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Serroni A, Ulisse S, Iorio M, Laguardia C, Testa L, Armillotta G, Caporale M, Salini R, Lelli D, Wernery U, Raghavan R, Mercante MT, Di Ventura M. Development of a Competitive Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay Based on Purified Recombinant Viral Protein 7 for Serological Diagnosis of Epizootic Haemorrhagic Disease in Camels. J Trop Med 2022; 2022:5210771. [PMID: 35356489 DOI: 10.1155/2022/5210771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2022] [Accepted: 02/24/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) is a member of the Orbivirus genus in the Reoviridae family, and it is the etiological agent of an arthropod-transmitted disease that affects domestic and wild ruminants. Due to its significant economic impact, many attempts have been done in order to develop diagnostic immunoassays mainly based on the use of the viral protein 7 (VP7), that is, the immunodominant serogroup-specific antigen. In this work, a recombinant VP7 (recVP7) of EHDV serotype 2 was produced in a baculovirus system, and after purification using ion metal affinity chromatography, we obtained a high yield of recombinant protein characterized by a high degree of purity. We used the purified recVP7 as reagent to develop a competitive enzyme-linked immunoassay (c-ELISA), and we tested the presence of EHDV antibodies in 185 dromedary camel serum samples. The c-ELISA showed good performance parameters in recognising positive sera of naturally EHDV-infected dromedary camels; in particular, our developed test reached 85.7% of sensitivity, 98.1% of specificity, 93% of accuracy, and a high agreement value with results obtained by the commercial ELISA kit (Cohen's kappa value of 0.85) that we adopted as the reference method. This c-ELISA could be a useful screening test to monitor the virus spread in camels that are sentinel animals for endemic areas of disease.
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CHAND KARAM, BISWAS SK, MONDAL B. Comparative sensitivity of sandwich ELISA, RT-PCR, and real-time RT-PCR for detection of bluetongue virus. Indian J of Anim Sci 2018. [DOI: 10.56093/ijans.v88i2.79330] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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ten Haaf A, Kohl J, Pscherer S, Hamann H, Eskens HU, Bastian M, Gattenlöhner S, Tur MK. Development of a monoclonal sandwich ELISA for direct detection of bluetongue virus 8 in infected animals. J Virol Methods 2017; 243:172-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 01/30/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Gordon SJG, Bolwell C, Rogers C, Musuka G, Kelly P, Labuschagne K, Guthrie AJ, Denison E, Mellor PS, Hamblin C. The occurrence of Culicoides species, the vectors of arboviruses, at selected trap sites in Zimbabwe. Onderstepoort J Vet Res 2015; 82:e1-e8. [PMID: 26244678 PMCID: PMC6238715 DOI: 10.4102/ojvr.v82i1.900] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2014] [Revised: 01/26/2015] [Accepted: 01/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
A study of the distribution of Culicoides species was conducted by establishing 12 light trap sites over five rainy seasons between 1998 and 2003 covering all the geo-climatic natural regions of Zimbabwe. In total, 279 919 specimens of Culicoides were trapped over a total of 163 trapping nights. The highest median counts of Culicoides per trapping night were recorded in natural region III, which has climatic conditions conducive to the successful development of the larvae. Culicoides imicola, the major vector of bluetongue and African horse sickness viruses in Africa, was found to be the most abundant species (80.4%), followed by Culicoides enderleini (5.9%) and Culicoides milnei (5.2%). This study identified 10 species of Culicoides that had not been previously described in Zimbabwe, including Culicoides loxodontis and Culicoides miombo, which are members of the C. imicola complex. A total of 23 994 Culicoides midges were collected from five trap sites in Harare, Zimbabwe, with the dominant species, C. imicola, representing 91.6% of the total collection. Seventeen arboviruses were isolated from these midges, 15 of which were bluetongue virus. The predominant bluetongue virus serotype was serotype 11, followed by serotypes 1, 8, 12 and 15. Bluetongue virus serotypes 1, 2, 8, 10, 12, 15, 16 and 18, detected in this study, had not been previously reported in Zimbabwe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stuart J G Gordon
- Institute of Veterinary, Animal and BiomedicalSciences, Massey University.
