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Bodur M, Aydoğdu G, Özçelik AÖ, Yilmaz E. An in vitro Approach to Protective Effect of Lactoferrin on Acrylamide-induced Oxidative Damage. AN ACAD BRAS CIENC 2022; 94:e20201882. [PMID: 36477225 DOI: 10.1590/0001-3765202220201882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2020] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide is a compound that occurs with high temperature during food processing and causes oxidative damage. Recently, the importance of antioxidative components is increasing to prevent oxidative damage. Lactoferrin is an antioxidant protein mainly found in milk. Therefore, the aim of this study is to determine the dose-dependent protective effects of lactoferrin on oxidative damage caused by acrylamide. In this study, HepG2 cell lines were treated with lactoferrin doses (0, 25, 50, 100µM) and half maximal inhibitory concentration of acrylamide. After 24 hours malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione reductase levels were measured. Acrylamide significantly increased malondialdehyde levels in HepG2 cells compared to the control group; however, catalase, superoxide dismutase and glutathione reductace significantly reduced. On the other hand, added lactoferrin doses (50-100µM) significantly reduced lipid peroxidation levels. Besides, it was found that glutathione reductase, catalase and superoxide dismutase levels significantly increased. As a result, the protective effect of lactoferrin against the oxidative damage caused by acrylamide in HepG2 cells was determined. This effect is thought to be due to the antioxidant capacity of lactoferrin. In this context, it is recommended that more studies are carried out on the mechanism of action of lactoferrin on oxidative stress caused by acrylamide.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmut Bodur
- Ankara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 06290, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Gülizar Aydoğdu
- Ordu University, Faculty of Science and Literature, Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, 52200, Ordu, Turkey
| | - Ayşe Özfer Özçelik
- Ankara University, Faculty of Health Sciences, Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, 06290, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Erkan Yilmaz
- Ankara University, Biotechnology Institute, 06135, Ankara, Turkey
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Protective Effect of the Intracellular Content from Potential Probiotic Bacteria against Oxidative Damage Induced by Acrylamide in Human Erythrocytes. Probiotics Antimicrob Proteins 2020; 12:1459-1470. [DOI: 10.1007/s12602-020-09636-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Kovac R, Rajkovic V, Koledin I, Matavulj M. Acrylamide alters glycogen content and enzyme activities in the liver of juvenile rat. Acta Histochem 2015; 117:712-7. [PMID: 26475516 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2015.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2015] [Revised: 09/17/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (AA) is spontaneously formed in carbohydrate-rich food during high-temperature processing. It is neurotoxic and potentially cancer causing chemical. Its harmful effects on the liver, especially in a young organism, are still to be elucidated. The study aimed to examine main liver histology, its glycogen content and enzyme activities in juvenile rats treated with 25 or 50mg/kg bw of AA for 3 weeks. Liver samples were fixed in formalin, routinely processed for paraffin embedding, sectioning and histochemical staining. Examination of haematoxylin and eosin (H&E)-stained sections showed an increase in the volume of hepatocytes, their nuclei and cytoplasm in both AA-treated groups compared to the control. In Periodic acid-Schiff (PAS)-stained sections in low-dose group was noticed glycogen reduction, while in high-dose group was present its accumulation compared to the control, respectively. Serum analysis showed increased activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), and decreased activity of alanine aminotransferase (ALT) in both AA-treated groups, while the activity of alkaline phosphatase (ALP) was increased in low-dose, but decreased in high-dose group compared to the control, respectively. Present results suggest a prominent hepatotoxic potential of AA which might alter the microstructural features and functional status in hepatocytes of immature liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renata Kovac
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Vojvodina 21000, Serbia.
| | - Vesna Rajkovic
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Vojvodina 21000, Serbia.
| | - Ivana Koledin
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Vojvodina 21000, Serbia.
| | - Milica Matavulj
- Department of Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Sciences, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Vojvodina 21000, Serbia.
