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Vernì F. Vitamin B6 and diabetes and its role in counteracting advanced glycation end products. VITAMINS AND HORMONES 2024; 125:401-438. [PMID: 38997171 DOI: 10.1016/bs.vh.2024.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/14/2024]
Abstract
Naturally occurring forms of vitamin B6 include six interconvertible water-soluble compounds: pyridoxine (PN), pyridoxal (PL), pyridoxamine (PM), and their respective monophosphorylated derivatives (PNP, PLP, and PMP). PLP is the catalytically active form which works as a cofactor in approximately 200 reactions that regulate the metabolism of glucose, lipids, amino acids, DNA, and neurotransmitters. Most of vitamers can counteract the formation of reactive oxygen species and the advanced glycation end-products (AGEs) which are toxic compounds that accumulate in diabetic patients due to prolonged hyperglycemia. Vitamin B6 levels have been inversely associate with diabetes, while vitamin B6 supplementation reduces diabetes onset and its vascular complications. The mechanisms at the basis of the relation between vitamin B6 and diabetes onset are still not completely clarified. In contrast more evidence indicates that vitamin B6 can protect from diabetes complications through its role as scavenger of AGEs. It has been demonstrated that in diabetes AGEs can destroy the functionality of macromolecules such as protein, lipids, and DNA, thus producing tissue damage that result in vascular diseases. AGEs can be in part also responsible for the increased cancer risk associated with diabetes. In this chapter the relationship between vitamin B6, diabetes and AGEs will be discussed by showing the acquired knowledge and questions that are still open.
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Affiliation(s)
- F Vernì
- Department of Biology and Biotechnology "Charles Darwin" Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy.
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Stach K, Stach W, Augoff K. Vitamin B6 in Health and Disease. Nutrients 2021; 13:3229. [PMID: 34579110 PMCID: PMC8467949 DOI: 10.3390/nu13093229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 09/10/2021] [Accepted: 09/12/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is a fascinating molecule involved in the vast majority of changes in the human body because it is a coenzyme involved in over 150 biochemical reactions. It is active in the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids, amino acids, and nucleic acids, and participates in cellular signaling. It is an antioxidant and a compound with the ability to lower the advanced glycation end products (AGE) level. In this review, we briefly summarize its involvement in biochemical pathways and consider whether its deficiency may be associated with various diseases such as diabetes, heart disease, cancer, or the prognosis of COVID-19.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kamilla Stach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Wojciech Stach
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-368 Wroclaw, Poland;
| | - Katarzyna Augoff
- Department of Surgical Education, Wroclaw Medical University, 50-668 Wroclaw, Poland;
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Vitamin B6 and Diabetes: Relationship and Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21103669. [PMID: 32456137 PMCID: PMC7279184 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21103669] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2020] [Revised: 05/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Vitamin B6 is a cofactor for approximately 150 reactions that regulate the metabolism of glucose, lipids, amino acids, DNA, and neurotransmitters. In addition, it plays the role of antioxidant by counteracting the formation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and advanced glycation end-products (AGEs). Epidemiological and experimental studies indicated an evident inverse association between vitamin B6 levels and diabetes, as well as a clear protective effect of vitamin B6 on diabetic complications. Interestingly, by exploring the mechanisms that govern the relationship between this vitamin and diabetes, vitamin B6 can be considered both a cause and effect of diabetes. This review aims to report the main evidence concerning the role of vitamin B6 in diabetes and to examine the underlying molecular and cellular mechanisms. In addition, the relationship between vitamin B6, genome integrity, and diabetes is examined. The protective role of this vitamin against diabetes and cancer is discussed.
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Morze CV, Allu PKR, Chang GY, Marco-Rius I, Milshteyn E, Wang ZJ, Ohliger MA, Gleason CE, Kurhanewicz J, Vigneron DB, Pearce D. Non-invasive detection of divergent metabolic signals in insulin deficiency vs. insulin resistance in vivo. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2088. [PMID: 29391429 PMCID: PMC5794967 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20264-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The type 2 diabetic phenotype results from mixed effects of insulin deficiency and insulin resistance, but the relative contributions of these two distinct factors remain poorly characterized, as do the respective roles of the gluconeogenic organs. The purpose of this study was to investigate localized in vivo metabolic changes in liver and kidneys of contrasting models of diabetes mellitus (DM): streptozotocin (STZ)-treated wild-type Zucker rats (T1DM) and Zucker diabetic fatty (ZDF) rats (T2DM). Intermediary metabolism was probed using hyperpolarized (HP) [1-13C]pyruvate MRI of the liver and kidneys. These data were correlated with gene expression data for key mediators, assessed using rtPCR. Increased HP [1-13C]lactate was detected in both models, in association with elevated gluconeogenesis as reflected by increased expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase. In contrast, HP [1-13C]alanine diverged between the two models, increasing in ZDF rats, while decreasing in the STZ-treated rats. The differences in liver alanine paralleled differences in key lipogenic mediators. Thus, HP [1-13C]alanine is a marker that can identify phenotypic differences in kidneys and liver of rats with T1DM vs. T2DM, non-invasively in vivo. This approach could provide a powerful diagnostic tool for characterizing tissue metabolic defects and responses to treatment in diabetic patients with ambiguous systemic manifestations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelius von Morze
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States.
