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Jannati P, Sørensen CA, Gommesen D, Glavind-Kristensen M, Seehafer P, Kindberg SF, Hjorth S. The effect of Xylocaine spray on suture material degradation. Int J Gynaecol Obstet 2024. [PMID: 38243632 DOI: 10.1002/ijgo.15377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2023] [Accepted: 01/02/2024] [Indexed: 01/21/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES To compare the tensile strength of fast absorbable Polyglactin 910 suture material when impregnated with various agents for local anesthesia and to investigate whether the presence of ethanol in Xylocaine spray could explain a potential reduction in tensile strength after use of Xylocaine spray. METHODS In all, 120 suture samples of Polyglactin 910 were divided into four groups of 30. These four groups were randomly impregnated with isotonic sodium chloride, isotonic sodium chloride plus Xylocaine spray, isotonic sodium chloride plus Xylocaine gel, or isotonic sodium chloride plus ethanol. After impregnation, the sutures were stored in sealed glass tubes in a heating cabinet at 37°C for 72 h. Thereafter, the tensile strength of these 120 samples was assessed by a universal tensile testing machine. The maximal force needed to break the suture material was recorded in newtons (N). RESULTS Fast absorbable Polyglactin 910 suture material impregnated with Xylocaine spray or ethanol showed weakened tensile strength (mean values 11.40 and 11.86 N, respectively), whereas the specimens impregnated with Xylocaine gel or sodium chloride retained their tensile strength better (mean values 13.81 and 13.28 N, respectively; mean difference between Xylocaine gel and Xylocaine spray -2.41 N, P < 0.001). CONCLUSION In this in vitro experiment, ethanol and Xylocaine spray weakened the tensile strength of fast absorbable Polyglactin 910 sutures. Use of Xylocaine spray, which contains ethanol, for local anesthesia might lead to early breakdown of the suture material and wound rupture. The authors suggest caution when using Xylocaine spray in combination with fast absorbable Polyglactin 910 suture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pantea Jannati
- Hospital Pharmacy Central Denmark Region, Clinical Pharmacy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Charlotte Arp Sørensen
- Hospital Pharmacy Central Denmark Region, Research & Development Department and Clinical Pharmacy, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus N, Denmark
| | - Ditte Gommesen
- Institute of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
| | | | | | | | - Sarah Hjorth
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Odense University Hospital, Odense, Denmark
- Research Unit for Gynecology and Obstetrics, Department of Clinical Research, University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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2
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Alexiev U, Rühl E. Visualization of Nanocarriers and Drugs in Cells and Tissue. Handb Exp Pharmacol 2024; 284:153-189. [PMID: 37566121 DOI: 10.1007/164_2023_684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 08/12/2023]
Abstract
In this chapter, the visualization of nanocarriers and drugs in cells and tissue is reviewed. This topic is tightly connected to modern drug delivery, which relies on nanoscopic drug formulation approaches and the ability to probe nanoparticulate systems selectively in cells and tissue using advanced spectroscopic and microscopic techniques. We first give an overview of the breadth of this research field. Then, we mainly focus on topical drug delivery to the skin and discuss selected visualization techniques from spectromicroscopy, such as scanning transmission X-ray microscopy and fluorescence lifetime imaging. These techniques rely on the sensitive and quantitative detection of the topically applied drug delivery systems and active substances, either by exploiting their molecular properties or by introducing environmentally sensitive probes that facilitate their detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ulrike Alexiev
- Fachbereich Physik, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
| | - Eckart Rühl
- Physikalische Chemie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany.
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3
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Kumari S, Alsaidan OA, Mohanty D, Zafar A, Das S, Gupta JK, Khalid M. Development of Soft Luliconazole Invasomes Gel for Effective Transdermal Delivery: Optimization to In-Vivo Antifungal Activity. Gels 2023; 9:626. [PMID: 37623081 PMCID: PMC10453308 DOI: 10.3390/gels9080626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2023] [Revised: 07/25/2023] [Accepted: 07/27/2023] [Indexed: 08/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Luliconazole (LZ) is a good candidate for the treatment of fungal infection topically but has limitations, i.e., poor solubility and poor permeability to skin. Due to these limitations, multiple administrations for a long time are required to treat the inflection. The aim of the present study was to develop the invasomes (IVS) gel of LZ to improve the topical antifungal activity. The IVS was prepared by the thin-film hydration method and optimized by Box-Bhekhen design software. The optimized LZIVS (LZIVSopt) has 139.1 ± 4.32 nm of vesicle size, 88.21 ± 0.82% of entrapment efficiency, 0.301 ± 0.012 of PDI, and 19.5 mV (negative) of zeta potential. Scanning microscopy showed a spherical shape of the vesicle. FTIR spectra showed there is no interaction between the drug and lipid. Thermogram showed that the LZ is encapsulated into the LZIVS matrix. LZIVSopt gel (LZIVSopt-G3) exhibited optimum viscosity (6493 ± 27 cps) and significant spreadability (7.2 g·cm/s). LZIVSopt-G3 showed 2.47-fold higher permeation than pure LZ-gel. LZIVSopt-G3 did not show any edema or swelling in the skin, revealing that the developed formulation is non-irritant. LZIVSopt-G3 exhibited significant inhibition of the fungus infection (C. albicans) in the infected rats. The finding concluded that IVS gel is a good carrier and an attractive approach for the enhancement of topical delivery of LZ to treat the fungal infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sunitha Kumari
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anurag University, Hyderabad 500088, Telangana, India;
| | - Omar Awad Alsaidan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Dibyalochan Mohanty
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Anurag University, Hyderabad 500088, Telangana, India;
| | - Ameeduzzafar Zafar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Jouf University, Sakaka 72341, Al-Jouf, Saudi Arabia; (O.A.A.); (A.Z.)
| | - Swagatika Das
- School of Pharmacy, Centurion University of Technology and Management, Gopalpur 756044, Odisha, India;
| | - Jeetendra Kumar Gupta
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Research, GLA University, Mathura 281406, Uttar Pradesh, India;
| | - Mohammad Khalid
- Department of Pharmacognosy, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-Kharj 11942, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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4
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New Ferulic Acid and Amino Acid Derivatives with Increased Cosmeceutical and Pharmaceutical Potential. Pharmaceutics 2022; 15:pharmaceutics15010117. [PMID: 36678746 PMCID: PMC9861623 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics15010117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ferulic acid (FA) has been widely used in the pharmaceutical and cosmetics industry due to its, inter alia, antioxidant, antiaging and anti-inflammatory effects This compound added to cosmetic preparations can protect skin because of its photoprotective activity. However, the usefulness of FA as a therapeutic agent is limited due to its low solubility and bioavailability. The paper presents the synthesis, identification, and physicochemical properties of new FA derivatives with propyl esters of three amino acids, glycine (GPr[FA]), L-leucine (LPr[FA]), and L-proline (PPr[FA]). The NMR and FTIR spectroscopy, DSC, and TG analysis were used as analytical methods. Moreover, water solubility of the new conjugates was compared with the parent acid. Both ferulic acid and its conjugates were introduced into hydrogel and emulsion, and the resulting formulations were evaluated for stability. Additionally, in vitro penetration of all studied compounds from both formulations and for comparative purposes using Franz diffusion cells was evaluated from the solution in 70% (v/v) ethanol. Finally, cytotoxicity against murine fibroblasts L929 was tested. All of the analyzed compounds permeated pig skin and accumulated in it. LPr[FA] and PPr[FA] were characterized by much better permeability compared to the parent ferulic acid. Additionally, it was shown that all the analyzed derivatives are characterized by high antioxidant activity and lack of cytotoxicity. Therefore, they can be considered as an interesting alternative to be applied in dermatologic and cosmetic preparations.
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5
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Alinaghi A, Macedo A, Cheruvu HS, Holmes A, Roberts MS. Human epidermal in vitro permeation test (IVPT) analyses of alcohols and steroids. Int J Pharm 2022; 627:122114. [PMID: 35973591 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.122114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2022] [Revised: 08/09/2022] [Accepted: 08/11/2022] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
This study examined a number of factors that can impact the outcomes of in vitro human epidermal permeation coefficients for aliphatic alcohols and steroids, including receptor phase composition and study conditions. We determined experimentally the solubilities and IVPT permeation of a homologous series of 14C labeled aliphatic alcohols (ethanol, propanol, pentanol, heptanol, octanol and decanol) in different receptor fluids as recommended by Organisation Economic Co-operation and Development (OECD). We used human epidermal membranes at 25°C and phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), 2% w/v bovine serum albumin (2%w/v BSA), 50% v/v ethanol and 0.1, 2 and 6% w/v Oleth-20 receptor phases. We also explored and confirmed the discrepancies between in vitro human epidermal permeability coefficients (kp) and diffusion lag times for steroids from Scheuplein's group with our own work and that of others. The main reason for the observed differences is not clear but is likely to be multifactorial, including the effects of diffusion cell design, receptor phase solubility, unstirred receptor phase effects, epidermal membrane hydration, diffusion cell configuration, transport through appendageal pathways and steroid lipophilicity. We conclude with a summary of experimental conditions that should be considered in undertaking IVPT studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Azadeh Alinaghi
- Clinical and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia and The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Ana Macedo
- Clinical and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia and The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Hanumanth S Cheruvu
- Diamantina Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Amy Holmes
- Clinical and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia and The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Michael S Roberts
- Clinical and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia and The Basil Hetzel Institute for Translational Health Research, Adelaide, Australia; Diamantina Research Institute, The University of Queensland, Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, Australia.