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Luo YS, Long TY, Shen LC, Huang SL, Chiang SY, Wu KY. Synthesis, characterization and analysis of the acrylamide- and glycidamide-glutathione conjugates. Chem Biol Interact 2015; 237:38-46. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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El-Sayyad HI, Abou-Egla MH, El-Sayyad FI, El-Ghawet HA, Gaur RL, Fernando A, Raj MH, Ouhtit A. Effects of fried potato chip supplementation on mouse pregnancy and fetal development. Nutrition 2011; 27:343-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nut.2010.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2010] [Revised: 10/04/2010] [Accepted: 11/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Allam A, El-Ghareeb AA, Abdul-Hamid M, Baikry A, Sabri MI. Prenatal and perinatal acrylamide disrupts the development of cerebellum in rat: Biochemical and morphological studies. Toxicol Ind Health 2011; 27:291-306. [DOI: 10.1177/0748233710386412] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Acrylamide is known to cause neurotoxicity in the experimental animals and humans. The literature on its neurotoxic effect in the adult animals is huge, but the effect of acrylamide on the embryonic and postnatal development is relatively less understood. The present study examined its effects on the development of external features and cerebellum in albino rats. Acrylamide was orally administered to non-anesthetized pregnant females by gastric intubation 10 mg/kg/day. The animals were divided into three groups as follows. (1) Group A, newborn from control animals; (2) Group B; newborns from mothers treated with acrylamide from day 7 (D7) of gestation till birth (prenatal intoxicated group); (3) Group C; newborns from mothers treated with acrylamide from D7 of gestation till D28 after birth (perinatally intoxicated group). Acrylamide administered either prenatally or perinatally has been shown to induce significant retardation in the newborns’ body weights development, increase of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and oxidative stress (significant reductions in glutathione reduced [GSH], total thiols, superoxide dismutase [SOD] and peroxidase activities) in the developing cerebellum. Acrylamide treatment delayed the proliferation in the granular layer and delayed both cell migration and differentiation. Purkinje cell loss was also seen in acrylamide-treated animals. Ultrastructural studies of Purkinje cells in the perinatal group showed microvacuolations and cell loss. The results of this study show that prenatal and perinatal acrylamide or its metabolites disrupts the biochemical machinery, cause oxidative stress and induce structural changes in the developing rat cerebellum.
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Affiliation(s)
- A. Allam
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt,
| | - AA El-Ghareeb
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Cairo University, Cairo, Egypt
| | - M. Abdul-Hamid
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - A. Baikry
- Department of Zoology, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - MI Sabri
- Center for Research on Occupational and Environmental Toxicology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland Oregon, USA
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Allam AA, El-Ghareeb AW, Abdul-Hamid M, Bakery AE, Gad M, Sabri M. Effect of prenatal and perinatal acrylamide on the biochemical and morphological changes in liver of developing albino rat. Arch Toxicol 2009; 84:129-41. [PMID: 19862503 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-009-0475-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2009] [Accepted: 10/08/2009] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide has been employed as an experimental probe to investigate biochemical and morphological changes in developing rat liver following toxin administration in pregnant rats. Non-anesthetized pregnant rats were given acrylamide by gastric intubation at a dose of 10 mg/kg/day. The pups were divided into three groups: Group A, mothers were treated with saline (control group); Group B, mothers were treated with acrylamide from day D7 of gestation till birth (prenatal intoxication); Group C, mothers were treated with acrylamide from D7 of gestation to D28 after birth (perinatal intoxication). Acrylamide-induced biochemical changes (in liver and serum) and morphological changes (in liver) were studied in control and acrylamide-treated developing pups. Prenatally and perinatally administered acrylamide significantly increased lipid peroxidation and reduced glutathione and total thiol levels in liver. Significant inhibition of peroxidase and superoxide dismutase activities was observed in liver tissue. Total lipids including cholesterol and triglycerides were significantly increased in the serum. Acrylamide treatment increased serum alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase activities and inhibited alkaline phosphatase activity. Sodium and potassium concentrations were increased, but calcium, phosphorus and iron levels were significantly reduced in the serum. Acrylamide produced significant electrophoretic changes in serum proteins. The most noticeable change was splitting of beta-globulin into beta1- and beta2-globulins. Light microscopy showed acrylamide-induced fatty deposits, congested central vein, vacuolization and chromatolysis in hepatocytes. Ultrastructural studies revealed vacuolated cytoplasm, lipid droplets of variable size and mitochondria with damaged cristae and vacuolization. The nuclei in acrylamide-treated groups showed marked decrease in the staining of nuclear DNA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ahmed Aly Allam
- Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni Suef, Egypt.
