The human IL-1 receptor antagonist gene (IL1RN) maps to chromosome 2q14-q21, in the region of the IL-1 alpha and IL-1 beta loci

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist: a promising cytokine against human squamous cell carcinomas

Inflammation, especially chronic inflammation, is closely linked to tumor development. As essential chronic inflammatory cytokines, the interleukin family plays a key role in inflammatory infections and malignancies. The interleukin-1 (IL-1) receptor antagonist (IL1RA), as a naturally occurring receptor antagonist, is the first discovered and can compete with IL-1 in binding to the receptor. Recent studies have revealed the association of the polymorphisms in IL1RA with an increased risk of squamous cell carcinomas (SCCs), including squamous cell carcinoma of the head and neck (SCCHN), cervical squamous cell carcinoma, cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma (cSCC), esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC), and bronchus squamous cell carcinoma. Here, we reviewed the antitumor potential of IL1RA as an IL-1-targeted inhibitor.

Panoramic snapshot of serum soluble mediator interplay in pregnant women with convalescent COVID-19: an exploratory study

Introduction

SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy can induce changes in the maternal immune response, with effects on pregnancy outcome and offspring. This is a cross-sectional observational study designed to characterize the immunological status of pregnant women with convalescent COVID-19 at distinct pregnancy trimesters. The study focused on providing a clear snapshot of the interplay among serum soluble mediators.

Methods

A sample of 141 pregnant women from all prenatal periods (1^st, 2^nd and 3^rd trimesters) comprised patients with convalescent SARS-CoV-2 infection at 3-20 weeks after symptoms onset (COVID, n=89) and a control group of pre-pandemic non-infected pregnant women (HC, n=52). Chemokine, pro-inflammatory/regulatory cytokine and growth factor levels were quantified by a high-throughput microbeads array.

Results

In the HC group, most serum soluble mediators progressively decreased towards the 2^nd and 3^rd trimesters of pregnancy, while higher chemokine, cytokine and growth factor levels were observed in the COVID patient group. Serum soluble mediator signatures and heatmap analysis pointed out that the major increase observed in the COVID group related to pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-6, TNF-α, IL-12, IFN-γ and IL-17). A larger set of biomarkers displayed an increased COVID/HC ratio towards the 2^nd (3x increase) and the 3^rd (3x to 15x increase) trimesters. Integrative network analysis demonstrated that HC pregnancy evolves with decreasing connectivity between pairs of serum soluble mediators towards the 3^rd trimester. Although the COVID group exhibited a similar profile, the number of connections was remarkably lower throughout the pregnancy. Meanwhile, IL-1Ra, IL-10 and GM-CSF presented a preserved number of correlations (≥5 strong correlations in HC and COVID), IL-17, FGF-basic and VEGF lost connectivity throughout the pregnancy. IL-6 and CXCL8 were included in a set of acquired attributes, named COVID-selective (≥5 strong correlations in COVID and <5 in HC) observed at the 3^rd pregnancy trimester.

Discussion and conclusion

From an overall perspective, a pronounced increase in serum levels of soluble mediators with decreased network interplay between them demonstrated an imbalanced immune response in convalescent COVID-19 infection during pregnancy that may contribute to the management of, or indeed recovery from, late complications in the post-symptomatic phase of the SARS-CoV-2 infection in pregnant women.

Association of Interleukin-1 Beta and Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist Gene Polymorphisms and Plasma Levels with Diabetic Nephropathy

Objective

We investigated the relationships between interleukin- (IL-) 1β and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism and plasma levels in patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN).

Methods

The genotype and allele frequency distribution of IL-1β and IL-1Ra in 61 patients with DN and 48 healthy controls (HCs) were determined by kompetitive allele-specific PCR (KASP), and the plasma concentrations of IL-1β and IL-1Ra in DN patients and HCs were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISA).

Results

Significant differences were detected in the distribution of IL-1β (−511C/T) genotype and allele frequencies between the DN and HC groups (P < 0.05), with the T genotype being more frequent in DN patients than HCs (OR = 2.84, 95% CI: 1.489–5.416). The IL-1β (+3953C/T) and IL-1Ra (+8006C/T) genotypes and allele frequencies were not significantly different between the two groups (P > 0.05). The plasma IL-1β level was significantly higher (P < 0.01), while the plasma IL-1Ra concentration was significantly lower in the DN group than the HC group (P < 0.05). Furthermore, the plasma IL-1β level was significantly different between IL-1β (−511C/T) locus variants (P < 0.05).

Conclusion

The IL-1β (−511C/T) gene polymorphism was significantly associated with DN risk in the population of northern Guangxi, China, and the T allele maybe responsible for genetic susceptibility to DN.

A Tribute to Robert (Bob) Sim-Personal Memories of Working in Bob's Lab

This article is intended as a tribute to Robert B. Sim through the sharing of personal memories and anecdotes from two of Bob's lab members who worked in his lab between 1989 to 1994.

Upregulation of IL-1 Receptor Antagonist by Aspirin in Glial Cells via Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor-Alpha

BACKGROUND

Neuroinflammation is a recognized aspect of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and other neurological illnesses. Interleukin 1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) is an anti-inflammatory molecule, which inhibits inflammatory molecules in different cells including brain cells. However, mechanisms for upregulating IL-1Ra in brain cells are poorly understood.

OBJECTIVE

Since aspirin is a widely available pain reliever that shows promise beyond its known pain-relieving capacity, we examined whether aspirin could upregulate the IL-1Ra in the brain.

METHODS

We employed PCR, real-time PCR, western blot, immunostaining, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP), and lentiviral transduction in glial cells. 5xFAD mice, an animal model of AD, were treated with aspirin orally via gavage.

RESULTS

Aspirin increased the expression of IL-1Ra mRNA and protein in primary mouse astrocytes and mouse BV-2 microglial cells. While investigating the mechanism, we found that the IL-1Ra gene promoter harbors peroxisome proliferator response element (PPRE) and that aspirin upregulated IL-1Ra in astrocytes isolated from peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-beta knockout (PPARβ-/-), but not PPARα-/-, mice. Moreover, we observed that aspirin bound to tyrosine 314 residue of PPARα to stimulate IL-1Ra and that aspirin treatment also increased the recruitment of PPARα to the IL-1Ra promoter. Accordingly, aspirin increased IL-1Ra in vivo in the brain of wild type and PPARβ-/-, but not in PPARα-/- mice. Similarly, aspirin treatment also increased astroglial and microglial IL-1Ra in the cortex of 5xFAD, but not 5xFAD/PPARα-/- mice.

