cost thin-film photovoltaic material. However, the conversion efficiency of cFeS2-based solar cells remains below 3%. To elucidate this limitation, we evaluate the optical and electrical characteristics of cFeS2 single crystals that are grown using the flux method, thus providing us an understanding of the electron transport behavior of cFeS2 single crystals. The oxide layer on the surface of cFeS2, which can possibly have an influence on the electrical characteristics of cFeS2, is removed prior to characterization via optical spectroscopy and electrical transport measurement. The optical property of cFeS2 was found to have both indirect and direct transitions. We also observed the presence of a band tail below the conduction band. The obtained electrical transport behavior indicates that cFeS2 bulk exhibits a high defect density and a disordered phase, thus leading to the hopping conduction mechanism. Our results will pave the way for the development of photovoltaic applications with iron pyrite.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shunsuke Uchiyama
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ryosuke Sato
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
| | - Ryoji Katsube
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto
University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Muhammad Monirul Islam
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Hideaki Adachi
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- Advanced
Research Division, Panasonic Corporation, 1006 Oaza Kadoma, Kadoma, Osaka 571-8501, Japan
| | - Takeaki Sakurai
- Institute
of Applied Physics, Graduate School of Pure and Applied Sciences, University of Tsukuba, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8573, Japan
| | - Yoshitaro Nose
- Department
of Materials Science and Engineering, Kyoto
University, Kyoto 606-8501, Japan
| | - Yasuaki Ishikawa
- Graduate
School of Materials Science, Nara Institute
of Science and Technology, Ikoma, Nara 630-0192, Japan
- College
of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin
University, Sagamihara, Kanagawa 252-5258, Japan
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Křenek T, Vála L, Kovářík T, Medlín R, Fajgar R, Pola J, Jandová V, Vavruňková V, Pola M, Koštejn M. Novel perspectives of laser ablation in liquids: the formation of a high-pressure orthorhombic FeS phase and absorption of FeS-derived colloids on a porous surface for solar-light photocatalytic wastewater cleaning. Dalton Trans 2020; 49:13262-13275. [PMID: 32966468 DOI: 10.1039/d0dt01999b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A pulsed Nd : YAG laser ablation of FeS in water and ethanol produces FeS-derived colloidal nanoparticles that absorb onto immersed porous ceramic substrates and create solar-light photocatalytic surfaces. The stability, size distribution and zeta potential of the nanoparticles were assessed by dynamic light scattering. Raman, UV-Vis and XP spectroscopy and electron microscopy reveal that the sol nanoparticles have their outmost layer composed of ferrous and ferric sulphates and those produced in water are made of high-pressure orthorhombic FeS, cubic magnetite Fe3O4 and tetragonal maghemite γ-Fe2O3, while those formed in ethanol contain hexagonal FeS and cubic magnetite Fe3O4. Both colloids absorb solar light and their adsorption to porous ceramic surfaces creates functionalized ceramic surfaces that induce methylene blue degradation by daylight. The laser induced process thus offers an easy and efficient way for the functionalization of porous surfaces by photocatalytic nanoparticles that avoids aggregation in the liquid phase. The formation of an orthorhombic high-pressure FeS phase stable under ambient conditions is the first example of high-pressure structures produced by laser ablation in liquid without the assistance of an electric field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tomáš Křenek
- New Technologies-Research Center, University of West Bohemia, Univerzitní 8, 306 14 Pilsen, Czech Republic.