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6
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Kadukkattil Ramanunny A, Wadhwa S, Kumar Singh S, Kumar B, Gulati M, Kumar A, Almawash S, Al Saqr A, Gowthamrajan K, Dua K, Singh H, Vishwas S, Khursheed R, Rahana Parveen S, Venkatesan A, Paudel KR, Hansbro PM, Kumar Chellappan D. Topical non-aqueous nanoemulsion of Alpinia galanga extract for effective treatment in psoriasis: in vitro and in vivo evaluation. Int J Pharm 2022; 624:121882. [PMID: 35671853 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2022.121882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2021] [Revised: 05/20/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Non-aqueous nanoemulsion (NANE) of Alpinia galanga extract (AGE) was prepared using Palmester 3595 (MCT oil) as oil phase, Cremophor RH 40-Transcutol P® as surfactant-co-surfactant (Smix), and glycerin as non-aqueous polar continuous phase. The composition was optimized by applying three-level, four factor Box-Behnken design (BBD). The mean droplet size and zeta potential of the optimized AGE NANE was found to be 60.81 ± 18.88 nm and -7.99 ± 4.14 mV, respectively. The ex vivo permeation studies of AGE NANE and AGE per se on porcine skin reported flux of 125.58 ± 8.36 µg/cm2 h-1 and 12.02 ± 1.64 µg/cm2h-1, respectively. Therefore, the enhancement ratio has shown 10-folds increase in the flux for AGE NANE when compared to extract per se. Later, confocal laser scanning microcopy confirmed that AGE NANE were able to penetrate into skin's stratum by trans-follicular transport mechanism. The stability studies of AGE NANE confirmed its stability at 30 ± 2℃ /75 ± 5 % RH and 5 ± 3℃. The efficacy of AGE NANE was evaluated in vivo on imiquimod (IMQ) induced mouse model. The mice treated with low and high doses of AGE NANE (groups VI and VII) showed significant (p<0.05) amelioration of psoriasis. Results of histopathology indicated reduction in psoriasis area severity index in AGE NANE treated mice (group VI and group VII).
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sheetu Wadhwa
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India.
| | - Sachin Kumar Singh
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Bimlesh Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Monica Gulati
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India; Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Ankit Kumar
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Saud Almawash
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, Shaqra University, Shaqra, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ahmed Al Saqr
- Department of Pharmaceutics, College of Pharmacy, Prince Sattam Bin Abdulaziz University, Al-kharj 11942, Saudi Arabia
| | - Kuppusamy Gowthamrajan
- Department of Pharmaceutics, JSS College of Pharmacy, JSS Academy of Higher Education and Research, Ooty, Nilgiris, Tamil Nadu, India
| | - Kamal Dua
- Faculty of Health, Australian Research Centre in Complementary and Integrative Medicine, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia; Discipline of Pharmacy, Graduate School of Health, University of Technology Sydney, Ultimo, NSW 2007, Australia
| | - Harpreet Singh
- Lovely Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Sukriti Vishwas
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Rubiya Khursheed
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | - Shaik Rahana Parveen
- School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Lovely Professional University, Phagwara, Punjab, 144411, India
| | | | - Keshav R Paudel
- Centre of Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Philip M Hansbro
- Centre of Inflammation, Centenary Institute and University of Technology Sydney, Faculty of Science, School of Life Sciences, Sydney, 2007, Australia
| | - Dinesh Kumar Chellappan
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Pharmacy, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, 57000, Malaysia
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7
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Calderon-Jacinto R, Matricardi P, Gueguen V, Pavon-Djavid G, Pauthe E, Rodriguez-Ruiz V. Dual Nanostructured Lipid Carriers/Hydrogel System for Delivery of Curcumin for Topical Skin Applications. Biomolecules 2022; 12:biom12060780. [PMID: 35740905 PMCID: PMC9221280 DOI: 10.3390/biom12060780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2022] [Revised: 05/24/2022] [Accepted: 06/01/2022] [Indexed: 12/07/2022] Open
Abstract
This work focuses on the development and evaluation of a dual nanostructured lipid carrier (NLC)/Carbopol®-based hydrogel system as a potential transporter for the topical delivery of curcumin to the skin. Two populations of different sized negatively charged NLCs (P1, 70–90 nm and P2, 300–350 nm) were prepared and characterized by means of dynamic light scattering. NLCs presented an ovoid platelet shape confirmed by transmission electron microscopy techniques. Curcumin NLC entrapment efficiency and release profiles were assessed by HPLC (high pressure liquid chromatography) and spectrophotometric methods. Preservation and enhancement of curcumin (CUR) antioxidant activity in NLCs (up to 7-fold) was established and cell viability assays on fibroblasts and keratinocytes indicated that CUR-NLCs are non-cytotoxic for concentrations up to 10 μM and exhibited a moderate anti-migration/proliferation effect (20% gap reduction). CUR-NLCs were then embedded in a Carbopol®-based hydrogel without disturbing the mechanical properties of the gel. Penetration studies on Franz diffusion cells over 24 h in CUR-NLCs and CUR-NLCs/gels demonstrated an accumulation of CUR in Strat-M® membranes of 22% and 5%, respectively. All presented data support the use of this new dual CUR-NLC/hydrogel system as a promising candidate for adjuvant treatment in topical dermal applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Calderon-Jacinto
- ERRMECe Laboratory, Biomaterials for Health Group, CY Cergy Paris Université, Maison Internationale de la Recherche, I MAT, 1 rue Descartes, 95031 Neuville sur Oise, France; (R.C.-J.); (E.P.)
| | - Pietro Matricardi
- Department of Drug Chemistry and Technologies, Sapienza University of Rome, P.le Aldo Moro 5, 00185 Rome, Italy;
| | - Virginie Gueguen
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 Av. Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; (V.G.); (G.P.-D.)
| | - Graciela Pavon-Djavid
- INSERM U1148, Laboratory for Vascular Translational Science, Cardiovascular Bioengineering, Université Sorbonne Paris Nord, 99 Av. Jean-Baptiste Clément, 93430 Villetaneuse, France; (V.G.); (G.P.-D.)
| | - Emmanuel Pauthe
- ERRMECe Laboratory, Biomaterials for Health Group, CY Cergy Paris Université, Maison Internationale de la Recherche, I MAT, 1 rue Descartes, 95031 Neuville sur Oise, France; (R.C.-J.); (E.P.)
