Hypergraph regularized nonnegative triple decomposition for multiway data analysis

Tucker decomposition is widely used for image representation, data reconstruction, and machine learning tasks, but the calculation cost for updating the Tucker core is high. Bilevel form of triple decomposition (TriD) overcomes this issue by decomposing the Tucker core into three low-dimensional third-order factor tensors and plays an important role in the dimension reduction of data representation. TriD, on the other hand, is incapable of precisely encoding similarity relationships for tensor data with a complex manifold structure. To address this shortcoming, we take advantage of hypergraph learning and propose a novel hypergraph regularized nonnegative triple decomposition for multiway data analysis that employs the hypergraph to model the complex relationships among the raw data. Furthermore, we develop a multiplicative update algorithm to solve our optimization problem and theoretically prove its convergence. Finally, we perform extensive numerical tests on six real-world datasets, and the results show that our proposed algorithm outperforms some state-of-the-art methods.

Exploring dietitians' views on digital nutrition educational tools in Malaysia: a qualitative study

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES

Dietitians frequently use nutrition education tools to facilitate dietary counselling sessions. Nevertheless, these tools may require adaptation to keep pace with technological advancements. This study had a 2-fold purpose: first, to identify the types of nutrition education tools currently in use, identify their limitations, and explore dietitians' perspectives on the importance of these tools; second, to investigate the features that dietitians prefer in digital nutrition education tools.

SUBJECTS/METHODS

A semi-structured face-to-face interview was conducted among 15 dietitians from selected public hospitals, primary care clinics, and teaching hospitals in Malaysia. Inductive thematic analysis of the responses was conducted using NVivo version 12 software.

RESULTS

Most dietitians used physical education tools including the healthy plate model, pamphlets, food models, and flip charts. These tools were perceived as important as they facilitate the nutrition assessment process, deliver nutrition intervention, and are time efficient. However, dietitians described the current educational tools as impersonal, outdated, limited in availability due to financial constraints, unhandy, and difficult to visualise. Alternatively, they strongly favoured digital education tools that provided instant feedback, utilised an automated system, included a local food database, were user-friendly, developed by experts in the field, and seamlessly integrated into the healthcare system.

CONCLUSION

Presently, although dietitians have a preference for digital educational tools, they heavily rely on physical nutrition education tools due to their availability despite the perception that these tools are outdated, impersonal, and inconvenient. Transitioning to digital dietary education tools could potentially address these issues.

Effect of different temperature variations on the physiological state of catfish species: a systematic review

Catfish are a highly diverse group of fish that are found in various regions across the globe. The significance of catfish culture extends to various aspects, including food security, economic advancement, preservation of cultural legacy, and ecological stewardship. The catfish industry is presently encountering unprecedented challenges as a consequence of the variability in water temperature caused by climate change. Temperature is a significant abiotic component that regulates and restricts fish physiology throughout their life cycle. The impact of severe temperatures on various species of catfish is dependent upon the magnitude of the stressor and additional influencing factors. This paper presents an analysis of the effects of temperature fluctuations on various aspects of catfish species, including growth and survival, blood parameters, enzymatic and hormone response, oxygen consumption rates, sound generation and hearing skills, nutritional requirements, and other phenotypic attributes. While this review is certainly not exhaustive, it offers a broad synopsis of the ideal temperature ranges that are most favorable for several catfish species. In-depth research to investigate the interacting impacts of severe temperature occurrences in conjunction with other associated environmental stresses on a wider variety of catfish species is crucial in order to further our understanding of how catfish species will respond to the anticipated climate change in the future.

Challenges in Obtaining and Seeking Information Among Breast Cancer Survivors in an Asian Country: a Qualitative Study

Breast cancer survivors on adjuvant endocrine therapy (AET) have distinct information-seeking experience compared to those in the diagnosis and intensive treatment phase. This study aimed to understand the challenges in obtaining and seeking information among Malaysian breast cancer survivors. We conducted semi-structured, one-to-one interviews among patients using AET from two hospitals and a local cancer organization. Interviews were conducted until theme saturation was achieved (N = 25). Interviews were de-identified, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using thematic analysis. To ensure rigor, coding was conducted through regular discussions between two researchers and the findings were shared with several participants after analysis was completed. Three main themes were identified: limitations in the healthcare system, pitfalls of seeking information online, and limited information from local sources. The participants perceived that their information needs were not met by their healthcare providers and sought information on the Internet to complement their information needs. However, they were faced with risks of misinformation, information overload, and unethical promotion of health products. Those with limited English proficiency had difficulties in accessing quality information, and suggested that there should be more content created by local health advocates in local languages, with information that is tailored for local cultures. As the Internet has become an important medium of health education, healthcare providers and patients should be equipped with the skills to share and search for information online. Digital health literacy needs to be incorporated in patient education modules to create a more informed and empowered patient community.

Assessment of the microbial electrochemical sensor (SENTRY™) as a potential wastewater quality monitoring tool for common pollutants found in Malaysia

Bioelectrochemical sensors for environment monitoring have the potential to provide facility operators with real-time data, allowing for better and more timely decision-making regarding water and wastewater treatment. To assess the robustness and sensitivity of the Sentry™ biosensor in local conditions, it was tested in Malaysia using domestically available wastewater. The study objectives included (1) enrich the biosensor locally, (2) operate and test the biosensor with local domestic wastewater, and (3) determine the biosensor's responsiveness to model pollutants through pollutant spike and immersion test as well as response to absence of wastewater. Lab-scale operation shows the biosensor was successfully enriched with (1) local University Kebangsaan Malaysia's, microbial community strain collection and (2) local municipal wastewater microflora, operated for more than 50 days with a stable yet responsive carbon consumption rate (CCR) signal. Meanwhile, two independent biosensors were also enriched and operated in Indah Water Research Centre's crude sewage holding tank, showing a stable response to the wastewater. Next, a pilot scale setup was constructed to test the enriched biosensors for the spiked-pollutant test. The biosensors showed a proportional CCR response (pollutant presence detected) towards several organic compounds in the sewage, including ethanol, chicken blood, and dilution of tested sewage but less to curry powder, methanol, and isopropanol. Conversely, there was no significant response (pollutant presence not detected) towards hexane, Congo red, engine oil, and paint, which may be due to their non-biodegradability and/or insoluble nature. Additionally, the biosensors were exposed to air for 6 h to assess their robustness towards aerobic shock with a positive result. Overall, the study suggested that the biosensor could be a powerful monitoring tool, given its responsiveness towards organic compounds in sewage under normal conditions.

Chromolaena odorata layered-nitrile rubber polymer transdermal patch enhanced wound healing in vivo

The objective is to investigate the healing efficacy of a Chromolaena odorata layered-nitrile rubber transdermal patch on excision wound healing in rats. Wounds were induced in Sprague-Dawley rats and were later treated as follows: wound A, the negative control, received no treatment (NC); wound B, the negative control with an empty nitrile rubber patch (NC-ERP); wound C, treated with a C. odorata layered-nitrile rubber patch (CO-NRP); and wound D, the positive control with Solcoseryl gel with a nitrile rubber patch (PC-SG-NRP). After 1, 3, 6, 10, and 14 days, the rats were sacrificed and analyzed for wound contraction, protein content, hexosamine, and uronic acid levels. Macroscopic observation showed enhanced wound healing in wounds treated with CO-NRP with a wound contraction percentage significantly higher (p<0.05) on days 6 and 10 compared to those treated with NC-ERP. Similarly, protein, hexosamine, and uronic acid contents were also significantly higher (p<0.05) in CO-NRP-treated wounds when compared with wounds treated with NC-ERP. Histological findings showed denser collagen deposition and faster granulation tissue formation in wounds treated with CO-NRP. From the results obtained, it is concluded that the C. odorata layered-nitrile rubber transdermal patch was effective in healing skin wounds.