CONCLUSION

Aspirin may reduce the severity of different neurological conditions by upregulating IL-1Ra and reducing the inflammation.

The role of interleukin-1β in the immune response to contact allergens

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) is an important pro-inflammatory cytokine that has an effect on almost every cell lineage in the body. By blocking IL-1β and investigating the IL-1β signaling pathway, several studies have demonstrated a central role of IL-1β in the response to contact allergens. This review summarizes the current literature regarding the basic immunological mechanisms mediated by IL-1β in the different phases of allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) and highlights potential IL-1β-targeted treatment options, which in the future may be relevant in the treatment of patients with ACD. This review is based primarily on studies using various mouse models and human in vitro studies, since clinical studies on the effect of IL-1β in ACD are lacking.

IL1A and IL1B gene polymorphisms and keratoconus susceptibility: evidence from an updated meta-analysis

Background: Several single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in IL1B genes have been associated with KTCN. However, the results of these studies were not conclusive. This meta-analysis association study is aimed to quantitatively estimate the association of IL1B rs16944 (g.4490T>C) and rs1143627 (g.4970C>T), and IL1A rs2071376 (c.615 + 169C>A) polymorphisms with KTCN susceptibility.Materials and Methods: Systematic literature search was performed in Web of Science, MEDLINE, PubMed, Scopus, and Google Scholar databases. The odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) were calculated assuming different contrasted genetic models.Results: The reference T allele of IL1B (g.4490T>C) polymorphism was significantly associated with decreased KTCN risk under all assessed genetic models. Regarding the reference C allele of IL1B (g.4970C>T) polymorphism, decreased risk of KTCN was found. The reference C allele of IL1A (c.615 + 169C>A) polymorphism conferred a decreased risk of KTCN under heterozygous codominant (AC vs. AA), homozygous codominant (CC vs. AA), and dominant (AC+CC vs. AA) genetic models. The pooling estimates showed that the T C haplotype was associated with a significant increase in KTCN risk. In contrast, the T T haplotype was correlated with a decreased risk of KTCN. With the assumption of a prior probability of 0.25, the false-positive report probability (FPRP) values were less than 0.2, indicating the observed significant associations were notable.Conclusion: These findings propose that the studied IL1B polymorphisms and the IL1A variation have opposite effects on KTCN susceptibility. More large-scale replication studies are warranted to illuminate the precise role of these SNPs on the etiology of eye disorders.

Interleukin-1A and interleukin-1B gene polymorphisms in gastroesophageal reflux disease

Inflammation may play contradictory roles in the pathogenesis of gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD): gastritis decreases gastric output and reduces the risk of esophagitis, while interleukins may favor mucosal inflammation. The inflammation may cause esogastric motility changes and thus increase the risk of esophagitis. Considering the genetic influence of inflammatory response, we looked for the genetic polymorphisms of IL-1 in GERD manifested as reflux esophagitis. This is a prospective study carried out in GERD and healthy controls. We assessed in these groups the following single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs): IL-1A (rs1800587), IL-1B (rs16944), IL-1B (rs1143634) and the VNTR for IL-1RN. Both groups were similar according to biographical data. Reflux esophagitis was confirmed by endoscopy and where necessary by pH-impedance monitoring. Reflux esophagitis was associated only with the polymorphism rs16944. No other correlations with the other three genetic polymorphisms were detected. These data suggest that the diverging effects of proinflammatory factors on the upper digestive tract may have deleterious effect on GERD. The IL-1B (rs16944) SNP correlates with reflux esophagitis.

Interleukin Gene Variability and Periodontal Bacteria in Patients with Generalized Aggressive Form of Periodontitis

Host genetic predispositions to dysregulated immune response can influence the development of the aggressive form of periodontitis (AgP) through susceptibility to oral dysbiosis and subsequent host-microbe interaction. This case-control study aimed to perform a multilocus analysis of functional variants in selected interleukin (IL) genes in patients with the generalized form of AgP in a homogenous population. Twelve polymorphisms in IL-1 gene cluster, IL-6 and its receptor, IL-10, IL-17A, and IL-18 were determined in 91 AgP patients and 210 controls. Analysis of seven selected periodontal bacteria in subgingival sulci/pockets was performed with a commercial DNA-microarray kit in a subgroup of 76 individuals. The pilot in vitro study included stimulation of peripheral blood monocytes (PBMC) from 20 individuals with periodontal bacteria and measurement of IL-10 levels using the Luminex method. Only the unctional polymorphism IL-10 −1087 A/G (rs1800896) and specific IL-10 haplotypes were associated with the development of the disease (p < 0.05, P_corr > 0.05). Four bacterial species occurred more frequently in AgP than in controls (p < 0.01, P_corr < 0.05). Elevated IL-10 levels were found in AgP patients, carriers of IL-10 −1087GG genotype, and PBMCs stimulated by periodontal bacteria (p < 0.05, P_corr > 0.05). We therefore conclude that a combination of genetic predisposition to the altered expression of IL-10 and the presence of specific periodontal bacteria may contribute to Th1/Th2 balance disruption and AgP development.

The role of the IL-1 system in pregnancy and the use of IL-1 system markers to identify women at risk for pregnancy complications†

The interleukin (IL)-1 system plays a major role in immune responses and inflammation. The IL-1 system components include IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-1 receptor type 1 and IL-1 receptor type 2 (decoy receptor), IL-1 receptor accessory protein, and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra). These components have been shown to play a role in pregnancy, specifically in embryo-maternal communication for implantation, placenta development, and protection against infections. As gestation advances, maternal tissues experience increasing fetal demand and physical stress and IL-1β is induced. Dependent on the levels of IL-1Ra, which regulates IL-1β activity, a pro-inflammatory response may or may not occur. If there is an inflammatory response, prostaglandins are synthesized that may lead to myometrial contractions and the initiation of labor. Many studies have examined the role of the IL-1 system in pregnancy by independently measuring plasma, cervical, and amniotic fluid IL-1β or IL-1Ra levels. Other studies have tested for polymorphisms in IL-1β and IL-1Ra genes in women experiencing pregnancy complications such as early pregnancy loss, in vitro fertilization failure, pre-eclampsia and preterm delivery. Data from those studies suggest a definite role for the IL-1 system in successful pregnancy outcomes. However, as anticipated, the results varied among different experimental models, ethnicities, and disease states. Here, we review the current literature and propose that measurement of IL-1Ra in relation to IL-1 may be useful in predicting the risk of poor pregnancy outcomes.