| | - Violeta Rodriguez-Ruiz
- ERRMECe Laboratory, Biomaterials for Health Group, CY Cergy Paris Université, Maison Internationale de la Recherche, I MAT, 1 rue Descartes, 95031 Neuville sur Oise, France; (R.C.-J.); (E.P.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +33-01-3425-2830
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8
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Champmartin C, Chedik L, Marquet F, Cosnier F. Occupational exposure assessment with solid substances: choosing a vehicle for in vitro percutaneous absorption experiments. Crit Rev Toxicol 2022; 52:294-316. [PMID: 36125048 DOI: 10.1080/10408444.2022.2097052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Percutaneous occupational exposure to industrial toxicants can be assessed in vitro on excised human or animal skins. Numerous factors can significantly influence skin permeation of chemicals and the flux determination. Among them, the vehicle used to solubilize the solid substances is a tricky key step. A "realistic surrogate" that closely matches the exposure scenario is recommended in first intention. When direct transposition of occupational exposure conditions to in vitro experiments is impossible, it is recommended that the vehicle used does not affect the skin barrier (in particular in terms of structural integrity, composition, or enzymatic activity). Indeed, any such effect could alter the percutaneous absorption of substances in a number of ways, as we will see. Potential effects are described for five monophasic vehicles, including the three most frequently used: water, ethanol, acetone; and two that are more rarely used, but are realistic: artificial sebum and artificial sweat. Finally, we discuss a number of criteria to be verified and the associated tests that should be performed when choosing the most appropriate vehicle, keeping in mind that, in the context of occupational exposure, the scientific quality of the percutaneous absorption data provided, and how they are interpreted, may have long-range consequences. From the narrative review presented, we also identify and discuss important factors to consider in future updates of the OECD guidelines for in vitro skin absorption experiments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Catherine Champmartin
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Lisa Chedik
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Fabrice Marquet
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
| | - Frédéric Cosnier
- French National Research and Safety Institute for the Prevention of Occupational Accidents and Diseases (INRS), Vandoeuvre-les-Nancy Cedex, France
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9
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Chen Y, Liao M, Ma K, Wang Z, Demé B, Penfold J, Lu JR, R P Webster J, Li P. Implications of surfactant hydrophobic chain architecture on the Surfactant-Skin lipid model interaction. J Colloid Interface Sci 2022; 608:405-415. [PMID: 34628313 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcis.2021.09.098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2021] [Revised: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 09/18/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Although surfactants have been widely used in skin care and other related applications, our knowledge about how surfactants interact with stratum corneum (SC) lipids remains limited. This work reports how surfactants interact with a lipid SC model by neutron diffraction and molecular dynamics (MD) simulations, focusing on examining the impact of surfactant molecular architecture. The surfactant-SC mixed membrane was constructed by an equimolar mixture of ceramide/cholesterol/fatty acids and surfactant at 1% molar ratio of total lipids. The arrangements of water and surfactant molecules in the membrane were obtained through neutron scattering length density (NSLD) profiles via contrast variation method, meanwhile, MD simulation clearly demonstrated the mechanism of hydration change in the surfactant-model SC mixed membrane. No drastic difference was detected in the repeating distance of the short periodicity phase (SPP) upon adding surfactants, however, it significantly enhanced the membrane hydration and reduced the amount of phase separated crystalline cholesterol, showing a strong dependence on surfactant chain length, branching and double bond. This work clearly demonstrates how surfactant architecture affects its interaction with the SC membrane, providing useful guidance for either choosing an existing surfactant or designing a new one for surfactant-based transdermal application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yao Chen
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX
| | - Mingrui Liao
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, the University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - Kun Ma
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX
| | - Zi Wang
- School of Science, State Key Laboratory of Heavy Oil Processing, China University of Petroleum , Qingdao 266580, China
| | - Bruno Demé
- Institut Laue-Langevin, Grenoble, France
| | - Jeff Penfold
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX
| | - Jian R Lu
- Department of Physics & Astronomy, the University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PL, UK
| | - John R P Webster
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX
| | - Peixun Li
- ISIS Facility, Rutherford Appleton Laboratory, STFC, Didcot, OXON, UK OX11 0QX.
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10
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Marwah MK, Shokr H, Sanchez-Aranguren L, Badhan RKS, Wang K, Ahmad S. Transdermal Delivery of a Hydrogen Sulphide Donor, ADT-OH Using Aqueous Gel Formulations for the Treatment of Impaired Vascular Function: an Ex Vivo Study. Pharm Res 2022; 39:341-352. [PMID: 35088236 PMCID: PMC8881439 DOI: 10.1007/s11095-021-03164-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2021] [Accepted: 12/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Hydrogen sulphide (H2S) is an important signalling molecule involved in the regulation of several physiological and pathophysiological processes. The objective of this study was to investigate the feasibility of transdermal delivery of ADT-OH, a H2S donor, by investigating the transdermal flux of aqueous gels loaded with penetration enhancers or liposomes. Furthermore, we explored the ability of permeated ADT-OH to promote angiogenesis and mitochondrial bioenergetics in HUVEC cells. METHODS Aqueous hypromellose gels (5% w/v) were prepared with up to 10% v/v propylene glycol (PG) or deformable liposomes with 0.025% w/w ADT-OH. ADT-OH permeation from formulations across excised murine skin into PBS was quantified over 24 h using HPLC-UV detection. Media was collected and applied to HUVEC cells to evidence ADT-OH functionality following permeation. Tube formation assays were performed as indicative of angiogenesis and mitochondrial oxygen consumption was evaluated using a Seahorse XF24. RESULTS Increasing the loading of PG caused an increase in ADT-OH permeation rate across skin and a decrease in dermal drug retention whereas liposomal gels produced a slow-release profile. Treatment of HUVEC's using conditioned media collected from the ADT-OH loaded permeation studies enhanced tube formation and the basal oxygen consumption rates after 30 min of treatment. CONCLUSIONS These findings demonstrate that transdermal delivery of ADT-OH may provide a promising approach in the treatment of impaired vascular function. Gels prepared with 10% v/v PG have the potential for use in conditions requiring rapid H2S release whereas liposomal loaded gels for treatment requiring sustained H2S release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mandeep Kaur Marwah
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Hala Shokr
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
- Pharmacy Division, School of Health Sciences, Manchester University, Manchester, UK
| | | | - Raj Kumar Singh Badhan
- School of Pharmacy, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Keqing Wang
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
| | - Shakil Ahmad
- Aston Medical School, College of Health and Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK.
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11
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Valdivia-Olivares RY, Rodriguez-Fernandez M, Álvarez-Figueroa MJ, Kalergis AM, González-Aramundiz JV. The Importance of Nanocarrier Design and Composition for an Efficient Nanoparticle-Mediated Transdermal Vaccination. Vaccines (Basel) 2021; 9:vaccines9121420. [PMID: 34960166 PMCID: PMC8705631 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines9121420] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2021] [Revised: 11/22/2021] [Accepted: 11/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The World Health Organization estimates that the pandemic caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus claimed more than 3 million lives in 2020 alone. This situation has highlighted the importance of vaccination programs and the urgency of working on new technologies that allow an efficient, safe, and effective immunization. From this perspective, nanomedicine has provided novel tools for the design of the new generation of vaccines. Among the challenges of the new vaccine generations is the search for alternative routes of antigen delivery due to costs, risks, need for trained personnel, and low acceptance in the population associated with the parenteral route. Along these lines, transdermal immunization has been raised as a promising alternative for antigen delivery and vaccination based on a large absorption surface and an abundance of immune system cells. These features contribute to a high barrier capacity and high immunological efficiency for transdermal immunization. However, the stratum corneum barrier constitutes a significant challenge for generating new pharmaceutical forms for transdermal antigen delivery. This review addresses the biological bases for transdermal immunomodulation and the technological advances in the field of nanomedicine, from the passage of antigens facilitated by devices to cross the stratum corneum, to the design of nanosystems, with an emphasis on the importance of design and composition towards the new generation of needle-free nanometric transdermal systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayen Yanara Valdivia-Olivares
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (R.Y.V.-O.); (M.J.Á.-F.)
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - Maria Rodriguez-Fernandez
- Institute for Biological and Medical Engineering, Schools of Engineering, Medicine and Biological Sciences, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile;
| | - María Javiera Álvarez-Figueroa
- Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile; (R.Y.V.-O.); (M.J.Á.-F.)
| | - Alexis M. Kalergis
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Genética Molecular y Microbiología, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Av. Libertador Bernardo O’Higgins No. 340, Santiago 7810000, Chile
- Departamento de Endocrinología, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.M.K.); (J.V.G.-A.)
| | - José Vicente González-Aramundiz
- Millennium Institute on Immunology and Immunotherapy, Departamento de Farmacia, Escuela de Química y Farmacia, Facultad de Química y de Farmacia, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7820436, Chile
- Centro de Investigación en Nanotecnología y Materiales Avanzados “CIEN-UC”, Pontificia Universidad Católica de Chile, Santiago 7810000, Chile
- Correspondence: (A.M.K.); (J.V.G.-A.)
