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Niittynen M, Simanainen U, Pohjanvirta R, Sankari S, Tuomisto JT. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) increases bilirubin formation but hampers quantitative hepatic conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin in rats with wild-type AH receptor. Basic Clin Pharmacol Toxicol 2014; 114:497-509. [PMID: 24418412 DOI: 10.1111/bcpt.12191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 12/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
In haem degradation, haem oxygenase-1 (HO-1) first cleaves haem to biliverdin, which is reduced to bilirubin by biliverdin IXα reductase (BVR-A). The environmental pollutant 2,3,7,8-tetrachlorodibenzo-p-dioxin (TCDD) causes hepatic accumulation of biliverdin in moderately TCDD-resistant line B (Kuopio) rats. Using line B and two TCDD-sensitive rat strains, the present study set out to probe the dose-response and biochemical mechanisms of this accumulation. At 28 days after exposure to 3-300 μg/kg TCDD in line B rats, already the lowest dose of TCDD tested, 3 μg/kg, affected serum bilirubin conjugates, and after doses ≥100 μg/kg, the liver content of bilirubin, biliverdin and their conjugates (collectively 'bile pigments') as well as HO-1 was elevated. BVR-A activity and serum bile acids were increased only by the doses of 100 and 300 μg/kg TCDD, respectively. Biliverdin conjugates correlated best with biliverdin suggesting it to be their immediate precursor. TCDD (100 μg/kg, 10 days) increased hepatic bilirubin and biliverdin levels also in TCDD-sensitive Long-Evans (Turku/AB; L-E) rats. Hepatic bilirubin and bile acids, but not biliverdin, were increased in feed-restricted L-E control rats. In TCDD-sensitive line C (Kuopio) rats, 10 μg/kg of TCDD increased the body-weight-normalized biliary excretion of bilirubin. Altogether, the results suggest that at acutely toxic doses, TCDD induces the formation of bilirubin in rats. However, concurrently, TCDD seems to hamper the quantitative conversion of biliverdin to bilirubin in line B and L-E rats' liver. Biliverdin conjugates are most likely formed as secondary products of biliverdin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjo Niittynen
- Department of Environmental Health, National Institute for Health and Welfare, Kuopio, Finland
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Brodersen R, Jacobsen J. Separation and determination of bile pigments. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 17:31-54. [PMID: 4895873 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110355.ch2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Heirwegh KP, Fevery J, Meuwissen JA, De Groote J, Compernolle F, Desmet V, Van Roy FP. Recent advances in the separation and analysis of diazo-positive bile pigments. METHODS OF BIOCHEMICAL ANALYSIS 2006; 22:205-50. [PMID: 4437402 DOI: 10.1002/9780470110423.ch5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Fang LS, Bada JL. The blue-green blood plasma of marine fish. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. B, COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY 1990; 97:37-45. [PMID: 2253479 DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(90)90174-r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
1. The blue-green coloration of the blood plasma in some marine fishes, which is attributed to a protein bound tetrapyrrol (biliverdin), is an anomaly in vertebrates. 2. Recent studies have shown that biliverdin not only occurs in many fish, but is also present in the blood of tobacco hornworm, the wings of moth and butterfly, the shell of bird eggs, the serum and egg of frog, the placenta of dog and in the blood of humans suffering from hepatic diseases. 3. In this review, we begin with a historical account of the description of the presence of blue-green blood plasma in fish, and then consider the biochemistry, metabolism, physiology, and the ecological implications of biliverdin in fish. 4. A comparative description of the occurrence of biliverdin in fish and other animals is presented. 5. The mechanism of accumulation of biliverdin in fish blood and its evolutionary significance are also considered. It is suggested that this process may serve as a useful model for further research on bile pigment metabolism in other animals.
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Affiliation(s)
- L S Fang
- Department of Marine Resources, National Sun-Yat Sen University, Kaohsing, Taiwan, Republic of China
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Krissansen GW, Trotman CN, Tate WP. Identification of the blue-green chromophore of an abundant biliprotein from the haemolymph of Artemia. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1984. [DOI: 10.1016/0305-0491(84)90252-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Pellegrino JM, Mottino AD, Rodriguez JV, Rodriguez Garay EA. Biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein in isolated perfused livers from normal and spironolactone-treated rats. EXPERIENTIA 1982; 38:112-4. [PMID: 7056350 DOI: 10.1007/bf01944559] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Bile flow and biliary excretion of sulfobromophthalein (BSP) was examined in isolated perfused livers from normal and spironolactone(SP)-treated rats. BSP biliary excretion contributed to the bile production in both groups. Moreover SP increased BSP biliary excretion but transfer of dye from plasma into liver was not affected.