Interleukin-1 Gene Variability and Plasma Levels in Czech Patients with Chronic Periodontitis and Diabetes Mellitus

Recent studies have suggested a bidirectional relationship between chronic periodontitis (CP) and diabetes mellitus (DM). Immunoregulatory factors such as cytokines play an important role in etiopathogenesis of both diseases. The aim of this study was to analyze variability in interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene cluster and IL-1β plasma levels in patients with CP, DM, and a combination of both diseases. A total of 1016 individuals participating in this case-control study—225 healthy controls, 264 patients with CP, 132 with type 1 diabetes (T1DM), and 395 patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM)—were genotyped using methods based on polymerase chain reaction for IL-1 gene polymorphisms (IL-1A (−889C/T, rs1800587), IL-1B (+3953C/T, rs1143634), and IL-1RN (gene for IL-1 receptor antagonist, IL-1RA, 86 bp tandem repeats in intron 2)). Levels of IL-1β were measured by Luminex methods in subgroups of controls, CP, T1DM + CP, and T2DM + CP subjects. Although no significant associations were found in the genotype and allele frequencies of IL-1A (−889C/T), significant differences in the allele frequencies of IL-1B (+3953C/T) were observed between controls and CP patients (P < 0.05). In T1DM patients, IL-1RN^∗S “short” allele and IL-1RN 12 genotype were significantly less frequent than those in controls (P < 0.01). In haplotype analysis, TTL haplotype decreased the risk of CP development (P < 0.01), whereas CCS and CTL haplotypes (P < 0.01 and P < 0.05) were associated with T1DM. Although IL-1β levels were measured significantly higher in mononuclear cells after stimulation by mitogens, HSP70, or selected periodontal bacteria than in unstimulated cells, IL-1 genotypes did not correlate with circulating IL-1β levels. In the Czech population, significant associations between the IL-1B polymorphism with CP and the IL-1RN variant with T1DM were found. Haplotype analysis suggests that variability in IL-1 gene cluster may be one of the factors in the CP and T1DM pathogenesis, although single variants of these polymorphisms are not substantial for protein production.

Pancreatic deletion of the interleukin-1 receptor disrupts whole body glucose homeostasis and promotes islet β-cell de-differentiation

Objective

Pancreatic tissue, and islets in particular, are enriched in expression of the interleukin-1 receptor type I (IL-1R). Because of this enrichment, islet β-cells are exquisitely sensitive to the IL-1R ligands IL-1α and IL-1β, suggesting that signaling through this pathway regulates health and function of islet β-cells.

Methods

Herein, we report a targeted deletion of IL-1R in pancreatic tissue (IL-1R^Pdx1−/−) in C57BL/6J mice and in db/db mice on the C57 genetic background. Islet morphology, β-cell transcription factor abundance, and expression of the de-differentiation marker Aldh1a3 were analyzed by immunofluorescent staining. Glucose and insulin tolerance tests were used to examine metabolic status of these genetic manipulations. Glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was evaluated in vivo and in isolated islets ex vivo by perifusion.

Results

Pancreatic deletion of IL-1R leads to impaired glucose tolerance, a phenotype that is exacerbated by age. Crossing the IL-1R^Pdx1−/− with db/db mice worsened glucose tolerance without altering body weight. There were no detectable alterations in insulin tolerance between IL-1R^Pdx1−/− mice and littermate controls. However, glucose-stimulated insulin secretion was reduced in islets isolated from IL-1R^Pdx1−/− relative to control islets. Insulin output in vivo after a glucose challenge was also markedly reduced in IL-1R^Pdx1−/− mice when compared with littermate controls. Pancreatic islets from IL-1R^Pdx1−/− mice displayed elevations in Aldh1a3, a marker of de-differentiation, and reduction in nuclear abundance of the β-cell transcription factor MafA. Nkx6.1 abundance was unaltered.

Conclusions

There is an important physiological role for pancreatic IL-1R to promote glucose homeostasis by suppressing expression of Aldh1a3, sustaining MafA abundance, and supporting glucose-stimulated insulin secretion in vivo.

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Pancreatic deletion of IL-1R impairs glucose tolerance in young and old male mice.

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Pancreatic deletion of IL-1R worsens glucose tolerance in obese db/db mice.

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Deletion of IL-1R triggers expression of the de-differentiation marker Aldh1a3.

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IL-1 signaling in pancreatic tissue influences islet health and function.

Biochemical and molecular study on interleukin-1β gene expression and relation of single nucleotide polymorphism in promoter region with Type 2 diabetes mellitus

Interleukin-1β (IL-1β) assumes a centric role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses and thus has been recognized in immune mediated diseases like type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). We aimed to investigate expressed level of IL-1β and its relation with IL-1β -511T>C polymorphism in T2DM patients. This study enrolled 80 subjects (50 patients with T2DM and 30 healthy control subjects). Laboratory investigations included fasting (FBG) and 2 h postprandial blood sugar (2 h PBG), HBA1c, lipid profile, and renal function tests. Genotyping of IL-1β -511T>C (rs16944) SNP assay by real-time PCR and relative quantitation of IL-1β gene expression transcript by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

T2DM patients had significantly higher FBG and 2 h PBG, HBA1c, LDLc, TC, TG, systolic, and diastolic BP while lower HDLc compared with control group. IL 1- β -511 T>C, CC genotype and C allele were significantly associated with risk of T2DM with odds ratio (OR) 4.73, 95%CI (1.21-18.39) and OR 2.27, 95%CI (1.72-4.40), respectively. Moreover, diabetic patients had significantly higher IL 1- β gene transcript compared with control group (P < 0.001). CC genotype of IL 1- β -511 T > C had the highest significant level of IL 1- β gene transcript demonstrated compared with C/T and T/T genotypes (P < 0.001) in patients.