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12
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Hatta I, Nakazawa H, Ohta N, Uchino T, Yanase K. Stratum Corneum Function: A Structural Study with Dynamic Synchrotron X-ray Diffraction Experiments. J Oleo Sci 2021; 70:1181-1199. [PMID: 34373412 DOI: 10.5650/jos.ess21159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies on the effectiveness of substances such as drugs and cosmetics that act on the skin require structural evidence at the molecular level in the stratum corneum to clarify their interaction with intercellular lipid and soft keratin. For this purpose, when applying the substances to the stratum corneum X-ray diffraction experiment is one of the powerful tools. To detect minute structural changes in a stratum corneum sample, using a "solution cell", dynamic synchrotron X-ray diffraction measurements were performed when applying aqueous solution of the substances to the stratum corneum: (1) It was found that a surfactant, sodium dodecyl sulfate, significantly disrupted the long-period lamellar structure. (2) To study the effects of water, structural modifications of the short-period lamellar structure and the soft keratin in corneocytes were measured as a function of time. At the initial water content of 15 wt%, the spacings of the short-period lamellar structure and the soft keratin increased toward those at the water content of 25 wt%, that is a key water content in the stratum corneum. (3) Nanoparticles composed of assembly of amphiphilic molecules are one of the leading pharmaceutical formulations. When the nanoparticles were applied, a new assembly of amphiphilic molecules originated from the nanoparticle appeared. This phenomenon suggests that the formation of the new assembly at the surface of skin is concerned with the release of the drug from the nanoparticles. (4) When ethanol was applied to the stratum corneum, only the liquid state in the intercellular lipid matrix was dissolved. After the removal of ethanol from this stratum corneum, the ordered hydrocarbon-chain packing structures appeared. From this fact we would propose that the liquid state region is the main pathway for hydrophobic drugs with a small molecular weight in connection with the so-called 500 Da rule. Here, not only the technique but also the background to these studies and the characteristic results obtained from these studies are explained.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ichiro Hatta
- Department of Research, Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute
| | | | - Noboru Ohta
- Japan Synchrotron Radiation Research Institute (JASRI/SPring-8)
| | - Tomonobu Uchino
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka
| | - Kaori Yanase
- Beauty Care Laboratory, Kracie Home Products, Ltd
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13
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Saraogi P, Kaushik V, Chogale R, Chavan S, Gode V, Mhaskar S. Virgin coconut oil as prophylactic therapy against alcohol damage on skin in COVID times. J Cosmet Dermatol 2021; 20:2396-2408. [PMID: 34121304 PMCID: PMC8447131 DOI: 10.1111/jocd.14258] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2021] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Increased frequency of using alcohol‐based hand sanitizers (ABHS) by consumers during COVID times have resulted in increased incidences of skin issues on palms. Objective (1) To quantify skin damage with increased usage frequency of ABHS by consumers and (2) To evaluate Virgin Coconut Oil (VCO) as natural prophylactic agent to counter the adverse effects. Methods In‐home usage study was carried out with 60 volunteers for a 15‐day intervention—Control Group: 6 applications per day of ABHS and Test Group: Overnight VCO use (6–8 drops) followed by 6× usage per day of ABHS. This leg included dermatological evaluation and WHO Self‐Assessment Scale for skin health. Another leg of measurement included non‐invasive instrumental study (Moisture & TEWL Probes, Tape Strip for protein content and IR spectroscopy for protein & lipid content) on forearm of 12 subjects (25–60 years age) with and without VCO application and repeated alcohol exposure. Results In‐home usage study established consumer experiencing skin protective effect of VCO in the context of ABHS onslaught. 25% increase in perceived moisture content was recorded for VCO users, using WHO Self‐Assessment Scale. Instrumental studies confirmed an increase in TEWL and decrease in lipids & protein content. Overnight VCO application resists the extraction which builds up with repeated application. Conclusions Current work provides evidence of compromised hand skin barrier with ABHS daily usage. Overnight VCO application helps prepare the skin for next day alcohol use. Based on the findings, a regimen of overnight VCO application on hands as a natural prophylactic is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Punit Saraogi
- Everything Skin & Hair, Medical & Aesthetic Dermatology Clinic, Mumbai, India
| | | | | | - Sneha Chavan
- Marico R&D Center, Marico Limited, Mumbai, India
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Hoda Q, Aqil M, Ahad A, Imam SS, Praveen A, Qadir A, Iqbal Z. Optimization of valencene containing lipid vesicles for boosting the transungual delivery of itraconazole. 3 Biotech 2021; 11:137. [PMID: 33708461 DOI: 10.1007/s13205-020-02497-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 10/19/2020] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The objective of the present study was to prepare valencene (sesquiterpene) containing invasomes for itraconazole (ITZ) transungual delivery using central composite design. The phospholipid (X 1) and valencene (X 2) were selected as an independent variables, while vesicles size (Y 1), entrapment efficiency (Y 2) and in vitro drug release (Y 3) were chosen as dependent variables. The antifungal activity of optimized formulation was screened against Trichophyton rubrum, a common causative onychomycosis pathogen, by cup plate method. The optimized ITZ-loaded invasomes formulation presented vesicles size of 176.8 ± 6.03 nm, entrapment efficiency of 83.21 ± 4.11% and in vitro drug release of 75.22 ± 5.03%. The ITZ-loaded invasomes gel formulation showed good homogeneity, pH 6.5 ± 0.23, viscosity 7.33 ± 0.67 Pa s and drug content 94.13 ± 1.13%. The spreadability and extrudability of developed ITZ-loaded invasomes gel were found to be 7.85 ± 0.24 gcm/s and 162 ± 2.74 g, respectively. The ITZ-loaded invasomes gel presented 71.11 ± 3.65% cumulative permeation of drug via goat hooves. The in vitro antifungal activity depicted that the ITZ-loaded invasomes gel and marketed preparation were presented zone of inhibition of 21.42 mm and 10.64 mm against T. rubrum respectively. Hence the prepared ITZ-loaded invasomes formulation could therefore be a promising topical dosage to mitigate the indications and hasten the cure for onychomycosis than conventional available therapies.
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15
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Nangare S, Dugam S. Smart invasome synthesis, characterizations, pharmaceutical applications, and pharmacokinetic perspective: a review. FUTURE JOURNAL OF PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCES 2020. [DOI: 10.1186/s43094-020-00145-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Scientists are constantly looking for the introduction of unique drug delivery systems for the existing drug molecule. Since the skin is one of the primary and essential organs of the human body, it needs successful research development for the delivery of the drug. While the skin is assumed a human body’s multifunctional organ, it has minimal permeability across the stratum corneum (SC). Since this is an influential barrier for the active agent, several carrier platforms to surmount this obstacle have been created. Invasomes are the liposomal vesicles, which incorporate small quantities of ethanol and terpenes or a mixture of terpenes, as potentials for improved penetration of the skin. The rate of penetration of invasomes through the skin is significantly greater than that of liposomes and ethosomes. Invasomes focus on providing a series of benefits namely enhanced drug effectiveness, increased conformity, and ease for patients.
Main body
The present article portrays insights of invasomes which include composition and preparation methods of invasomes. The article gives a brief review of the penetration mechanism, synthesis process, and characterizations of invasomes. The article gives a point by point audit about pharmaceutical applications, viz. anticancer, antihypertensive, anti-acne, vitamin analog, anticholinergic, antioxidant, etc. The pharmacokinetic properties of invasomes have also been described.
Conclusion
The key goal of an invasome-based delivery system is not only to strengthen the efficacy and safety of the drug but also to dramatically increase patient conformity and the therapeutic value to a significant extent. The delivery of drugs via the skin membrane in advanced drug delivery systems is a fascinating fact. Many pharmaceutical studies have shown that plentiful drug molecules are less soluble, have less bioavailability and stability, have less penetration, etc. Therefore, a new form of dosage with exceptional characteristics like invasomes can be created.
Graphical abstract
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16
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Pelikh O, Keck CM. Hair Follicle Targeting and Dermal Drug Delivery with Curcumin Drug Nanocrystals-Essential Influence of Excipients. NANOMATERIALS (BASEL, SWITZERLAND) 2020; 10:E2323. [PMID: 33238636 PMCID: PMC7700376 DOI: 10.3390/nano10112323] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2020] [Revised: 09/25/2020] [Accepted: 09/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Many active pharmaceutical ingredients (API) possess poor aqueous solubility and thus lead to poor bioavailability upon oral administration and topical application. Nanocrystals have a well-established, universal formulation approach to overcome poor solubility. Various nanocrystal-based products have entered the market for oral application. However, their use in dermal formulations is relatively novel. Previous studies confirmed that nanocrystals are a superior formulation principle to improve the dermal penetration of poorly soluble API. Other studies showed that nanocrystals can also be used to target the hair follicles where they create a drug depot, enabling long acting drug therapy with only one application. Very recent studies show that also the vehicle in which the nanocrystals are incorporated can have a tremendous influence on the pathway of the API and the nanocrystals. In order to elucidate the influence of the excipient in more detail, a systematic study was conducted to investigate the influence of excipients on the penetration efficacy of the formulated API and the pathway of nanocrystals upon dermal application. Results showed that already small quantities of excipients can strongly affect the passive dermal penetration of curcumin and the hair follicle targeting of curcumin nanocrystals. The addition of 2% ethanol promoted hair follicle targeting of nanocrystals and hampered passive diffusion into the stratum corneum of the API, whereas the addition of glycerol hampered hair follicle targeting and promoted passive diffusion. Propylene glycol was found to promote both pathways. In fact, the study proved that formulating nanocrystals to improve the bioefficacy of poorly soluble API upon dermal application is highly effective. However, this is only true, if the correct excipient is selected for the formulation of the vehicle. The study also showed that excipients can be used to allow for a targeted dermal drug delivery, which enables to control if API should be delivered via passive diffusion and/or as drug reservoir by depositing API in the hair follicles.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Cornelia M. Keck
- Department of Pharmaceutics and Biopharmaceutics, Philipps-Universität Marburg, Robert-Koch-Str. 4, 35037 Marburg, Germany;
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17
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Abstract
Infection preventive practice of using disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 has become the new normal due to the COVID-19 pandemic. Although disinfectants may not be applied directly to the human body, it remains at high risk of exposure including close skin contact on disinfected surfaces or during handling. This dermal contact, on a regular basis, can induce hazardous skin reactions like irritation, inflammation, and burning in severe conditions. Disinfectants are germicide chemicals that can penetrate the skin and create skin reactions that are usually regarded as irritant and allergic contact dermatitis. More importantly, disinfectants can react with skin components (proteins and lipids) to facilitate their skin penetration and disrupt the skin barrier function. Whereas the antimicrobial actions of disinfectants are well understood, much less is known regarding their dermatologic reactions, including but not limited to irritation and hypersensitivity. We reviewed the skin reactions created by those disinfectants against SARS-CoV-2 approved by the European Chemical Agency and the US Environmental Protection Agency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Choon Fu Goh
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
| | - Long Chiau Ming
- PAP Rashidah Sa'adatul Bolkiah Institute of Health Sciences, Universiti Brunei Darussalam, Gadong BE1410, Brunei Darussalam.
| | - Li Ching Wong
- Discipline of Pharmaceutical Technology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Universiti Sains Malaysia, 11800 Minden, Penang, Malaysia.