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Yang G, Mo S, Xing B, Dong J, Song X, Liu X, Yuan J. Effective degradation of phenol via catalytic wet peroxide oxidation over N, S, and Fe-tridoped activated carbon. ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION (BARKING, ESSEX : 1987) 2020; 258:113687. [PMID: 31812525 DOI: 10.1016/j.envpol.2019.113687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2019] [Revised: 11/25/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
The N, S, and Fe-tridoped carbon catalysts (NSFe-Cs), Fe/ACNS1 and Fe/ACNS2, were synthesized by wet impregnation with different concentration of ammonium ferrous sulfate solution. The prepared catalysts have a similar textural structure. The N species, S species, FeII and FeIII were simultaneously introduced onto the surface of catalysts. Comparison with the only Fe doped catalyst, NSFe-Cs showed greater stability and higher phenol removal in catalytic wet peroxide oxidation at different reaction condition. The main intermediates including p-hydroxybenzoic acid, formic acid, and maleic acid were determined in the treated wastewater. The high catalytic activity for NSFe-C was related to the ability of H2O2 decomposition. NSFe-Cs have more amount of FeII partially due to the formation of FeS2, which promoted the decomposition of H2O2 on Fe/ACNS1 and Fe/ACNS2 surface. The generation of ·OH and ·HO2/·O2- radicals in the bulk solution was crucial to phenol degradation, and the decomposition of H2O2 complied with the pseudo-first-order kinetics. The highly linear relationship between decomposition kinetic constant for H2O2 and the amount of surface groups suggested, including FeII species, pyridinic N/Fe-bonded N, pyrrolic N as well as graphitic N were responsible to the high activity of NSFe-Cs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guo Yang
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Sichuan, Zigong 643000, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Sichuan, Mianyang 621000, PR China
| | - Sha Mo
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Sichuan, Zigong 643000, PR China
| | - Bo Xing
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Sichuan, Zigong 643000, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Sichuan, Mianyang 621000, PR China.
| | - Jingwen Dong
- School of Chemistry and Environmental Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Sichuan, Zigong 643000, PR China
| | - Xiang Song
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Sichuan, Zigong 643000, PR China
| | - Xingyong Liu
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Sichuan, Zigong 643000, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Sichuan, Mianyang 621000, PR China
| | - Jigang Yuan
- School of Chemical Engineering, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, Sichuan, Zigong 643000, PR China; National Engineering Research Center for Municipal Wastewater Treatment and Reuse, Sichuan, Mianyang 621000, PR China
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8
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Vála L, Vavruňková V, Jandová V, Pola M, Křenek T. Formation of iron sulfide photocatalytic colloidal dispersion via pulsed laser ablation in liquids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1088/1757-899x/613/1/012034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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9
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Khalid S, Ahmed E, Khan Y, Riaz KN, Malik MA. Nanocrystalline Pyrite for Photovoltaic Applications. ChemistrySelect 2018. [DOI: 10.1002/slct.201800405] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sadia Khalid
- Department of PhysicsBahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800 Pakistan
- Nanoscience & Technology DepartmentNational Centre for Physics Shahdra Valley Road Quaid-i-Azam University Campus Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Ejaz Ahmed
- Department of PhysicsBahauddin Zakariya University Multan 60800 Pakistan
| | - Yaqoob Khan
- Nanoscience & Technology DepartmentNational Centre for Physics Shahdra Valley Road Quaid-i-Azam University Campus Islamabad 45320 Pakistan
| | - Khalid Nadeem Riaz
- Department of PhysicsFaculty of SciencesUniversity of Gujrat Hafiz Hayat Campus Gujrat 50700 Pakistan
| | - Mohammad Azad Malik
- School of MaterialsThe University of Manchester Oxford Road Manchester M13 9PL U.K
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Chen JE, Fan MS, Chen YL, Deng YH, Kim JH, Alamri HR, Alothman ZA, Yamauchi Y, Ho KC, Wu KCW. Prussian Blue-Derived Synthesis of Hollow Porous Iron Pyrite Nanoparticles as Platinum-Free Counter Electrodes for Highly Efficient Dye-Sensitized Solar Cells. Chemistry 2017; 23:13284-13288. [DOI: 10.1002/chem.201702687] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey E. Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 10617 Taiwan
- Department of NanoEngineering; University of California; San Diego, La Jolla CA 92093 USA
| | - Miao-Syuan Fan
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yen-Lin Chen
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Yu-Heng Deng
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Jung Ho Kim
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM); University of Wollongong; Squires Way North Wollongong NSW 2500 Australia
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA); National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
| | - Hatem R. Alamri
- Physics Department; Jamoum University College; Umm Al-Qura University; Makkah 21955 Saudi Arabia
