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Lempereur L, Beck R, Fonseca I, Marques C, Duarte A, Santos M, Zúquete S, Gomes J, Walder G, Domingos A, Antunes S, Baneth G, Silaghi C, Holman P, Zintl A. Guidelines for the Detection of Babesia and Theileria Parasites. Vector Borne Zoonotic Dis 2017; 17:51-65. [PMID: 28055573 DOI: 10.1089/vbz.2016.1955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The genera Babesia and Theileria (phylum Apicomplexa, order Piroplasmida) are mainly transmitted by Ixodid ticks in which the sexual part of their life cycle followed by sporogony takes place. They include protozoan parasites that infect erythrocytes of a variety of vertebrate hosts, including domestic and wild animals, with some Babesia spp. also infecting humans. Babesia sporozoites transmitted in the tick's saliva during the bloodmeal directly infect erythrocytes, where they asexually multiply to produce pear-shaped merozoites in the process of merogony; whereas a pre-erythrocytic schizogonic life stage in leukocytes is found in Theileria and precedes merogony in the erythrocytes. The wide spectrum of Babesia and Theileria species and their dissimilar characteristics with relation to disease severity, transmission, epidemiology, and drug susceptibility stress the importance of accurate detection of babesiosis and theileriosis and their causative agents. These guidelines review the main methods currently used for the detection of Babesia and Theileria spp. for diagnostic purposes as well as epidemiological studies involving their vertebrate hosts and arthropod vectors. Serological methods were not included once they did not indicate current infection but rather exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laetitia Lempereur
- 1 Laboratory of Parasitology and Parasitic Diseases, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Liège , Liège, Belgium
| | - Relja Beck
- 2 Laboratory for Parasitology, Croatian Veterinary Institute , Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Isabel Fonseca
- 3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Cátia Marques
- 3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Ana Duarte
- 3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Marcos Santos
- 3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sara Zúquete
- 3 Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Centre for Interdisciplinary Research in Animal Health, University of Lisbon , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Jacinto Gomes
- 4 National Institute for Agrarian and Veterinary Research , Oeiras, Portugal
| | - Gernot Walder
- 5 Department of Hygiene and Medical Microbiology, Innsbruck Medical University , Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Ana Domingos
- 6 Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT) , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Sandra Antunes
- 6 Global Health and Tropical Medicine, Instituto de Higiene e Medicina Tropical (IHMT) , Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Gad Baneth
- 7 Koret School of Veterinary Medicine, Hebrew University , Rehovot, Israel
| | - Cornelia Silaghi
- 8 National Centre for Vector Entomology, Institute of Parasitology, University of Zurich , Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Patricia Holman
- 9 Veterinary Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas
| | - Annetta Zintl
- 10 UCD Veterinary Sciences Centre, University College Dublin , Belfield, Dublin, Ireland
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Gharbi M, Latrach R, Sassi L, Darghouth MA. Evaluation of a simple Theileria annulata culture protocol from experimentally infected bovine whole blood. Parasite 2013; 19:281-3. [PMID: 22910672 PMCID: PMC3671441 DOI: 10.1051/parasite/2012193281] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
We have evaluated a new simple technique using whole blood from experimentally infected cattle for the isolation and cultivation of Theileria annulata. The study was carried out on 20 Holstein-Frisian bovines that had been experimentally infected with a virulent lethal dose of Theileria annulata. This technique has been compared to the classical peripheral blood monocyte isolation with Ficoll carried out on 22 experimentally infected Holstein-Friesian calves. The effectiveness of the reference technique was estimated to 86.4%, whilst the effectiveness of the new technique was 100%. Moreover, this new technique leads to time and money saving estimated to € 3.06 per sample. It decreases the contamination risks by reducing the steps of sample manipulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Gharbi
- Laboratoire de Parasitologie, Université de la Manouba, Ecole Nationale de Médecine Vétérinaire, 2020 Sidi Thabet, Tunisie.
