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Rabanal B, de Arriba RG, Garzón MJ, Reguera RM, Balaña-Fouce R, Negro A. Determination of Pentamidine in Leishmania Infantum Promastigotes by Ion-Paired Liquid Chromatography. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/10826079408013476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B. Rabanal
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular , Universidad de León , E-24071, León , Spain
| | - R. G. de Arriba
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular , Universidad de León , E-24071, León , Spain
| | - M. J. Garzón
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular , Universidad de León , E-24071, León , Spain
| | - R. M. Reguera
- b Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología , Universidad de León , E-24071, León , Spain
| | - R. Balaña-Fouce
- b Departamento de Fisiología, Farmacología y Toxicología , Universidad de León , E-24071, León , Spain
| | - A. Negro
- a Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular , Universidad de León , E-24071, León , Spain
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2
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Paul M, Durand R, Boulard Y, Fusaï T, Fernandez C, Rivollet D, Deniau M, Astier A. Physicochemical characteristics of pentamidine-loaded polymethacrylate nanoparticles: implication in the intracellular drug release in Leishmania major infected mice. J Drug Target 1998; 5:481-90. [PMID: 9783679 DOI: 10.3109/10611869808997874] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
This work describes the preparation, the physicochemical properties, the tolerance and the intracellular trafficking of pentamidine loaded nanoparticles. Pentamidine was bound to the polymer by ionic interaction. This interaction involved the carboxylic acid functions of methacrylic acid (10% of the polymer) and the amine groups of the drug. Pentamidine fixation and release were pH dependent. An acidic pH led to a decrease of fixation or a release. At pH 5, which is the pH value of lysosomes and parasitophorous vacuoles, the release reached up to 50%. At this pH value, pentamidine is ionized and therefore can not traverse the biological membranes. Unloaded nanoparticles and pentamidine-loaded nanoparticles were tested in vitro on U937 cells and no cytotoxicity was observed. In vivo, in Leishmania infected mice, no significant weight loss was found. Ultrastructural studies showed the different steps of drug loaded nanoparticles trafficking inside Leismania-infected Küpffer cells. The nanoparticle uptake by macrophagic cells led to the location of nanoparticles inside phagocytosis vacuoles which fused with primary lysosomes to form secondary lysosomes. Ultimate fusion of secondary lysosomes containing nanoparticles with parasitophorous vacuoles was also observed. Nanoparticles were identified close to amastigotes but internalization by the parasite was not observed.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Paul
- Laboratoire de Pharmacotechnie, Service Pharmacie, CHU H. Mondor, Créteil, France
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3
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Garzón MJ, Rabanal B, Ortiz AI, Negro A. Determination of pentamidine in serum and urine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1997; 688:135-42. [PMID: 9029323 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(97)88065-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
A number of parameters influencing the electrokinetic processing of pentamidine by micellar electrokinetic chromatography (MEKC) were studied in order to develop an analytical method for this compound. The parameters considered were: pH, ionic strength, and SDS concentration of electrolyte, temperature and working voltage. On the basis of the results obtained, the best analytical conditions for the detection of pentamidine in serum and urine by MEKC were determined. Analysis by MEKC permitted determination of the drug in 10 min. Good linearity, reproducibility and accuracy were obtained in the range 0-30 micrograms/ml for both samples, with a correlation coefficient r > or = 0.9998 and a recovery of 87-92% in serum and 90-108.9% in urine. We examined the metabolism of pentamidine using rat liver homogenates in order to exclude any possible interference of metabolites in the analysis of pentamidine.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Garzón
- Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Celular, Universidad de León, Spain
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4
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Ros JJ, Langen MC, Stallen PC, Lenderink AW. Pentamidine aerosols and environmental contamination: health-care workers at risk. PHARMACY WORLD & SCIENCE : PWS 1996; 18:148-52. [PMID: 8873231 DOI: 10.1007/bf00717731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
In our hospital safety guidelines are available for the handling of pentamidine in the day-care department, but no safety ventilation cabin is used because only one patient a day has been treated, The number of patients to be treated, however, is growing, resulting in the need to treat more than one patient a day. To determine the environmental contamination and exposure of health-care workers during and after aerosolised pentamidine treatment of more than one patient with the acquired immunodeficiency syndrome a day a high-performance liquid chromatographic method is used for the detection and quantification of pentamidine. High volume air samples were taken before, immediately after and the day after a treatment session of up to three patients. Also, sediment samples and personal air samples close to the mouth of the health-care workers were taken. Immediately after a treatment session the air in the room contains 1.0-99.7 micrograms pentamidine per m3 of air. Before and the morning after treatment no pentamidine could be detected in the air. Sediment samples vary in detectable amounts of pentamidine from < 5 to 1165 micrograms. pentamidine/cm2. The personal air samples also show a large variation in quantities of pentamidine: < 5-170 ng a filter. When large amounts of pentamidine in the high volume air samples are found high amounts of pentamidine on the sediment samples and the personal air samples are found as well. This means that the patients treated should be instructed well on how to use the nebulizer correctly and be monitored during treatment. Additional safety measures (for example the use of a safety ventilation cabin) should be taken when more than one patient is treated a day.
