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Šolínová V, Sázelová P, Mášová A, Jiráček J, Kašička V. Application of Capillary and Free-Flow Zone Electrophoresis for Analysis and Purification of Antimicrobial β-Alanyl-Tyrosine from Hemolymph of Fleshfly Neobellieria bullata. Molecules 2021; 26:molecules26185636. [PMID: 34577107 PMCID: PMC8469924 DOI: 10.3390/molecules26185636] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 09/14/2021] [Accepted: 09/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The problem of a growing resistance of bacteria and other microorganisms to conventional antibiotics gave rise to a search for new potent antimicrobial agents. Insect antimicrobial peptides (AMPs) seem to be promising novel potential anti-infective therapeutics. The dipeptide β-alanyl-tyrosine (β-Ala-Tyr) is one of the endogenous insect toxins exhibiting antibacterial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria. Prior to testing its other antimicrobial activities, it has to be prepared in a pure form. In this study, we have developed a capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) method for analysis of β-Ala-Tyr isolated from the extract of the hemolymph of larvae of the fleshfly Neobellieria bullata by reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (RP-HPLC). Based on our previously described correlation between CZE and free-flow zone electrophoresis (FFZE), analytical CZE separation of β-Ala-Tyr and its admixtures have been converted into preparative purification of β-Ala-Tyr by FFZE with preparative capacity of 45.5 mg per hour. The high purity degree of the β-Ala-Tyr obtained by FFZE fractionation was confirmed by its subsequent CZE analysis.
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Xia ZJ, Liu Z, Kong FZ, Fan LY, Xiao H, Cao CX. Comparison of antimicrobial peptide purification via free-flow electrophoresis and gel filtration chromatography. Electrophoresis 2017; 38:3147-3154. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201700187] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Zhi-Jun Xia
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Zhen Liu
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Fan-Zhi Kong
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
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Novo P, Janasek D. Current advances and challenges in microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis-A critical review. Anal Chim Acta 2017; 991:9-29. [PMID: 29031303 DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2017.08.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Revised: 08/10/2017] [Accepted: 08/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The research field on microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis has developed vast amounts of devices, methods, applications and raised new questions, often in analogy to conventional techniques from which it derives. Most efforts have been employed on device development and a myriad of architectures and fabrication techniques have been reported using simple proof-of-principle separations. As technological aspects reach a quite mature state, researchers' new challenges include the development of protocols for the separation of complex mixtures, as required in the fields of application. The success of this effort is extremely dependent on the capability to transfer the device's fabrication to an industrial setting as well as to ensure interfacing simplicity, namely at the solutions' supply and collection, and actuation such as electric potential application and temperature control. Other advanced applications such as direct interfacing to downstream systems such as mass spectrometry, integration of sensing and feedback controls will require further development in the laboratory. In this review we provide an overview on the field, from basic concepts, through advanced developments both in the theoretical and experimental arenas, and addressing the above details. A comprehensive survey of designs, materials and applications is presented with particular highlights to most recent developments, namely the integration of electrodes, flow control and hyphenation of microfluidic free-flow electrophoresis with other techniques.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Novo
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany
| | - Dirk Janasek
- Leibniz-Institut für Analytische Wissenschaften - ISAS - e.V., 44227, Otto-Hahn-Str. 6b, Dortmund, Germany.