CONCLUSION

C allele of IL-1 β -511 T >C could be considered risk factor contributor to T2DM and excess level of IL-1 β transcript may disclose to some degree the inflammatory role of cytokines in T2DM.

Association of Interleukin-1 Gene cluster polymorphisms with coronary slow flow phenomenon

Objective:

Coronary slow flow phenomenon (CSFP) is characterized by the decreased rate of contrast progression in epicardial coronary arte-ries in the absence of significant coronary stenosis. Mounting evidence has showed a significant association between inflammation and CSFP severity. This study aimed to evaluate possible associations between interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene variable number tandem repeat (VNTR), IL-1β -511 single nucleotide (SNP), and IL-1β+3954 SNP mutations with CSFP.

Methods:

Forty-eight patients with CSFP and 62 controls with angiographically normal coronary arteries were prospectively enrolled in the study. Genotypes were assessed using the polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based restriction fragment length polymorphism (PCR-RFLP) technique.

Results:

Homozygote genotype for allele 2 of+3954 C>T 2/2 genotype was significantly more frequent in patients with CSFP than in the control group, whereas 1/2 genotype was more frequent in the control group (35.4% versus 14.5% for 2/2 genotype and 25% versus 35.5% for 1/2 genotype in CSFP and control groups, respectively, X²=6.6; p=0.04). The allelic frequency of allele 2 of this polymorphism was significantly higher in the CSFP group than in the control group (47.9% versus 28.6% in the control group, X²=5.6; p=0.02). However, there was no significant difference with regard to genotype or allelic frequencies of IL-1ra VNTR or IL-1β -511 SNP polymorphisms between patients with CSFP and controls.

Conclusion:

IL-1β+3954 SNP mutations are significantly more common in patients with CSFP. It may suggest that the tendency for inflammation may contribute to the presence of this phenomenon.

Bivariate genome-wide association analyses identified genetic pleiotropic effects for bone mineral density and alcohol drinking in Caucasians

Several studies indicated bone mineral density (BMD) and alcohol intake might share common genetic factors. The study aimed to explore potential SNPs/genes related to both phenotypes in US Caucasians at the genome-wide level. A bivariate genome-wide association study (GWAS) was performed in 2069 unrelated participants. Regular drinking was graded as 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6, representing drinking alcohol never, less than once, once or twice, three to six times, seven to ten times, or more than ten times per week respectively. Hip, spine, and whole body BMDs were measured. The bivariate GWAS was conducted on the basis of a bivariate linear regression model. Sex-stratified association analyses were performed in the male and female subgroups. In males, the most significant association signal was detected in SNP rs685395 in DYNC2H1 with bivariate spine BMD and alcohol drinking (P = 1.94 × 10-8). SNP rs685395 and five other SNPs, rs657752, rs614902, rs682851, rs626330, and rs689295, located in the same haplotype block in DYNC2H1 were the top ten most significant SNPs in the bivariate GWAS in males. Additionally, two SNPs in GRIK4 in males and three SNPs in OPRM1 in females were suggestively associated with BMDs (of the hip, spine, and whole body) and alcohol drinking. Nine SNPs in IL1RN were only suggestively associated with female whole body BMD and alcohol drinking. Our study indicated that DYNC2H1 may contribute to the genetic mechanisms of both spine BMD and alcohol drinking in male Caucasians. Moreover, our study suggested potential pleiotropic roles of OPRM1 and IL1RN in females and GRIK4 in males underlying variation of both BMD and alcohol drinking.

Association of IL1 beta gene polymorphism and allograft functions in renal transplant recipients :a case control study from Kashmir Valley

BACKGROUND

Cytokines have been found to be the important mediators during renal graft outcome. Therefore, we designed this study to investigate the role of recipients' IL-1 β promoter (-511) and IL-1 β exon-5 (+3954) polymorphisms with the risk of graft outcome.

METHODOLOGY

We enrolled one hundred recipients of living-related renal transplants together with the age and sex matched controls from the healthy population not having any renal abnormality for this study. Genotype frequencies of the IL-1 β promoter (-511) and IL-1 β exon-5 (+3954) were analyzed using PCR-RFLP technique.

RESULTS

Our results revealed significant differences in the healthy control group and patient group in IL 1β +3954 (p < 0.001). The frequency of variant type TT genotype was higher in RE group as compared to SGF and showed 4 fold risk of rejection (OR = 4.54, p < 0.069) although p value was not significant. The frequency of wild type CC genotype and CT was not significant (p value 0.89 and 0.74 respectively).

CONCLUSION

Our findings suggest that there is a prevalence of mutated allele of IL-1 gene cluster in our population, which may be responsible for renal dysfunction.

Genetic and clinical risk factors of root resorption associated with orthodontic treatment

INTRODUCTION

External apical root resorption (EARR) is a common complication in orthodontic treatment. Despite many studies on EARR, great controversies remain with regard to its risk factors. The objective of this study was to explore the relationship among sex, root movement, IL-1RN single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) rs419598, IL-6 SNP rs1800796, and EARR associated with orthodontic treatment.

METHODS

Altogether 174 patients (with 174 maxillary left central incisors) were selected for this study. Cone-beam computed tomography was performed before the start of the treatment and at the end of the treatment. Cone-beam computed tomography data were used to reconstruct a 3-dimensional image of each tooth; the volume and the root resorption volume of each tooth were calculated. Three-dimensional matching was used to measure the amount of movement of each root. Genomic DNA was extracted from buccal swabs, and genotypes of SNP rs419598 and SNP rs1800796 of each subject were determined using TaqMan polymerase chain reaction genotyping (Applied Biosystems, Foster City, Calif). The data were analyzed with multiple linear regression analysis.

RESULTS

The statistical analysis indicated no relationship between sex, tooth movement amount, and IL-1RN SNP rs419598 with EARR. The IL-6 SNP rs1800796 GC was associated with EARR, and root resorption differed significantly between SNP rs1800796 GC and CC.

CONCLUSIONS

IL-6 SNP rs1800796 GC is a risk factor for EARR. The amount of root movement, IL-1RN SNP rs419598, and sex as risk factors for EARR need further study.

The Clinical Significance of Interleukin-1 Receptor Antagonist +2018 Polymorphism in Rheumatoid Arthritis

OBJECTIVE

Interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) acts as an inhibitor of IL-1; which is one of the culprit cytokines in rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Although +2018 polymorphism of IL-1Ra has been implicated in the pathogenesis of RA, its importance remains poorly understood. Hence, the purpose of this study was to determine the clinical significance of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) +2018 polymorphism in RA.