Media Search Frequency, Source Credibility About e-Cigarette Health Information, and Motivation to Quit EC Among University Students in Chengdu, China

Purpose

E-cigarettes (ECs) are gaining popularity among young people. This study aimed to assess university student vapers' search frequency and source credibility of commonly used media in China, and their association with daily EC users' motivation to quit EC use.

Participants and Methods

This was a cross-sectional study involving an online quantitative survey in six universities in Chengdu, China. Participants answered questions on their EC use patterns, motivation to quit EC, use frequency and source credibility of media use. Hierarchical linear regression analyses were performed to determine the association between media search frequency and source credibility concerning EC health information with the motivation to quit EC.

Results

There were a total of 325 participants (Mean age = 20.43, SD = 1.333). Video platforms and social media were ranked frequently used by the participants and were deemed to be more trustworthy. Perceived trustworthiness of online media was the most influential predictor of motivation to quit EC. Those who reported a higher frequency of accessing video platforms and medical health applications recorded higher motivation to quit EC use. Source credibility of news portals were associated higher motivation to quit EC. The association between higher nicotine dependence and lower motivation to quit EC was attenuated when media source credibility and trustworthiness of online media were added into the fully adjusted regression models.

Conclusion

There is an association between media use frequency and source credibility to search for EC health information and motivation to quit vaping. More studies could be conducted to examine the effects of media use content on perceptions towards vaping and their motivation to quit vaping.

Changes in oral functions and speech when using custom-fitted mouthguards: An uncontrolled before-and-after study

BACKGROUND/AIM

Mouthguards are crucial for protecting athletes against orofacial injuries, yet concerns persist regarding their potential impact on oral functions. This study aimed to investigate the effects of sports mouthguards on oral functions and speech over time.

MATERIAL AND METHODS

Thirty national rugby players received custom-fitted mouthguards. Questionnaire responses and speech recordings were collected before mouthguard use and at various intervals after using mouthguards: immediately, 1 week, 2 month, and 6 months. Spectrographic analysis was performed to measure voice onset time (VOT) for /p, b, t, d/ phonemes. Questionnaire responses were assessed with Friedman's test, while VOT changes were examined using one-way repeated measure analysis of variance.

RESULTS

Compliance with mouthguard use improved during training and competitions, with consistent wear reported during matches. Over time, speaking difficulties and lisping decreased significantly (p < .001). The perception of nausea improved (p < .001), stabilizing after 1 month (p = .414). Sensations of bulkiness declined (p < .001). Mouth dryness reduced steadily, with no occurrences reported by all players by the end of the study. None of the participants reported bad breath, ulcers, or redness in the mouth. VOT changed immediately after wearing mouthguards (p < .001), gradually regressing toward the baseline, although not completely reaching it. Players held a favorable view of mouthguard use, with comfort and support for mandatory use increasing over time.

CONCLUSIONS

Custom-fitted mouthguards do not lead to significant long-term disruptions in oral functions. Athletes generally adapt to mouthguard use, reporting improved comfort and greater support for their use.

Oral-diadochokinesis between Parkinson's disease and neurotypical elderly among Malaysian-Malay speakers

BACKGROUND

Parkinson's disease (PD) has an impact on speech production, manifesting in various ways including alterations in voice quality, challenges in articulating sounds and a decrease in speech rate. Numerous investigations have been conducted to ascertain the oral-diadochokinesis (O-DDK) rate in individuals with PD. However, the existing literature lacks exploration of such O-DDK rates in Malaysia and does not provide consistent evidence regarding the advantage of real-word repetition.

AIMS

To explore the effect of gender, stimuli type and PD status and their interactions on the O-DDK rates among Malaysian-Malay speakers.

METHODS & PROCEDURES

O-DDK performance of 62 participants (29 individuals with PD and 33 healthy elderly) using a non-word ('pataka'), a Malay real-word ('patahkan') and an English real-word ('buttercake') was audio recorded. The number of syllables produced in 8 s was counted. A hierarchical linear modelling was performed to investigate the effects of stimuli type (non-word, Malay real-word, English real-word), PD status (yes, no), gender (male, female) and their interactions on the O-DDK rate. The model accounted for participants' age as well as the nesting of repeated measurements within participants, thereby providing unbiased estimates of the effects.

OUTCOMES & RESULTS

The stimuli effect was significant (p < 0.0001). Malay real-word showed the lowest O-DDK rate (5.03 ± 0.11 syllables/s), followed by English real-word (5.25 ± 0.11 syllables/s) and non-word (5.42 ± 0.11 syllables/s). Individuals with PD showed a significantly lower O-DDK rate compared to healthy elderly (4.73 ± 0.15 syllables/s vs. 5.74 ± 0.14 syllables/s, adjusted p < 0.001). A subsequent analysis indicated that the O-DDK rate declined in a quadratic pattern. However, neither gender nor age effects were observed. Additionally, no significant two-way interactions were found between stimuli type, PD status and gender (all p > 0.05). Therefore, the choice of stimuli type has no or only limited effect considering the use of O-DDK tests in clinical practice for diagnostic purposes.

CONCLUSIONS & IMPLICATIONS

The observed slowness in O-DDK among individuals with PD can be attributed to the impact of the movement disorder, specifically bradykinesia, on the physiological aspects of speech production. Speech-language pathologists can gain insights into the impact of PD on speech production and tailor appropriate intervention strategies to address the specific needs of individuals with PD according to disease stages.

WHAT THIS PAPER ADDS

What is already known on this subject The observed slowness in O-DDK rates among individuals with PD may stem from the movement disorder's effects on the physiological aspects of speech production, particularly bradykinesia. However, there is a lack of consistent evidence regarding the influence of real-word repetition and how O-DDK rates vary across different PD stages. What this study adds to existing knowledge The O-DDK rates decline in a quadratic pattern as the PD progresses. The research provides insights into the advantage of real-word repetition in assessing O-DDK rates, with Malay real-word showing the lowest O-DDK rate, followed by English real-word and non-word. What are the potential or actual clinical implications of this work? Speech-language pathologists can better understand the evolving nature of speech motor impairments as PD progresses. This insight enables them to design targeted intervention strategies that are sensitive to the specific needs and challenges associated with each PD stage. This finding can guide clinicians in selecting appropriate assessment tools for evaluating speech motor function in PD patients.

Brain waves spectral analysis of human responses to odorous and non-odorous substances: a preliminary study

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study was to identify the potential electrophysiological biomarkers of human responses by comparing the electroencephalogram brain wave changes towards lavender versus normal saline in a healthy human population.

METHOD

This study included a total of 44 participants without subjective olfactory disturbances. Lavender and normal saline were used as the olfactory stimulant and control. Electroencephalogram was recorded and power spectra were analysed by the spectral analysis for each alpha, beta, delta, theta and gamma bandwidth frequency upon exposure to lavender and normal saline independently.

