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Gomes MPDB, Linhares JHR, Dos Santos TP, Pereira RC, Santos RT, da Silva SA, Souza MCDO, da Silva JFA, Trindade GF, Gomes VS, Barreto-Vieira DF, Carvalho MMVF, Ano Bom APD, Gardinali NR, Müller R, Alves NDS, Moura LDC, Neves PCDC, Esteves GS, Schwarcz WD, Missailidis S, Mendes YDS, de Lima SMB. Inactivated and Immunogenic SARS-CoV-2 for Safe Use in Immunoassays and as an Immunization Control for Non-Clinical Trials. Viruses 2023; 15:1486. [PMID: 37515173 PMCID: PMC10386713 DOI: 10.3390/v15071486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2023] [Revised: 06/23/2023] [Accepted: 06/26/2023] [Indexed: 07/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Successful SARS-CoV-2 inactivation allows its safe use in Biosafety Level 2 facilities, and the use of the whole viral particle helps in the development of analytical methods and a more reliable immune response, contributing to the development and improvement of in vitro and in vivo assays. In order to obtain a functional product, we evaluated several inactivation protocols and observed that 0.03% beta-propiolactone for 24 h was the best condition tested, as it promoted SARS-CoV-2 inactivation above 99.99% and no cytopathic effect was visualized after five serial passages. Moreover, RT-qPCR and transmission electron microscopy revealed that RNA quantification and viral structure integrity were preserved. The antigenicity of inactivated SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by ELISA using different Spike-neutralizing monoclonal antibodies. K18-hACE2 mice immunized with inactivated SARS-CoV-2, formulated in AddaS03TM, presented high neutralizing antibody titers, no significant weight loss, and longer survival than controls from a lethal challenge, despite RNA detection in the oropharyngeal swab, lung, and brain. This work emphasizes the importance of using different techniques to confirm viral inactivation and avoid potentially disastrous contamination. We believe that an efficiently inactivated product can be used in several applications, including the development and improvement of molecular diagnostic kits, as an antigen for antibody production as well as a control for non-clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Renata Carvalho Pereira
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Renata Tourinho Santos
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | | | - Gisela Freitas Trindade
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Viviane Silva Gomes
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Paula Dinis Ano Bom
- Immunological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Noemi Rovaris Gardinali
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Rodrigo Müller
- Pre-Clinical Trials Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Luma da Cruz Moura
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | | | - Gabriela Santos Esteves
- Recombinant Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Waleska Dias Schwarcz
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Sotiris Missailidis
- Institute of Technology in Immunobiologicals, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
| | - Ygara da Silva Mendes
- Virological Technology Laboratory, Bio-Manguinhos/FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro 21040-900, RJ, Brazil
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Lin Q, Lim JYC, Xue K, Yew PYM, Owh C, Chee PL, Loh XJ. Sanitizing agents for virus inactivation and disinfection. VIEW 2020; 1:e16. [PMID: 34766164 PMCID: PMC7267133 DOI: 10.1002/viw2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2020] [Revised: 04/02/2020] [Accepted: 04/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Viral epidemics develop from the emergence of new variants of infectious viruses. The lack of effective antiviral treatments for the new viral infections coupled with rapid community spread of the infection often result in major human and financial loss. Viral transmissions can occur via close human-to-human contact or via contacting a contaminated surface. Thus, careful disinfection or sanitization is essential to curtail viral spread. A myriad of disinfectants/sanitizing agents/biocidal agents are available that can inactivate viruses, but their effectiveness is dependent upon many factors such as concentration of agent, reaction time, temperature, and organic load. In this work, we review common commercially available disinfectants agents available on the market and evaluate their effectiveness under various application conditions. In addition, this work also seeks to debunk common myths about viral inactivation and highlight new exciting advances in the development of potential sanitizing agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianyu Lin