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Abstract
The copper profile of human bile was studied using a Cu-free preparative polyacrylamide gel system. 85 percent and 91 percent of the Cu in the bile of two subjects was found in a leading pigmented band with no additional detectable copper in the remainder of the gel in either subject. The content of the pigmented band was recovered from the gel by an intermediate electrophoretic technique. Subsequent n-butanol extraction removed contaminating bile salts with the formation of a Cu containing pigmented precipitate. Using thin-layer cellulose chromatography this precipitate was separated into two pigments which on the basis of color and diazotization reaction were believed to be conjugated bilirubins. Addition of Cu transformed the pigments into biochemically different species. 64Cu verified copper binding by the altered pigments.
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Kapitulnik J, Kaufmann NA, Goitein K, Cividalli G, Blondheim SH. A pigment found in Crigler--Najjar syndrome and its similarity to an ultrafiltrable photoderivative of bilirubin. Clin Chim Acta 1974; 57:231-7. [PMID: 4434643 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(74)90402-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Low PS, Bada JL. Bile pigments in the blood serum of fish from the family Cottidae. COMPARATIVE BIOCHEMISTRY AND PHYSIOLOGY. A, COMPARATIVE PHYSIOLOGY 1974; 47:411-8. [PMID: 4156201 DOI: 10.1016/0300-9629(74)90003-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Kapitulnik J, Blondheim SH, Grunfeld A, Kaufmann NA. Photodecomposition of bilirubin: ultrafiltrable derivatives. Clin Chim Acta 1973; 47:159-66. [PMID: 4755800 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(73)90311-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
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Corchs JL, Serrani RE, Garay ER. Bilirubin uptake in vitro by the rat intestinal mucosa. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1973; 291:308-14. [PMID: 4684615 DOI: 10.1016/0005-2736(73)90423-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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Rodriguez Garay EA, Morisori LS, Del Rosario Spetale M. Increased bilirubin conjugation in the liver and intestinal mucosa of phenobarbital treated rats. EXPERIENTIA 1972; 28:944-6. [PMID: 5076331 DOI: 10.1007/bf01924963] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Rodriguez Garay EA, Del Rosario Spetale M, Morisoli LS. Relationship between bilirubin and -glucuronidase activity in rats with experimental obstructive jaundice. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 37:171-7. [PMID: 5022080 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(72)90429-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Thompson RP, Hofmann AF. Separation of bilirubin and its conjugates by thin layer chromatography. Clin Chim Acta 1971; 35:517-9. [PMID: 4331054 DOI: 10.1016/0009-8981(71)90234-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
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Greenberg AJ, Bossenmaier I, Schwartz S. Green jaundice. A study of serum biliverdin, mesobiliverdin and other green pigments. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF DIGESTIVE DISEASES 1971; 16:873-80. [PMID: 5120531 DOI: 10.1007/bf02238167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
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Uptake from blood and conjugation of bilirubin by the intestinal mucosa of Wistar, Gunn and hepatectomized rats. EXPERIENTIA 1971; 27:904-6. [PMID: 5147255 DOI: 10.1007/bf02135735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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Ostrow JD. Photocatabolism of labeled bilirubin in the congenitally jaundiced (Gunn) rat. J Clin Invest 1971; 50:707-18. [PMID: 5545128 PMCID: PMC291979 DOI: 10.1172/jci106541] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
To elucidate the mechanism by which phototherapy reduces serum bilirubin, studies were performed on the catabolism of labeled bilirubin in homozygous jaundiced Gunn rats before, during, and after a period of exposure to 1700 foot candles of daylight fluorescent light. Following equilibration with the body pool of an intravenously administered tracer dose of (3)H- or (14)C-bilirubin, radioactive and diazo reactive compounds were excreted in the bile at a slow, steady rate and plasma specific activity declined semilogarithmically. Subsequent exposure to light caused a marked increase in the biliary excretion of radioactive and diazoreactive compounds. Fecal and urinary radioactivity increased also but remained minor fractions of the total excreted radioactivity. After extinguishing the lights, these variables reverted gradually to control values. Spectral and chromotographic analysis of the excreted pigments and their azopigments demonstrated that the increased biliary radioactivity during phototherapy consisted of two roughly equal fractions: (a) unconjugated bilirubin, excreted at rates comparable to the output of conjugated bilirubin in the bile of normal nonjaundiced rats; and (b) water-soluble bilirubin derivatives, chromatographically identical with those found in Gunn rat bile under control lighting conditions but different from the products of photodecomposition of bilirubin in vitro. In some animals, phototherapy produced little decline in plasma bilirubin despite comparable acceleration of bilirubin catabolism. This was attributed tentatively to increased synthesis of early labeled bilirubin in these animals.