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Yang Y, Kong FZ, Liu J, Li JM, Liu XP, Li GQ, Wang JF, Xiao H, Fan LY, Cao CX, Li S. Enhancing resolution of free-flow zone electrophoresis via a simple sheath-flow sample injection. Electrophoresis 2016; 37:1992-7. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201600002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 04/05/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Ying Yang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Fan-Zhi Kong
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Ji Liu
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Jun-Min Li
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Guo-Qing Li
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Ju-Fang Wang
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
| | - Hua Xiao
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai P. R. China
| | - Shan Li
- School of Bioscience and Bioengineering; South China University of Technology; Guangzhou P. R. China
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Yan J, Yang CZ, Zhang Q, Liu XP, Kong FZ, Cao CX, Jin XQ. Experimental study on the optimization of general conditions for a free-flow electrophoresis device with a thermoelectric cooler†. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:3555-63. [DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400770] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 08/22/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Jian Yan
- Key State Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics; School of Mechanical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Cheng-Zhang Yang
- Key State Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Key State Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xiao-Ping Liu
- Key State Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Fan-Zhi Kong
- Key State Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Key State Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
| | - Xin-Qiao Jin
- Institute of Refrigeration and Cryogenics; School of Mechanical Engineering; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai China
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Yang CZ, Yan J, Zhang Q, Guo CG, Kong FZ, Cao CX, Fan LY, Jin XQ. Negative-pressure-induced collector for a self-balance free-flow electrophoresis device. J Sep Sci 2014; 37:1359-63. [PMID: 24648284 DOI: 10.1002/jssc.201400007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2014] [Revised: 03/12/2014] [Accepted: 03/13/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022]
Abstract
Uneven flow in free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) with a gravity-induced fraction collector caused by air bubbles in outlets and/or imbalance of the surface tension of collecting tubes would result in a poor separation. To solve these issues, this work describes a novel collector for FFE. The collector is composed of a self-balance unit, multisoft pipe flow controller, fraction collector, and vacuum pump. A negative pressure induced continuous air flow rapidly flowed through the self-balance unit, taking the background electrolyte and samples into the fraction collector. The developed collector has the following advantages: (i) supplying a stable and harmonious hydrodynamic environment in the separation chamber for FFE separation, (ii) effectively preventing background electrolyte and sample flow-back at the outlet of the chamber and improving the resolution, (iii) increasing the preparative scale of the separation, and (iv) simplifying the operation. In addition, the cost of the FFE device was reduced without using a multichannel peristaltic pump for sample collection. Finally, comparative FFE experiments on dyes, proteins, and cells were carried out. It is evident that the new developed collector could overcome the problems inherent in the previous gravity-induced self-balance collector.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cheng-Zhang Yang
- Laboratory of Analytical Biochemistry and Bioseparation, Key State Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism, School of Life Science and Biotechnology, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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Yin XY, Dong JY, Wang HY, Li S, Fan LY, Cao CX. A simple chip free-flow electrophoresis for monosaccharide sensing via supermolecule interaction of boronic acid functionalized quencher and fluorescent dye. Electrophoresis 2013; 34:2185-92. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201300104] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2013] [Revised: 04/07/2013] [Accepted: 04/17/2013] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Yang Yin
- Laboratory of Bio-Separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | | | - Hou-Yu Wang
- Laboratory of Bio-Separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Si Li
- Laboratory of Bio-Separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- Laboratory of Bio-Separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; P. R. China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Laboratory of Bio-Separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism and School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; P. R. China
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9
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Prest JE, Baldock SJ, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Goodacre R, O’Connor R, Treves Brown BJ. Miniaturised free flow isotachophoresis of bacteria using an injection moulded separation device. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2012; 903:53-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2012.06.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2012] [Revised: 06/29/2012] [Accepted: 06/30/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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10
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Shao J, Fan LY, Cao CX, Huang XQ, Xu YQ. Quantitative investigation of resolution increase of free-flow electrophoresis via simple interval sample injection and separation. Electrophoresis 2012; 33:2065-74. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Shao
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Liu-Yin Fan
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Cheng-Xi Cao
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Xian-Qing Huang
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
| | - Yu-Quan Xu
- Laboratory of Bio-separation and Analytical Biochemistry; State Key Laboratory of Microbial Metabolism; School of Life Science and Biotechnology; Shanghai Jiao Tong University; Shanghai; China
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11
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Islinger M, Eckerskorn C, Völkl A. Free-flow electrophoresis in the proteomic era: A technique in flux. Electrophoresis 2010; 31:1754-63. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
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12
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Kasicka V. From micro to macro: conversion of capillary electrophoretic separations of biomolecules and bioparticles to preparative free-flow electrophoresis scale. Electrophoresis 2009; 30 Suppl 1:S40-52. [PMID: 19517515 DOI: 10.1002/elps.200900156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
This invited contribution in the special issue of Electrophoresis published in celebration of the 30th Anniversary of this journal reflects the impact of our milestone paper [Prusík, Z., Kasicka, V., Mudra, P., Stepánek, J., Smékal, O., Hlavácek, J., Electrophoresis 1990, 11, 932-936] in the area of conversion of microscale analytical and micropreparative CE separations of biomolecules and bioparticles into (macro)preparative free-flow electrophoresis (FFE) scale on the basis of a correlation between CE and FFE methods. In addition to the survey of advances in the relatively narrow field of CE-FFE correlation and CE-FFE conversion, a comprehensive review of the recent developments of micropreparative CE and (macro)preparative FFE techniques is also presented and applications of these techniques to micro- and (macro)preparative separations and purifications of biomolecules and bioparticles are demonstrated. The review covers the period since the year of publication of the above paper, i.e. ca. the last 20 years.
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Affiliation(s)
- Václav Kasicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic.