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Venkatesan G, Biswas SK, Bhanuprakash V, Singh RK, Mondal B. Evaluation of thermo-stability of bluetongue virus recombinant VP7 antigen in indirect ELISA. Virusdisease 2015; 26:19-26. [PMID: 26436117 DOI: 10.1007/s13337-014-0244-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2014] [Accepted: 12/29/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
This study shows the thermo-stability of lyophilized and purified recombinant VP7 bluetongue virus (BTV) protein in the presence of two sugar stabilizers (trehalose and mannitol) at different temperature. Truncated VP7 protein purified by nickel affinity column was lyophilized in the presence of trehalose and mannitol at 60 mM final concentration and then exposed to different temperature like 4, 25, 37 and 45 °C for various periods like 5 months, 7 weeks, 7 days and 48 h, respectively. After thermal treatment, the reactivity of the protein was evaluated in indirect ELISA. At 4 and 25 °C, the protein was stable up to 5 months and 7 weeks, respectively, irrespective of stabilizers used. At 37 °C, it was stable up to 3 days with both the stabilizers, after which it lost its stability and reactivity. At 45 °C, the protein was stable up to 30 and 24 h with trehalose and mannitol stabilizers, respectively. Both stabilizers found suitable for stability of the protein. However, trehalose appeared to have better stabilizing effect, particularly at higher temperatures than the mannitol. Trehalose could be used as stabilizer for freeze-drying the recombinant VP7 protein if an indirect ELISA kit based on the purified rVP7 protein is supplied to different laboratories of the country for detection of BTV antibody in sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gnanavel Venkatesan
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Dist. Nainital, Mukteswar, 263 138 Uttarakhand India
| | - Sanchay Kumar Biswas
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Dist. Nainital, Mukteswar, 263 138 Uttarakhand India
| | - Veerakyathappa Bhanuprakash
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Dist. Nainital, Mukteswar, 263 138 Uttarakhand India
| | - Raj Kumar Singh
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Dist. Nainital, Mukteswar, 263 138 Uttarakhand India
| | - Bimelendu Mondal
- Division of Virology, Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Mukteswar Campus, Dist. Nainital, Mukteswar, 263 138 Uttarakhand India
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Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Veronesi E, Bachanek-Bankowska K, Belaganahalli MN, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Complete genome characterisation of a novel 26th bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait. PLoS One 2011; 6:e26147. [PMID: 22031822 PMCID: PMC3198726 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0026147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2011] [Accepted: 09/20/2011] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Bluetongue virus is the "type" species of the genus Orbivirus, family Reoviridae. Twenty four distinct bluetongue virus (BTV) serotypes have been recognized for decades, any of which is thought to be capable of causing "bluetongue" (BT), an insect-borne disease of ruminants. However, two further BTV serotypes, BTV-25 (Toggenburg orbivirus, from Switzerland) and BTV-26 (from Kuwait) have recently been identified in goats and sheep, respectively. The BTV genome is composed of ten segments of linear dsRNA, encoding 7 virus-structural proteins (VP1 to VP7) and four distinct non-structural (NS) proteins (NS1 to NS4). We report the entire BTV-26 genome sequence (isolate KUW2010/02) and comparisons to other orbiviruses. Highest identity levels were consistently detected with other BTV strains, identifying KUW2010/02 as BTV. The outer-core protein and major BTV serogroup-specific antigen "VP7" showed 98% aa sequence identity with BTV-25, indicating a common ancestry. However, higher level of variation in the nucleotide sequence of Seg-7 (81.2% identity) suggests strong conservation pressures on the protein of these two strains, and that they diverged a long time ago. Comparisons of Seg-2, encoding major outer-capsid component and cell-attachment protein "VP2" identified KUW2010/02 as 26th BTV, within a 12th Seg-2 nucleotype [nucleotype L]. Comparisons of Seg-6, encoding the smaller outer capsid protein VP5, also showed levels of nt/aa variation consistent with identification of KUW2010/02 as BTV-26 (within a 9th Seg-6 nucleotype - nucleotype I). Sequence data for Seg-2 of KUW2010/02 were used to design four sets of oligonucleotide primers for use in BTV-26, type-specific RT-PCR assays. Analyses of other more conserved genome segments placed KUW2010/02 and BTV-25/SWI2008/01 closer to each other than to other "eastern" or "western" BTV strains, but as representatives of two novel and distinct geographic groups (topotypes). Our analyses indicate that all of the BTV genome segments have evolved under strong purifying selection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sushila Maan