| | - Zeid A. Alothman
- Advanced Materials Research Chair; Chemistry Department, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Yusuke Yamauchi
- Australian Institute for Innovative Materials (AIIM); University of Wollongong; Squires Way North Wollongong NSW 2500 Australia
- International Research Center for Materials Nanoarchitectonics (MANA); National Institute for Materials Science (NIMS); 1-1 Namiki, Tsukuba Ibaraki 305-0044 Japan
- Advanced Materials Research Chair; Chemistry Department, College of Science; King Saud University; Riyadh 11451 Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuo-Chuan Ho
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 10617 Taiwan
| | - Kevin C.-W. Wu
- Department of Chemical Engineering; National Taiwan University; No. 1, Sec. 4, Roosevelt Rd. Taipei 10617 Taiwan
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Shen C, Xia DH, Fan HQ, Behnamian Y, Afacan A, Klimas SJ, Luo JL. Passivation Degradation of Alloy 800 in Boiling Solution Containing Thiosulphate. Electrochim Acta 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2017.03.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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12
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Morales-Gallardo M, Ayala A, Pal M, Cortes Jacome M, Toledo Antonio J, Mathews N. Synthesis of pyrite FeS2 nanorods by simple hydrothermal method and its photocatalytic activity. Chem Phys Lett 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2016.07.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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13
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Liang Y, Bai P, Zhou J, Wang T, Luo B, Zheng S. An efficient precursor to synthesize various FeS2nanostructures via a simple hydrothermal synthesis method. CrystEngComm 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ce01203e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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Xian H, Zhu J, Liang X, He H. Morphology controllable syntheses of micro- and nano-iron pyrite mono- and poly-crystals: a review. RSC Adv 2016. [DOI: 10.1039/c6ra04874a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides comprehensive information of the outline of current knowledge regarding the morphology controllable syntheses of micro- and nano-iron pyrite mono- and poly-crystals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Xian
- Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Jianxi Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaoliang Liang
- Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
| | - Hongping He
- Key Laboratory of Mineralogy and Metallogeny
- Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry
- Chinese Academy of Sciences
- Guangzhou 510640
- People's Republic of China
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15
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O’Brien M, Lee K, Morrish R, Berner NC, McEvoy N, Wolden CA, Duesberg GS. Plasma assisted synthesis of WS2 for gas sensing applications. Chem Phys Lett 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cplett.2014.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 129] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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16
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Wu J, Liu L, Liu S, Yu P, Zheng Z, Shafa M, Zhou Z, Li H, Ji H, Wang ZM. High responsivity photoconductors based on iron pyrite nanowires using sulfurization of anodized iron oxide nanotubes. NANO LETTERS 2014; 14:6002-6009. [PMID: 25233036 DOI: 10.1021/nl503059t] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Iron pyrite (FeS2) nanostructures are of considerable interest for photovoltaic applications due to improved material quality compared to their bulk counterpart. As an abundant and nontoxic semiconductor, FeS2 nanomaterials offer great opportunities for low-cost and green photovoltaic technology. This paper describes the fabrication of FeS2 nanowire arrays via sulfurization of iron oxide nanotubes at relatively low temperatures. A facile synthesis of ordered iron oxide nanotubes was achieved through anodization of iron foils. Characterization of the iron sulfide nanowires indicates that pyrite structures were formed. A prototype FeS2 nanowire photoconductor demonstrates very high responsivity (>3.0 A/W). The presented method can be further explored to fabricate various FeS2 nanostructures, such as nanoparticles, nanoflowers, and nanoplates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiang Wu
- Institute of Fundamental and Frontier Sciences, University of Electronic Science and Technology of China , Chengdu 610054, P.R. China
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17