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Heirwegh KP, Van Hees GP, Leroy P, Van Roy FP, Jansen FH. Heterogeneity of bile pigment conjugates as revealed by chromatography of their ethyl anthranilate azopigments. Biochem J 1970; 120:877-90. [PMID: 5500353 PMCID: PMC1179683 DOI: 10.1042/bj1200877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
1. Azopigments derived from conjugated bile pigments by coupling with the diazonium salt of ethyl anthranilate are analysed conveniently by quantitative t.l.c. or by column chromatography on CM-cellulose. 2. By chromatographic studies combined with a series of chemical tests six groups of azopigments were demonstrable in preparations from bile and from icteric urine of man. Azobilirubin and its beta-d-monoglucuronide have hitherto been considered to be the only major derivatives that can be obtained from human bile pigments. In the present work, other azopigments accounted for 30-40% of the total azopigment material, and the amounts of these showed considerable variation among biological fluids. 3. The divergence of the present results from earlier work is probably related to the use of milder diazotization conditions and of chromatographic techniques with a high resolving power. 4. The thin-layer chromatographic systems developed allow rapid and quantitative analysis of azopigments derived from bile pigments.
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Abstract
1. A simple, rapid solvent partition method is described for isolation of conjugated bilirubin, free of unconjugated bilirubin, bile salts, phospholipids and cholesterol, from rat bile. Yields are 40-58%. The product is a phosphate-buffered solution containing approx. 0.4mg of bilirubin/ml, principally as mono- and di-glucuronide conjugates. The method may be modified for isolation of conjugates from human bile with 15-22% yield, and for preparation of unconjugated bilirubin from rat or human bile with yields of 55-62%. 2. The conjugated pigment has red-brown fluorescence and an absorption maximum at 450nm with in(mM) 59.8cm(-1). Diazotization by the Malloy-Evelyn method gives a direct Van den Bergh reaction (in water) 12% greater than the total reaction (in methanol), with in(total) 28.4x10(3)lmol(-1)cm(-1) at 550nm. After desalting by elution from Sephadex LH-20 in 50% (v/v) ethanol, the product gave water-soluble mustard-yellow crystalline needles. Such desalted conjugates were precipitated by Pb(2+) but not by Ba(2+), Ca(2+) or Zn(2+). 3. At pH7.0 and 37 degrees C the conjugated bilirubin was oxidized at a rate of 1%/h without hydrolysis, whereas 84% was hydrolysed by beta-glucuronidase or aqueous alkali. 4. Mono- and di-glucuronides were separated by elution from Sephadex LH-20 in 95% (v/v) ethanol or by extraction with chloroform at pH3.2-3.4. The monoconjugated bilirubin did not become labelled during incubation with unconjugated [(14)C]bilirubin, and chromatographed as a single spot without dissociating into unconjugated bilirubin and diglucuronide as would be expected of a complex. 5. After intravenous injection of mono- or di-conjugated [(14)C]bilirubin into normal or Gunn rats, 79-91% was excreted in bile and 2-7% in urine over 2h. In these experiments injected diglucuronide was not hydrolysed whereas 30-41% of injected monoglucuronide was converted into diglucuronide by the normal but not by the Gunn rats. The evidence favours the existence of a true bilirubin mono-glucuronide that is not a complex.
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Noir BA, De Walz AT, Rodriguez Garay EA. Studies on the bilirubin sulphate conjugate excreted in human bile. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1970; 222:15-27. [PMID: 5474531 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(70)90347-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
A technique is described for preparation in the guinea pig of an in situ, isolated, vascularized gall bladder that exhibits normal absorptive functions. Absorption of labeled bile pigments from the gall bladder was determined by the subsequent excretion of radioactivity in hepatic bile. Over a wide range of concentrations, unconjugated bilirubin-(14)C was well absorbed, whereas transfer of conjugated bilirubin proceeded slowly. Mesobilirubinogen-(3)H was absorbed poorly from whole bile, but was absorbed as rapidly as unconjugated bilirubin from a solution of pure conjugated bile salt. Bilirubin absorption was not impaired by iodoacetamide, 1.5 mM, or dinitrophenol, 1.0 mM, even though water transport was affected. This indicated that absorption of bilirubin was not dependent upon water transport, nor upon energy-dependent processes. The linear relationship between absorption and concentration of pigment at low concentrations in bile salt solutions suggested that pigment was transferred by passive diffusion. At higher pigment concentrations or in whole bile, this simple relationship was modified by interactions of pigment with bile salts and other constituents of bile. These interactions did not necessarily involve binding of bilirubin in micelles. The slow absorption of the more polar conjugates and photo-oxidative derivatives of bilirubin suggested that bilirubin was absorbed principally by nonionic, and partially, by ionic diffusion. Concentrations of pure conjugated bile salts above 3.5 mM were found to be injurious to the gall bladder mucosa. This mucosal injury did not affect the kinetics of bilirubin absorption. During in vitro incubation of bile at 37 degrees C, decay of bilirubin and hydrolysis of the conjugate proceeded as first-order reactions. The effects of these processes on the kinetics of bilirubin absorption, and their possible role in the formation of "white bile" and in the demonstrated appearance of unconjugated bilirubin in hepatic bile, are discussed.
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Noir BA, Groszman RJ, De Walz AT. Studies on bilirubin sulphate. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1966; 117:297-304. [PMID: 5961296 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4165(66)90080-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
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