METHODS

Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and sequencing were used to determine the genotypes of the IL-1Ra +2018 for 77 RA patients and 18 healthy controls. All RA patients were assessed for the disease activity score that includes 28 joints (DAS28) and radiographic disease damage based on Modified Sharp Score (MSS).

RESULTS

The frequency of the T/T and C/T genotypes did not differ significantly (p = 0.893) between the RA patients and the controls. The C/T genotype had significantly higher mean disease activity (DAS 28) and disease damage (MSS) scores with p values of 0.017 and 0.004, respectively. Additionally, the ESR (erythrocyte sedimentation rate), CRP (C-reactive protein), the number of swollen and tender joints were higher for the C/T individuals. On multivariate analysis the CRP, swollen joint count and MSS remained significant with the following p values i.e. 0.045, 0.046 and less than 0.05.

CONCLUSIONS

C/T genotype of IL-1Ra +2018 prognosticates more aggressive disease in RA.

Interleukin-1 Gene Cluster Polymorphisms and Their Association with Coronary Artery Disease: Separate Evidences from the Largest Case-Control Study amongst North Indians and an Updated Meta-Analysis

Several researchers have reported significant association of numerous single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) residing in the interleukin-1 (IL-1) gene cluster with coronary artery disease (CAD). However, their association status amongst North Indian ancestry (NIA) have never been systematically assessed. Despite a published meta-analysis on this subject, their association status worldwide as well as amongst different major ancestral subgroups still remains unclear. We therefore decided to prospectively test the association of 11 IL-1 gene cluster SNPs with CAD, vide a case-control study amongst a cohort of NIA and attempted to validate our results with the help of an updated meta-analysis of all relevant published association studies. Included studies were segregated into ancestral subgroups and association statuses for each subgroup were determined. A total of 323 cases and 400 healthy, age and sex matched controls belonging to NIA were prospectively enrolled and subsequently genotyped for 11 selected IL-1 gene cluster SNPs. Although results for none of the evaluated IL-1 gene cluster SNPs reached the adjusted level of significance (p<0.0045), clear trends of association were seen for IL1B -511 C>T and IL1RN 86bp VNTR in several of the constructed genetic models (p range = 0.01–0.044 and 0.005–0.034 respectively). The presence of >1, ‘T’ (minor) allele of IL1B -511 C>T in a genotype seemed to provide protection against CAD (OR = 0.62, p = 0.044), while the presence of >1, ‘C’ (major) allele seemed to increase the risk of CAD (OR = 1.36, p = 0.041). The minor allele (allele 2) of IL1RN 86bp VNTR and its homozygous genotype (2/2 genotype) also seemed to carry an increased risk for CAD (OR = 1.62, p = 0.005 and OR = 2.25, p = 0.031 respectively). On the other hand, several haplotype combinations constructed out of IL1B and IL1RN gene variants clearly showed statistically significant associations with CAD (p<0.0045). Our meta-analysis was conducted for 8 previously assessed IL-1 SNPs. We included 53 different studies which involved a total sample of 26,210 (13,982 cases and 12,228 controls). Our pooled results concurred with the findings of our case-control study and was not able to deduce any statistically significant associations for any of the 8 studied SNPs (p>0.05). Subgroup analysis, however, yielded interesting results, where significant differences in association statuses were seen for IL1A +4845 G>T, IL1B -511 C>T, IL1RN 86bp VNTR and IL1RN +8006 T>C for select ancestral subgroups. The hints of associations deduced for subjects belonging to NIA in our case-control study for both IL1B -511 C>T and IL1RN 86bp VNTR were duly validated vide significant p values seen for NIA in all three genetic models (OR range = 0.62–0.76, p range = 0.01–0.04 and OR range = 1.51–2.25, p range = 0.004–0.04 respectively). On the other hand, Mixed Ancestry (MA) subgroup carrying IL1B -511 C>T, IL1RN 86bp VNTR or IL1RN +8006 T>C polymorphisms seemed to enjoy significant protection against CAD. A few other ancestral subgroups also demonstrated significant associations for a few of the studied SNPs vide one of the three genetic models. Clinical interpretation of derived results is however recommended.

Interleukin-1β (3953/4) C→T polymorphism increases the risk of chronic periodontitis in Asians: evidence from a meta-analysis of 20 case-control studies

INTRODUCTION

To investigate the association of the interleukin-1β (IL-1β) (3953/4) C→T polymorphism with chronic periodontitis (CP) in Asians.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Systematic searches of electronic databases and hand searching of references were performed, including PubMed, Embase, the Cochrane Library, and the Chinese National Knowledge Infrastructure (CNKI). Odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were used to assess the strength of the associations. Publication bias was tested by Egger's test. Sensitivity analysis was conducted by limiting the meta-analysis studies conforming to Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (HWE). Data analyses were carried out using RevMan 6.0.

RESULTS

A meta-analysis was performed on 20 published case-control studies, including 1,656 CP cases and 1,498 healthy controls. The pooled OR was 1.60 (95% CI = 1.02-2.52, p = 0.04) for the T allele carriers (TT + CT) compared with CC and 1.60 (95% CI = 1.06-2.42, p = 0.02) for T vs. C. Subgroup analysis by country revealed significant risks of CP among Indians carrying the T allele (TT vs. CC: OR = 3.88, 95% CI = 1.77-8.50, p = 0.0007).

CONCLUSIONS

The analysis showed that IL-1β (3953/4) C→T polymorphism probably increases the risk of CP in Asians, and the IL-1β+3954 TT genotype may be associated with a strongly increased risk of CP in Indians, but not in Chinese.

Stroke, IL-1ra, IL1RN, infection and outcome

BACKGROUND

Infection is a common phenomenon following stroke, and adversely affects outcome. Previous studies suggest that interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) and single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) in the IL1RN gene might influence the risk of post-stroke infection and outcome. In this study, we addressed the effects of the rs4251961 SNP in IL1RN on infection risk and outcome.

METHODS

Subjects with acute ischemic stroke were enrolled within 72 h of symptom onset and followed up to 1 year. Plasma IL-1ra was measured at multiple time points and outcome assessed at 1, 3, 6, and 12 months. Active surveillance for infection occurred while subjects were hospitalized. Subjects were genotyped for the IL1RN rs4251961 polymorphism.