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18
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Wani TU, Mohi-Ud-Din R, Majeed A, Kawoosa S, Pottoo FH. Skin Permeation of Nanoparticles: Mechanisms Involved and Critical Factors Governing Topical Drug Delivery. Curr Pharm Des 2020; 26:4601-4614. [PMID: 32611291 DOI: 10.2174/1381612826666200701204010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Transdermal route has been an ever sought-after means of drug administration, regarded as being the most convenient and patient compliant. However, skin poses a great barrier to the entry of the external particles including bacteria, viruses, allergens, and drugs as well (mostly hydrophilic or high molecular weight drugs), consequent to its complex structure and composition. Among the various means of enhancing drug permeation through the skin, e.g. chemical permeation enhancers, electroporation, thermophoresis, etc. drug delivery through nanoparticles has been of great interest. Current literature reports a vast number of nanoparticles that have been implicated for drug delivery through the skin. However, a precise account of critical factors involved in drug delivery and mechanisms concerning the permeation of nanoparticles through the skin is necessary. The purpose of this review is to enumerate the factors crucial in governing the prospect of drug delivery through skin and classify the skin permeation mechanisms of nanoparticles. Among the various mechanisms discussed are the ones governed by principles of kinetics, osmotic gradient, adhesion, hydration, diffusion, occlusion, electrostatic interaction, thermodynamics, etc. Among the most common factors affecting skin permeation of nanoparticles that are discussed include size, shape, surface charge density, composition of nanoparticles, mechanical stress, pH, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taha Umair Wani
- Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Roohi Mohi-Ud-Din
- Pharmacogosy and Phytochemistry Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Asmat Majeed
- Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Shabnam Kawoosa
- Pharmaceutics Lab, Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Applied Sciences and Technology, University of Kashmir, Hazratbal, Srinagar-190006, Kashmir, India
| | - Faheem Hyder Pottoo
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Clinical Pharmacy, Imam Abdulrahman bin Faisal University, P.O. BOX 1982, Dammam, Saudi Arabia
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19
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El-Chami C, Foster AR, Johnson C, Clausen RP, Cornwell P, Haslam IS, Steward MC, Watson REB, Young HS, O'Neill CA. Organic osmolytes increase expression of specific tight junction proteins in skin and alter barrier function in keratinocytes. Br J Dermatol 2020; 184:482-494. [PMID: 32348549 DOI: 10.1111/bjd.19162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The epidermal barrier is important for water conservation, failure of which is evident in dry-skin conditions. Barrier function is fulfilled by the stratum corneum, tight junctions (TJs, which control extracellular water) and keratinocyte mechanisms, such as organic osmolyte transport, which regulate intracellular water homeostasis. Organic osmolyte transport by keratinocytes is largely unexplored and nothing is known regarding how cellular and extracellular mechanisms of water conservation may interact. OBJECTIVES We aimed to characterize osmolyte transporters in skin and keratinocytes, and, using transporter inhibitors, to investigate whether osmolytes can modify TJs. Such modification would suggest a possible link between intracellular and extracellular mechanisms of water regulation in skin. METHODS Immunostaining and quantitative polymerase chain reaction of organic osmolyte-treated organ-cultured skin were used to identify changes to organic osmolyte transporters, and TJ protein and gene expression. TJ functional assays were performed on organic osmolyte-treated primary human keratinocytes in culture. RESULTS Immunostaining demonstrated the expression of transporters for betaine, taurine and myo-inositol in transporter-specific patterns. Treatment of human skin with either betaine or taurine increased the expression of claudin-1, claudin-4 and occludin. Osmolyte transporter inhibition abolished this response. Betaine and taurine increased TJ function in primary human keratinocytes in vitro. CONCLUSIONS Treatment of skin with organic osmolytes modulates TJ structure and function, which could contribute to the epidermal barrier. This emphasizes a role for organic osmolytes beyond the maintenance of intracellular osmolarity. This could be harnessed to enhance topical therapies for diseases characterized by skin barrier dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- C El-Chami
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - A R Foster
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - C Johnson
- School of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Faculty of Science and Engineering, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - R P Clausen
- Department of Drug Design and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - P Cornwell
- TRI Princeton, 601 Prospect Avenue, Princeton, NJ, 08540, USA
| | - I S Haslam
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Biological Sciences, School of Applied Sciences, University of Huddersfield, Queensgate, Huddersfield, HD1 3DH, UK
| | - M C Steward
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Gastroenterology, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
| | - R E B Watson
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,NIHR Manchester Biomedical Research Centre, Manchester University NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester Academic Health Science Centre, Manchester, UK
| | - H S Young
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.,Department of Dermatology, Salford Royal NHS Foundation Trust, Manchester, UK
| | - C A O'Neill
- Centre for Dermatology Research, Division of Musculoskeletal and Dermatological Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK
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Abstract
BACKGROUND The use of disinfectants is crucial to preventing the spread of nosocomial infections in health care workers. As many as 25 applications of hand disinfectants is a realistic default value during a working day. However, alcohol-based hand disinfectants may weaken skin barrier function and induce dryness and eczema, which decrease their acceptance. OBJECTIVE To evaluate the effect of ethanol-containing disinfectants with 5% urea on skin barrier function and on sensitivity to an irritant soap (sodium lauryl sulfate [SLS]). METHODS Twenty healthy volunteers treated one of their forearms twice daily for 17 days with an ethanol-containing gel with 5% urea. Two types of gels with urea were tested. Treatment was randomized to left or right forearm, and the contralateral forearm served as untreated control. Transepidermal water loss, skin capacitance (dryness), and sensitivity to SLS were evaluated. RESULTS Twice-daily application of the urea-containing ethanol gels lowered transepidermal water loss, prevented dryness, and reduced sensitivity to SLS compared with the untreated control skin. CONCLUSIONS Improved barrier function using this ethanol gel with urea may have relevance in daily disinfectant procedures.
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21
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Shinde M, Bali N, Rathod S, Karemore M, Salve P. Effect of binary combinations of solvent systems on permeability profiling of pure agomelatine across rat skin: a comparative study with statistically optimized polymeric nanoparticles. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2020; 46:826-845. [DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2020.1757697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Mahesh Shinde
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Nikhil Bali
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Shahadev Rathod
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Megha Karemore
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
| | - Pramod Salve
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, India
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Pyatski Y, Flach CR, Mendelsohn R. FT-IR investigation of Terbinafine interaction with stratum corneum constituents. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-BIOMEMBRANES 2020; 1862:183335. [PMID: 32376224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamem.2020.183335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2020] [Revised: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Terbinafine (Tbf) is a well-established anti-fungal agent used for management of a variety of dermal conditions including ringworm and athlete's foot. Both the biochemical mechanism of Tbf fungicidal action (based on squalene epoxidase inhibition) and the target region for Tbf in vivo (the stratum corneum (SC)) are well determined. However, the biochemical and pharmacokinetic approaches used to evaluate Tbf biochemistry provide no biophysical information about molecular level physical changes in the SC upon Tbf binding. Such information is necessary for improved drug and formulation design. IR spectroscopic methods were used to evaluate the effects of Tbf on keratin structure in environments commonly used in pharmaceutics to mimic those in vivo. The Amide I and II spectral regions (1500-1700 cm-1) provided an effective means to monitor keratin secondary structure changes, while a Tbf spectral feature near 775 cm-1 provides a measure of relative Tbf levels in skin. Interaction of Tbf with the SC induced substantial β-sheet formation in the keratin, an effect which was partially reversed both by ethanol washing and by exposure to high relative humidity. The irreversibility suggests the presence of a Tbf reservoir (consistent with kinetic studies), permitting the drug to be released in a controlled manner into the surrounding tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yelena Pyatski
- Department of Chemistry, Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
| | - Carol R Flach
- Department of Chemistry, Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA.