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Affiliation(s)
- J J Ros
- Hospital Pharmacy Midden-Brabant, Tilburg, The Netherlands
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Wéry M. Drug used in the treatment of sleeping sickness (human African trypanosomiasis: HAT). Int J Antimicrob Agents 1994; 4:227-38. [DOI: 10.1016/0924-8579(94)90012-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/04/1994] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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6
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Yeh TK, Dalton JT, Au JL. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of pentamidine in plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 622:255-61. [PMID: 8150874 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80274-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
This report describes the analysis of pentamidine by isocratic reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) using a commercially available compound (melphalan) as the external standard. Previously described assays use ion-pairing HPLC, an internal standard (hexamidine) that is not readily available, and require a relatively large sample size. In the present assay, pentamidine was extracted from plasma using solid-phase extraction and was analyzed using a C18 column and a mobile phase containing 18% acetonitrile, 2% methanol, 0.2 M ammonium acetate and 0.5% triethylamine. The identity of the eluting peaks was verified using a diode array detector. The extraction yield of pentamidine was 82%. The limit of detection was 8.6 ng/ml with a sample size of 100 microliters. The inter-day and intra-day coefficients of variation ranged between 0.3% and 10% with an average of 5%. This method was applied to study the pharmacokinetics of pentamidine in rodents.
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Affiliation(s)
- T K Yeh
- Division of Pharmaceutics and Pharmaceutical Chemistry, College of Pharmacy, Ohio State University, Columbus 43210
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Hanson GD, Slattum P, Tidwell RR, Bekersky I, Mong S. Determination of 1,3-di(4-imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane in rat, dog and human plasma and urine by high-performance liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1993; 622:61-69. [PMID: 8120114 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(93)80250-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/22/2023]
Abstract
A sensitive and selective high-performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC) method was developed for the determination of 1,3-di(4-imidazolino-2-methoxyphenoxy)propane (DMP) in rat, dog and human plasma (50-5000 ng/ml) and urine (0.1-10 micrograms/ml). DMP and DMPent (dimethoxyimidizolinopentamidine, the internal standard), are extracted from alkanized plasma with n-butyl chloride-n-butanol (9:1, v/v). The organic phase is dried under nitrogen, reconstituted in mobile phase, and washed with hexane. Separation is achieved by ion-pair chromatography on a Zorbax Rx C8 column with fluorescence detection. The analysis of pooled plasma (80, 400, and 4000 ng/ml) and urine controls (0.3, 1.6, and 8 micrograms/ml) demonstrated excellent precision and accuracy over a three-day period. The recovery of DMP is > 90% from rat, dog, and human plasma and > 85% from rat and human urine, and 60-70% from dog urine. The limit of quantitation (LOQ) of the assay is 50 ng/ml in rat, dog and human plasma. Using the high-sensitivity assay, the limit of quantitation was decreased to 5, 2 and 0.6 ng/ml in rat, dog and human plasma, respectively. The LOQ of the assay is 0.1 microgram/ml in rat, dog and human urine. The assay was used to determine plasma and urine concentrations of DMP in pharmacokinetic studies in rat and dog.
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Affiliation(s)
- G D Hanson
- Hazleton Wisconsin, Department of Biopharmaceutics, Madison 53704
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Berger BJ, Naiman NA, Hall JE, Peggins J, Brewer TG, Tidwell RR. Primary and secondary metabolism of pentamidine by rats. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1992; 36:1825-31. [PMID: 1416874 PMCID: PMC192194 DOI: 10.1128/aac.36.9.1825] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The antiprotozoal drug pentamidine [1,5-bis(4'-amidinophenoxy)pentane] has been previously shown to be metabolized by rat liver microsomes, and five of the seven putative primary metabolites have been identified. With the synthesis and identification of 5-(4'-amidinophenoxy)pentanoic acid and 5-(4'-amidinophenoxy)-1-pentanol as the remaining two metabolites, the primary metabolism of pentamidine in rats appears fully characterized. Use of [14C]pentamidine with rat liver microsomes confirms this conclusion, since no unidentified radioactive peaks were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Isolated, perfused rat livers were used with [14C]pentamidine to identify secondary metabolites. Only two novel radioactive peaks were detected by HPLC analysis of perfused liver samples. The treatment of liver samples with sulfatase or beta-glucuronidase resulted in the reduction or elimination of these peaks and gave rise to peaks identified as para-hydroxybenzamidine and 5-(4'-amidinophenoxy)pentanoic acid. It was concluded from these results that only these two primary metabolites were conjugated with sulfate or glucuronic acid. After 4 h of incubation in the perfused liver system, approximately 15% of the recovered radiolabel was pentamidine. These results suggest that pentamidine metabolism can be rapid and extensive in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Berger
- Department of Parasitology and Laboratory Practice, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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Vinet B, Comtois R, Gervais A, Lemieux C. Clinical usefulness of high-pressure liquid chromatographic determination of serum pentamidine in AIDS patients. Clin Biochem 1992; 25:93-7. [PMID: 1623582 DOI: 10.1016/0009-9120(92)80050-q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