RESULTS

The oscillatory brain activities in response to the olfactory stimulant indicated that the lavender smell decreased the beta activity in the left frontal (F7 electrode) and central region (C3 electrode) with a reduction in the gamma activity in the right parietal region (P4 electrode) (p < 0.05).

CONCLUSION

Olfactory stimulants result in changes of electrical brain activities in different brain regions, as evidenced by the topographical brain map and spectra analysis of each brain wave.

Revolutionizing Cancer Treatment: Unleashing the Power of Viral Vaccines, Monoclonal Antibodies, and Proteolysis-Targeting Chimeras in the New Era of Immunotherapy

In the realm of cancer immunotherapy, a profound evolution has ushered in sophisticated strategies that encompass both traditional cancer vaccines and emerging viral vaccines. This comprehensive Review offers an in-depth exploration of the methodologies, clinical applications, success stories, and future prospects of these approaches. Traditional cancer vaccines have undergone significant advancements utilizing diverse modalities such as proteins, peptides, and dendritic cells. More recent innovations have focused on the physiological mechanisms enabling the human body to recognize and combat precancerous and malignant cells, introducing specific markers like peptide-based anticancer vaccines targeting tumor-associated antigens. Moreover, cancer viral vaccines, leveraging engineered viruses to stimulate immune responses against specific antigens, exhibit substantial promise in inducing robust and enduring immunity. Integration with complementary therapeutic methods, including monoclonal antibodies, adjuvants, and radiation therapy, has not only improved survival rates but also deepened our understanding of viral virulence. Recent strides in vaccine design, encompassing oncolytic viruses, virus-like particles, and viral vectors, mark the frontier of innovation. While these advances hold immense potential, critical challenges must be addressed, such as strategies for immune evasion, potential off-target effects, and the optimization of viral genomes. In the landscape of immunotherapy, noteworthy innovations take the spotlight from the use of immunomodulatory agents for the enhancement of innate and adaptive immune collaboration. The emergence of proteolysis-targeting chimeras (PROTACs) as precision tools for cancer therapy is particularly exciting. With a focus on various cancers, from melanoma to formidable solid tumors, this Review critically assesses types of cancer vaccines, mechanisms, barriers in vaccine therapy, vaccine efficacy, safety profiles, and immune-related adverse events, providing a nuanced perspective on the underlying mechanisms involving cytotoxic T cells, natural killer cells, and dendritic cells. The Review also underscores the transformative potential of cutting-edge technologies such as clinical studies, molecular sequencing, and artificial intelligence in advancing the field of cancer vaccines. These tools not only expedite progress but also emphasize the multidimensional and rapidly evolving nature of this research, affirming its profound significance in the broader context of cancer therapy.

The impact of chelation compliance in health outcome and health related quality of life in thalassaemia patients: a systematic review

Understanding consequences of poor chelation compliance is crucial given the enormous burden of post-transfusional iron overload complications. We systematically reviewed iron-chelation therapy (ICT) compliance, and the relationship between compliance with health outcome and health-related quality of life (HRQoL) in thalassaemia patients. Several reviewers performed systematic search strategy of literature through PubMed, Scopus, and EBSCOhost. The preferred reporting items of systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) guidelines were followed. Of 4917 studies, 20 publications were included. The ICT compliance rate ranges from 20.93 to 75.3%. It also varied per agent, ranging from 48.84 to 85.1% for desferioxamine, 87.2-92.2% for deferiprone and 90-100% for deferasirox. Majority of studies (N = 10/11, 90.91%) demonstrated significantly negative correlation between compliance and serum ferritin, while numerous studies revealed poor ICT compliance linked with increased risk of liver disease (N = 4/7, 57.14%) and cardiac disease (N = 6/8, 75%), endocrinologic morbidity (N = 4/5, 90%), and lower HRQoL (N = 4/6, 66.67%). Inadequate compliance to ICT therapy is common. Higher compliance is correlated with lower serum ferritin, lower risk of complications, and higher HRQoL. These findings should be interpreted with caution given the few numbers of evidence.

A scoping review on the use of different blood sources and components in the artificial membrane feeding system and its effects on blood-feeding and fecundity rate of Aedes aegypti

In some laboratories, mosquitoes' direct blood-feeding on live animals has been replaced with various membrane blood-feeding systems. The selection of blood meal sources used in membrane feeding is crucial in vector mass rearing as it influences the mosquitoes' development and reproductive fitness. Therefore, this scoping review aimed to evaluate the existing literature on the use of different blood sources and components in artificial membrane feeding systems and their effects on blood-feeding and the fecundity rate of Ae. aegypti. A literature review search was conducted by using PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases according to the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA-ScR). The EndNote version 20 software was used to import all searched articles. Relevant information was retrieved for analysis into a Microsoft Excel Spreadsheet. A total of 104 full-text articles were assessed for eligibility criteria, whereby the articles should include the comparison between different types of blood source by using the membrane feeding systems. Only 16 articles were finally included in the analysis. Several studies had reported that human blood was superior in blood-feeding Ae. aegypti as compared to sheep blood which resulted in lower fecundity due to accumulation of free fatty acids (FFA) in the cuticles. In contrast, cattle whole blood and pig whole blood showed no significant differences in the blood-feeding and fecundity rate as compared to human blood. This review also indicated that bovine whole blood and pig whole blood enhanced Ae. aegypti's vitellogenesis and egg production as compared to plasma and blood cells. In addition, human blood of up to 10 days after the expiration date could still be used to establish Ae. aegypti colonies with good blood-feeding rates and number of eggs produced. Thus, future studies must consider the importance of selecting suitable blood sources and components for membrane blood feeding especially in mosquito colonisation and control measure studies.

Genetic polymorphisms as potential pharmacogenetic biomarkers for platinum-based chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer

Platinum-based chemotherapy (PBC) is a widely used treatment for various solid tumors, including non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, its efficacy is often compromised by the emergence of drug resistance in patients. There is growing evidence that genetic variations may influence the susceptibility of NSCLC patients to develop resistance to PBC. Here, we provide a comprehensive overview of the mechanisms underlying platinum drug resistance and highlight the important role that genetic polymorphisms play in this process. This paper discussed the genetic variants that regulate DNA repair, cellular movement, drug transport, metabolic processing, and immune response, with a focus on their effects on response to PBC. The potential applications of these genetic polymorphisms as predictive indicators in clinical practice are explored, as are the challenges associated with their implementation.

The role of probiotics in improving menstrual health in women with primary dysmenorrhoea: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial (the PERIOD study)

BACKGROUND

Primary dysmenorrhea is associated with poorer quality of life; however, the causal mechanism remains unclear. A vast body of literature supports the use of oral probiotics for relief from the symptoms of endometriosis; however, to our knowledge, no study has prescribed probiotics for primary dysmenorrhea.

OBJECTIVE

The aim of this study is to investigate the effects of 3-month supplementation with oral probiotics on quality of life and inflammatory markers in women with primary dysmenorrhea.

DESIGN

Randomized placebo-controlled trial.