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Narender S. Maan
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Kyriaki Nomikou
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Eva Veronesi
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking Surrey, United Kingdom
| | | | | | - Houssam Attoui
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking Surrey, United Kingdom
| | - Peter P. C. Mertens
- Vector-Borne Diseases Programme, Institute for Animal Health, Pirbright, Woking Surrey, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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Maan S, Maan NS, Nomikou K, Batten C, Antony F, Belaganahalli MN, Samy AM, Reda AA, Al-Rashid SA, El Batel M, Oura CAL, Mertens PPC. Novel bluetongue virus serotype from Kuwait. Emerg Infect Dis 2011; 17:886-9. [PMID: 21529403 PMCID: PMC3321788 DOI: 10.3201/eid1705.101742] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Sheep and goats sampled in Kuwait during February 2010 were seropositive for bluetongue virus (BTV). BTV isolate KUW2010/02, from 1 of only 2 sheep that also tested positive for BTV by real-time reverse transcription-PCR, caused mild clinical signs in sheep. Nucleotide sequencing identified KUW2010/02 as a novel BTV serotype.
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Savini G, Afonso A, Mellor P, Aradaib I, Yadin H, Sanaa M, Wilson W, Monaco F, Domingo M. Epizootic heamorragic disease. Res Vet Sci 2011; 91:1-17. [PMID: 21665237 DOI: 10.1016/j.rvsc.2011.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2011] [Revised: 04/29/2011] [Accepted: 05/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Epizootic haemorrhagic disease (EHD) is an infectious non-contagious viral disease transmitted by insects of the genus Culicoides which affects wild and domestic ruminants. The causative agent, the epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV), belongs to the family Reoviridae, genus Orbivirus and shares many morphological and structural characteristics with the other members of the genus such as bluetongue, African horse sickness and equine encephalosis viruses. In recent years EHD outbreaks have been reported in countries bordering the European Union. They caused disease in cattle and severe repercussion on the livestock industry of the affected countries. In the light of recent European bluetongue epizootic these events pose an increasing threat to the European Union. This review includes the most recent information regarding the virus and the disease as well as tools for its diagnosis and control. It is our conviction that more attention should be drawn to both EHDV and the disease itself in order to fulfil all these gaps and not to be unprepared in case future possible incursions.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Savini
- Istituto G. Caporale, Teramo, Italy.
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Veronesi E, Darpel KE, Hamblin C, Carpenter S, Takamatsu HH, Anthony SJ, Elliott H, Mertens PP, Mellor PS. Viraemia and clinical disease in Dorset Poll sheep following vaccination with live attenuated bluetongue virus vaccines serotypes 16 and 4. Vaccine 2010; 28:1397-403. [PMID: 19895921 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2009.10.107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2009] [Revised: 10/09/2009] [Accepted: 10/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The spread of bluetongue virus (BTV) is most successfully controlled by vaccination of susceptible ruminant populations. Currently two different types of BTV vaccines are used for this purpose; inactivated, mostly monovalent vaccine formulations and modified live virus vaccines (MLVs). Clinical signs and viraemia in Dorset Poll sheep vaccinated with BTV-4 and BTV-16 MLVs or inoculated with homogenates of midges (C. sonorensis and C. nubeculosus) previously infected with BTV-4 MLV are presented. All sheep vaccinated with the two MLVs mounted an infectious viraemia lasting for a minimum of 9 up to 23 days post vaccination and developed a range of clinical signs associated with BTV infection. Peak viraemia titres recorded in individual sheep ranged from 3.5 to 6.83 log(10)TCID(50)/ml indicating a high potential for infection of vector insects and onward transmission. The implications of these results are discussed with reference to the current outbreaks of BTV occurring in northern Europe and in relation to the future development of vaccines for this virus.