RESULTS

In the population of 113 subjects for this study, those with the minor C allele of rs4251961 polymorphism in IL1RN were more likely to be Caucasian, hypertensive, and to be afflicted with coronary heart disease. Higher plasma IL-1ra was associated with an increased risk of infection (other than pneumonia), and the minor C allele of rs4251961 was independently associated with a decreased risk of infection (other than pneumonia). Initial plasma IL-1ra was not predictive of long-term outcome, but patients with the minor C allele of rs4251961 were more likely to experience good (modified Rankin Score <2) long-term outcome.

CONCLUSIONS

These data indicate that IL-1ra and IL1RN may influence the risk of infection after stroke, but this influence seems limited to infections other than pneumonia. Further studies are needed to better understand the complexities of immune regulation on infection and outcome after stroke.

Interleukin-1 gene cluster variants in hemodialysis patients with end stage renal disease: An association and meta-analysis

We evaluated whether polymorphisms in interleukin (IL-1) gene cluster (IL-1 alpha [IL-1A], IL-1 beta [IL-1B], and IL-1 receptor antagonist [IL-1RN]) are associated with end stage renal disease (ESRD). A total of 258 ESRD patients and 569 ethnicity matched controls were examined for IL-1 gene cluster. These were genotyped for five single-nucleotide gene polymorphisms in the IL-1A, IL-1B and IL-1RN genes and a variable number of tandem repeats (VNTR) in the IL-1RN. The IL-1B − 3953 and IL-1RN + 8006 polymorphism frequencies were significantly different between the two groups. At IL-1B, the T allele of − 3953C/T was increased among ESRD (P = 0.0001). A logistic regression model demonstrated that two repeat (240 base pair [bp]) of the IL-1Ra VNTR polymorphism was associated with ESRD (P = 0.0001). The C/C/C/C/C/1 haplotype was more prevalent in ESRD = 0.007). No linkage disequilibrium (LD) was observed between six loci of IL-1 gene. We further conducted a meta-analysis of existing studies and found that there is a strong association of IL-1 RN VNTR 86 bp repeat polymorphism with susceptibility to ESRD (odds ratio = 2.04, 95% confidence interval = 1.48-2.82; P = 0.000). IL-1B − 5887, +8006 and the IL-1RN VNTR polymorphisms have been implicated as potential risk factors for ESRD. The meta-analysis showed a strong association of IL-1RN 86 bp VNTR polymorphism with susceptibility to ESRD.

Genetic polymorphisms of cytokine genes in type 2 diabetes mellitus

Diabetes mellitus is a combined metabolic disorder which includes hyperglycemia, dyslipidemia, stroke and several other complications. Various groups all over the world are relentlessly working out the possible role of a vast number of genes associated with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). Inflammation is an important outcome of any kind of imbalance in the body and is therefore an indicator of several diseases, including T2DM. Various ethnic populations around the world show different levels of variations in single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs). The present review was undertaken to explore the association of cytokine gene polymorphisms with T2DM in populations of different ethnicities. This will lead to the understanding of the role of cytokine genes in T2DM risk and development. Association studies of genotypes of SNPs present in cytokine genes will help to identify risk haplotype(s) for disease susceptibility by developing prognostic markers and alter treatment strategies for T2DM and related complications. This will enable individuals at risk to take prior precautionary measures and avoid or delay the onset of the disease. Future challenges will be to understand the genotypic interactions between SNPs in one cytokine gene or several genes at different loci and study their association with T2DM.

Relationship between IL1β-511C>T and ILRN VNTR polymorphisms and keratoconus

PURPOSE

The aim of this study was to evaluate the relationship between keratoconus (KC) and interleukin-1β (IL1 β) (-511C>T) and interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL1RN) variable number of tandem repeat (VNTR) polymorphisms that are potentially associated in their genetic susceptibility to KC.

METHODS

A total of 121 patients with KC and 121 healthy individuals were enrolled. Blood samples with ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid were obtained, and IL1β (-511C>T) (rs16944) (polymerase chain reaction-restriction fragment length polymorphism method) and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms (rs2234663) (polymerase chain reaction and agarose gel imaging) were investigated.

RESULTS

Genotype and allele distribution for IL1β (-511C>T) and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms among the KC and healthy groups showed no difference (for all; P > 0.05).

CONCLUSIONS

Because the genotype and allele frequency of both polymorphisms are identical, it is most likely that IL1β-511C>T and IL1RN VNTR polymorphisms do not play a role in the development of KC in the Turkish population.

Association study between IL-1β-511 C/T polymorphism and obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) in Chinese Han population

AIM

This study investigated the potential association between Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) and a functional polymorphism of IL-1beta-511 C/T in Chinese Han population.

METHODS

The authors genotyped the IL-1beta-511 C/T of 241 OCD patients and 444 healthy control subjects and then performed a case-control association analysis.

RESULTS

No difference was found in IL-1beta-511 C/T genotypic and allelic frequencies between OCD cases and controls (chi2 = 0.501, df = 2, P = 0.78 by genotype; chi2 = 0.487, df = 1, P = 0.49 by allele).

CONCLUSION

IL-1beta-511 polymorphism may not play a major role in the genetic predisposition to OCD in Chinese Han population. Given that this is an early investigation of this gene in OCD, further studies are required to draw firm conclusions.

Assessment of interleukin-1 gene cluster polymorphisms in lone atrial fibrillation: new insight into the role of inflammation in atrial fibrillation

BACKGROUND

Systemic inflammation is accepted as one of the pathophysiological mechanisms of atrial fibrillation (AF). The role of inflammation has been shown previously. Interleukin (IL) system is the main modulator of the inflammatory responses and genetic polymorphisms of IL-1 cluster genes are associated with increased risk for inflammatory diseases.

OBJECTIVES

To investigate the association between polymorphisms of IL-1 cluster genes and lone AF.

SUBJECTS AND METHODS

DNA samples were collected from 70 proven lone AF patients and 70 healthy subjects. Genomic DNA was typed for the variable number of the tandem repeat (VNTR) IL-1 receptor antagonist (RN) gene polymorphism, IL-1B -511 C > T(rs16944) promoter polymorphism, and +3953 C > T(rs1143634) polymorphism in exon 5 by polymerase chain reaction.