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Stone VN, Baldock SJ, Croasdell LA, Dillon LA, Fielden PR, Goddard NJ, Thomas CLP, Treves Brown BJ. Free flow isotachophoresis in an injection moulded miniaturised separation chamber with integrated electrodes. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1155:199-205. [PMID: 17229431 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.12.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2006] [Revised: 11/28/2006] [Accepted: 12/01/2006] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
An injection moulded free flow isotachophoresis (FFITP) microdevice with integrated carbon fibre loaded electrodes with a separation chamber of 36.4mm wide, 28.7 mm long and 100 microm deep is presented. The microdevice was completely fabricated by injection moulding in carbon fibre loaded polystyrene for the electrodes and crystal polystyrene for the remainder of the chip and was bonded together using ultrasonic welding. Two injection moulded electrode designs were compared, one with the electrode surface level with the separation chamber and one with a recessed electrode. Separations of two anionic dyes, 0.2mM each of amaranth and acid green and separations of 0.2mM each of amaranth, bromophenol blue and glutamate were performed on the microdevice. Flow rates of 1.25 ml min(-1) for the leading and terminating electrolytes were used and a flow rate of 0.63 ml min(-1) for the sample. Electric fields of up to 370 V cm(-1) were applied across the separation chamber. Joule heating was not found to be significant although out-gassing was observed at drive currents greater than 3 mA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Victoria N Stone
- School of Chemical Engineering and Analytical Science, The University of Manchester, PO Box 88, Manchester M60 1QD, UK
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Sitaram BR, Keah HH, Hearn MT. Studies on the relationship between structure and electrophoretic mobility of alpha-helical and beta-sheet peptides using capillary zone electrophoresis. J Chromatogr A 1999; 857:263-73. [PMID: 10536845 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(99)00768-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The electrophoretic behaviour of a series of 33 different synthetic peptides has been investigated using free solution high-performance capillary zonal electrophoretic (HPCZE) methods. The dependency of the electrophoretic mobility, mu(em), on the peptide charge, q, and on the charge-to-size ratio parameter, zeta, determined according to several electromobility models, have been examined. Significant divergences from linearity in the mu(em) vs. q or the mu(em) vs. zeta plots were noted for several peptides, possibly due to the proclivity of specific arrangements of their amino acid sequences to assume preferred alpha-helical or beta-sheet conformational features rather than random coil structures under the HPCZE conditions. These results provide further demonstration of the facility of HPCZE procedures to probe the effects of compositional, sequential and conformational differences of closely-related peptides and their consequences on their physicochemical behaviour in solution.
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Affiliation(s)
- B R Sitaram
- Centre for Bioprocess Technology, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
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15
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Abstract
This article gives a review of the recent developments in capillary electrophoresis (CE) of peptides. New approaches to the theoretical description of electromigration behavior of peptides are described, and methodological aspects of CE separations of peptides such as selection of separation conditions, sample treatment, suppression of peptide adsorption to the capillary wall and specificities of CE separation modes are discussed. Progress in application of high performance detection schemes, namely laser-induced fluorescence and mass spectrometry, in peptide separations by CE is presented. Applications of different CE techniques, zone electrophoresis, isotachophoresis, isoelectric focusing, affinity electrophoresis, electrokinetic chromatography and electrochromatography to peptide analysis, preparation and physicochemical characterization are demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kasicka
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague.
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Canut H, Bauer J, Weber G. Separation of plant membranes by electromigration techniques. JOURNAL OF CHROMATOGRAPHY. B, BIOMEDICAL SCIENCES AND APPLICATIONS 1999; 722:121-39. [PMID: 10068137 DOI: 10.1016/s0378-4347(98)00484-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
The review focuses on the multiple separating regimes that offers the free flow electrophoresis technique: free flow zone electrophoresis, isoelectric focusing, isotachophoresis, free flow step electrophoresis. Also, the feasibility to apply either interval or continuous flow electrophoresis is evaluated. The free flow zone electrophoresis regime is generally selected for the separation of cells, organelles and membranes while the other regimes find their largest fields of applications in the purification of proteins and peptides. The latter regimes present the highest resolution efficiency. Therefore, a large part of this review is devoted to the applicabilities of these different regimes to the purification of organelles and membrane vesicles at the preparative scale. Recent developments, both in instrumentation and procedures, are described. The major achievements in plant membrane fractionation obtained with free flow electrophoresis are outlined. The related procedures are both analytical and preparative: they separate tonoplast and plasma membrane simultaneously from the same homogenate, they discriminate for one type of membrane vesicles of opposite orientation, and process large quantities of membrane material by reason of the continuous flow mode. Recent advances using electromigration techniques that permit confirmation of the dynamic state of membranes, characterisation of complex membrane-dependent functions and discovery of new membrane-localised activities are presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Canut
- Signaux et Messages Cellulaires chez les Végétaux, UMR 5546 CNRS-Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France.