| | - Prasanna K R Allu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Gene Y Chang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Irene Marco-Rius
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Eugene Milshteyn
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Zhen J Wang
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Michael A Ohliger
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Catherine E Gleason
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - John Kurhanewicz
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - Daniel B Vigneron
- Department of Radiology and Biomedical Imaging, University of California, San Francisco, United States
| | - David Pearce
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, United States
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da Silva Dias IC, Carabelli B, Ishii DK, de Morais H, de Carvalho MC, Rizzo de Souza LE, Zanata SM, Brandão ML, Cunha TM, Ferraz AC, Cunha JM, Zanoveli JM. Indoleamine-2,3-Dioxygenase/Kynurenine Pathway as a Potential Pharmacological Target to Treat Depression Associated with Diabetes. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:6997-7009. [PMID: 26671617 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9617-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes is a chronic disease associated with depression whose pathophysiological mechanisms that associate these conditions are not fully elucidated. However, the activation of the indoleamine-2,3-dioxygenase (IDO), an enzyme that participate of the tryptophan metabolism leading to a decrease of serotonin (5-HT) levels and whose expression is associated with an immune system activation, has been proposed as a common mechanism that links depression and diabetes. To test this hypothesis, diabetic (DBT) and normoglycemic (NGL) groups had the cytokines (TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6) and 5-HT and norepinephrine (NE) levels in the hippocampus (HIP) evaluated. Moreover, the effect of the selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor fluoxetine (FLX), IDO direct inhibitor 1-methyl-tryptophan (1-MT), anti-inflammatory and IDO indirect inhibitor minocycline (MINO), or non-selective cyclooxygenase inhibitor ibuprofen (IBU) was evaluated in DBT rats submitted to the modified forced swimming test (MFST). After the behavioral test, the HIP was obtained for IDO expression by Western blotting analysis. DBT rats exhibited a significant increase in HIP levels of TNFα, IL-1β, and IL-6 and a decrease in HIP 5-HT and NA levels. They also presented a depressive-like behavior which was reverted by all employed treatments. Interestingly, treatment with MINO, IBU, or FLX but not with 1-MT reduced the increased IDO expression in the HIP from DBT animals. Taken together, our data support our hypothesis that neuroinflammation in the HIP followed by IDO activation with a consequent decrease in the 5-HT levels can be a possible pathophysiological mechanism that links depression to diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabella Caroline da Silva Dias
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Bruno Carabelli
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Daniela Kaori Ishii
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Helen de Morais
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Milene Cristina de Carvalho
- Institute of Neurosciences and Behavior (INeC) and Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology of Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Luiz E Rizzo de Souza
- Department of Basic Pathology, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Silvio M Zanata
- Department of Basic Pathology, Laboratory of Neurobiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81531-990, Brazil
| | - Marcus Lira Brandão
- Institute of Neurosciences and Behavior (INeC) and Laboratory of Neuropsychopharmacology of Faculty of Philosophy, Sciences and Letters of University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14040-901, Brazil
| | - Thiago Mattar Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of São Paulo, Ribeirão Preto, SP, 14049-900, Brazil
| | - Anete Curte Ferraz
- Department of Physiology, Federal University of Paraná, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Joice Maria Cunha
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil
| | - Janaina Menezes Zanoveli
- Department of Pharmacology, Federal University of Paraná, Rua Coronel H dos Santos S/N, P.O. Box 19031, Curitiba, PR, 81540-990, Brazil.