| | - Richard Mendelsohn
- Department of Chemistry, Newark College of Arts and Sciences, Rutgers University, Newark, NJ 07102, USA
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Solvent Effects on Skin Penetration and Spatial Distribution of the Hydrophilic Nitroxide Spin Probe PCA Investigated by EPR. Cell Biochem Biophys 2020; 78:127-137. [PMID: 32303897 PMCID: PMC8557165 DOI: 10.1007/s12013-020-00908-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Accepted: 03/30/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Oxidative stress occurs in extrinsic skin aging processes and diseases when the enhanced production of free radicals exceeds the homeostatic antioxidant capacity of the skin. The spin probe, 3-(carboxy)-2,2,5,5-tetramethylpyrrolidin-1-oxyl (PCA), is frequently used to study the cutaneous radical production by electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. This approach requires delivering PCA into the skin, yet solvent effects on the skin penetration and spatial distribution of PCA have not been thoroughly investigated. Three solvents of ethanol, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS) and ethanol-PBS (1:1) were studied. For both human and porcine skin ex vivo, the amount of PCA in the stratum corneum (SC) was the lowest when using ethanol and very similar for PBS and ethanol-PBS. The highest amount of PCA in the viable skin layers was detected for ethanol-PBS, yet it only took up less than 5% of the total amount. The majority of PCA was localized in the SC, among which PCA with high mobility was predominantly distributed in the hydrophilic microenvironment of corneocytes and PCA with lower mobility was mainly in the less hydrophilic microenvironment of intercellular skin lipids. A higher ethanol concentration in the solvent could improve the distribution of PCA in the hydrophilic microenvironments of the SC. The results suggest that ethanol-PBS (1:1) is best-suited for delivering most PCA deep into the skin. This work enhances the understanding of solvent effects on the skin penetration and distribution of PCA and supports the utilization of PCA in studying cutaneous radical production.
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Evaluation of an Explanted Porcine Skin Model to Investigate Infection with the Dermatophyte Trichophyton rubrum. Mycopathologia 2020; 185:233-243. [PMID: 32108288 DOI: 10.1007/s11046-020-00438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Dermatophytosis is a fungal infection of skin, hair and nails, and the most frequently found causative agent is Trichophyton rubrum. The disease is very common and often recurring, and it is therefore difficult to eradicate. To develop and test novel treatments, infection models that are representative of the infection process are desirable. Several infection models have been developed, including the use of cultured cells, isolated corneocytes, explanted human skin or reconstituted human epidermis. However, these have various disadvantages, ranging from not being an accurate reflection of the site of infection, as is the case with, for example, cultured cells, to being difficult to scale up or having ethical issues (e.g., explanted human skin). We therefore sought to develop an infection model using explanted porcine skin, which is low cost and ethically neutral. We show that in our model, fungal growth is dependent on the presence of skin, and adherence of conidia is time-dependent with maximum adherence observed after ~ 2 h. Scanning electron microscopy suggested the production of fibril-like material that links conidia to each other and to skin. Prolonged incubation of infected skin leads to luxurious growth and invasion of the dermis, which is not surprising as the skin is not maintained in conditions to keep the tissue alive, and therefore is likely to lack an active immune system that would limit fungal growth. Therefore, the model developed seems useful to study the early stages of infection. Furthermore, we demonstrate that the model can be used to test novel treatment regimens for tinea infections.
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Bali NR, Shinde MP, Rathod SB, Salve PS. Enhanced transdermal permeation of rasagiline mesylate nanoparticles: design, optimization, and effect of binary combinations of solvent systems across biological membrane. INT J POLYM MATER PO 2020. [DOI: 10.1080/00914037.2019.1706507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Nikhil R. Bali
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Mahesh P. Shinde
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Shahadev B. Rathod
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
| | - Pramod S. Salve
- University Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Rashtrasant Tukadoji Maharaj Nagpur University, Nagpur, Maharashtra, India
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Gupta R, Badhe Y, Rai B, Mitragotri S. Molecular mechanism of the skin permeation enhancing effect of ethanol: a molecular dynamics study. RSC Adv 2020; 10:12234-12248. [PMID: 35497613 PMCID: PMC9050718 DOI: 10.1039/d0ra01692f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Ethanol is widely used in various pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations in order to enhance skin penetration of active ingredients. While it is well known that ethanol partitions into the skin and enhances the permeation of both polar and nonpolar molecules, the exact mechanisms by which it enhances skin permeability are not fully understood. Several mechanisms have been proposed including lipid extraction from the stratum corneum (SC), fluidisation of SC lipid bilayer, alteration of SC protein conformation and enhancement of the drug solubility in the SC lipids. In this study, we performed molecular dynamics (MD) simulations of SC lipid bilayers comprised of an equimolar mixture of ceramides, cholesterol and free fatty acid in the presence of aqueous mixtures of ethanol. Various unrestrained MD simulations were performed in the presence of aqueous ethanol solution at molar ratios (x) ranging from x = 0 to x = 1. It was found that ethanol enhances bilayer permeability by dual actions (a) extraction of the skin lipids and (b) enhancing the mobility of lipid chains. Ethanol's permeation enhancing effect arises from its superior ability to form hydrogen bonds with headgroup atoms of skin lipids. Further, the free energy of extraction of ceramides (CER) and fatty acids (FFA) from the lipid bilayer was studied using umbrella sampling simulations. The free energy of extraction of CER was found to be much higher compared to FFA for all ethanol concentrations which shows that CER are difficult to extract as compared to FFA. Finally, the permeation of benzoic acid drug molecules through the skin lipid bilayer is shown in presence of ethanol molecules. It was found that ethanol selectively targets the FFA of the skin lipid bilayer and extracts it out of the lipid bilayer within few microseconds. Further, ethanol penetrates inside the lipid layer and creates the channels from which drug molecules can easily cross the lipid layer. Our observations (both in unrestrained and umbrella sampling simulations) are consistent with the experimental findings reported in the literature. The simulation methodology could be used for design and testing of permeation enhancers (acting on skin SC lipid lamella) for topical and transdermal drug delivery applications. Concentration dependent action of mechanism of ethanol on skin SC lipid barrier.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Rakesh Gupta
- Physical Science Research Area
- Tata Research Development and Design Centre
- TCS Research
- Tata Consultancy Services
- Pune – 411013
| | - Yogesh Badhe
- Physical Science Research Area
- Tata Research Development and Design Centre
- TCS Research
- Tata Consultancy Services
- Pune – 411013
| | - Beena Rai
- Physical Science Research Area
- Tata Research Development and Design Centre
- TCS Research
- Tata Consultancy Services
- Pune – 411013
| | - Samir Mitragotri
- School of Engineering and Applied Sciences
- Wyss Institute
- Harvard University
- USA
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27
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Tracing upconversion nanoparticle penetration in human skin. Colloids Surf B Biointerfaces 2019; 184:110480. [PMID: 31525599 DOI: 10.1016/j.colsurfb.2019.110480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2019] [Revised: 08/09/2019] [Accepted: 08/30/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Due to their unique optical properties upconversion nanoparticles (UCNPs) provide exceptionally high contrast for imaging of true nanoparticle distribution in excised human skin. It makes possible to show penetration of solid nanoparticles in skin treated with chemical enhancers. We demonstrated tracing upconversion nanoparticles in excised human skin by means of optical microscopy at the discrete particle level sensitivity to obtain their penetration profiles, which was validated by laser-ablation inductively-coupled-plasma mass-spectrometry. To demonstrate utilities of our method, UCNPs were coated with polymers, formulated in water and chemical enhancers, and applied on excised human skin mounted on Franz cells, followed by imaging using a custom-built laser-scanning microscope. To evaluate the toxicity impact on skin by polymer-coated UCNPs, we introduced a tissue engineering model of viable epidermis made of decellularized chick embryo skin seeded with keratinocytes. UCNPs formulated in water stopped in stratum corneum, whereas UCNPs formulated in ethanol-water solution crossed stratum corneum and reached viable epidermis - hence, the enhancement effect for solid nanoparticles was detected by optical microscopy. All polymer-coated UCNPs were found nontoxic within the accepted safety levels. The keratinocyte resilience to polyethyleneimine-coated UCNPs was surprising considering cytotoxicity of polyethyleneimine to two-dimensional cell cultures.