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Mesplet M, Palmer GH, Pedroni MJ, Echaide I, Florin-Christensen M, Schnittger L, Lau AOT. Genome-wide analysis of peptidase content and expression in a virulent and attenuated Babesia bovis strain pair. Mol Biochem Parasitol 2011; 179:111-3. [PMID: 21741414 PMCID: PMC3167272 DOI: 10.1016/j.molbiopara.2011.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2011] [Revised: 06/20/2011] [Accepted: 06/21/2011] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Identifying virulence determinants in Apicomplexan parasites remains a major gap in knowledge for members within this phylum. We hypothesized that peptidases would segregate with virulence between a virulent parent Babesia bovis strain and an attenuated daughter strain derived by rapid in vivo passage. Using the complete genome sequence of the virulent T2Bo strain, 66 peptidases were identified and active sites confirmed. The presence, sequence identity and expression levels were tested for each of the 66 peptidases in the virulent parent and attenuated daughter T2Bo strains using whole genome, targeted sequencing approaches and microarrays analyses. Quantitative PCR revealed that there was no significant difference in peptidase expression between the virulent and attenuated strains. We conclude that while peptidases may well play a required role in B. bovis pathogenesis, neither loss of peptidase gene content nor reduced gene expression underlies the loss of virulence associated with in vivo passage and attenuation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Mesplet
- Instituto de Patobiología, CICVyA, INTA-Castelar, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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Rasulov I, Fish L, Shkap V. Vaccination of cattle against tropical theileriosis in Uzbekistan using autochthonous live vaccine. Vaccine 2008; 26 Suppl 6:G14-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vaccine.2008.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Shkap V, Pipano E, Rasulov I, Azimov D, Savitsky I, Fish L, Krigel Y, Leibovitch B. Proteolytic enzyme activity and attenuation of virulence in Theileria annulata schizont-infected cells. Vet Parasitol 2003; 115:247-55. [PMID: 12935740 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-4017(03)00214-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
A field isolate of Theileria annulata (Uzbek strain) was obtained from calves infected by Hyalomma anatolicum ticks collected from an endemic region in Uzbekistan. Schizont-infected bovine cells that had been established and propagated in cell culture were examined for attenuation both in vivo, by inoculating cells from various passages into calves, and in vitro for metalloproteinase activity. During serial subcultivation a gradual reduction in virulence and in enzyme activity in cells infected with the Uzbek strain were observed. Complete attenuation of the Uzbek isolate was obtained at about passage 80, and only traces of proteolysis were detected in gelatin substrate gels. In contrast, there was no direct correlation between virulence and enzyme levels in an Israeli strain. While schizonts of the Israeli strain were completely attenuated at passage 80, proteolysis in the substrate gels was detected up to passage 197. Solid immunity was observed in calves immunized with attenuated T. annulata schizonts of the Uzbek strain upon challenge with the homologous H. excavatum sporozoites. For a strain to be used for vaccine production, it appears that animal inoculation still remains the most reliable method to assess the degree of attenuation and protection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Varda Shkap
- Division of Parasitology, Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan 50250, Israel.
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Abstract
Theileria annulata, the cause of tropical theileriosis is propagated in cattle with stage-to-stage transmission by Hyalomma ticks. Three stages in the life cycle of the parasite--tick-derived sporozoites, intramononuclear schizonts, and erythrocytic merozoites--infect cattle. When cattle are inoculated with schizont-infected cells, the parasite is transferred from the donor cell to the recipient. The main pathological damage in cattle is induced by the schizont stage. Each development stage of T. annulata elicits a specific immune response. Schizont-infected lymphoid cells can be grown indefinitely in culture and prolonged cultivation results in loss of virulence. Blood-derived schizonts induce stronger immunity than culture-derived schizonts, which suggests that restrictions on the parasite population or antigenic variation occur during prolonged cultivation. The duration of immunity following sporozoite or schizont infections has not yet been determined, but does not appear to be lifelong. The attenuated, culture-derived anti-theileria vaccine proved to be safe and effective in prevention of field theileriosis in large enzootic areas.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Pipano
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O.B. 12, Beit-Dagan, Israel 50250
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Abstract
The major economically important tick-borne diseases of cattle are theileriosis, babesiosis, anaplasmosis, and cowdriosis. Culture-derived attenuated schizonts of Theileria annulata have proved to be safe for all types of cattle and they protect against tick-borne theileriosis. T. parva was also successfully grown in vitro; however, inoculation of cattle with allogeneic schizont-infected cells resulted in rejection and destruction of the parasites together with the host cells. The number of schizont-infected cells needed for immunization is greater than for T. annulata theileriosis. Culture-propagated Babesia bovis and B. bigemina were used for large scale vaccination in the field. An avirulent population of Babesia spp. was obtained by in vitro cloning; inoculation of cattle did not induce clinical babesiosis, but produced specific antibodies. Culture-derived exoantigens of Babesia spp. proved to be completely safe for cattle, however, they conferred less protection than live parasites. Cell-cultured Cowdria ruminantium was highly infective for susceptible animals but, attenuated in vitro, could offer a potential source for vaccination. Anaplasma marginale, successfully grown in tick cell culture, may be developed for vaccines. Factors that should be considered in the developing of vaccines against tick-borne diseases include: the protective immune response to the pathogenic parasite developmental stages, virulence, immunological strain differences, and antigenic variations in cattle and in culture.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Shkap
- Kimron Veterinary Institute, P.O. Box 12, Bet Dagan, 50250, Israel.
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