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Massé PG, Boudreau J, Tranchant CC, Ouellette R, Ericson KL. Type 1 diabetes impairs vitamin B(6) metabolism at an early stage of women's adulthood. Appl Physiol Nutr Metab 2012; 37:167-75. [PMID: 22288928 DOI: 10.1139/h11-146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Vitamin B(6) (pyridoxine) metabolism in diabetes has never been investigated except for a few reports on plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP). These studies indicated that this most active (coenzyme) vitamer can be reduced. The present clinical investigation aimed to measure all vitamers in blood and urine by high performance liquid chromatography as well as important related factors, in women during active reproductive years. Thirty-two insulin-treated type 1 diabetic (T1D) patients, without renal complication, and 27 well-matched healthy controls, aged 30 to 40 years old, were recruited using rigorous criteria. Both groups had normal hemoglobin and serum albumin levels. Plasma PLP and pyridoxal (PL) did not differ significantly in the T1D group but alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity was greater (p < 0.01). This produced a shift in plasma PLP-PL profile, as evidenced by a lower plasma PLP/PL ratio (p < 0.05). Enhanced ALP activity meant more PLP being dephosphorylated to PL (the membrane transfer form), with more ending up in erythrocytes to be rephosphorylated in its active form, as suggested by the significant positive correlation (p < 0.001) between plasma PL and erythrocyte PLP. More PL into blood circulation also means more oxidation of this vitamer to 4'-pyridoxic acid in kidneys, as confirmed by the positive correlation between plasma PL and urinary 4'-pyridoxic acid (p < 0.001). The positive correlation (p < 0.001) between ALP activity and glycosylated hemoglobin indicated a direct effect of the disease. The T1D-induced alteration in vitamin B(6) metabolism, consecutive to enhanced ALP activity, may put patients at greater risk of vitamin B(6) deficiency and diabetic complications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Priscilla G Massé
- Department of Human Nutrition and Food Science, Université de Moncton, Moncton, Canada.
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Ahn HJ, Min KW, Cho YO. Assessment of vitamin B(6) status in Korean patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Nutr Res Pract 2011; 5:34-9. [PMID: 21487494 PMCID: PMC3061268 DOI: 10.4162/nrp.2011.5.1.34] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2010] [Revised: 02/08/2011] [Accepted: 02/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to assess vitamin B(6) intake and status in Korean patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes. Sixty-four patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes and 8-11% glycated hemoglobin (A1C), along with 28 age-matched non-diabetic subjects, participated. Dietary vitamin B(6) intake was estimated by the 24 hour recall method and plasma pyridoxal 5'-phosphate (PLP) was measured. There was a significant difference in daily total calorie intake between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups (1,917 ± 376 vs 2,093 ± 311 kcal). There were no differences in intake of total vitamin B(6) (2.51 ± 0.91 vs 2.53 ± 0.81 mg/d) or vitamin B(6)/1,000 kcal (1.31 ± 0.42 vs 1.20 ± 0.32 mg) between the diabetic and non-diabetic groups, andI intakes of total vitamin B(6) were above the Korean RDA in both groups (180.0 ± 57.9 vs 179.0 ± 65.4). There was a higher percentage of diabetic subjects whose plasma PLP concentration was < 30 nmol/L compared to non-diabetic group. Plasma PLP levels tended to be lower in the diabetic subjects than in the non-diabetic subjects, although the difference was not statistically significant due to a large standard deviation (80.0 ± 61.2 nmol/L vs 68.2 ± 38.5 nmol/L). Nevertheless, plasma PLP levels should be monitored in pre-diabetic patients with diabetic risk factors as well as in newly diagnosed diabetic patients for long-term management of diabetes, even though this factor is not a major risk factor that contributes to the development of degenerative complications in certain patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hee Jung Ahn
- Department of Internal Medicine, Eulji Medical College, Seoul 139-872, Korea
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Abstract
Glycation is a major cause of spontaneous damage to proteins in physiological systems. This is exacerbated in diabetes as a consequence of the increase in glucose and other saccharides derivatives in plasma and at the sites of vascular complications. Protein damage by the formation of early glycation adducts is limited to lysine side chain and N-terminal amino groups whereas later stage adducts, advanced glycation endproducts (AGEs), modify these and also arginine and cysteine residues. Metabolic dysfunction in vascular cells leads to the increased formation of methylglyoxal which adds disproportionately to the glycation damage in hyperglycaemia. AGE-modified proteins undergo cellular proteolysis leading to the formation and urinary excretion of glycation free adducts. AGEs may potentiate the development of diabetic complications by activation of cell responses by AGE-modified proteins interacting with specific cell surface receptors, activation of cell responses by AGE free adducts, impairment of protein-protein and enzyme-substrate interactions by AGE residue formation, and increasing resistance to proteolysis of extracellular matrix proteins. The formation of AGEs is suppressed by intensive glycaemic control, and may in future be suppressed by thiamine and pyridoxamine supplementation, and several other pharmacological agents. Increasing expression of enzymes of the enzymatic defence against glycation provides a novel and potentially effective future therapeutic strategy to suppress protein glycation.
