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Zhang X, Ross TM. Anti-neuraminidase immunity in the combat against influenza. Expert Rev Vaccines 2024; 23:474-484. [PMID: 38632930 DOI: 10.1080/14760584.2024.2343689] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2023] [Accepted: 04/12/2024] [Indexed: 04/19/2024]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Anti-neuraminidase (NA) immunity correlates with the protection against influenza virus infection in both human and animal models. The aim of this review is to better understand the mechanism of anti-NA immunity, and also to evaluate the approaches on developing NA-based influenza vaccines or enhancing immune responses against NA for current influenza vaccines. AREAS COVERED In this review, the structure of influenza neuraminidase, the contribution of anti-NA immunity to protection, as well as the efforts and challenges of targeting the immune responses to NA were discussed. We also listed some of the newly discovered anti-NA monoclonal antibodies and discussed their contribution in therapeutic as well as the antigen design of a broadly protective NA vaccine. EXPERT OPINION Targeting the immune response to both HA and NA may be critical for achieving the optimal protection since there are different mechanisms of HA and NA elicited protective immunity. Monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) that target the conserved protective lateral face or catalytic sites are effective therapeutics. The epitope discovery using monoclonal antibodies may benefit NA-based vaccine elicited broadly reactive antibody responses. Therefore, the potential for a vaccine that elicits cross-reactive antibodies against neuraminidase is a high priority for next-generation influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Zhang
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
| | - Ted M Ross
- Center for Vaccines and Immunology, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Department of Infectious Diseases, University of Georgia, Athens, GA, USA
- Cleveland Clinic, Florida Research and Innovation Center, Port Saint Lucie, FL, USA
- Department of Infection Biology, Lehner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, OH, USA
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Giurgea LT, Morens DM, Taubenberger JK, Memoli MJ. Influenza Neuraminidase: A Neglected Protein and Its Potential for a Better Influenza Vaccine. Vaccines (Basel) 2020; 8:vaccines8030409. [PMID: 32718039 PMCID: PMC7564061 DOI: 10.3390/vaccines8030409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2020] [Revised: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 07/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuraminidase (NA) is an influenza surface protein that helps to free viruses from mucin-associated decoy receptors and to facilitate budding from infected cells. Experiments have demonstrated that anti-NA antibodies protect animals against lethal influenza challenge by numerous strains, while decreasing pulmonary viral titers, symptoms, and lung lesions. Studies in humans during the influenza A/H3N2 pandemic and in healthy volunteers challenged with influenza A/H1N1 showed that anti-NA immunity reduced symptoms, nasopharyngeal viral shedding, and infection rates. Despite the benefits of anti-NA immunity, current vaccines focus on immunity against hemagglutinin and are not standardized to NA content leading to limited and variable NA immunogenicity. Purified NA has been shown to be safe and immunogenic in humans. Supplementing current vaccines with NA may be a simple strategy to improve suboptimal effectiveness. Immunity against NA is likely to be an important component of future universal influenza vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca T. Giurgea
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
- Correspondence:
| | - David M. Morens
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Jeffery K. Taubenberger
- Viral Pathogenesis and Evolution Section, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
| | - Matthew J. Memoli
- LID Clinical Studies Unit, Laboratory of Infectious Diseases, Division of Intramural Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA;
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Anti N1 Cross-Protecting Antibodies Against H5N1 Detected in H1N1 Infected People. Curr Microbiol 2009; 61:25-8. [DOI: 10.1007/s00284-009-9571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2009] [Accepted: 12/09/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Gasparini R. Influenza Vaccination. J Public Health (Oxf) 2003. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02956412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Ben-Yehuda A, Joseph A, Barenholz Y, Zeira E, Even-Chen S, Louria-Hayon I, Babai I, Zakay-Rones Z, Greenbaum E, Galprin I, Glück R, Zurbriggen R, Kedar E. Immunogenicity and safety of a novel IL-2-supplemented liposomal influenza vaccine (INFLUSOME-VAC) in nursing-home residents. Vaccine 2003; 21:3169-78. [PMID: 12804845 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(03)00251-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Influenza and its complications account for substantial morbidity and mortality, especially among the elderly. In young adults, immunization provides 70-90% protection, while among the elderly the vaccine may be only </=50% effective; hence, the need for new, more immunogenic vaccines. We compared the safety and immunogenicity of a novel, interleukin-2 (IL-2) -supplemented trivalent liposomal influenza vaccine (designated INFLUSOME-VAC) with that of a commercial trivalent split virion vaccine in community-residing elderly volunteers (mean age 81 years) in winter of 2000/2001. Eighty-one individuals were randomly assigned to be vaccinated intramuscularly, either with the standard vaccine (n=33) or with INFLUSOME-VAC (n=48) prepared from the former. The two vaccines contained equal amounts of hemagglutinin (HA) ( approximately 15 microgram of each viral strain); INFLUSOME-VAC consisted of liposomal antigens admixed with liposomal human IL-2 (Lip IL-2) (33 microgram = 6x10(5) IU/dose). At 1 month post-vaccination, seroconversion rates (tested by hemagglutination inhibition) for the A/New Caledonia (H1N1) and A/Moscow (H3N2) strains were significantly higher (P=0.04) in the INFLUSOME-VAC group (65 versus 45%, 44 versus 24%, respectively). Moreover, INFLUSOME-VAC induced a greater anti-neuraminidase (NA-N2) response (P<0.05). Anti-IL-2 antibodies were undetected, and no increase in anti-phospholipid IgG antibodies was found in the INFLUSOME-VAC group. Adverse reactions were similar in both groups. Thus, INFLUSOME-VAC appears to be both safe and more immunogenic than the currently used vaccine in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Ben-Yehuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hadassah Medical Center, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel.