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28
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Samoylova NY, Kiselev MA, Hauß T. Effect of DMSO, urea and ethanol on hydration of stratum corneum model membrane based on short-chain length ceramide [AP]. Chem Phys Lipids 2019; 221:1-7. [PMID: 30825421 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2018] [Revised: 02/08/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Hydration of oriented multilamellar membrane based on ceramide [AP] in the DMSO, urea and ethanol aqueous solutions at various solute concentrations was investigated by neutron diffraction. Neither urea nor DMSO influence the repeat distance of the membrane and internal structure of bilayer at their mole concentration of up to 0.15 and 0.10, respectively. The d-spacing reduction effect of both compounds was observed at their concentrations of 0.2 for urea and 0.2 and 0.4 for DMSO. Compared to hydration in the pure water, both urea and DMSO slow down the swelling process, and this slowdown is more pronounced with increasing in their concentration. At concentration of 0.2, urea and DMSO induce the slight phase separation of the fully hydrated samples; at the highest used concentration of 0.6, DMSO induces the strong time-depend separation of the sample probably due to fluidization of lipid bilayers. Ethanol at a used molar concentration of 0.03 leads to dissolution of the sample.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Yu Samoylova
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia; Skobeltsyn Institute of Nuclear Physics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia.
| | - M A Kiselev
- Frank Laboratory of Neutron Physics, Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, 141980, Dubna, Russia; Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119234, Moscow, Russia; Dubna State University, 141980, Dubna, Russia
| | - T Hauß
- Macromolecular Crystallography, Helmholtz-Zentrum Berlin für Materialien und Energie, 14109, Berlin, Germany
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Haq A, Michniak-Kohn B. Effects of solvents and penetration enhancers on transdermal delivery of thymoquinone: permeability and skin deposition study. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:1943-1949. [PMID: 30463442 PMCID: PMC6249612 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1523256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2018] [Revised: 09/09/2018] [Accepted: 09/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Thymoquinone (TQ) is a quinone-based phytochemical that was first identified in 1963 in Nigella sativa (black cumin seed) by El-Dakhakhany. Based on the ideal characteristics of transdermal delivery, TQ is potentially an attractive candidate for transdermal drug delivery. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility of transdermal delivery of TQ and to assess the effect of an ethanol and propylene glycol donor solvent system along with various compositions of receptor solvents. The effects of penetration enhancers on the in vitro skin permeation and TQ skin absorption were studied using human cadaver skin in Franz diffusion cells. The permeation of saturated solutions of TQ was investigated with 5% v/v of each of the following enhancers: Azone (laurocapram), Transcutol® P (Tc), oleic acid, ethanol, Polysorbate 80 (Tween 80), and N-methyl-pyrrolidone (NMP). The results indicated that Azone, oleic acid, and Tc were able to provide adequate TQ flux and may be the agents of choice for use in a novel transdermal formulation of TQ. These penetration enhancers were also able to generate TQ reservoirs in the skin that may be useful to provide sustained release of TQ from the stratum corneum over longer periods of time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anika Haq
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Dermal Research, Life Sciences Building, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
| | - Bozena Michniak-Kohn
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
- Center for Dermal Research, Life Sciences Building, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, Piscataway, NJ, USA
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Abstract
Background and Objective The aim of this study was to test the hypothesis that tincture of benzoin (TOB) facilitates immediate transmucosal nicotine absorption while simultaneously promoting a safe and sustained delivery of the nicotine. Methods In combination with TOB, nicotine toxicity and diffusion across human mucosal cells were measured using a 3-D human mucosal tissue model. Results Nicotine was delivered 2.1 times more quickly in combination with TOB than in combination with saline (p < 0.05). Despite the increased diffusion, nicotine in combination with TOB significantly increased mucosal cell survival (p < 0.05) by reducing the release of mitochondrial cytochrome c into the cytoplasm when compared with nicotine without TOB. The average percentage distribution of cytochrome c in the cytosolic fraction over time of nicotine + 79% ethyl alcohol (ETOH) versus nicotine plus TOB (79% ETOH) was significantly different over 120 min (60.0 ± 29.9% cytosol, 16.1 ± 9.4% cytosol, p = 0.03). Related to the reduction of cytochrome c release into the cytoplasm, TOB suppressed caspase-3 and -9 activity, thereby preventing intrinsic apoptosis and providing cytoprotection of the mucosal cells (ETOH + nicotine vs ETOH + nicotine + TOB: p = 0.008 for caspase 3, p < 0.001 for caspase 9). Conclusion Two hours of TOB (17–24% benzoin, 79% ETOH) plus nicotine promotes diffusion of nicotine across human mucosal cells and simultaneously prevents human mucosal cell toxicity by inhibiting cytochrome c release into the cytosol, thereby preventing caspase 3 and 9 activity and subsequent intrinsic apoptosis.
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31
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Suzuki T, Uchino T, Hatta I, Miyazaki Y, Kato S, Sasaki K, Kagawa Y. Evaluation of the molecular lipid organization in millimeter-sized stratum corneum by synchrotron X-ray diffraction. Skin Res Technol 2018; 24:621-629. [PMID: 29707821 DOI: 10.1111/srt.12474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate whether the lamellar and lateral structure of intercellular lipid of stratum corneum (SC) can be evaluated from millimeter-sized SC (MSC) by X-ray diffraction. MATERIALS AND METHODS A 12 mm × 12 mm SC sheet from hairless mouse was divided into 16 pieces measuring 3 mm × 3 mm square. From another sheet, 4 pieces of ultramillimeter-sized SC (USC:1.5 mm × 1.5 mm square) were prepared. Small and wide-angle X-ray diffraction (SAXD and WAXD) measurements were performed on each piece. For MSC and USC, changes in the lamellar and lateral structure after the application of d-limonene were measured. RESULTS The intensity of SAXD peaks due to the lamellar phase of long periodicity phase (LPP) and WAXD peaks due to the lateral hydrocarbon chain-packing structures varied in MSC and USC pieces, although over the 12 mm × 12 mm SC sheet. These results indicated that the intercellular lipid components and their proportion appeared nearly uniform. Application of d-limonene on MSC and USC piece with strong peaks in SAXD and the WAXD resulted in the disappearance of peaks due to the lamellar phase of LPP and decrease in peak intensity for the lateral hydrocarbon chain-packing structures. These changes are consistent with normal-sized sample results. CONCLUSION We found that the selection of a sample piece with strong diffraction peaks due to the lamellar and lateral structure enabled evaluation of the SC structure in small-sized samples by X-ray diffraction.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Suzuki
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - T Uchino
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - I Hatta
- Department of Research, Nagoya Industrial Science Research Institute, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Y Miyazaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - S Kato
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - K Sasaki
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
| | - Y Kagawa
- Department of Clinical Pharmaceutics, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Shizuoka, Shizuoka, Japan
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32
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A Possible Percutaneous Penetration Pathway That Should Be Considered. Pharmaceutics 2017; 9:pharmaceutics9030026. [PMID: 28749444 PMCID: PMC5620567 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics9030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The intercellular lipids in the stratum corneum form structures composed of ordered phases with orthorhombic and hexagonal hydrocarbon-chain packing structures and, in addition, a structure composed of a disordered fluid phase. Although the fluid phase plays an important role in percutaneous penetration, little attention has been paid to it in the literature thus far. Recently, a method to estimate the proportion of the fluid phase within the lipids of the stratum corneum was proposed and it was shown to reach about 80%. However, since that study assumed uniform extraction of the intercellular lipids from the stratum corneum, the analysis might give rise to an overestimation of the proportion of the lipids in the fluid phase. We developed a way to investigate the proportion of the lipids in the fluid phase by treating with ethanol, into which the lipids in the fluid phase might be dominantly dissolved. From the experiment we pointed out the possibility that the proportion of the lipids in the fluid phase reached more than 50% of the whole intercellular lipids. Therefore, the fluid-phase region in the intercellular lipid matrix should be taken into account when considering the percutaneous penetration mechanism.
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33
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Therapeutic effects of a novel DA5505 formulation on a guinea pig model of tinea pedis. DERMATOL SIN 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.dsi.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
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Tracking solvents in the skin through atomically resolved measurements of molecular mobility in intact stratum corneum. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 114:E112-E121. [PMID: 28028209 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1608739114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Solvents are commonly used in pharmaceutical and cosmetic formulations and sanitary products and cleansers. The uptake of solvent into the skin may change the molecular organization of skin lipids and proteins, which may in turn alter the protective skin barrier function. We herein examine the molecular effects of 10 different solvents on the outermost layer of skin, the stratum corneum (SC), using polarization transfer solid-state NMR on natural abundance 13C in intact SC. With this approach it is possible to characterize the molecular dynamics of solvent molecules when present inside intact SC and to simultaneously monitor the effects caused by the added solvent on SC lipids and protein components. All solvents investigated cause an increased fluidity of SC lipids, with the most prominent effects shown for the apolar hydrocarbon solvents and 2-propanol. However, no solvent other than water shows the ability to fluidize amino acids in the keratin filaments. The solvent molecules themselves show reduced molecular mobility when incorporated in the SC matrix. Changes in the molecular properties of the SC, and in particular alternation in the balance between solid and fluid SC components, may have significant influences on the macroscopic SC barrier properties as well as mechanical properties of the skin. Deepened understanding of molecular effects of foreign compounds in SC fluidity can therefore have strong impact on the development of skin products in pharmaceutical, cosmetic, and sanitary applications.