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Li W, Dittrich T, Jäckel F, Feldmann J. Optical and electronic properties of pyrite nanocrystal thin films: the role of ligands. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2014; 10:1194-1201. [PMID: 24395590 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201302333] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Revised: 11/24/2013] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Pyrite nanocrystals are currently considered as a promising material for large scale photovoltaic applications due to their non-toxicity and large abundance. While scalable synthetic routes for phase-pure and shape controlled colloidal pyrite nanocrystals have been reported, their use in solar cells has been hampered by the detrimental effects of their surface defects. Here, we report a systematic study of optical and electronic properties of pyrite nanocrystal thin films employing a series of different ligands varying both the anchor and bridging group. The effect of the ligands on the optical and electronic properties is investigated by UV-vis/NIR absorption spectroscopy, current voltage characteristic measurements and surface photovoltage spectroscopy. We find that the optical absorption is mainly determined by the anchor group. The absorption onset in the thin films shifts up to ∼100 meV to the red. This is attributed to changes in the dielectric environment induced by different anchors. The conductivity and photoconductivity, on the other hand, are determined by combined effects of anchor and bridging group, which modify the effective hopping barrier. Employing different ligands, the differential conductance varies over four orders of magnitude. The largest redshift and differential conductance are observed for ammonium sulfides and thiolated aromatic linkers. Pyridine and long chain amines, on the other hand, lead to smaller modifications. Our findings highlight the importance of surface functionalization and interparticle electronic coupling in the use of pyrite nanocrystals for photovoltaic devices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Li
- Photonics and Optoelectronics Group, Department of Physics and Center for NanoSciences, Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität München, Amalienstr. 54, 80799, Munich, Germany; Present address: Department of Physics and Stephenson Institute for Renewable Energy, University of Liverpool, Chadwick Building, Peach Street, Liverpool, L69 7ZF, United Kingdom
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18
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Ge H, Hai L, Prabhakar RR, Ming LY, Sritharan T. Evolution of nanoplate morphology, structure and chemistry during synthesis of pyrite by a hot injection method. RSC Adv 2014. [DOI: 10.1039/c3ra47054g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Lazić P, Armiento R, Herbert FW, Chakraborty R, Sun R, Chan MKY, Hartman K, Buonassisi T, Yildiz B, Ceder G. Low intensity conduction states in FeS2: implications for absorption, open-circuit voltage and surface recombination. JOURNAL OF PHYSICS. CONDENSED MATTER : AN INSTITUTE OF PHYSICS JOURNAL 2013; 25:465801. [PMID: 24141033 DOI: 10.1088/0953-8984/25/46/465801] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Pyrite (FeS2), being a promising material for future solar technologies, has so far exhibited in experiments an open-circuit voltage (OCV) of around 0.2 V, which is much lower than the frequently quoted 'accepted' value for the fundamental bandgap of ∼0.95 eV. Absorption experiments show large subgap absorption, commonly attributed to defects or structural disorder. However, computations using density functional theory with a semi-local functional predict that the bottom of the conduction band consists of a very low intensity sulfur p-band that may be easily overlooked in experiments because of the high intensity onset that appears 0.5 eV higher in energy. The intensity of absorption into the sulfur p-band is found to be of the same magnitude as contributions from defects and disorder. Our findings suggest the need to re-examine the value of the fundamental bandgap of pyrite presently in use in the literature. If the contribution from the p-band has so far been overlooked, the substantially lowered bandgap would partly explain the discrepancy with the OCV. Furthermore, we show that more states appear on the surface within the low energy sulfur p-band, which suggests a mechanism of thermalization into those states that would further prevent extracting electrons at higher energy levels through the surface. Finally, we speculate on whether misidentified states at the conduction band onset may be present in other materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Lazić
- Department of Materials Science and Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA 02139, USA
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20
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Gong M, Kirkeminde A, Ren S. Symmetry-defying iron pyrite (FeS₂) nanocrystals through oriented attachment. Sci Rep 2013; 3:2092. [PMID: 23807691 PMCID: PMC3697776 DOI: 10.1038/srep02092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2013] [Accepted: 06/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Iron pyrite (fool's gold, FeS2) is a promising earth abundant and
environmentally benign semiconductor material that shows promise as a strong and broad
absorber for photovoltaics and high energy density cathode material for batteries. However,
controlling FeS2 nanocrystal formation (composition, size, shape, stoichiometry,
etc.) and defect mitigation still remains a challenge. These problems represent significant
limitations in the ability to control electrical, optical and electrochemical properties to
exploit pyrite's full potential for sustainable energy applications. Here, we report a
symmetry-defying oriented attachment FeS2 nanocrystal growth by examining the
nanostructure evolution and recrystallization to uncover how the shape, size and defects of
FeS2 nanocrystals changes during growth. It is demonstrated that a
well-controlled reaction temperature and annealing time results in
polycrystal-to-monocrystal formation and defect annihilation, which correlates with the