METHODS

A total of 72 patients (36 patients in each arm) were randomized to receive either oral sachets containing 5 billion colony-forming units each of Lactobacillus acidophilus BCMC (BCrobes Microbial Cells) 12130, Lactobacillus casei subsp BCMC 12313, Lactobacillus lactis BCMC 12451, Bifidobacterium bifidum BCMC 02290, Bifidobacterium longum BCMC 02120, and Bifidobacterium infantis BCMC 02129 each or placebo twice daily for 3 months. Main outcome measures were visual analog scale, verbal rating scale, physical and mental health scores using Short-Form 12-Item version 2 questionnaire, frequency of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use, and changes in inflammatory markers (interleukin-6, interleukin-8, and tumor necrosis factor alpha) before and after treatment.

RESULTS

There was no significant difference in the quality of life scores between the probiotic and placebo groups. Both groups showed significant improvement in pain (visual analog scale) and severity (verbal rating scale) scores but the probiotic group had much lower nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use (odds ratio: 0.69, 95% confidence interval: 0.26-1.83) and better mental health scores (mean change: 6.5, p = 0.03 versus 6.1, p = 0.08) than the placebo group. There was a significant confounding effect of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drug use on quality of life scores. No significant difference was found in inflammatory cytokines.

CONCLUSION

Tested oral probiotics improved mental health and potentially reduced the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; however, there was no significant change in inflammatory markers. Further research with a larger sample size is needed to confirm the findings.

REGISTRATION

This study is registered under ClinicalTrials.gov (NCT04119011).

Knowledge and attitudes of primary care physicians regarding childhood hearing loss in Malaysia

BACKGROUND

Childhood hearing loss is a significant health concern. Early identification and intervention are essential to maximize hearing potential and developmental outcomes, with primary care physicians (PCPs) playing a pivotal role in this process.

OBJECTIVES

This study aimed to assess PCPs' knowledge and attitudes toward childhood hearing loss, investigate the association between knowledge and attitudes, and examine the influence of demographic factors on PCPs' knowledge and attitudes towards childhood hearing loss.

METHODS

This cross-sectional study was conducted from 30 November 2017 to 30 July 2018 at three public health clinics in Malaysia, specifically in the Federal Territory of Kuala Lumpur, Selangor, and Terengganu. A self-administered questionnaire assessed PCPs' knowledge of general facts, diagnosis and intervention, and risk factors for childhood hearing loss. Additionally, the questionnaire evaluated PCPS' attitudes across cognitive, affective, and behavioural domains regarding childhood hearing loss.

RESULTS

Most participants lacked sufficient knowledge about childhood hearing loss, with 61.4% not seeing it as a major health issue. Almost half (45.9%) didn't know that children with hearing loss can succeed in regular schools, and 78% were unaware that hearing aids don't fully restore normal hearing. Participants' awareness of risk factors varied widely, ranging from 24.6% to 90.3%. Despite these knowledge gaps, participants generally had positive attitudes towards childhood hearing loss, especially in cognitive and behavioural aspects. The study found a strong positive link between knowledge and attitudes, but demographic factors didn't significantly affect them.

CONCLUSIONS

This study highlights the urgent need to address knowledge gaps among Malaysian PCPs regarding childhood hearing loss. While these knowledge gaps exist, PCPs' positive attitudes form a foundation for developing targeted educational interventions to improve PCPs' knowledge and skills in managing childhood hearing loss. Collaborative efforts are essential to translate these findings into meaningful improvements in paediatric audiological care.

Extraction of Pyrrole from Its Mixture with n-Hexadecane Using Ionic Liquids and Their Binary Mixtures

The conventional hydrodenitrogenation method is expensive and involves the use of catalysts and harsh procedures. In the last few years, ionic liquids (ILs) have gained attention as a promising alternative solvent for fuel oil extractive denitrogenation. In this work, the Conductor-like Screening Model for Real Solvents (COSMO-RS) was used to screen 173 potential ILs as solvents for fuel oil. Two ILs (1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium dicyanamide ([EMIM][N(CN)2]) and 1-ethyl-3-methylimidazolium methanesulfonate ([EMIM][MeSO3])) were selected for experimental investigation. The experimental liquid-liquid extraction of pyrrole (taken as the model nitrogen compound) from n-hexadecane (the model fuel) was conducted at 298 K and 1 atm with feed concentrations of pyrrole ranging from 10 to 50 wt%, using either the two pure ILs or their mixtures with dimethylformamide or ethylene glycol. Moreover, the NRTL model was effectively used to correlate the experimental tie lines. This work shows that the use of a binary mixture of ILs with a conventional solvent results in good selectivity, but has a low capacity for extracting pyrrole compounds. On the other hand, using an IL-IL mixture exhibits good results for both capacity and selectivity. All the ternary systems tested showed positive slopes, indicating that the nitrogen compounds had a higher affinity for the IL and binary mixture extract phase. In fact, the extraction efficiency for all the systems shows promising results. This characteristic is advantageous, as it requires less solvent to remove nitrogen compounds.

Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles for metabolic syndrome therapy: Assessing efficacy with nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy

Metabolic syndrome (MetS) represents a cluster of metabolic abnormalities. The prevalence of MetS has surged, transforming it into a pressing public health concern that could potentially affect around 20%-25% of the global population. As MetS continues its ascent, diverse interventions, pharmacological, nonpharmacological and combined have been deployed. Yet, a comprehensive remedy that fully eradicates MetS symptoms remains elusive, compounded by the risks of polypharmacy's emergence. Acknowledging the imperative to grasp MetS's intricate pathologies, deeper insights for future research and therapy optimisation become paramount. Conventional treatments often target specific syndrome elements. However, a novel approach emerges in mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) therapy, promising a holistic shift. MSC-EVs, tiny membranous vesicles secreted by mesenchymal stem cells, have garnered immense attention for their multifaceted bioactivity and regenerative potential. Their ability to modulate inflammation, enhance tissue repair and regulate metabolic pathways has prompted researchers to explore their therapeutic application in MetS. This review primarily aims to provide an overview of how MSC-EVs therapy can improve metabolic parameters in subjects with MetS disease and also introduce the usefulness of NMR spectroscopy in assessing the efficacy of MSC-EVs therapy for treating MetS.

A review of the treatment technologies for hexavalent chromium contaminated water

The toxicity of hexavalent chromium (Cr(VI)) present in the environment has exceeded the current limits or standards and thus may lead to biotic and abiotic catastrophes. Accordingly, several treatments, including chemical, biological, and physical approaches, are being used to reduce Cr(VI) waste in the surrounding environment. This study compares the Cr(VI) treatment approaches from several areas of science and their competence in Cr(VI) removal. As an effective combination of physical and chemical approaches, the coagulation-flocculation technique removes more than 98% of Cr(VI) in less than 30 min. Most membrane filtering approaches can remove up to 90% of Cr(VI). Biological approaches that involve the use of plants, fungi, and bacteria also successfully eliminate Cr(VI) but are difficult to scale up. Each of these approaches has its benefits and drawbacks, and their applicability is determined by the research aims. These approaches are also sustainable and environmentally benign, thus limiting their effects on the ecosystem.

Obstructive sleep apnea and vitamin D: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE  : Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic, sleep-related breathing disorder which leads to increased cardiovascular risks. Vitamin D deficiency is associated with various cardiometabolic complications, including increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. We aimed to analyze the difference in serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D (25-OHD) level, prevalence of vitamin D insufficiency and deficiency, and the effect of CPAP treatment on serum 25-OHD levels among adult patients with OSA.