- NUS Graduate School for Integrative Sciences and EngineeringNational University of SingaporeSingapore
| | - Jason Y. C. Lim
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Kun Xue
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Pek Yin Michelle Yew
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Cally Owh
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Pei Lin Chee
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
| | - Xian Jun Loh
- Soft Materials DepartmentInstitution of Materials Research and EngineeringAgency for ScienceTechnology and Research (A*STAR)InnovisSingapore
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4
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CUYCK-GANDRE HÉLÉNE, GRATIER DANIELLE, BURCKHART MARIEFRANCE, CRANCE JEANMARC, SCHWARTZBROD LOUIS. Detection of hepatitis A virus in oysters. Int J Food Sci Technol 2007. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1365-2621.1994.tb02060.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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5
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Pratelli A. Canine coronavirus inactivation with physical and chemical agents. Vet J 2007; 177:71-9. [PMID: 17513145 PMCID: PMC7110435 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2007.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2006] [Revised: 03/02/2007] [Accepted: 03/25/2007] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Canine coronavirus (CCoV) is responsible for mild or moderate enteritis in puppies. The virus is highly contagious and avoiding contact with infected dogs and their excretions is the only way to ensure disease prevention. Since no studies have yet focused on the sensitivity of CCoV to chemical biocides the present investigation examined the efficiency of physical and chemical methods of viral inactivation. CCoV infectivity was stable at +56 degrees C for up to 30 min, but tended to decrease rapidly at +65 degrees C and +75 degrees C. Germicidal ultra-violet (UV-C) light exposure demonstrated no significant effects on virus inactivation for up to 3 days. CCoV was observed to be more stable at pH 6.0-6.5 while extreme acidic conditions inactivated the virus. Two tested aldehydes inactivated the virus but their action was temperature- and time-dependent. The methods for CCoV inactivation could be applied as animal models to study human coronavirus infection, reducing the risk of accidental exposure of researchers to pathogens during routine laboratory procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annamaria Pratelli
- Department of Animal Health and Well-being, Strada per Casamassima km 3, 70010 Valenzano, Bari, Italy.
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7
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McDonnell G, Russell AD. Antiseptics and disinfectants: activity, action, and resistance. Clin Microbiol Rev 1999; 12:147-79. [PMID: 9880479 PMCID: PMC88911 DOI: 10.1128/cmr.12.1.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2617] [Impact Index Per Article: 104.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Antiseptics and disinfectants are extensively used in hospitals and other health care settings for a variety of topical and hard-surface applications. A wide variety of active chemical agents (biocides) are found in these products, many of which have been used for hundreds of years, including alcohols, phenols, iodine, and chlorine. Most of these active agents demonstrate broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity; however, little is known about the mode of action of these agents in comparison to antibiotics. This review considers what is known about the mode of action and spectrum of activity of antiseptics and disinfectants. The widespread use of these products has prompted some speculation on the development of microbial resistance, in particular whether antibiotic resistance is induced by antiseptics or disinfectants. Known mechanisms of microbial resistance (both intrinsic and acquired) to biocides are reviewed, with emphasis on the clinical implications of these reports.
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Affiliation(s)
- G McDonnell
- STERIS Corporation, St. Louis Operations, St. Louis, Missouri 63166, USA.
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9
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Abstract
Glutaraldehyde (pentanedial) is a dialdehyde that displays potent bactericidal, fungicidal, mycobactericidal, sporicidal, and virucidal activity. Pertinent to its activity is its interaction with amino groups in proteins and enzymes, but this simplistic statement masks the manner in which it inactivates various types of microorganisms. Notwithstanding its toxicity for medical staff, glutaraldehyde remains an invaluable compound for high-level disinfection purposes in endoscopy units.