We have developed a reproducible HPLC method to determine serum pentamidine, which demonstrates good chromatographic performance, and is sensitive enough to measure therapeutic doses. Pentamidine is first extracted from serum by passage through a C-18 extraction cartridge. Potential interfering substances are then removed by washing with 100% methanol. Pentamidine is eluted from the extraction cartridge with 1-heptanesulfonic acid. The extract is chromatographed on a highly deactivated column for basic compounds in the presence of minimal concentrations of 1-heptanesulfonic acid as the pairing agent. Detection is by fluorescence. The method can determine serum pentamidine levels in the range of 15-600 ng/mL free of interference from other drugs. In monitoring pentamidine levels in AIDS patients with Pneumocystis carinii, we found that trough serum levels over 100 ng/mL were associated with toxicity (hypoglycemia or azotemia) in 100% of patients. With levels under 100 ng/mL, signs of toxicity were observed in only 29% of the patients. We conclude that dose adjustment based on serum levels reduces the incidence of toxicity and enhances pentamidine therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Vinet
- Biochemistry, Department, Hôpital Notre-Dame, Montréal, Québec, Canada
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10
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Berger BJ, Lombardy RJ, Marbury GD, Bell CA, Dykstra CC, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. Metabolic N-hydroxylation of pentamidine in vitro. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1990; 34:1678-84. [PMID: 2285279 PMCID: PMC171904 DOI: 10.1128/aac.34.9.1678] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
By using high-performance liquid chromatography, the in vitro conversion of pentamidine to the corresponding amidoximes (N-hydroxypentamidine and N,N'-dihydroxypentamidine) was studied in supernatants of rat liver homogenate centrifuged at 9,000 x g. The presence of the two amidoxime peaks in chromatograms was confirmed by liquid secondary ion mass spectrometry and by unequivocal synthesis of the suspected metabolites. The metabolic reactions were found to be catalyzed by the cytochrome P-450 system (mixed-function oxidases). The formation of the monohydroxylated product was found to have a Km of 0.48 mM and a Vmax of 29.50 pmol/min per mg of protein, while the dihydroxylated metabolite had a Km of 0.73 mM and a Vmax of 4.10 pmol/min per mg of protein. N,N'-Dihydroxypentamidine was found to have highly reduced antiprotozoal activity in vitro relative to that of pentamidine, and neither of the hydroxylated metabolites nor pentamidine was found to be significantly mutagenic by the Ames test. Contrary to previous reports, pentamidine is readily metabolized to at least two hydroxylated products, and this conversion may be relevant to the clinical use of the compound and to future drug design.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Berger
- Department of Parasitology and Laboratory Practice, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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11
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Berger BJ, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. The distribution of multiple doses of pentamidine in rats. PHARMACOLOGY & TOXICOLOGY 1990; 66:234-6. [PMID: 2333279 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0773.1990.tb00740.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- B J Berger
- Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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12
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Berger BJ, Hall JE, Tidwell RR. High-performance liquid chromatographic method for the quantification of several diamidine compounds with potential chemotherapeutic value. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1989; 494:191-200. [PMID: 2584316 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(00)82668-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
A high-performance liquid chromatographic method has been developed for the detection and quantification of pentamidine and pentamidine analogues of chemotherapeutic value in order to measure their concentration in physiological fluids. The compounds were extracted from urine over octadecyl solid-phase extraction columns, followed by chromatographic separation with an octadecyl reversed-phase column. For the mobile phase, a gradient of 31.5-37.5% acetonitrile in water, with sodium heptanesulfonate and tetramethylammonium chloride as ion modifiers, was used. This method was used to reliably detect levels as low as 341 ng/ml without concentration of the compounds during the solid-phase extraction. The assay was used to determine the effectiveness of several solid-phase extraction columns for isolating the compounds of interest and to quantify the amount of pentamidine and its analogues contained in the urine of dosed rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- B J Berger
- Department of Parasitology, School of Public Health, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill 27599
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13
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Waud WR, Hill DL. High-performance liquid chromatographic determination of terephthalamidine in plasma. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY 1988; 425:220-6. [PMID: 3360873 DOI: 10.1016/0378-4347(88)80025-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- W R Waud
- Southern Research Institute, Birmingham, AL 35255-5305
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14
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Loescher T, Loeschke K, Niebel J. Severe ventricular arrhythmia during pentamidine treatment of AIDS-associated Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. Infection 1987; 15:455. [PMID: 3501769 DOI: 10.1007/bf01647232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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