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Solmi L, Rosli HG, Pombo MA, Stalder S, Rossi FR, Romero FM, Ruiz OA, Gárriz A. Inferring the Significance of the Polyamine Metabolism in the Phytopathogenic Bacteria Pseudomonas syringae: A Meta-Analysis Approach. Front Microbiol 2022; 13:893626. [PMID: 35602047 PMCID: PMC9120772 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2022.893626] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2022] [Accepted: 04/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
To succeed in plant invasion, phytopathogenic bacteria rely on virulence mechanisms to subvert plant immunity and create favorable conditions for growth. This process requires a precise regulation in the production of important proteins and metabolites. Among them, the family of compounds known as polyamines have attracted considerable attention as they are involved in important cellular processes, but it is not known yet how phytopathogenic bacteria regulate polyamine homeostasis in the plant environment. In the present study, we performed a meta-analysis of publicly available transcriptomic data from experiments conducted on bacteria to begin delving into this topic and better understand the regulation of polyamine metabolism and its links to pathogenicity. We focused our research on Pseudomonas syringae, an important phytopathogen that causes disease in many economically valuable plant species. Our analysis discovered that polyamine synthesis, as well as general gene expression activation and energy production are induced in the early stages of the disease. On the contrary, synthesis of these compounds is inhibited whereas its transport is upregulated later in the process, which correlates with the induction of virulence genes and the metabolism of nitrogen and carboxylic acids. We also found that activation of plant defense mechanisms affects bacterial polyamine synthesis to some extent, which could reduce bacterial cell fitness in the plant environment. Furthermore, data suggest that a proper bacterial response to oxidative conditions requires a decrease in polyamine production. The implications of these findings are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leandro Solmi
- Laboratorio de Estrés Biótico y Abiótico en Plantas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Hernán G. Rosli
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Planta Patógeno-Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Marina A. Pombo
- Laboratorio de Interacciones Planta Patógeno-Instituto de Fisiología Vegetal (INFIVE), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de La Plata (CONICET-UNLP), La Plata, Argentina
| | - Santiago Stalder
- Laboratorio de Estrés Biótico y Abiótico en Plantas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Franco R. Rossi
- Laboratorio de Estrés Biótico y Abiótico en Plantas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Fernando M. Romero
- Laboratorio de Estrés Biótico y Abiótico en Plantas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Oscar A. Ruiz
- Laboratorio de Estrés Biótico y Abiótico en Plantas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
| | - Andrés Gárriz
- Laboratorio de Estrés Biótico y Abiótico en Plantas-Instituto Tecnológico de Chascomús (INTECh), Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas-Universidad Nacional de General San Martín (CONICET-UNSAM), Chascomús, Argentina
- *Correspondence: Andrés Gárriz,
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Choe Y, Park J, Yu JE, Oh JI, Kim S, Kang HY. Edwardsiella piscicida lacking the cyclic AMP receptor protein (Crp) is avirulent and immunogenic in fish. FISH & SHELLFISH IMMUNOLOGY 2017; 68:243-250. [PMID: 28668485 DOI: 10.1016/j.fsi.2017.06.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Edwardsiella piscicida is a Gram-negative pathogen that generally causes lethal septicemia in marine and freshwater fish. We generated a E. piscicida CK216 Δcrp mutant to investigate various biological roles related to this organism, including pathogenesis. Lack of Crp in CK216 was demonstrated by immunoblotting using a Crp-specific antibody. Compared to the parental strain, the mutant exhibited changes in three biochemical phenotypes, including ornithine decarboxylation, citrate utilization, and H2S production. Complementation of crp deletion in trans rescued the phenotype of the parental strain. This study proved that hemolytic activity in E. piscicida is controlled by Crp. In addition, significantly reduced motility of E. piscicida CK216 was observed, which resulted from a lack of flagella synthesis. To examine the virulence in fish, E. piscicida cells were injected into the goldfish (Carassius auratus) via intraperitoneal route. The LD50 of CK216 was 9.25 × 108 CFU, while that of the CK108 parental strain was 9.24 × 105 CFU, attenuated 1000 fold in goldfish. Fish immunized with CK216 elicited IgM responses. Moreover, 80% of goldfish immunized with 1 × 106 CFU survived after administration of a lethal dose (1 × 107 CFU) of virulent E. piscicida CK41, suggesting the potential for E. piscicida CK216 to serve as a live attenuated vaccine in aquaculture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunjeong Choe
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Junmo Park
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jong Earn Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Il Oh
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Suhkmann Kim
- Department of Chemistry, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea
| | - Ho Young Kang
- Department of Microbiology, College of Natural Sciences, Pusan National University, Busan 46241, South Korea.