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Meissner T, Eisenbeiss F, Jastorff B. Determination of anionic trace impurities in glycerol by capillary isotachophoresis with enlarged sample load. J Chromatogr A 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(98)00236-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Abstract
This review evaluates the literature on continuous free flow electrophoresis, published during the last four years. Its aim is to serve not only experts in the field but also newcomers, and, therefore, it also briefly describes the principles of the method and the techniques used, referring to fundamental papers published earlier. The actual commercial instrumentation is briefly outlined. A substantial part of this review is devoted to the optimization of the performance of this method. Finally, diverse applications of fractionations of charged species in solution, ranging from small ions to biological particles and cells, are surveyed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Krivánková
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Brno
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Tulp A, Verwoerd D, Benham A, Jalink K, Sier C, Neefjes J. High performance density gradient electrophoresis of subcellular organelles, protein complexes and proteins. Electrophoresis 1998; 19:1171-8. [PMID: 9662180 DOI: 10.1002/elps.1150190718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
A density gradient electrophoresis (DGE) apparatus (2.2 x, 14 cm) was constructed for the rapid separation of milligram quantities of proteins. By using binary buffers according to Bier (Electrophoresis 1993, 14, 1011-1018) proteins were rate-zonally separated in less than 60 min. Acidic proteins were separated in a pH 8.6, 56 microS/cm buffer, and basic proteins in a pH 5.4, 76 microS/cm buffer. Thus the A (pI 5.15) and B (pI 5.30) forms of beta-lactoglobulin as well as the sialylated glycoforms of apotransferrin were well separated at pH 8.6. The isoforms of myoglobin (pI 6.9 and 7.35, respectively), RNAse A (pI 9.45) and cytochrome c (pI 10.0) and lysozyme (pI 11) were separated at pH 5.4 within 80 min. On a 7 cm DGE column, subcellular organelles derived from HeLa cells were separated in standard electrophoresis buffer (655 microS/cm) for 90 min at 10 mA. Using a new low conductivity buffer (193 microS/cm) 20 min was sufficient to separate late endosomes, lysosomes, endoplasmic reticulum, early endosomes, plasma membrane, clathrin-coated pits, proteasomes, and clathrin-coated vesicles within a single run directly from a postnuclear supernatant.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Tulp
- Division of Cellular Biochemistry, The Netherlands Cancer Institute, Amsterdam.
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20
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Kasicka V, Prusík Z, Sázelová P, Jirácek J, Barth T. Theory of the correlation between capillary and free-flow zone electrophoresis and its use for the conversion of analytical capillary separations to continuous free-flow preparative processes. Application to analysis and preparation of fragments of insulin. J Chromatogr A 1998; 796:211-20. [PMID: 9513294 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(97)01114-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A basic theoretical description of the correlation between capillary zone electrophoresis (CZE) and free-flow zone electrophoresis (FFZE) is presented. The theory of the correlation between CZE and FFZE results from the fact that both methods are based on the same separation principle, zone electrophoresis, and both are performed in the carrierless separation medium with the same composition of the background electrolyte. The equations describing the movement of the charged and noncharged particles in the d.c. electric field applied in the capillary and in the flow-through electrophoretic chamber are presented and used for the quantitative description of the correlation between CZE and FFZE. Based on the theory of the correlation between CZE and FFZE a procedure has been developed for conversion of analytical, microscale CZE separations into continuous preparative separation processes realized by FFZE. Practical application of the developed procedure is demonstrated by CZE analysis and FFZE preparation of an octapeptide fragment of human insulin.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Kasicka
- Institute of Organic Chemistry and Biochemistry, Academy of Sciences of the Czech Republic, Prague, Czech Republic
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21
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Abstract
Continuous flow electrophoresis (CFE) was optimized by employing (i) electrophoretic regimes with stacking properties, to eliminate electrohydrodynamic dispersion, (ii) quasi-mixed zones to prevent precipitation of the stacked analytes, (iii) sheath liquid streams at the electrode compartment membranes to prevent penetration of the electrode reaction products into the separation chamber, (iv) proper engineering of the separation chamber to provide efficient dissipation of Joule heat, and (v) counterflow at the collection outlets to eliminate the problems of dead volumes and uneven collection of separated species. Data on direct temperature measurements in the separation chamber at various levels of the dissipated electric power are presented. Preparative runs of amyloglucosidase in the isoelectric focusing (IEF) mode and rat liver organelles in the isotochophoresis (ITP) mode demonstrate the high performance of the optimized CFE system.
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Affiliation(s)
- G Weber
- Institute of Analytical Chemistry, Academy of Sciences of Czech Republic, Brno, Czech Republic
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