METHODS

We pooled data from 18 observational studies involving 5592 individuals. Baseline parameters that might have contributed to the significant differences observed were also analyzed.

RESULTS

Patients with OSA had significantly lower serum 25-OHD levels (pooled d +  - 0.74 [95% CI: - 1.19 to - 0.28], p < 0.01) and higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency (pooled log (odds ratio) 0.98 [95% CI: 0.30 to 1.67], p < 0.01) compared to those without OSA. Subgroup analysis demonstrated that these differences were significant only in moderate OSA and severe OSA. Neither age nor BMI nor geographical latitude contributed significantly to the differences observed in serum 25-OHD levels. The use of CPAP did not lead to significant changes in serum 25-OHD levels.

CONCLUSION

Patients with OSA have lower serum 25-OHD levels with a higher prevalence of vitamin D deficiency, regardless of age or BMI, pointing to an independent association between vitamin D and OSA.

Disentangling the intersection of inequities with health and malaria exposure: key lessons from rural communities in Northern Borneo

BACKGROUND

The increasing incidence of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria poses a significant challenge to efforts to eliminate malaria from Malaysia. Macaque reservoirs, outdoors-biting mosquitoes, human activities, and agricultural work are key factors associated with the transmission of this zoonotic pathogen. However, gaps in knowledge regarding reasons that drive malaria persistence in rural Kudat, Sabah, Northern Borneo remain. This study was conducted to address this knowledge gap, to better understand the complexities of these entangled problems, and to initiate discussion regarding new countermeasures to address them. This study aims to highlight rural community members' perspectives regarding inequities to health relating to P. knowlesi malaria exposure.

METHODS

From January to October 2022, a study using qualitative methods was conducted in four rural villages in Kudat district of Sabah, Malaysia. A total of nine in-depth interviews were conducted with community and faith leaders, after the completion of twelve focus group discussions with 26 photovoice participants. The interviews were conducted using the Sabah Malay dialect, audio-recorded, transcribed, and translated into English. The research team led the discussion and analysis, which was approved by participants through member checking at the community level.

RESULTS

Participants identified disparity in health as a key issue affecting their health and livelihoods. Injustice in the social environment was also identified as a significant challenge, including the importance of listening to the voices of affected communities in disentangling the social and economic phenomena that can impact malaria control. Specific concerns included inadequate access to health-related resources and degradation of the environment. Participants recommended improving access to water and other necessities, increasing the availability of malaria control commodities in healthcare facilities, and developing sustainable programs to reduce socioeconomic disparities.

CONCLUSION

Inequities to health emerged as a key concern for malaria control in rural Kudat, Sabah. A locally targeted malaria programme cantered on improving the social and economic disparities associated with health outcomes, could be a potential strategy for malaria prevention in such areas. Community-level perspectives gathered from this study can be used as a foundation for future discussions and dialogues among policymakers and community members for achieving greater transparency, improving social equity, and interoperability in addressing P. knowlesi malaria control.

Quality management overview for the production of a tissue-engineered human skin substitute in Malaysia

Treatments for skin injuries have recently advanced tremendously. Such treatments include allogeneic and xenogeneic transplants and skin substitutes such as tissue-engineered skin, cultured cells, and stem cells. The aim of this paper is to discuss the general overview of the quality assurance and quality control implemented in the manufacturing of cell and tissue product, with emphasis on our experience in the manufacturing of MyDerm®, an autologous bilayered human skin substitute. Manufacturing MyDerm® requires multiple high-risk open manipulation steps, such as tissue processing, cell culture expansion, and skin construct formation. To ensure the safety and efficacy of this product, the good manufacturing practice (GMP) facility should establish a well-designed quality assurance and quality control (QA/QC) programme. Standard operating procedures (SOP) should be implemented to ensure that the manufacturing process is consistent and performed in a controlled manner. All starting materials, including tissue samples, culture media, reagents, and consumables must be verified and tested to confirm their safety, potency, and sterility. The final products should also undergo a QC testing series to guarantee product safety, efficacy, and overall quality. The aseptic techniques of cleanroom operators and the environmental conditions of the facility are also important, as they directly influence the manufacturing of good-quality products. Hence, personnel training and environmental monitoring are necessary to maintain GMP compliance. Furthermore, risk management implementation is another important aspect of QA/QC, as it is used to identify and determine the risk level and to perform risk assessments when necessary. Moreover, procedures for non-conformance reporting should be established to identify, investigate, and correct deviations that occur during manufacturing. This paper provides insight and an overview of the QA/QC aspect during MyDerm® manufacturing in a GMP-compliant facility in the Centre for Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia.

Erratum: Zircon-Type CaCrO4 Chromite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Application for Sunlight-Induced Degradation of Rhodamine B

[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1021/acsomega.3c02457.].

Micro-Injection Molding and Debinding Behavior of Hydroxyapatite/Zirconia Bi-Materials Fabricated by Two-Component Micro-Powder Injection Molding Process

The micro-scale joining of two different materials using two-component micro-powder injection molding (2C-µPIM) is an intriguing technique. The formation of defects in bi-materials at different processing stages makes this technique challenging. This study presents the fabrication of defect-free bi-material micro-parts containing hydroxyapatite (HA) and 3 mol% yttria-stabilized zirconia (3YSZ) via 2C-µPIM. Critical powder volume concentrations (CPVCs) of 61.7 vol% and 47.1 vol% were obtained for the HA and 3YSZ powders, respectively. Based on the CPVCs, the optimal loadings for the HA and 3YSZ powders were selected as 60 vol% and 45 vol%, respectively. The HA and 3YSZ feedstocks were prepared by separately mixing the optimal powder contents with low-density polyethylene (LDPE) and palm stearin binders. The feedstocks displayed pseudoplastic behavior, and the lowest ranges of viscosity for the HA and 3YSZ at a temperature of 180 °C were 157.1-1392.5 Pa·s and 726.2-985.5 Pa·s, respectively. The feedstocks were injected to produce green HA/3YSZ micro-sized components. It was found that a solvent debinding temperature of 70 °C removed 60.6% of the palm stearin binder from the sample. In the thermal debinding stage, the open channels that formed in the bi-material sample's solvent debound at 70 °C and contributed to the removal of 93 to 95% of the binder system. When the debound bi-materials were sintered at 1300 °C, the highest relative density of 96.3% was obtained. The sintering operation revealed a linear shrinkage between 13 and 17% in the sintered HA/3YSZ micro-parts.

H-shaped modifiers loaded mirror symmetric resonator based double negative metamaterial for multi-band wireless communications

In this article, a unique metamaterial (MTM) structure is presented that exhibits four resonances of transmission coefficient (S21) that fall into S, X, and Ku bands. The MTM design is initiated on a Rogers (RT5880) substrate with an electrical dimension of 0.088 λ × 0.088 λ (λ is calculated at 3.424 GHz). The resonating patch contains four quartiles connected by a central metallic strip. The placement of each quartile is such that the whole resonator is mirror symmetric about the vertical axis. Two H-shaped modifiers connect two quartiles of each vertical half of the resonator. These H-shaped modifiers form the resonance cavity in its vicinity, and thus help significantly to orient the overall resonances of the proposed MTM at 3.424 GHz, 10 GHz, 14.816 GHz, and 16.848 GHz. The resonance phenomena are examined through equivalent circuit modeling and verified in Advanced Design Software (ADS). Metamaterial properties of the proposed MTM are extracted and it exhibits negative permittivity, permeability, and refractive index. The prototype of the MTM is fabricated and measurement is taken. The measured S21 shows a close similarity with the simulated result. Moreover, effective medium ratio (EMR) is calculated for the proposed MTM and a high EMR of 10.95 is obtained that expresses its compactness. This compact MTM with negative permittivity, permittivity, and refractive index can be important component for improving the performance of the miniaturized devices for multi-band wireless communication systems.