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Shipp A, Lawrence G, Gentry R, McDonald T, Bartow H, Bounds J, Macdonald N, Clewell H, Allen B, Van Landingham C. Acrylamide: review of toxicity data and dose-response analyses for cancer and noncancer effects. Crit Rev Toxicol 2006; 36:481-608. [PMID: 16973444 DOI: 10.1080/10408440600851377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is used in the manufacture of polyacrylamides and has recently been shown to form when foods, typically containing certain nutrients, are cooked at normal cooking temperatures (e.g., frying, grilling or baking). The toxicity of ACR has been extensively investigated. The major findings of these studies indicate that ACR is neurotoxic in animals and humans, and it has been shown to be a reproductive toxicant in animal models and a rodent carcinogen. Several reviews of ACR toxicity have been conducted and ACR has been categorized as to its potential to be a human carcinogen in these reviews. Allowable levels based on the toxicity data concurrently available had been developed by the U.S. EPA. New data have been published since the U.S. EPA review in 1991. The purpose of this investigation was to review the toxicity data, identify any new relevant data, and select those data to be used in dose-response modeling. Proposed revised cancer and noncancer toxicity values were estimated using the newest U.S. EPA guidelines for cancer risk assessment and noncancer hazard assessment. Assessment of noncancer endpoints using benchmark models resulted in a reference dose (RfD) of 0.83 microg/kg/day based on reproductive effects, and 1.2 microg/kg/day based on neurotoxicity. Thyroid tumors in male and female rats were the only endpoint relevant to human health and were selected to estimate the point of departure (POD) using the multistage model. Because the mode of action of acrylamide in thyroid tumor formation is not known with certainty, both linear and nonlinear low-dose extrapolations were conducted under the assumption that glycidamide or ACR, respectively, were the active agent. Under the U.S. EPA guidelines (2005), when a chemical produces rodent tumors by a nonlinear or threshold mode of action, an RfD is calculated using the most relevant POD and application of uncertainty factors. The RfD was estimated to be 1.5 microg/kg/day based on the use of the area under the curve (AUC) for ACR hemoglobin adducts under the assumption that the parent, ACR, is the proximate carcinogen in rodents by a nonlinear mode of action. When the mode of action in assumed to be linear in the low-dose region, a risk-specific dose corresponding to a specified level of risk (e.g., 1 x 10-5) is estimated, and, in the case of ACR, was 9.5 x 10-2 microg ACR/kg/day based on the use of the AUC for glycidamide adduct data. However, it should be noted that although this review was intended to be comprehensive, it is not exhaustive, as new data are being published continuously.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Shipp
- ENVIRON International Corporation, 602 East Georgia Street, Ruston, LA 07290, USA.