RESULTS

In lone AF group the frequency of IL-1RN2/2 and IL-1RN1/2 genotypes were higher than in the control group (7.2% vs 4.3% and 48.5% vs 22.8%, respectively; χ(2) = 14.1; P = 0.028). The frequency of allele 2 was significantly higher in the lone AF group (32.1% vs 15.7%; χ(2) = 10.7; P = 0.005). Allele and genotype distribution of IL-1B -511 C > T and +3953 C > T polymorphisms were not statistically different between the groups. C-reactive protein (CRP) levels were higher in lone AF patients compared to the control group (median = 1.25, interquartile range [IQR] = 0.85 vs median = 1.08, IQR 0.46 mg/L, respectively; P = 0.02). In multivariate regression analysis, presence of allele 2 of IL-1 VNTR polymorphism and elevated plasma high-sensitive-CRP levels were the independent predictors of lone AF.

CONCLUSION

Presence of allele 2 of VNTR polymorphism of IL-1RN gene may cause increased risk for lone AF probably due to the inadequate limitation of inflammatory reactions.

Study of interleukin-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) gene polymorphism in healthy individuals from Northern India

Cytokines play a key role in immune responses and inflammation. IL-1Ra is a naturally occurring structural variant of IL-1 that competitively inhibits receptor binding of IL-1. We have investigated the polymorphism in intron-2 of the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist gene in North Indian population. This genetic variation has been of great interest due to its possible association with a variety of human diseases primarily of epithelial and endothelial cell origin such as urolithiasis etc. Allele frequencies of the IL-1Ra polymorphism vary among different populations but there is no data till date reported from India. The present study was carried out to determine the IL-1Ra gene Polymorphism in 165 normal unrelated individuals from North India. We obtained an allelic frequency of 63.94, 30.61, 4.55, 0.90 for A, B, C and D allele and percentage of genotypes AA, BB, CC, DD, A/B, A/C, A/D and B/C were 49.7, 18.2, 2.42, 0.60, 24.2, 3.63, 0.60, 0.60 respectively. Our results suggested that the frequency and distribution of this polymorphism in India is substantially different from other populations and ethnic groups.

Analysis of IL1 gene polymorphisms and transcript levels in periodontal and chronic kidney disease

Chronic kidney disease (CKD) and periodontitis (PD) are complex inflammatory disturbances, influenced by genetic factors. Interleukin (IL)-1 genes code for inflammatory mediators involved in the physiopathogenesis of both diseases. Functional polymorphisms in IL1 genes modulate cytokine levels and have been associated with susceptibility to immune-inflammatory conditions.

OBJECTIVES

The aim of this study was investigate the association of functional IL1 gene polymorphisms and transcript levels with susceptibility to CKD and PD.

DESIGN

The sample consisted of 246 individuals, mean age 44.8 years, divided into: group 1 (64 patients without CKD and without PD), group 2 (58 without CKD and with PD), group 3 (52 with CKD and without PD) and group 4 (72 with CKD and with PD). DNA was obtained from cells of oral mucosa and polymorphisms IL1AC-889T, IL1BC-511T, IL1BC+3954T and IL1RN (intron 2) were analyzed by PCR-RFLP. Transcript levels from gingival tissues were analyzed by real-time PCR.

RESULTS

IL1RN(*)1 allele was associated with almost 4-fold increased risk for CKD (OR 3.92 95% CI=1.6-9.4, p=0.002). IL1RN(*)2 allele was associated with 3-fold increased risk for PD in CKD patients (OR 3.08 95% CI=1.2-7.9, p=0.019). Allele T for polymorphism IL1B+3954 was associated with CKD in PD patients (OR 2.28 95% CI=1.1-4.7, p=0.019). Significantly increased levels of transcripts of IL1A, IL1B and IL1RN genes were found in PD patients.

CONCLUSIONS

It was observed an evidence for association of IL1B and IL1RN alleles with susceptibility to CKD and PD. Higher levels of IL1 gene transcripts were found in PD patients.

Interleukin-1 (IL-1) family of cytokines: role in type 2 diabetes

Cytokines are small cell signaling protein molecules which encompass a large and diverse family. They consist of immunomodulating agents such as interleukins and inteferons. Virtually all nucleated cells, especially endo/epithelial cells and macrophages are potent producers of IL-1, IL-6 and TNF-α. IL-1 family is a group of cytokines which play a central role in the regulation of immune and inflammatory responses. Type 2 diabetes (T2D) has been recognized as an immune mediated disease leading to impaired insulin signaling and selective destruction of insulin producing β-cells in which cytokines play an important role. Disturbance of anti-inflammatory response could be a critical component of the chronic inflammation resulting in T2D. IL-1 family of cytokines has important roles in endocrinology and in the regulation of responses associated with inflammatory stress. The IL-1 family consists of two pro-inflammatory cytokines, IL-1α and IL-1β, and a naturally occurring anti-inflammatory agent, the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra or IL-1RN). This review is an insight into the different types of cytokines belonging to IL-1 family, their modes of action and association with Type 2 diabetes.

Interleukin-1 gene cluster variants and recurrent pregnancy loss among North Indian women: retrospective study and meta-analysis

The aim of this study was to determine whether or not interleukin-1 alpha (IL-1a), interleukin-1 beta (IL-1b) and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RA) polymorphisms are associated with risk of unexplained recurrent pregnancy loss (RPL) among North Indian women. This retrospective case–control study examine 200 well-characterized RPL cases for IL-1 gene cluster variants, determined by restriction fragment length polymorphism-PCR. The observed allele, genotype and haplotype distributions were compared with those obtained from 300 ethnically matched negative controls. Invariant distribution of IL-1 gene cluster single-nucleotide polymorphisms was observed among RPL cases and controls. Meta-analysis of IL-1b _511, +3953 and IL-1RN 86-bp variable number tandem repeat from the reported literature and this study did not reveal any significant association with the risk of RPL. In conclusion, no significant difference between RPL and control groups was observed at the allele, genotype or haplotype levels when tested for association using the dominant, recessive and additive models of inheritance for IL-1 gene cluster variants. As far as is known, this is the first report from India pertaining to IL-1 gene cluster variants’ association with the risk of RPL from North India.