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Chand K, Biswas SK, De A, Sing B, Mondal B. A polyclonal antibody-based sandwich ELISA for the detection of bluetongue virus in cell culture and blood of sheep infected experimentally. J Virol Methods 2009; 160:189-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jviromet.2009.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2009] [Revised: 04/23/2009] [Accepted: 04/28/2009] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Anthony SJ, Maan N, Maan S, Sutton G, Attoui H, Mertens PPC. Genetic and phylogenetic analysis of the core proteins VP1, VP3, VP4, VP6 and VP7 of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV). Virus Res 2009; 145:187-99. [PMID: 19632280 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2009.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2009] [Revised: 07/15/2009] [Accepted: 07/16/2009] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The core proteins of epizootic haemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) have important roles to perform in maintaining the structure and function of the virus. A complete genetic and phylogenetic analysis was therefore performed on these proteins (and the genes that code for them) to allow comparison of the selective pressures acting on each. Accession numbers, gene and protein sizes, ORF positions, G+C contents, terminal hexanucleotides, start and stop codons and phylogenetic relationships are all presented. The inner core proteins (VP1, VP3, VP4 and VP6) were characterised by high levels of sequence conservation, and the ability to topotype isolates very strongly into eastern or western groups. This is particularly evident in genome segment 9 (VP6) which exists as two different sized homologues. VP7 did not topotype, but rather exhibited a more random, radial phylogeny suggestive of genetic drift. With the exception of VP6, all of the core proteins also showed high numbers of synonymous mutations in the third base position, suggesting they have been evolving for a long period of time. Interestingly, VP6 did not show this, and possible reasons for this are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Anthony
- Vector-borne Diseases Program, Institute for Animal Health, Ash Road, Pirbright, Surrey GU24 0NF, United Kingdom.
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Luo L, Sabara MI. Production of a recombinant major inner capsid protein for serological detection of epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus. Clin Diagn Lab Immunol 2005; 12:904-9. [PMID: 16085906 PMCID: PMC1182188 DOI: 10.1128/cdli.12.8.904-909.2005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Constructs of the major core protein, designated VP7, from epizootic hemorrhagic disease virus (EHDV) type 1 were made by amino- or carboxyl-terminal fusion of a six-histidine residue tag to the VP7-1 gene. The resulting fusion proteins were produced in a baculovirus expression system and purified by a rapid, one-step procedure using nickel-nitrilotriacetic acid technology. A high level of VP7-1 protein expression was detected with the N-terminal six-histidine tag fusion construct and was comparable to the level of expression observed with an untagged VP7-1 Bam construct. In contrast, the inclusion of a six-histidine tag at the C terminus adversely affected protein expression. The antigenicity of the N-terminal six-histidine tag EHDV VP7-1 product was identical to that observed with the native virus antigen and untagged EHDV VP7-1 recombinant protein, as determined by reactivity with EHDV specific antibodies in an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) and Western blot. The high production and purity levels that can be attained for the N-terminal six-histidine tag VP7-1 protein and its reactivity with EHDV-specific sera in a competitive ELISA make it a suitable assay reagent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lizhong Luo
- Canadian Food Inspection Agency, National Centre for Foreign Animal Disease, Winnipeg, Manitoba R3E 3M4, Canada.
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Veronesi E, Hamblin C, Mellor PS. Live attenuated bluetongue vaccine viruses in Dorset Poll sheep, before and after passage in vector midges (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae). Vaccine 2005; 23:5509-16. [PMID: 16111787 DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2005.07.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2005] [Accepted: 07/12/2005] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to address concerns associating with the use of BTV attenuated commercial vaccines in European sheep. These concerns include development of viraemia, possibility of transmission by vectors, reversion to virulence and re-assortment with wild-type viruses. The two vaccine viruses (BTV 2 and 9) replicated in two species of Culicoides subsequent to oral infection reaching titres suggesting transmission would occur. Viraemia in Dorset Poll sheep inoculated with either vaccine or insect passaged vaccine viruses persisted for up to 17 days, recording titres that ranged from 2.5 to 6.25 log(10)TCID(50)/ml, which is easily sufficient to infect vector Culicoides. Moderate to severe clinical signs of BT, albeit short lived, were observed in sheep following vaccination. However, to date there is no evidence of increasing virulence following two sequential passages through the vectors.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Veronesi
- Institute for Animal Health, Department of Arbovirology, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey GU24 ONF, UK.
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