The accuracy of an Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine in detecting voice pathology using the Malaysian Voice Pathology Database

BACKGROUND

A multidimensional voice quality assessment is recommended for all patients with dysphonia, which requires a patient visit to the otolaryngology clinic. The aim of this study was to determine the accuracy of an online artificial intelligence classifier, the Online Sequential Extreme Learning Machine (OSELM), in detecting voice pathology. In this study, a Malaysian Voice Pathology Database (MVPD), which is the first Malaysian voice database, was created and tested.

METHODS

The study included 382 participants (252 normal voices and 130 dysphonic voices) in the proposed database MVPD. Complete data were obtained for both groups, including voice samples, laryngostroboscopy videos, and acoustic analysis. The diagnoses of patients with dysphonia were obtained. Each voice sample was anonymized using a code that was specific to each individual and stored in the MVPD. These voice samples were used to train and test the proposed OSELM algorithm. The performance of OSELM was evaluated and compared with other classifiers in terms of the accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of detecting and differentiating dysphonic voices.

RESULTS

The accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of OSELM in detecting normal and dysphonic voices were 90%, 98%, and 73%, respectively. The classifier differentiated between structural and non-structural vocal fold pathology with accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 84%, 89%, and 88%, respectively, while it differentiated between malignant and benign lesions with an accuracy, sensitivity, and specificity of 92%, 100%, and 58%, respectively. Compared to other classifiers, OSELM showed superior accuracy and sensitivity in detecting dysphonic voices, differentiating structural versus non-structural vocal fold pathology, and between malignant and benign voice pathology.

CONCLUSION

The OSELM algorithm exhibited the highest accuracy and sensitivity compared to other classifiers in detecting voice pathology, classifying between malignant and benign lesions, and differentiating between structural and non-structural vocal pathology. Hence, it is a promising artificial intelligence that supports an online application to be used as a screening tool to encourage people to seek medical consultation early for a definitive diagnosis of voice pathology.

Ethanolic Extract of Polygonum minus Protects Differentiated Human Neuroblastoma Cells (SH-SY5Y) against H2O2-Induced Oxidative Stress

Neuronal models are an important tool in neuroscientific research. Hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), a major risk factor of neuronal oxidative stress, initiates a cascade of neuronal cell death. Polygonum minus Huds, known as 'kesum', is widely used in traditional medicine. P. minus has been reported to exhibit a few medicinal and pharmacological properties. The current study aimed to investigate the neuroprotective effects of P. minus ethanolic extract (PMEE) on H2O2-induced neurotoxicity in SH-SY5Y cells. LC-MS/MS revealed the presence of 28 metabolites in PMEE. Our study showed that the PMEE provided neuroprotection against H2O2-induced oxidative stress by activating the Nrf2/ARE, NF-κB/IκB and MAPK signaling pathways in PMEE pre-treated differentiated SH-SY5Y cells. Meanwhile, the acetylcholine (ACH) level was increased in the oxidative stress-induced treatment group after 4 h of exposure with H2O2. Molecular docking results with acetylcholinesterase (AChE) depicted that quercitrin showed the highest docking score at -9.5 kcal/mol followed by aloe-emodin, afzelin, and citreorosein at -9.4, -9.3 and -9.0 kcal/mol, respectively, compared to the other PMEE's identified compounds, which show lower docking scores. The results indicate that PMEE has neuroprotective effects on SH-SY5Y neuroblastoma cells in vitro. In conclusion, PMEE may aid in reducing oxidative stress as a preventative therapy for neurodegenerative diseases.

Stroke Riskometer Application (SRA™) influence on lifestyle changes of home bound familial Malaysian stroke caregivers: a randomised controlled trial in a primary care based longer term stroke care facility

BACKGROUND

In countries where access to Specialist stroke care services are limited, primary care physicians often manage stroke patients and the caregiving family members. This study aimed to evaluate the impact of Stroke Riskometer Application (SRA™) on promoting healthier lifestyles among familial stroke caregivers for primary prevention.

METHODS

A parallel, open-label, 2-arm prospective, pilot randomised controlled trial was conducted at a long-term stroke service at a university based primary care clinic. All stroke caregivers aged ≥ 18 years, proficient in English or Malay and smartphone operation were invited. From 147 eligible caregivers, 76 participants were randomised to either SRA™ intervention or conventional care group (CCG) after receiving standard health counselling. The intervention group had additional SRA™ installed on their smartphones, which enabled self-monitoring of modifiable and non-modifiable stroke risk factors. The Stroke Riskometer app (SRATM) and Life's Simple 7 (LS7) questionnaires assessed stroke risk and lifestyle practices. Changes in clinical profile, lifestyle practices and calculated stroke risk were analysed at baseline and 3 months. The trial was registered in the Australia-New Zealand Clinical Trial Registry, ACTRN12618002050235.

RESULTS

The demographic and clinical characteristics of the intervention and control group study participants were comparable. Better improvement in LS7 scores were noted in the SRA™ arm compared to CCG at 3 months: Median difference (95% CI) = 0.88 (1.68-0.08), p = 0.03. However, both groups did not show significant changes in median stroke risk and relative risk scores at 5-, 10-years (Stroke risk 5-years: Median difference (95% CI) = 0.53 (0.15-1.21), p = 0.13, 10-years: Median difference (95% CI) = 0.81 (0.53-2.15), p = 0.23; Relative risk 5-years: Median difference (95% CI) = 0.84 (0.29-1.97), p = 0.14, Relative risk 10-years: Median difference (95% CI) = 0.58 (0.36-1.52), p = 0.23).

CONCLUSION

SRA™ is a useful tool for familial stroke caregivers to make lifestyle changes, although it did not reduce personal or relative stroke risk after 3 months usage.

TRIAL REGISTRATION

No: ACTRN12618002050235 (Registration Date: 21st December 2018).

The application of graphene/h-BN metamaterial in medical linear accelerators for reducing neutron leakage in the treatment room

Neutrons can be generated in medical linear accelerators (Linac) due to the interaction of high-energy photons (> 10 MeV) with the components of the accelerator head. The generated photoneutrons may penetrate the treatment room if a suitable neutron shield is not used. This causes a biological risk to the patient and occupational workers. The use of appropriate materials in the barriers surrounding the bunker may be effective in preventing the transmission of neutrons from the treatment room to the outside. In addition, neutrons are present in the treatment room due to leakage in the Linac's head. This study aims to reduce the transmission of neutrons from the treatment room by using graphene/hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN) metamaterial as a neutron shielding material. MCNPX code was used to model three layers of graphene/h-BN metamaterial around the target and other components of the linac, and to investigate its effect on the photon spectrum and photoneutrons. Results indicate that the first layer of a graphene/h-BN metamaterial shield around the target improves photon spectrum quality at low energies, whereas the second and third layers have no significant effect. Regarding neutrons, three layers of the metamaterial results in a 50% reduction in the number of neutrons in the air within the treatment room.