Evolutionary divergence and functions of the human interleukin (IL) gene family

Cytokines play a very important role in nearly all aspects of inflammation and immunity. The term 'interleukin' (IL) has been used to describe a group of cytokines with complex immunomodulatory functions -- including cell proliferation, maturation, migration and adhesion. These cytokines also play an important role in immune cell differentiation and activation. Determining the exact function of a particular cytokine is complicated by the influence of the producing cell type, the responding cell type and the phase of the immune response. ILs can also have pro- and anti-inflammatory effects, further complicating their characterisation. These molecules are under constant pressure to evolve due to continual competition between the host's immune system and infecting organisms; as such, ILs have undergone significant evolution. This has resulted in little amino acid conservation between orthologous proteins, which further complicates the gene family organisation. Within the literature there are a number of overlapping nomenclature and classification systems derived from biological function, receptor-binding properties and originating cell type. Determining evolutionary relationships between ILs therefore can be confusing. More recently, crystallographic data and the identification of common structural motifs have led to a more accurate classification system. To date, the known ILs can be divided into four major groups based on distinguishing structural features. These groups include the genes encoding the IL1-like cytokines, the class I helical cytokines (IL4-like, γ-chain and IL6/12-like), the class II helical cytokines (IL10-like and IL28-like) and the IL17-like cytokines. In addition, there are a number of ILs that do not fit into any of the above groups, due either to their unique structural features or lack of structural information. This suggests that the gene family organisation may be subject to further change in the near future.

Association of interleukin-1 beta (-511C/T) polymorphisms with osteoporosis in postmenopausal women

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES

Osteoporosis is a common disease of the elderly, in which genetic and clinical factors contribute to the disease phenotype. Since the production of interleukin-1 (IL-1) has been implicated in the bone mass and skeletal disorders, we investigated whether IL-1 system gene polymorphisms are associated with the pathogenesis of osteoporosis in postmenopausal Taiwanese women.

METHODS

Osteoporosis is diagnosed by dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry, which measures bone mineral density (BMD) at multiple skeletal sites. We studied the IL-1α (-889C/T), IL-1β (-511C/T) and the 86 base pair variable number tandem repeat (VNTR) in intron 2 of the IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1ra) gene in 117 postmenopausal women with osteoporosis and 135 control subjects without a history of symptomatic osteoporosis. These gene polymorphisms were analyzed by polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymerase. Blood sugar and other risk factors were also determined.

RESULTS

The frequencies of IL-1β (-511C/T) genotypes (P=.022, odds ratio=1.972) and alleles (P=.02, odds ratio=2.909) showed a statistically significant difference between the two groups. However, we did not find any statistically significant difference in IL-1β and IL-1ra polymorphisms (P>.05). We also observed a positive relationship between osteoporosis and cholesterol and a weak inverse relationship between blood sugar and osteoporosis in postmenopausal women.

CONCLUSIONS

These experimental results suggest that the pathogenesis of osteoporosis is associated with IL-1β (-511C/T) polymorphism in postmenopausal women. This polymorphism is an independent risk factor for osteoporosis.

The interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) gene is associated with failure to achieve remission and impaired emotion processing in major depression

BACKGROUND

Accumulating evidence suggests the involvement of inflammatory processes and cytokines in particular in the pathophysiology of major depression (MDD) and resistance to antidepressant treatment. Furthermore, amygdala and anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) responsiveness to emotional stimuli has been suggested as a predictor of treatment response. This study investigated the association between genetic variants of the interleukin 1 beta (IL1B) gene and amygdala and ACC responsiveness to emotional stimuli and response to antidepressant treatment.

METHODS

In this analysis, 256 Caucasian patients with MDD (145 women, 111 men) were genotyped for variants rs16944, rs1143643, and rs1143634 in the IL1B gene (2q14). Response to antidepressant treatment over 6 weeks was defined as remission (< or = 7 on the Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-21-question) and response (>50% decrease on Hamilton Rating Scale for Depression-21-question). Brain activity under visual presentation of emotional faces was assessed in a subsample of 32 depressed patients by means of functional magnetic resonance imaging at 3 T.

RESULTS

Pharmacogenetic analyses show significant associations of the GG genotypes of single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) rs16944 (odds ratio = 1.74; 95% confidence interval 1.2-4.3) and rs1143643 (odds ratio = 3.1; 95% confidence interval 1.3-7.8) (compared with the AA genotype) with nonremission after 6 weeks. The imaging analyses show that the number of G-alleles in both SNPs (rs16944 and rs1143643) was associated with reduced responsiveness of the amygdala and ACC to emotional stimulation.

CONCLUSIONS

The present study suggests a negative effect of the IL1B gene on pharmacological response and amygdala and ACC function involving the same genotypes of two SNPs (rs16944, rs116343), which taken together increase the risk of nonremission over 6 weeks of antidepressant treatment in MDD.

Association between IL-1B and IL-1RN gene polymorphisms and Chagas' disease development susceptibility

Though it is known that the immune system exerts some influence on the resistance against T. cruzi infection its precise role in this process is not well-understood. Some IL-1B alleles and haplotypes have been associated with susceptibility to inflammatory, autoimmune and infectious diseases. The objective of this study was to determine and compare the distribution of IL-1B and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1RN) polymorphisms among T. cruzi seropositive patients, patients with idiopathic dilated cardiomyopathy (IDC) and healthy individuals. We studied 86 individuals seropositive for T. cruzi (58 patients with chronic chagasic cardiomyopathy (CCC) and 28 asymptomatics), 50 seronegative individuals with IDC and 109 healthy individuals. IL-1B-511, IL-1F10.3 IL-1RN.4, IL-1RN 6/1, and IL-1RN 6/2 polymorphisms were analyzed using real-time PCR allelic discrimination technology. Infected patients presented an increased frequency of the CC genotype of the IL-1RN.4 polymorphism when compared to IDC (pC = 0.028; OR = 11.46). The C allele of this polymorphism was found increased in CCC when compared with IDC (pC = 0.036; OR = 0.5) and with controls (pC = 0.035; OR = 1.87). CC genotype of IL-1RN.4 polymorphism was increased in patients with CCC when compared to IDC (pC = 0.0018; OR = 16.74) and healthy individuals (pC = 0.011; OR = 3.6). There is an evident association between the IL1RN.4 polymorphism, T. cruzi infection and CCC development.