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Ben-Yehuda A, Joseph A, Zeira E, Even-Chen S, Louria-Hayon I, Babai I, Zakay-Rones Z, Greenbaum E, Barenholz Y, Kedar E. Immunogenicity and safety of a novel liposomal influenza subunit vaccine (INFLUSOME-VAC) in young adults. J Med Virol 2003; 69:560-7. [PMID: 12601765 DOI: 10.1002/jmv.10345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Influenza and its complications account for substantial morbidity and mortality among young adults and especially among the elderly. In young adults, immunization provides 70-90% protection, while among the elderly the vaccine may be only 30-40% effective; hence the need for new, more immunogenic vaccines. We compared the safety and immunogenicity of a novel IL-2-supplemented liposomal influenza vaccine (designated INFLUSOME-VAC) with that of a commercial subunit vaccine and a commercial split virion vaccine in young adults (mean age 28 years) in the winter of 1999-2000. Seventy-three healthy young adults were randomly assigned to be vaccinated intramuscularly with the following: a commercial subunit vaccine (n = 17, group A), INFLUSOME-VAC (n = 36, group B), and a commercial split virion vaccine (n = 20, group C). The three vaccines contained equal amounts of hemagglutinin (approximately 15 microg each) from the strains A/Sydney (H3N2), A/Beijing (H1N1), and B/Yamanashi. INFLUSOME-VAC induced higher geometric mean HI titers and higher-fold increases in HI titers against all three strains, compared with the two commercial vaccines. In addition, seroconversion rates for the A/Sydney and B/Yamanashi strains were significantly higher (P < 0.05) compared with the split virion vaccine, and significantly higher for the three strains compared with the subunit vaccine (69-97% vs 35-65%, P < or = 0.02). Moreover, the anti-neuraminidase response was significantly greater (P = 0.05) in group B vs group A. INFLUSOME-VAC caused mild local pain at the injection site in a significantly higher proportion of the vaccinees (83%). Thus, INFLUSOME-VAC is an immunogenic and safe vaccine in young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arie Ben-Yehuda
- Department of Internal Medicine, Hebrew University-Hadassah Medical School and Hadassah Hospital, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Babai I, Barenholz Y, Zakay-Rones Z, Greenbaum E, Samira S, Hayon I, Rochman M, Kedar E. A novel liposomal influenza vaccine (INFLUSOME-VAC) containing hemagglutinin-neuraminidase and IL-2 or GM-CSF induces protective anti-neuraminidase antibodies cross-reacting with a wide spectrum of influenza A viral strains. Vaccine 2001; 20:505-15. [PMID: 11672916 DOI: 10.1016/s0264-410x(01)00326-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
A liposomal influenza vaccine (INFLUSOME-VAC) was developed with the objective of overcoming the major drawbacks of the currently used influenza vaccines: their relatively low efficacy in certain high-risk groups (the elderly, infants, the immunosuppressed) and the need for annual immunization. INFLUSOME-VAC consists of liposomes containing the viral surface proteins hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) derived from various influenza strains and IL-2 or GM-CSF, as an adjuvant. Vaccination of mice showed that, whereas conventional vaccines induced a low- and short-term response against HA and very low or no anti-NA response, INFLUSOME-VAC produced high titers of both anti-HA and anti-NA antibodies (Abs) in young and old mice that persisted for at least 6 months. Moreover, the anti-NA Abs efficiently cross-reacted with several N2 viral subtypes spanning 20 years, and such vaccines afforded partial protection against heterosubtypic viral infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- I Babai
- Hadassah Medical School, The Lautenberg Center for General and Tumor Immunology, Hebrew University, P.O. Box 12272, Jerusalem 91120, Israel
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Johansson BE, Kilbourne ED. Dissociation of influenza virus hemagglutinin and neuraminidase eliminates their intravirionic antigenic competition. J Virol 1993; 67:5721-3. [PMID: 8371337 PMCID: PMC237988 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.67.10.5721-5723.1993] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
When presented together on the intact influenza virus particle, the external hemagglutinin (HA) and neuraminidase (NA) antigens are competitive, with HA dominant over NA in both T- and B-cell priming (B. E. Johansson, T. M. Moran, and E. D. Kilbourne, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 84:6869-6873, 1987). Dissociation and purification of HA and NA from virus and their injection separately or in combination into BALB/c mice eliminates their antigenic competition as measured by antibody response, confirming that it is their structural association that leads to what we have termed intravirionic antigenic competition. We discuss this phenomenon with respect to previously described intermolecular antigenic competition and with regard to its probable mechanism. Our findings are relevant to contemporary interest in viral vaccine vectors and multicomponent vaccines.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Johansson
- Department of Pediatrics, Tulane University School of Medicine, New Orleans, Louisiana 71112
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Johansson BE, Grajower B, Kilbourne ED. Infection-permissive immunization with influenza virus neuraminidase prevents weight loss in infected mice. Vaccine 1993; 11:1037-9. [PMID: 8212824 DOI: 10.1016/0264-410x(93)90130-p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
In studies of infection of young Balb/c mice with a mouse virulent strain of X-31 (H3N2) influenza A virus we have shown a profound virus dose-related effect of infection on body weight. Most of this effect is prevented by prior administration of either inactivated whole virus vaccine, which prevents infection, or purified influenza virus neuraminidase, which is infection-permissive, but reduces pulmonary virus replication by 1.5 to 3 orders of magnitude. These studies support the concept of infection-permissive immunization and suggest that levels of virus replication previously shown to be antigenic can be sustained without significant systemic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- B E Johansson
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, New York Medical College, Valhalla 10595
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