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Tsai YL, Chien HF, Huang KT, Lin WY, Liaw SJ. cAMP receptor protein regulates mouse colonization, motility, fimbria-mediated adhesion, and stress tolerance in uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Sci Rep 2017; 7:7282. [PMID: 28779108 PMCID: PMC5544767 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-07304-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Cyclic AMP receptor protein (Crp) is a major transcriptional regulator in bacteria. This study demonstrated that Crp affects numerous virulence-related phenotypes, including colonization of mice, motility, fimbria-mediated adhesion, and glucose stress tolerance in uropathogenic Proteus mirabilis. Diabetic mice were more susceptible to kidney colonization by wild-type strain than nondiabetic mice, in which the crp mutant exhibited increased kidney colonization. Loss of crp or addition of 10% glucose increased the P. mirabilis adhesion to kidney cells. Direct negative regulation of pmpA (which encodes the major subunit of P-like fimbriae) expression by Crp was demonstrated using a reporter assay and DNase I footprinting. Moreover, the pmpA/crp double mutant exhibited reduced kidney adhesion comparable to that of the pmpA mutant, and mouse kidney colonization by the pmpA mutant was significantly attenuated. Hence, the upregulation of P-like fimbriae in the crp mutant substantially enhanced kidney colonization. Moreover, increased survival in macrophages, increased stress tolerance, RpoS upregulation, and flagellum deficiency leading to immune evasion may promote kidney colonization by the crp mutant. This is the first study to elucidate the role of Crp in the virulence of uropathogenic P. mirabilis, underlying mechanisms, and related therapeutic potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lin Tsai
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hsiung-Fei Chien
- Division of Plastic Surgery, Department of Surgery, Taipei Medical University Hospital and College of Medicine, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Kuo-Tong Huang
- Graduate Institute of Toxicology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Wen-Yuan Lin
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Shwu-Jen Liaw
- Department and Graduate Institute of Clinical Laboratory Sciences and Medical Biotechnology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China. .,Department of Laboratory Medicine, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.
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Abstract
This review considers the pathways for the degradation of amino acids and a few related compounds (agmatine, putrescine, ornithine, and aminobutyrate), along with their functions and regulation. Nitrogen limitation and an acidic environment are two physiological cues that regulate expression of several amino acid catabolic genes. The review considers Escherichia coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Klebsiella species. The latter is included because the pathways in Klebsiella species have often been thoroughly characterized and also because of interesting differences in pathway regulation. These organisms can essentially degrade all the protein amino acids, except for the three branched-chain amino acids. E. coli, Salmonella enterica serovar Typhimurium, and Klebsiella aerogenes can assimilate nitrogen from D- and L-alanine, arginine, asparagine, aspartate, glutamate, glutamine, glycine, proline, and D- and L-serine. There are species differences in the utilization of agmatine, citrulline, cysteine, histidine, the aromatic amino acids, and polyamines (putrescine and spermidine). Regardless of the pathway of glutamate synthesis, nitrogen source catabolism must generate ammonia for glutamine synthesis. Loss of glutamate synthase (glutamineoxoglutarate amidotransferase, or GOGAT) prevents utilization of many organic nitrogen sources. Mutations that create or increase a requirement for ammonia also prevent utilization of most organic nitrogen sources.
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Patel CN, Wortham BW, Lines JL, Fetherston JD, Perry RD, Oliveira MA. Polyamines are essential for the formation of plague biofilm. J Bacteriol 2006; 188:2355-63. [PMID: 16547021 PMCID: PMC1428407 DOI: 10.1128/jb.188.7.2355-2363.2006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
We provide the first evidence for a link between polyamines and biofilm levels in Yersinia pestis, the causative agent of plague. Polyamine-deficient mutants of Y. pestis were generated with a single deletion in speA or speC and a double deletion mutant. The genes speA and speC code for the biosynthetic enzymes arginine decarboxylase and ornithine decarboxylase, respectively. The level of the polyamine putrescine compared to the parental speA+ speC+ strain (KIM6+) was depleted progressively, with the highest levels found in the Y. pestis DeltaspeC mutant (55% reduction), followed by the DeltaspeA mutant (95% reduction) and the DeltaspeA DeltaspeC mutant (>99% reduction). Spermidine, on the other hand, remained constant in the single mutants but was undetected in the double mutant. The growth rates of mutants with single deletions were not altered, while the DeltaspeA DeltaspeC mutant grew at 65% of the exponential growth rate of the speA+ speC+ strain. Biofilm levels were assayed by three independent measures: Congo red binding, crystal violet staining, and confocal laser scanning microscopy. The level of biofilm correlated to the level of putrescine as measured by high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry and as observed in a chemical complementation curve. Complementation of the DeltaspeA DeltaspeC mutant with speA showed nearly full recovery of biofilm to levels observed in the speA+ speC+ strain. Chemical complementation of the double mutant and recovery of the biofilm defect were only observed with the polyamine putrescine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chandra N Patel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536-0082, USA
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Boyle SM, Barroso L, Moore RC, Wright JM, Patel T. Primary structure of the speC gene encoding biosynthetic ornithine decarboxylase in Escherichia coli. Gene 1994; 151:157-60. [PMID: 7828866 DOI: 10.1016/0378-1119(94)90648-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
A 2.91-kb fragment of the Escherichia coli chromosome containing the speC gene, encoding biosynthetic ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) was sequenced. The speC gene is encoded by a 2133-bp ORF; the deduced amino-acid sequence contains 711 residues whose predicted molecular mass is 79,505 Da.