performance of photoresponse devices. This knowledge opens up a new tactic to address
pyrite's known defect problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maogang Gong
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, Kansas 66045, USA
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21
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Cummins DR, Russell HB, Jasinski JB, Menon M, Sunkara MK. Iron sulfide (FeS) nanotubes using sulfurization of hematite nanowires. NANO LETTERS 2013; 13:2423-2430. [PMID: 23668724 DOI: 10.1021/nl400325s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
We report the phase transformation of hematite (α-Fe2O3) single crystal nanowires to crystalline FeS nanotubes using sulfurization with H2S gas at relatively low temperatures. Characterization indicates that phase pure hexagonal FeS nanotubes were formed. Time-series sulfurization experiments suggest epitaxial growth of FeS as a shell layer on hematite. This is the first report of hollow, crystalline FeS nanotubes with NiAs structure and also on the Kirkendall effect in solid-gas reactions with nanowires involving sulfurization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dustin R Cummins
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Conn Center for Renewable Energy Research, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky 40292, USA
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22
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Cathodic and anodic deposition of FeS2 thin films and their application in electrochemical reduction and amperometric sensing of H2O2. Electrochim Acta 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.electacta.2012.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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23
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Seefeld S, Limpinsel M, Liu Y, Farhi N, Weber A, Zhang Y, Berry N, Kwon YJ, Perkins CL, Hemminger JC, Wu R, Law M. Iron Pyrite Thin Films Synthesized from an Fe(acac)3 Ink. J Am Chem Soc 2013; 135:4412-24. [DOI: 10.1021/ja311974n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Craig L. Perkins
- National Renewable Energy Laboratory,
Golden, Colorado 80401, United States
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24
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Cabán-Acevedo M, Liang D, Chew KS, Degrave JP, Kaiser NS, Jin S. Synthesis, characterization, and variable range hopping transport of pyrite (FeS₂) nanorods, nanobelts, and nanoplates. ACS NANO 2013; 7:1731-1739. [PMID: 23330940 DOI: 10.1021/nn305833u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
We report the growth, structural, and electrical characterization of single-crystalline iron pyrite (FeS₂) nanorods, nanobelts, and nanoplates synthesized via sulfidation reaction with iron dichloride (FeCl₂) and iron dibromide (FeBr₂). The as-synthesized products were confirmed to be single-crystal phase pure cubic iron pyrite using powder X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, and transmission electron microscopy. An intermediate reaction temperature of 425 °C or a high sulfur vapor pressure under high temperatures was found to be critical for the formation of phase pure pyrite. Field effect transport measurements showed that these pyrite nanostructures appear to behave as a moderately p-doped semiconductor with an average resistivity of 2.19 ± 1.21 Ω·cm, an improved hole mobility of 0.2 cm² V⁻¹ s⁻¹, and a lower carrier concentration on the order of 10¹⁸-10¹⁹ cm⁻³ compared with previous reported pyrite nanowires. Temperature-dependent electrical transport measurements reveal Mott variable range hopping transport in the temperature range 40-220 K and transport via thermal activation of carriers with an activation energy of 100 meV above room temperature (300-400 K). Most importantly, the transport properties of the pyrite nanodevices do not change if highly pure (99.999%) precursors are utilized, suggesting that the electrical transport is dominated by intrinsic defects in pyrite. These single-crystal pyrite nanostructures are nice platforms to further study the carrier conduction mechanisms, semiconductor defect physics, and surface properties in depth, toward improving the physical properties of pyrite for efficient solar energy conversion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Miguel Cabán-Acevedo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Wisconsin-Madison, 1101 University Avenue, Madison, Wisconsin 53706, USA
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25
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Morrish R, Silverstein R, Wolden CA. Synthesis of Stoichiometric FeS2 through Plasma-Assisted Sulfurization of Fe2O3 Nanorods. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:17854-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja307412e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rachel Morrish
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Rebecca Silverstein
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
| | - Colin A. Wolden
- Department of Chemical and Biological
Engineering, Colorado School of Mines,
Golden, Colorado 80401, United
States
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26
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Hu J, Zhang Y, Law M, Wu R. Increasing the Band Gap of Iron Pyrite by Alloying with Oxygen. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:13216-9. [DOI: 10.1021/ja3053464] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jun Hu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575,