Impact of Cobalt Doping on the Structural, Optical, and Dielectric Properties of MgAl2O4 Spinel Material

Nanomaterials (NMs) with structural, optical, and dielectric properties are called functional or smart materials and have favorable applications in various fields of material science and nanotechnology. Pure and Co-doped MgAl2O4 were synthesized by using the sol-gel combustion method. A systematic investigation was carried out to understand the effects of the Co concentration on the crystalline phase, morphology, and optical and dielectric properties of Co-doped MgAl2O4. X-ray diffraction confirmed the cubic spinel structure with the Fd3̅m space group, and there was no impurity phase, while the surface morphology of the samples was investigated by scanning electron microscopy. The dielectric properties of the synthesized material are investigated using an LCR meter with respect to the variation in frequency (1-2 GHz), and their elemental composition has been examined through the energy-dispersive X-ray technique. The existence of the metal-oxygen Mg-Al-O bond has been confirmed by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The value of the dielectric constant decreases with the increasing frequency and Co concentration. The optical behaviors of the Co2+-doped MgAl2O4 reveal that the optical properties were enhanced by increasing the cobalt concentration, which ultimately led to a narrower band gap, which make them exquisite and suitable for energy storage applications, especially for super capacitors. This work aims to focus on the effect of cobalt ions in different concentrations on structural, optical, and dielectric properties.

Zircon-Type CaCrO4 Chromite Nanoparticles: Synthesis, Characterization, and Photocatalytic Application for Sunlight-Induced Degradation of Rhodamine B

The degradation of organic dye pollutants is a critical environmental issue that has garnered significant attention in recent years. To address this problem, we investigated the potential of CaCrO4 chromite (CCO) as a photocatalyst for the degradation of cationic and anionic dye solutions under sunlight irradiation. CaCrO4 was synthesized via a sol-gel auto-combustion route and sintered at 900 °C. The Rietveld refined XRD profile confirmed the zircon-type structure of CaCrO4 crystallized in the tetragonal unit cell with I41/amd space group symmetry. The surface morphology of the sample was investigated by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM), which revealed the polyhedral texture of the grains. Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) studies were carried out to analyze the elemental composition and chemical states of the ions present in the compound. Fourier transform infrared (FT-IR) spectroscopy analysis revealed the vibrational modes corresponding to the tetrahedral and dodecahedral metal oxide bonds. The optical band gap was approximated to be in the range of 1.928 eV by using the Tauc relation. The CaCrO4 catalyst with different contents (5, 20, 35, and 50 mg) was investigated for its photocatalytic performance for the degradation of RhB dye solution under sunlight irradiation using a UV-Vis spectrometer over the experimental wavelength range of 450-600 nm. The degradation efficacy increased from 70.630 to 93.550% for 5-35 mg and then decreased to 68.720% for 50 mg in 140 min under visible light illumination. The comparative study demonstrates that a higher degradation rate was achieved for cationic than anionic dyes in the order RhB > MB > MO. The highest deterioration (93.80%) was achieved for the RhB dye in 140 min. Equilibrium and kinetic studies showed that the adsorption process followed the Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models, respectively. The maximum adsorption capacity of 21.125 mg/g was observed for the catalyst concentration of 35 mg. From the cyclic test, it has been observed that the synthesized photocatalyst is structurally and morphologically stable and reusable. The radical trapping experiment demonstrated that superoxide and hydroxyl radicals were the primary species engaged in the photodegradation process. A possible mechanism for the degradation of RhB has been proposed. Hence, we conclude that CaCrO4 can be used as an efficient photocatalyst for the remediation of organic dye pollutants from the environment.

Optimizing MWCNT-Based Nanofluids for Photovoltaic/Thermal Cooling through Preparation Parameters

Multiwalled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) were employed as added particles for nanofluids in this practical investigation. To identify the most appropriate nanofluid for cooling PVT systems that are functional in the extreme summer environment of Baghdad, the parameters of base fluid, surfactant, and sonication time used for mixing were examined. Water was chosen as the base fluid instead of other potential candidates such as ethylene glycol (EG), propylene glycol (PG), and heat transfer oil (HTO). Thermal conductivity and stability were important thermophysical qualities that were impacted by the chosen parameters. The nanofluid tested in Baghdad city (consisting of 0.5% MWCNTs, water, and CTAB with a sonication period of three and a quarter hours) resulted in a 119.5, 308, and 210% enhancement of thermal conductivity (TC) for water compared with EG, PG, and oil, respectively. In addition, the nanofluid-cooled PVT system had an electrical efficiency that was 88.85% higher than standalone PV technology and 44% higher than water-cooled PVT systems. Moreover, the thermal efficiency of the nanofluid-cooled PVT system was 20% higher than the water-cooled PVT system. Finally, the nanofluid-cooled PVT system displayed the least decrease in electrical efficiency and a greater thermal efficiency even when the PV panel was at its hottest at noon.

The Nutritional and Functional Properties of Protein Isolates from Defatted Chia Flour Using Different Extraction pH

This study aims to determine the effects of various alkaline pHs on the nutritional and functional properties of protein isolated from defatted chia flour (DCF). The DCF isolated using alkali extraction method at pH 8.5, 10.0, and 12.0 were coded as CPI-8.5, CPI-10.0, and CPI-12.0, respectively. The highest extraction yield and protein recovery yield was demonstrated by CPI-12.0 (19.10 and 59.63%, respectively), with a total protein content of 74.53%, and glutelin showed the highest portion (79.95%). The CPI-12.0 also demonstrated the most elevated essential (36.87%), hydrophobic (33.81%), and aromatic (15.54%) amino acid content among other samples. The DCF exhibited the highest water (23.90 gg-1) and oil (8.23 gg-1) absorption capacity, whereas the CPI-8.5 showed the highest protein solubility (72.31%) at pH 11. DCF demonstrated the highest emulsifying capacity at pH 11 (82.13%), but the highest stability was shown at pH 5 (82.05%). Furthermore, CPI-12.0 at pH 11 shows the highest foaming capacity (83.16%) and stability (83.10%). Despite that, the CPI-10.0 manifested the highest antioxidant capacity (DPPH: 42.48%; ABTS: 66.23%; FRAP: 0.19), as well as ACE-I (35.67%). Overall, the extraction pH had significant effects in producing chia protein isolates (CPI) with improved nutritional and functional qualities.

Contour Analysis of Three-Dimensional Peri-Implant Mucosal Model as an Endpoint Analysis of Photofunctionalization Effects on Implant Abutment Materials

INTRODUCTION

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of photofunctionalization on the soft-tissue contour formed at the interface of various abutment materials using end-point analyses obtained from the three-dimensional oral mucosal model (3D-OMMs).

METHODS

Commercially pure titanium (CPTi), alumina-toughened zirconia (ATZ), and yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) made into discs shapes were classified into two groups: UV-treated (PTx) and non-treated (NTx). The materials in PTx groups were exposed to UV light for 12 min. Human gingival fibroblasts and TR146 epithelial cell lines co-cultured on the acellular dermal membrane were used to construct the 3D-OMM. After 4 days of culture, the discs were inserted into the holes prepared within the membrane of 3D-OMMs. The contour formed by the tissue was evaluated after 14 days of culture.