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Affiliation(s)
- S M Boyle
- Department of Pathobiology, Virginia-Maryland Regional College of Veterinary Medicine, Virginia Polytechnic Institute and State University, Blacksburg 24061
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Panagiotidis CA, Huang SC, Canellakis ES. Post-translational and transcriptional regulation of polyamine biosynthesis in Escherichia coli. THE INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1994; 26:991-1001. [PMID: 8088419 DOI: 10.1016/0020-711x(94)90070-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Ornithine and arginine decarboxylases (ODC and ADC) of Escherichia coli are inhibited post-translationally by antizyme and ribosomal proteins S20 and L34. The inhibition of either enzyme is relieved when excess of the other decarboxylase is added. Using this approach, in vitro as well as in vivo, we demonstrate that the extent of the post-translational inhibition of ODC and ADC in E. coli is at least 65 and 50%, respectively. The inhibited enzyme levels increase even further upon exposure of cells to polyamines. The post-translational mode of regulation can counteract a 4-fold increase of ODC protein in the cell. The negative transcriptional regulation of ODC and ADC expression by polyamines is mediated by transcription factors and not by direct polyamine effects on the promoters of their genes. Three proteins interacting with the ODC promoter region were found by southwestern blot analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Panagiotidis
- Department of Pharmacology, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06510
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Abstract
Cyclic AMP (cAMP) is found in a variety of prokaryotes including both eubacteria and archaebacteria. cAMP plays a role in regulating gene expression, not only for the classic inducible catabolic operons, but also for other categories. In the enteric coliforms, the effects of cAMP on gene expression are mediated through its interaction with and allosteric modification of a cAMP-binding protein (CRP). The CRP-cAMP complex subsequently binds specific DNA sequences and either activates or inhibits transcription depending upon the positioning of the complex relative to the promoter. Enteric coliforms have provided a model to explore the mechanisms involved in controlling adenylate cyclase activity, in regulating adenylate cyclase synthesis, and in performing detailed examinations of CRP-cAMP complex-regulated gene expression. This review summarizes recent work focused on elucidating the molecular mechanisms of CRP-cAMP complex-mediated processes. For other bacteria, less detail is known. cAMP has been implicated in regulating antibiotic production, phototrophic growth, and pathogenesis. A role for cAMP has been suggested in nitrogen fixation. Often the only data that support cAMP involvement in these processes includes cAMP measurement, detection of the enzymes involved in cAMP metabolism, or observed effects of high concentrations of the nucleotide on cell growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- J L Botsford
- Department of Biology, New Mexico State University, Las Cruces 88003
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Westh Hansen SE, Jensen N, Munch-Petersen A. Studies on the sequence and structure of the Escherichia coli K-12 nupG gene, encoding a nucleoside-transport system. EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF BIOCHEMISTRY 1987; 168:385-91. [PMID: 3311747 DOI: 10.1111/j.1432-1033.1987.tb13431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
The nupG gene, encoding one of the two active nucleoside-transport systems in Escherichia coli K-12, has been cloned on the multicopy plasmid pBR322 and derivatives thereof. The recombinant plasmids complemented a chromosomal nupG mutation. A genetic map was determined by digestion with restriction endonucleases and the nucleotide sequence of a 3-kb stretch of DNA has been determined on fragments cloned into M13 phages. An open reading frame of 1254 bp, encoding a protein with a calculated molecular mass of 45.333 kDa, was deduced to be the coding region of nupG. Minicell-forming strains carrying plasmids containing this gene were shown to produce a hydrophobic, membrane-bound polypeptide with an apparent molecular mass of approximately 43 kDa.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Westh Hansen
- Institute of Biological Chemistry B, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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