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Lopachin RM, Barber DS, Geohagen BC, Gavin T, He D, Das S. Structure-Toxicity Analysis of Type-2 Alkenes: In Vitro Neurotoxicity. Toxicol Sci 2006; 95:136-46. [PMID: 17023561 DOI: 10.1093/toxsci/kfl127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Acrylamide (ACR) is a conjugated type-2 alkene that produces synaptic toxicity presumably by sulfhydryl adduction. The alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyl of ACR is a soft electrophile and, therefore, adduction of nucleophilic thiol groups could occur through a conjugate (Michael) addition reaction. To address the mechanism of thiol adduct formation and corresponding neurotoxicological importance, we defined structure-toxicity relationships among a series of conjugated type-2 alkenes (1 microM-10mM), which included acrolein and methylvinyl ketone. Results show that exposure of rat striatal synaptosomes to these chemicals produced parallel, concentration-dependent neurotoxic effects that were correlated to loss of free sulfhydryl groups. Although differences in relative potency were evident, all conjugated analogs tested were equiefficacious with respect to maximal neurotoxicity achieved. In contrast, nonconjugated alkene or aldehyde congeners did not cause synaptosomal dysfunction or sulfhydryl loss. Acrolein and other alpha,beta-unsaturated carbonyls are bifunctional (electrophilic reactivity at the C-1 and C-3 positions) and could produce in vitro neurotoxicity by forming protein cross-links rather than thiol monoadducts. Immunoblot analysis detected slower migrating, presumably derivatized, synaptosomal proteins only at very high acrolein concentrations (>or= 25 mM). Exposure of synaptosomes to high concentrations of ACR (1M), N-ethylmaleimide (10mM), and methyl vinyl ketone (MVK) (100mM) did not alter the gel migration of synaptosomal proteins. Furthermore, hydralazine (1mM), which blocks the formation of protein cross-links, did not affect in vitro acrolein neurotoxicity. Thus, type-2-conjugated alkenes produced synaptosomal toxicity that was linked to a loss of thiol content. This is consistent with our hypothesis that the mechanism of ACR neurotoxicity involves formation of Michael adducts with protein sulfhydryl groups.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard M Lopachin
- Department of Anesthesiology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Montefiore Medical Center, Bronx, New York 10467, USA.
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Moreira Rosa R, de Oliveira RB, Saffi J, Braga AL, Roesler R, Dal-Pizzol F, Fonseca Moreira JC, Brendel M, Pêgas Henriques JA. Pro-oxidant action of diphenyl diselenide in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae exposed to ROS-generating conditions. Life Sci 2005; 77:2398-411. [PMID: 15932762 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2005.01.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2004] [Accepted: 01/04/2005] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Organoselenium compounds have a potential thiol peroxidase-like activity. Diphenyl diselenide (DPDS) is an electrophilic reagent used in the synthesis of a variety of pharmacologically active organic selenium compounds. Using TRAP assay of chemiluminescense we have shown that diphenyl diselenide clearly possesses a pro-oxidant property. For an investigation on the mechanisms of this property, we used mutant strains of Saccharomyces cerevisiae defective in antioxidant defenses, i.e. in superoxide dismutase, in biosynthesis of glutathione, and the transcription factor yAP-1-lacking yap 1 mutant that cannot activate genes of the oxidative stress response. Exposure of growing cultures to the drug increased cell sensitivity to oxidizing agents. The pro-oxidant effect was independent of the metabolic condition or of the oxidative mutagen tested. N-acetylcysteine, a precursor of glutathione biosynthesis, could neutralize the pro-oxidant effects of diphenyl diselenide by stimulating an increase of endogenous glutathione biosynthesis or by directly binding to the drug. Vitamin E (Trolox), a known antioxidant, was also able to protect S. cerevisiae against the pro-oxidant effect of diphenyl diselenide. In vitro assays showed that diphenyl diselenide interacts non-enzymatically with the thiol group of glutathione.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renato Moreira Rosa
- Centro de Biotecnologia/Departamento de Biofísica, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), Porto Alegre, RS, Brasil