United States
| | - Yanning Zhang
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575,
United States
| | - Matt Law
- Department
of Chemistry and
Department of Chemical Engineering and Materials Science, University of California, Irvine, California 92697,
United States
| | - Ruqian Wu
- Department of Physics and Astronomy, University of California, Irvine, California 92697-4575,
United States
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27
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Kirkeminde A, Ruzicka BA, Wang R, Puna S, Zhao H, Ren S. Synthesis and optoelectronic properties of two-dimensional FeS2 nanoplates. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2012; 4:1174-1177. [PMID: 22324549 DOI: 10.1021/am300089f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
There is a growing interest in the earth abundant and nontoxic iron disulfide (FeS(2)) photovoltaic materials. Here, we report the synthesis of FeS(2) nanoplates with different spectral features which we have associated with thicknesses and crystallization. The structure and crystalline order of ultrathin FeS(2) nanoplates have a strong influence on the carrier lifetime, electronic and optical properties. We demonstrate that two-dimensional FeS(2) nanoplates show great promise for fabrication of hybrid bulk heterojunction solar cells. This opens up a host of applications of these materials as inexpensive solar cells and photocatalysts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alec Kirkeminde
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kansas, Lawrence, KS 66045, USA
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28
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Zhu L, Richardson B, Tanumihardja J, Yu Q. Controlling morphology and phase of pyrite FeS2 hierarchical particles via the combination of structure-direction and chelating agents. CrystEngComm 2012. [DOI: 10.1039/c2ce25222h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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29
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Bi Y, Yuan Y, Exstrom CL, Darveau SA, Huang J. Air stable, photosensitive, phase pure iron pyrite nanocrystal thin films for photovoltaic application. NANO LETTERS 2011; 11:4953-7. [PMID: 21992489 DOI: 10.1021/nl202902z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
Iron pyrite (FeS(2)) is a naturally abundant and nontoxic photovoltaic material that can potentially make devices as efficient as silicon-based ones; however existing iron pyrite photovoltaic devices contain thermodynamically unstable FeS(2) film surfaces that lead to low open circuit voltages. We report the rational synthesis of phase pure, highly crystalline cubic FeS(2) nanocrystals (NCs) using a trioctylphosphine oxide (TOPO) assisted hot-injection method. The synthesized pyrite NC films have excellent air stability over one year. In contrast, obvious surface decomposition was observed on the surface of FeS(2) NCs synthesized without TOPO. A high carrier mobility of 80 cm(2)/(V s) and a strong photoconductivity were observed for the first time for pyrite films at room temperature. Our results indicate that TOPO passivates both iron and sulfur atoms on FeS(2) NC surfaces, efficiently inhibiting surface decomposition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Bi
- Department of Mechanical and Materials Engineering, University of Nebraska-Lincoln, Lincoln, Nebraska 68588, United States
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30
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Puthussery J, Seefeld S, Berry N, Gibbs M, Law M. Colloidal iron pyrite (FeS2) nanocrystal inks for thin-film photovoltaics. J Am Chem Soc 2011; 133:716-9. [PMID: 21175173 DOI: 10.1021/ja1096368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 302] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Iron pyrite (FeS2) is a promising earth-abundant semiconductor for thin-film solar cells. In this work, phase-pure, single-crystalline, and well-dispersed colloidal FeS2 nanocrystals (NCs) were synthesized in high yield by a simple hot-injection route in octadecylamine and then were subjected to partial ligand exchange with octadecylxanthate to yield stable pyrite NC inks. Polycrystalline pyrite thin films were fabricated by sintering layers of these NCs at 500−600 °C under a sulfur atmosphere.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Puthussery
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Irvine, California 92697, United States
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31
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O'Brien P, Otway DJ, Park JH. Iron Sulfide (FeS2) Thin Films From Single-Source Precursors by Aerosol-Assisted Chemical Vapor Deposition (AACVD). ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1557/proc-606-133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
AbstractDialkyl (or mixed alkyl)-dithiocarbamato iron(III) complexes have been used for the deposition of iron sulfide thin films using chemical vapor deposition techniques. The single-source precursors used in this work have been prepared by the reaction of FeCl3with dialkyldithiocarbamate sodium salts and characterized by a number of analytical techniques. Good quality thin films of FeS2 have been prepared from the single-source metal organic precursor, [Fe(S2CNMeiPr)3], by AACVD. XRD patterns of the films indicated crystalline iron sulfide (FeS2) grown at between 375 – 450 °C. SEM images show the films to have reasonable morphology and to be crystalline.