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35
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Khan NR, Wong TW. Microwave-aided skin drug penetration and retention of 5-fluorouracil-loaded ethosomes. Expert Opin Drug Deliv 2016; 13:1209-19. [DOI: 10.1080/17425247.2016.1193152] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Nauman Rahim Khan
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
| | - Tin Wui Wong
- Non-Destructive Biomedical and Pharmaceutical Research Centre, iPROMISE, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
- Particle Design Research Group, Faculty of Pharmacy, Universiti Teknologi MARA, Puncak Alam, Malaysia
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36
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Transcutaneous Immunization Using Nano-sized Drug Carriers. METHODS IN PHARMACOLOGY AND TOXICOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-3121-7_18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/02/2022]
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37
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Rembiesa J, Gari H, Engblom J, Ruzgas T. Amperometric monitoring of quercetin permeation through skin membranes. Int J Pharm 2015; 496:636-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.10.073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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39
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Thapa RK, Han SD, Park HG, Son M, Jun JH, Kim JO. DA 5505: a novel topical formulation of terbinafine that enhances skin penetration and retention. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2015; 63:525-30. [PMID: 25958812 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.c15-00108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Topical fungal infections can become severe if left untreated. Efficient treatment modalities for topical fungal infections aid the penetration of antifungal agents deep into viable skin layers. Terbinafine is a fungicidal agent that inhibits ergosterol, an essential fungal component. The main objective of this study was to evaluate skin permeation and retention of a terbinafine-loaded solution containing chitosan as a film former. Comparative assessment of skin permeation and retention was performed using a prepared formulation (DA 5505) and marketed formulations of terbinafine in murine and porcine skin. To mimic fungal infection of skin, keratinized skin was induced in NC/Nga mice. In comparison with the marketed formulations, DA 5505 exhibited significantly better skin permeation. The flux, permeation coefficient, and enhancement ratio of terbinafine were remarkably increased by DA 5505 in comparison with the marketed formulations, and lag time was dramatically reduced. DA 5505 significantly increased cumulative terbinafine retention in viable skin layers in comparison with the marketed solution, suggesting enhanced efficacy. Furthermore, DA 5505 exhibited superior skin permeation in normal skin and keratinized skin. Thus, the DA 5505 formulation has the potential to effectively deliver terbinafine to superficial and deep cutaneous fungal infections.
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40
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Thind R, O'Neill DW, Del Regno A, Notman R. Ethanol induces the formation of water-permeable defects in model bilayers of skin lipids. Chem Commun (Camb) 2015; 51:5406-9. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cc08527b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
We observe that ethanol can induce the formation of water-permeable defects in model bilayers of skin lipids and propose this as a new mechanism of action of ethanol as a membrane modulator.
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Affiliation(s)
- R. Thind
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - D. W. O'Neill
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - A. Del Regno
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
| | - R. Notman
- Department of Chemistry and Centre for Scientific Computing
- University of Warwick
- Coventry
- UK
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41
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Gajjar RM, Kasting GB. Absorption of ethanol, acetone, benzene and 1,2-dichloroethane through human skin in vitro: a test of diffusion model predictions. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2014; 281:109-17. [DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2014.09.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2014] [Revised: 09/10/2014] [Accepted: 09/23/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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42
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Limpongsa E, Jaipakdee N, Pongjanyakul T. Skin deposition and permeation of finasteridein vitro: effects of propylene glycol, ethanol and sodium lauryl sulfate. Pharm Dev Technol 2014; 20:984-991. [DOI: 10.3109/10837450.2014.954727] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
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43
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Holmgaard R, Benfeldt E, Nielsen JB. Percutaneous Penetration - Methodological Considerations. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 115:101-9. [DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2013] [Accepted: 12/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Rikke Holmgaard
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery; Køge Sygehus; Køge Denmark
| | - Eva Benfeldt
- Department of Dermatology; University of Copenhagen; Roskilde Hospital; Roskilde Denmark
| | - Jesper B. Nielsen
- Institute of Public Health; University of Southern Denmark; Odense Denmark
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44
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Lee SY, Jeong NY, Oh SY. Modulation of electroosmosis and flux through skin: effect of propylene glycol. Arch Pharm Res 2013; 37:484-93. [PMID: 24101411 DOI: 10.1007/s12272-013-0256-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2013] [Accepted: 09/25/2013] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The effect of propylene glycol (PG) on transdermal flux under current was investigated using conventional in vitro iontophoresis methodology. The results were evaluated to explain how PG affects the electroosmotic volume flow (EVF) and electromigrational flux through skin. As a marker molecule for the direction and magnitude of EVF, a non-charged neutral molecule, acetaminophen (AAP), was used. At pH 7.4, the direction of EVF was from anode to cathode. During anodal and cathodal current application, PG decreased AAP flux and this decrease was proportional to the concentration of PG, indicating that the presence of PG in the medium decreased the EVF. This decrease is likely due to the decrease in dielectric constant of the medium and the increases in medium viscosity by the addition of PG. The increase in AAP solubility and the viscosity of the medium by PG may also contribute to the decrease in diffusional flux. The magnitude of EVF was estimated to be about 4.2 μl/cm(2 )h. The effect of PG on the flux of a positively charged drug, donepezil hydrochloride (DH), was further investigated using pH 4.6 phosphate buffer solution. The permselectivity of skin in this solution was also investigated and revealed that the isoelectric point of hairless mouse skin is higher than pH 4.6. Anodal delivery showed much higher flux than cathodal and passive flux, indicating that electromigration is playing the major role for DH flux. As the concentration of PG increased, anodal flux of DH decreased. The main reason for this decrease in electromigration is likely due to the increase in medium viscosity. These results and discussions clearly suggest that the incorporation of frequently used organic cosolvents and penetration enhancers into the iontophoretic formulation should be carefully chosen with a thorough investigation for their effect on flux. Overall, these results provided further mechanistic insights into the role of electroosmosis and electromigration in flux across skin, and how they can be modulated by organic cosolvent, PG.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Yeon Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul, 140-742, Korea
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45
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Moghadam SH, Saliaj E, Wettig SD, Dong C, Ivanova MV, Huzil JT, Foldvari M. Effect of Chemical Permeation Enhancers on Stratum Corneum Barrier Lipid Organizational Structure and Interferon Alpha Permeability. Mol Pharm 2013; 10:2248-60. [PMID: 23587061 DOI: 10.1021/mp300441c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 88] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Shadi H. Moghadam
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Evi Saliaj
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Shawn D. Wettig
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Chilbert Dong
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Marina V. Ivanova
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - J. Torin Huzil
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
| | - Marianna Foldvari
- School of Pharmacy,
University of Waterloo, 200 University
Avenue West, Waterloo, ON, Canada, N2L 3G1
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46
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Lane ME. Skin penetration enhancers. Int J Pharm 2013; 447:12-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.02.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 413] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 02/15/2013] [Accepted: 02/17/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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47
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Benzeval I, Bowen CR, Guy RH, Delgado-Charro MB. Effects of Iontophoresis, Hydration, and Permeation Enhancers on Human Nail Plate: Infrared and Impedance Spectroscopy Assessment. Pharm Res 2013; 30:1652-62. [DOI: 10.1007/s11095-013-1010-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2012] [Accepted: 02/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
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48
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Kong M, Park H, Feng C, Hou L, Cheng X, Chen X. Construction of hyaluronic acid noisome as functional transdermal nanocarrier for tumor therapy. Carbohydr Polym 2013; 94:634-41. [PMID: 23544584 DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2013.01.091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Revised: 01/09/2013] [Accepted: 01/24/2013] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
To develop a functional nanosized transdermal drug delivery system for tumor therapy, amphiphilic hyaluronic acid (HA) based niosome was constructed combining transdermal and tumor targeting ability in one entity. HA esterified with monostearin, the conjugate labeled as HA-GMS self-assembled onto niosome surface and formed HA-niosome. The multilayer vesicle had small size (around 40 nm), good stability and desirable drug encapsulating efficacy, and well compatible with blood. It exhibited better endocytosis to mouse breast tumor cell (4T1) than the control chitosan nanoparticle, which was verified qualitatively and quantitatively. Skin permeation of HA-niosome was proven to be efficient using in vitro stratum corneum model and in vivo fluorescence observation. Histological section study confirmed the security and efficiency of transdermal permeation. The results evidence HA-niosome to be exciting and promising for tumor therapy through trandermal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Kong
- College of Marine Life Science, Ocean University of China, Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, Shandong Province, China.
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49
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Rubio L, Alonso C, Rodríguez G, Cócera M, López-Iglesias C, Coderch L, De la Maza A, Parra J, López O. Bicellar systems as new delivery strategy for topical application of flufenamic acid. Int J Pharm 2013; 444:60-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2013.01.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2012] [Revised: 01/14/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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50
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Delgado-Charro M. Richard Guy and His Collaborators:Crackling'the Skin Code. Skin Pharmacol Physiol 2013; 26:302-12. [DOI: 10.1159/000351937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/11/2013] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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