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Al Deeb S, Al Moutaery K, Arshaduddin M, Biary N, Tariq M. Attenuation of acrylamide-induced neurotoxicity in diabetic rats. Neurotoxicol Teratol 2000; 22:247-53. [PMID: 10758354 DOI: 10.1016/s0892-0362(99)00060-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, an increasing number of cases of neuropathy have been reported as a result of accidental or occupational exposure to chemicals. Acrylamide (Acr), a widely used industrial chemical, is known to produce peripheral neuropathy that resembles diabetic neuropathy in many ways. However, the interaction between diabetes and Acr has not been studied. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetes on Acr-induced neurotoxicity in rats. Male Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 300 +/- 10 g were divided into four groups of 10 animals each. The rats in group 1 served as control, and received normal saline. The animals in group 2 were given Acr dissolved in physiological saline (50 mg/kg IP 3 days/week) for 2 weeks. The rats in group 3 and 4 were made diabetic by administering a single IP injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). The animals in group 3 served as diabetic control, whereas the rats in group 4 received Acr in the same dose regimen as in group 2, a week after induction of diabetes. Neurobehavioral responses including foot print length, hind limb function, landing foot splay, and the ability to stay on an inclined plane were assessed 48 h after the last dose of Acr followed by electrophysiological measurements. The animals were then sacrificed, and sciatic nerves were collected for biochemical analysis. The results of this study clearly showed a significant deterioration of neurobehavioral and electrophysiological responses in Acr-treated rats. Although no significant change in these parameters was observed in the diabetic (only) group, Acr-induced functional deficiency was significantly reduced in diabetic animals. However, the difference in electrophysiological response in Acr-treated diabetic and nondiabetic rats was not found to be statistically significant (p 0.05). The precise mechanism by which Acr induced neurobehavioral toxicity is reduced in diabetic animals warrants further investigations.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Al Deeb
- Neuroscience Research Group, Armed Forces Hospital, P.O. Box 7897 (W-912), Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
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Scott RB, Collins JM, Matin S, White F, Swerdlow PS. Simultaneous measurement of neutrophil, lymphocyte, and monocyte glutathione by flow cytometry. J Clin Lab Anal 1990; 4:324-7. [PMID: 1700090 DOI: 10.1002/jcla.1860040503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
A flow cytometric method for quantitation of glutathione (GSH) was applied to simultaneous analysis of the major leukocyte types in peripheral blood. Cellular thiols (predominantly GSH) were stained with monochlorobimane (MCIB), and thiol fluorescence was measured with a flow cytometer. The fluorescence of the thiols closely reflected the GSH content, as measured by a specific glutathione reductase assay. Fluorescence of individual cell types could be measured after delineating those cells by their light-scatter characteristics, utilizing dual-angle light scatter for discrimination. By this means, GSH contents of 12.5 +/- 2.0 nmol/10(7) neutrophils, 14.5 +/- 2.7 nmol/10(7) monocytes, and 5.0 +/- 1.0 nmol/10(7) lymphocytes were found. The results obtained for neutrophils with the flow cytometer were virtually identical with those obtained with chemical assay in purified samples of neutrophils, indicating the validity of the flow cytometric method.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Scott
- Department of Medicine, Medical College of Virginia, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond 23298-0214
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Cossum PA, Rickert DE. Metabolism and toxicity of dinitrobenzene isomers in erythrocytes from Fischer-344 rats, rhesus monkeys and humans. Toxicol Lett 1987; 37:157-63. [PMID: 3603589 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4274(87)90152-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
The metabolism of dinitrobenzene (DNB) isomers in Fischer-344 rat, rhesus monkey and human erythrocytes was investigated. Erythrocytes from all species metabolized o-DNB and p-DNB to S-(nitrophenyl)glutathione conjugates although there were species differences in the rate and extent of conjugate formation. No metabolites of m-DNB were detected in the erythrocytes of any species. The rank order of the ability of the DNB isomers to produce methemoglobin in vitro varied from species to species, but p-DNB was always the most effective isomer. The data suggest that although the erythrocyte can conjugate DNB isomers with glutathione, this pathway offers no substantial protection from methemoglobinemia induced by dinitrobenzenes.
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