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Affiliation(s)
- A D Russell
- Welsh School of Pharmacy, University of Wales College of Cardiff
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10
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Chambon M, Bailly JL, Peigue-Lafeuille H. Activity of glutaraldehyde at low concentrations against capsid proteins of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 25. Appl Environ Microbiol 1992; 58:3517-21. [PMID: 1336351 PMCID: PMC183138 DOI: 10.1128/aem.58.11.3517-3521.1992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of glutaraldehyde (GTA) against capsid proteins of poliovirus type 1 and echovirus type 25 was studied to understand the mode of action of this reagent against enteroviruses. The viruses were treated with GTA concentrations ranging from 0.005 to 0.10%. In the poliovirus particles, high-molecular-weight products were formed by 0.05% GTA, whereas in the echovirus particles, they were formed at 0.005% GTA. These products consist of complexes composed essentially of VP1 and VP3. There seemed to be differences in the composition of the complexes in the two viruses. Cross-linkings between the two polypeptides of the poliovirus capsid may be due to the accessibility to GTA of lysine residues on the loops of VP1 and VP3, which twist out from the surface of the shell.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Chambon
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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11
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Krah DL. A simplified multiwell plate assay for the measurement of hepatitis A virus infectivity. Biologicals 1991; 19:223-7. [PMID: 1659431 DOI: 10.1016/1045-1056(91)90039-m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A standardized multiwell plate assay (MWPA) was developed to provide a simple in situ measurement of hepatitis A virus (HAV) infectivity titers. Following attachment (4 h, 35 degrees C) of serial 10-fold dilutions of HAV strain CR326 F (variant F') to confluent MRC-5 monolayers in 24-well plates, cultures were overlaid with maintenance medium and incubated for 35 days at 35 degrees C with weekly medium replacement. Cells were fixed with 90% acetone and HAV antigen was quantitated by reaction with a radio-iodinated anti-HAV serum. Measurement of virus infectivity was based on the amounts of specifically bound and eluted radiolabelled antibody. Virus titers (50% tissue culture infectious doses/ml, TCID50/ml) were calculated using the method of Reed & Muench (Am J Hyg. 1938; 27: 493-497), with wells producing cpm values greater than 2.1-times that of uninoculated controls considered positive. The use of a virus standard provided an estimate of the test variability (+/- 5% in Log10 TCID50 units). The MWPA offers a significant savings in time and reagents, and is proposed as a standard method for the simple and reliable measurement of the potency of HAV vaccine preparations.
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Affiliation(s)
- D L Krah
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Merck Sharp and Dohme Research Laboratories, West Point, Pennsylvania 19486
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12
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Bailly JL, Chambon M, Peigue-Lafeuille H, Laveran H, De Champs C, Beytout D. Activity of glutaraldehyde at low concentrations (less than 2%) against poliovirus and its relevance to gastrointestinal endoscope disinfection procedures. Appl Environ Microbiol 1991; 57:1156-60. [PMID: 1647750 PMCID: PMC182861 DOI: 10.1128/aem.57.4.1156-1160.1991] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The activity of glutaraldehyde (GTA) at low concentrations (less than 2%) against poliovirus was assessed by a suspension procedure. The inactivation kinetics showed that concentrations of less than or equal to 0.10% were effective against purified poliovirus at pH 7.2; a 1 log10 reduction was obtained in 70 min with 0.02% GTA, and a 3 log10 reduction was obtained in 30 min with 0.10% GTA. GTA activity at low concentrations was greatly enhanced at alkaline pH, but was completely abolished at acid pH. In contrast, the inactivation assays on poliovirus RNA showed that it was highly resistant to GTA at concentrations up to 1.0% at pH 7.2. At pH 8.3 a low inactivation was noticed with 1.0% GTA. Our results are of relevance to hospital practice in digestive endoscopy investigations because there has been an increasing tendency to use low concentrations of GTA and very short contact times in disinfection procedures.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Bailly
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie-Virologie, Faculté de Médecine et Pharmacie, Clermont-Ferrand, France