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Affiliation(s)
- N Ahmed
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Essex, Central Campus, Wivenhoe Park, Colchester, Essex, CO4 3SQ, UK
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Jordao AA, Dos Santos FL, Marchini JS, Vannucchi H. Role of vitamin b(6) deficiency in the nitrogen balance of streptozotocin-diabetic rats. Toxicol Mech Methods 2007; 17:275-9. [PMID: 20020950 DOI: 10.1080/15376510601003744] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
ABSTRACT Male Wistar rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes received a control diet and a pyridoxine-deficient diet. The animals were divided at random into four groups: control rats (CR), control diabetic rats (CDR), diabetic rats receiving a pyridoxine-free diet (DRB6), and diabetic rats receiving saline solution and no insulin treatment (DRSS). The experiment lasted 45 days. During the first 15 days the animals were observed for the development of diabetes and during the remaining 30 days they received the respective diets. The absence of vitamin B(6) did not influence the glycemia levels at the end of the experiment or the weight evolution of the animals. The rats that did not receive pyridoxine (DRB6) only showed a reduction in GPT activity (17.79 U/mL) compared to the other groups. The DRB6 group presented a significantly lower (p <0.05) nitrogen balance during each period (2.38 +/- 0.44 g N/7 days) compared to the CDR group (3.28 +/- 0.56 g N/7 days). The DRSS group presented similar or significantly higher values (2.81 +/- 0.77 g N/7 days) compared to the CDR group. Pyridoxine-deficient diabetic rats treated with insulin suffered important changes in the utilization of dietary proteins, as observed by nitrogen balance and enzyme activity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alceu Afonso Jordao
- Course of Nutrition and Metabolism, and Division of Nutrology, Department of Internal Medicine, Faculty of Medicine of Ribeirão Preto/USP
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Abstract
AIM In the diabetic state, energy must be supplied mainly by amino acids and fat; therefore the metabolic processes are very similar to those of animals fed a high-protein diet. Vitamin B6-dependent enzymes, which are highly involved in amino acid metabolism, are important in diabetics. We investigated vitamin B6 content, and aspartate aminotransferase and glycogen phosphorylase activities, in several tissues of streptozotocin-induced diabetic and control rats. METHODS The rats were fed a vitamin B6-free diet and administered an equivalent amount of pyridoxine based on body weight. RESULTS Vitamin B6 content in all tissues examined, except for the liver, was lower in the diabetics than in controls. Aspartate aminotransferase activity was higher in the liver of diabetics than in the controls, but not in the other tissues. Glycogen phosphorylase activity in the gastrocnemius muscle of diabetics decreased to two-thirds of the control level. CONCLUSIONS These data might indicate that diabetic animals should have a higher intake of vitamin B6 because a diabetic state can lead to a vitamin B6-deficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Okada
- Faculty of Health and Living Sciences, Naruto University of Education, Takashima 772-8502, Naruto, Japan. mailto:
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Okada M, Miyamoto E, Nishida T, Tomida T, Shibuya M. Effect of vitamin B-6 nutrition and diabetes on vitamin B-6 metabolism. J Nutr Biochem 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0955-2863(96)00152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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Rock CL, DeRoeck MB, Gorenflo DW, Jahnke MG, Swartz RD, Messana JM. Current prevalence of vitamin B6 deficiency in hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis patients. J Ren Nutr 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s1051-2276(97)90003-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
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Rogers KS, Mohan C, Geiger PJ, Memon RA, Bessman SP. Lack of hormonal stimulation of pyridoxine metabolism in isolated rat hepatocytes. BIOCHEMICAL MEDICINE AND METABOLIC BIOLOGY 1992; 48:143-8. [PMID: 1419146 DOI: 10.1016/0885-4505(92)90059-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Isolated hepatocytes obtained from Sprague-Dawley rats (145-175 g) were incubated for 15 min at 30 degrees C in Krebs-Henseleit bicarbonate buffer, pH 7.4, containing 0.5 mM concentration of each of the 20 natural amino acids and either 4.5 or 23 microM [U-14C]pyridoxine. Pyridoxine, pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, and pyridoxic acid separated by an anion-exchange chromatographic technique were quantified using a phosphate analyzer and a liquid scintillation counter. The conversion of [U-14C]pyridoxine to its metabolites was more than doubled by increasing the amount of pyridoxine (4.5 to 23 microM) in the incubation medium. Insulin (10 mU/ml), glucagon (1 nM), or epinephrine (10 microM) did not have any significant effect on the conversion of [14C]-pyridoxine to pyridoxal, pyridoxal phosphate, or pyridoxic acid. Our earlier observations of a large decrease in serum pyridoxal phosphate in the diabetic rat cannot be explained by any direct hormonal effects on pyridoxine metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Rogers
- Department of Biochemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907
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