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32
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Li W, Döblinger M, Vaneski A, Rogach AL, Jäckel F, Feldmann J. Pyrite nanocrystals: shape-controlled synthesis and tunable optical properties via reversible self-assembly. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011. [DOI: 10.1039/c1jm13336e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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33
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Ramasamy K, Malik MA, Helliwell M, Tuna F, O’Brien P. Iron Thiobiurets: Single-Source Precursors for Iron Sulfide Thin Films. Inorg Chem 2010; 49:8495-503. [DOI: 10.1021/ic1011204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Karthik Ramasamy
- The School of Chemistry and Manchester Materials Center, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL U.K
| | - Mohammad A. Malik
- The School of Chemistry and Manchester Materials Center, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL U.K
| | - Madeline Helliwell
- The School of Chemistry and Manchester Materials Center, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL U.K
| | - Floriana Tuna
- The School of Chemistry and Manchester Materials Center, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL U.K
| | - Paul O’Brien
- The School of Chemistry and Manchester Materials Center, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PL U.K
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34
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Pimenta G, Schröder V, Kautek W. Thin Pyrite Films Prepared by Sulphurization of Electrodeposited Iron Films. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1002/bbpc.19910951129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
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35
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Ramasamy K, Malik MA, O'Brien P, Raftery J. Metal complexes of thiobiurets and dithiobiurets: Novel single source precursors for metal sulfide thin film nanostructures. Dalton Trans 2010; 39:1460-3. [DOI: 10.1039/b923179j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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36
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Zhang HX, Ge JP, Wang J, Wang Z, Yu DP, Li YD. Silica-Sheathed Pyrrotite Nanowires: Synthesis and Mechanism. J Phys Chem B 2005; 109:11585-91. [PMID: 16852422 DOI: 10.1021/jp051142o] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
We have studied the growth of silica-sheathed 3C-Fe7S8 products on silicon substrates with FeCl2 and sulfur precursors at the temperature region of 600-800 degrees C. On the basis of the crystal structure of Fe7S8, we have proposed a model including the kinetic competition of the adsorption of silica species on Fe2-Fe3-Fe4 units at the 4Fe layer and on the Fe2-Fe3-Fe4-Fe5 units parallel to the c-axis. Using this model, we have not only explained all the experimental phenomena but also especially prepared Fe7S8 nanowires at 650 degrees C by introducing water into the reaction system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hao-Xu Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, The Key Laboratory of Atomic and Molecular Nanoscience (Ministry of Education), Tsinghua University, National Center for Nanoscience and Nanotechnology, Beijing 100084, People's Republic of China
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37
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Open circuit photopotentials in n-FeS2 natural single-crystal/aqueous electrolyte junctions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1991. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1633(91)90012-a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
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38
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Birkholz M, Fiechter S, Hartmann A, Tributsch H. Sulfur deficiency in iron pyrite (FeS2-x) and its consequences for band-structure models. PHYSICAL REVIEW. B, CONDENSED MATTER 1991; 43:11926-11936. [PMID: 9996968 DOI: 10.1103/physrevb.43.11926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/12/2023]
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39
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Smestad G, Ries H, Winston R, Yablonovitch E. The thermodynamic limits of light concentrators. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1990. [DOI: 10.1016/0165-1633(90)90047-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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