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Crance JM, Biziagos E, Passagot J, van Cuyck-Gandré H, Deloince R. Inhibition of hepatitis A virus replication in vitro by antiviral compounds. J Med Virol 1990; 31:155-60. [PMID: 2167349 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.1890310214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Forty antiviral compounds were screened for inhibitory effect on hepatitis A virus (HAV) antigen expression in the human hepatoma cell line PLC/PRF/5. Ribavirin, amantadine, glycyrrhizin, and pyrazofurin were selected in this screening test and were studied further. The selectivity indices of these four compounds, calculated as the ratio of 50% cytotoxic dose (determined by the trypan blue exclusion and by inhibition of [3H] leucine incorporation) to the 50% effective dose (determined by the viral antigen expression), were 4.6 and 3.0 with ribavirin, 5.3 and 5.9 with amantadine, 15.2 and 16.9 with glycyrrhizin, and 45.4 and 74.6 with pyrazofurin. All four compounds resulted in concentration-dependent reductions of HAV antigen expression and HAV infectivity. Ribavirin, amantadine, pyrazofurin, and glycyrrhizin emerged, from the present study, as promising candidates for chemotherapy of acute hepatitis A.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Crance
- Unité de Biologie Moléculaire, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, La Tronche, France
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14
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Crevat D, Crance JM, Chevrinais AM, Passagot J, Biziagos E, Somme G, Deloince R. Monoclonal antibodies against an immunodominant and neutralizing epitope on hepatitis A virus antigen. Arch Virol 1990; 113:95-8. [PMID: 1696807 DOI: 10.1007/bf01318357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Two monoclonal antibodies (813 and 10.09) were raised against hepatitis A virus (HAV). They recognize an immunodominant epitope and a neutralizing site on HAV.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Crevat
- Unité d'immunologie Clonatec, Paris, France
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15
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Biziagos E, Passagot J, Crance JM, Deloince R. Long-term survival of hepatitis A virus and poliovirus type 1 in mineral water. Appl Environ Microbiol 1988; 54:2705-10. [PMID: 2850763 PMCID: PMC204359 DOI: 10.1128/aem.54.11.2705-2710.1988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The survival in mineral water of hepatitis A virus (HAV) and poliovirus type 1 was compared, under controlled experimental conditions, at 4 degrees C and room temperature. Viral infectivity titers were determined by cell culture titration, while HAV antigenicity was monitored by radioimmunoassay-endpoint titration. Both viruses persisted longest at 4 degrees C. At this temperature, after 1 year of exposure, the inactivation of either HAV or poliovirus type 1 was not important. At room temperature, poliovirus type 1 was not detected after 300 days, whereas HAV was still infectious. For both temperatures, the computed regression coefficients of best-fit lines for inactivation rates for the two viruses were significantly different. The survival of HAV was also studied at 4 degrees C and room temperature in mineral water with 5- and 50-micrograms/ml protein concentrations (i.e., purity of the virus suspension) for 120 days. As shown by a comparison of the regression coefficients for the inactivation rates, the stability of HAV in mineral water depends on protein concentration and temperature. Radioimmunoassay-endpoint titration results showed inactivation patterns similar to those of cell culture titration, with the most significant reduction in HAV antigenicity at room temperature. At the two temperatures, the infectivity of HAV declined at a faster rate than the antigenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Biziagos
- Section de Biologie Cellulaire, Centre de Recherches du Service de Santé des Armées, Lyon, France
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16
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Crance JM, Passagot J, Biziagos E, Deloince R. Continuous production of hepatitis A virus in PLC/PRF/5 cell cultures: use of antigen for serology. J Virol Methods 1987; 18:193-203. [PMID: 2828401 DOI: 10.1016/0166-0934(87)90124-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
The strain CF53 of hepatitis A virus (HAV) previously adapted to growth in PLC/PRF/5 cells was grown in 175 cm2 flasks, at different passages. After infection, cells were incubated at 32 degrees C in RPMI 1640 medium supplemented with 2.5% foetal calf serum (FCS) for 6-12 months. HAV which was released continuously in the culture medium was harvested weekly. Hepatitis A virus antigen (HAAg) and infectious virus production was stable during each passage. The antigen titre, determined by radioimmunoassay, was about 50 for each passage whereas the infectious virus titre increased from 10(3.7) (passage 7) to 10(6.0) TCID50/ml (passage 13). Virus production was not influenced by the FCS concentration (0-2.5%) in the maintenance medium. The cell culture produced HAAg was used for detection of total anti-HAV antibodies, anti-HAV titration and IgM antibody capture assay and the results were identical to those obtained with commercial kits. HAAg produced by this practical and cheap method could easily replace primate derived antigen for the detection of anti-HAV antibodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- J M Crance
- Division de Microbiologie, CRSSA, Lyon, France
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