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Yunta MJR, Dietrich RC. Tropical and Subtropical Parasitic Diseases: Targets for a New Approach to Virtual Screening. Mol Inform 2019; 38:e1900052. [PMID: 31490642 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201900052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2019] [Accepted: 08/26/2019] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Computational techniques are widely used to reduce costs associated with new drug development with the ability to bind a specific molecular target. These studies need a Brookhaven protein data bank structure sample of the enzyme interaction with an inhibitor of adequate size. In this context, a new computational methodology is postulated to be used when there are no published samples fulfilling this requirements. In this study, 7 compounds, which showed anti-T. cruzi, L. donovani and L. infantum properties, and proved to be inhibitors of their Fe-SOD enzymes, have been theoretically evaluated against related parasites Fe-SOD enzymes, which have been proposed as targets for antiparasitic drugs. This methodology may be applied to similar cases and also to generate starting structures to be used with different CADD methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria J R Yunta
- Organic Chemistry Department, Universidad Complutense, E-28040, Madrid, Spain
| | - Roque Carlos Dietrich
- Laboratorio de Investigación y Desarrollo de Bioactivos (LIDeB), Departamento de Ciencias Biológicas, Facultad de Ciencias Exactas, Universidad Nacional de La Plata (UNLP). La Plata, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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2
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Phan IQH, Davies DR, Moretti NS, Shanmugam D, Cestari I, Anupama A, Fairman JW, Edwards TE, Stuart K, Schenkman S, Myler PJ. Iron superoxide dismutases in eukaryotic pathogens: new insights from Apicomplexa and Trypanosoma structures. Acta Crystallogr F Struct Biol Commun 2015; 71:615-21. [PMID: 25961325 PMCID: PMC4427173 DOI: 10.1107/s2053230x15004185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Prior studies have highlighted the potential of superoxide dismutases as drug targets in eukaryotic pathogens. This report presents the structures of three iron-dependent superoxide dismutases (FeSODs) from Trypanosoma cruzi, Leishmania major and Babesia bovis. Comparison with existing structures from Plasmodium and other trypanosome isoforms shows a very conserved overall fold with subtle differences. In particular, structural data suggest that B. bovis FeSOD may display similar resistance to peroxynitrite-mediated inactivation via an intramolecular electron-transfer pathway as previously described in T. cruzi FeSOD isoform B, thus providing valuable information for structure-based drug design. Furthermore, lysine-acetylation results in T. cruzi indicate that acetylation occurs at a position close to that responsible for the regulation of acetylation-mediated activity in the human enzyme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabelle Q. H. Phan
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Douglas R. Davies
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), USA
- Beryllium, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Nilmar Silvio Moretti
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Igor Cestari
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - Atashi Anupama
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
| | - James W. Fairman
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), USA
- Beryllium, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Thomas E. Edwards
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), USA
- Beryllium, 7869 NE Day Road West, Bainbridge Island, WA 98110, USA
| | - Kenneth Stuart
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), USA
| | - Sergio Schenkman
- Departmento de Microbiologia, Imunologia e Parasitologia, Universidade Federal de São Paulo (UNIFESP), São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Peter J. Myler
- Seattle Structural Genomics Center for Infectious Disease (SSGCID), USA
- Seattle Biomedical Research Institute, 307 Westlake Avenue North, Suite 500, Seattle, WA 98109, USA
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Cho MH, Na BK, Song KJ, Cho JH, Kang SW, Lee KH, Song CY, Kim TS. Cloning, expression, and characterization of iron-containing superoxide dismutase from Neospora caninum. J Parasitol 2004; 90:278-85. [PMID: 15165050 DOI: 10.1645/ge-3222] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
A gene encoding superoxide dismutase (SOD) from Neospora caninum, a causative agent of neosporosis, has been cloned and its gene product functionally expressed and characterized. The gene had an open reading frame of 606 bp and deduced 201 amino acids. Sequence analysis showed that the gene had conserved metal-binding residues and conserved amino acid residues that were found in Fe-SODs. Comparison of the deduced amino acid sequence of the enzyme with previously reported Fe-SOD amino acid sequences of the other parasitic protozoans revealed significant high homology. The coding region of the N. caninum Fe-SOD was cloned and functionally expressed in Escherichia coli. Enzyme activity of the expressed protein was inhibited by hydrogen peroxide but not by sodium azide and potassium cyanide, and the enzyme showed similar biochemical properties with typical Fe-SODs of other parasitic protozoans. Southern blot analysis showed that the SOD gene appears to be present as a single-copy gene in N. caninum genome. Semiquantitative reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction and immunoblot using antiserum raised against the purified recombinant protein showed that Fe-SOD is expressed in both developmental stages of N. caninum, i.e., in bradyzoites and tachyzoites. In an immunofluorescence assay, the enzyme was localized on the cell surface of N. caninum tachyzoites. These results suggest that Fe-SOD might be essential for the intracellular survival of N. caninum and may play an important role in the pathogenesis of the parasite by protecting the parasite from oxidative killing.
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MESH Headings
- Amino Acid Sequence
- Animals
- Blotting, Northern
- Blotting, Southern
- Cloning, Molecular
- DNA, Complementary/biosynthesis
- DNA, Complementary/chemistry
- Electrophoresis, Polyacrylamide Gel
- Fluorescent Antibody Technique, Indirect
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Hydrogen-Ion Concentration
- Molecular Sequence Data
- Neospora/enzymology
- Neospora/genetics
- Polymerase Chain Reaction
- RNA, Messenger/genetics
- RNA, Messenger/isolation & purification
- Sequence Alignment
- Sequence Homology, Amino Acid
- Superoxide Dismutase/chemistry
- Superoxide Dismutase/genetics
- Superoxide Dismutase/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Min-Hee Cho
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul 156-756, Korea
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Choi DH, Na BK, Seo MS, Song HR, Song CY. Purification and characterization of iron superoxide dismutase and copper-zinc superoxide dismutase from Acanthamoeba castellanii. J Parasitol 2000; 86:899-907. [PMID: 11128508 DOI: 10.1645/0022-3395(2000)086[0899:pacois]2.0.co;2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Two superoxide dismutases (SOD I and SOD II) were purified from Acanthamoeba castellanii and characterized for several biochemical properties. Analysis of the primary structure and inhibition studies revealed that SOD I is iron SOD (Fe-SOD), with a molecular mass of 50 kDa, and SOD II is copper-zinc SOD (Cu,Zn-SOD), with a molecular mass of 38 kDa. Both enzymes have a homodimeric structure consisting of 2 identical subunits, each with a molecular mass of 26 and 19 kDa for SOD I and SOD II, respectively. The isoelectric points of SOD I and SOD II were 6.4 and 3.5, respectively, and there were no isoenzyme forms detected. Both enzymes show a broad optimal pH of 7.0-11.0. Because no differences were observed in the apparent molecular weight of SOD I after addition of the reducing agent 2-mercaptoethanol, the subunits do not appear to be linked covalently by disulfide bonds. However, the subunits of SOD II were covalently linked by intra- and interdisulfide bonds. Western blot analyses showed that the 2 enzymes have different antigenicity. Both enzymes occur as cytoplasmic and detergent-extractable fractions. These enzymes may be potential virulence factors of A. castellanii by acting both as antioxidants and antiinflammatory agents. These enzymes may be attractive targets for chemotherapy and immunodiagnosis of acanthamoebiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- D H Choi
- Department of Biology, College of Natural Science, Chung-Ang University, Seoul, Korea
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