RESULTS

The UV treatment of abutment materials resulted in the formation of more non-pocket-tissue types among the PTx group (p = 0.002). Of all materials tested, soft tissue contour around YSZ showed higher scores for the non-pocket type in both non- and UV-treated groups.

CONCLUSIONS

The non-pocket type of tissue attachment was frequently found in all surfaces modified by photofunctionalization, particularly zirconia. The 3D-OMM can be used to evaluate the biological endpoints of implant surface modifications.

Cuproptosis- and m6A-Related lncRNAs for Prognosis of Hepatocellular Carcinoma

Cuproptosis and N6-methyladenosine (m6A) have potential as prognostic predictors in cancer patients, but their roles in hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) are unclear. This study aimed to screen a total of 375 HCC samples were retrieved from the TCGA database, and lncRNAs related to cuproptosis and m6A were obtained through correlation analysis. To construct a risk assessment model, univariate Cox regression analysis and LASSO Cox regression were employed. Analyze the regulatory effect of relevant risk assessment models on tumor mutation load (TMB) and immune microenvironment. A total of five lncRNAs (AC007405.3, AL031985.3, TMCC1-AS1, MIR210HG, TMEM220-AS1) with independent overall survival-related risk models were obtained by LASSO survival regression. TP53 and CTNNB1 were the three genes found to have the most mutations in high-risk group patients. The high-risk group with low TMB had the worst survival, whereas the low-risk group with high TMB had the best survival. KEGG pathway analysis revealed that the high-risk group was enriched with cell cycle, oocyte meiosis, cell senescence, and glycolysis/glucose production pathways. We constructed a reliable cuproptosis- and m6A-related lncRNA model for the prognosis of HCC. The model may provide new insights into managing HCC patients, but further research is needed to validate it.

Synthesis of highly fluorescent carbon quantum dots from rubber seed shells for the adsorption and photocatalytic degradation of dyes

The potentials of biomass-based carbon quantum dot (CQD) as an adsorbent for batch adsorption of dyes and its photocatalytic degradation capacity for dyes which are congo red (CR) and methylene blue (MB) have been conducted in this study. The CQDs properties, performance, behaviour, and photoluminescence characteristics were assessed using batch adsorption experiments which were carried out under operating conditions including, temperature, pH and dosage. The morphological analysis revealed that CQDs are highly porous, uniform, closely aligned and multi-layered. The presence of hydroxyl, carboxyl and carbonyl functional groups indicated the significance of the oxygenated functional groups. Spectral analysis of photoluminescence for CQDs confirmed their photoluminescent quality by exhibiting high excitation intensity and possessing greenish-blue fluorescence under UV radiation. The removal percentage of the dyes adsorbed for both CR and MB dyes was 77% and 75%. Langmuir isotherm and pseudo-second-order models closely fitted the adsorption results. Thermodynamics analysis indicated that the adsorption process was exothermic and spontaneous, with excellent reusability and stability. The degradation efficiency of CQDs on both dyes was more than 90% under sunlight irradiation and obeyed the first-order kinetic model. These results demonstrated CQDs to be an excellent adsorbent and outstanding photocatalyst for organic dye degradation.

Delta-radiomics-based models for toxicity prediction in radiotherapy: A systematic review and meta-analysis

INTRODUCTION

Delta-radiomics models are potentially able to improve the treatment assessment than single-time point features. The purpose of this study is to systematically synthesize the performance of delta-radiomics-based models for radiotherapy (RT)-induced toxicity.

METHODS

A literature search was performed following the PRISMA guidelines. Systematic searches were performed in PubMed, Scopus, Cochrane and Embase databases in October 2022. Retrospective and prospective studies on the delta-radiomics model for RT-induced toxicity were included based on predefined PICOS criteria. A random-effect meta-analysis of AUC was performed on the performance of delta-radiomics models, and a comparison with non-delta radiomics models was included.

RESULTS

Of the 563 articles retrieved, 13 selected studies of RT-treated patients on different types of cancer (HNC = 571, NPC = 186, NSCLC = 165, oesophagus = 106, prostate = 33, OPC = 21) were eligible for inclusion in the systematic review. Included studies show that morphological and dosimetric features may improve the predictive model performance for the selected toxicity. Four studies that reported both delta and non-delta radiomics features with AUC were included in the meta-analysis. The AUC random effects estimate for delta and non-delta radiomics models were 0.80 and 0.78 with heterogeneity, I2 of 73% and 27% respectively.

CONCLUSION

Delta-radiomics-based models were found to be promising predictors of predefined end points. Future studies should consider using standardized methods and radiomics features and external validation to the reviewed delta-radiomics model.

Role of resting-state functional MRI in detecting brain functional changes following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis

PURPOSE

Increasing evidence implicates changes in brain function following radiotherapy for head and neck cancer as precursors for brain dysfunction. These changes may thus be used as biomarkers for early detection. This review aimed to determine the role of resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) in detecting brain functional changes.

METHODS

A systematic search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science (WoS) databases in June 2022. Patients with head and neck cancer treated with radiotherapy and periodic rs-fMRI assessments were included. A meta-analysis was performed to determine the potential of rs-fMRI for detecting brain changes.

RESULTS

Ten studies with a total of 513 subjects (head and neck cancer patients, n = 437; healthy controls, n = 76) were included. A significance of rs-fMRI for detecting brain changes in the temporal and frontal lobes, cingulate cortex, and cuneus was demonstrated in most studies. These changes were reported to be associated with dose (6/10 studies) and latency (4/10 studies). A strong effect size (r = 0.71, p < 0.001) between rs-fMRI and brain changes was also reported, suggesting rs-fMRI's capability for monitoring brain alterations.

CONCLUSION

Resting-state functional MRI is a promising tool for detecting brain functional changes following head and neck radiotherapy. These changes are correlated with latency and prescription dose.

Stabilizing high-humidity perovskite solar cells with MoS2 hybrid HTL

The obstacle to the industrialization of perovskite solar cells (PSC) technology lies in their stability. This work rationalizes the PSC design with the employment of 2D-MoS₂ as the hybrid hole transport layer (HTL). MoS₂ was selected due to its unique optoelectronic and mechanical properties that could enhance hole extraction and thus boost the performance and stability of PSC devices. Five concentrations indicated MoS₂ nanosheets were directly deposited onto the perovskite layer via the facile spin coating method. The electrochemical exfoliation and liquid exchange methods were demonstrated to obtain the lateral size of MoS₂ nanosheets and further discussed their microscopic and spectroscopic characterizations. Remarkably, the optimum thickness and the excellent device increased the stability of the PSC, allowing it to maintain 45% of its degradation percentage ([Formula: see text]) for 120 h with high relative humidity (RH = 40-50%) in its vicinity. We observed that lithium-ion can intercalate into the layered MoS₂ structure and reduce the interfacial resistance of perovskite and the HTL. Most importantly, the 2D-MoS₂ mechanism's effect on enabling stable and efficient devices by reducing lithium-ion migration in the HTL is demonstrated in this work to validate the great potential of this hybrid structure in PSC applications.

Phytochemical-assisted green synthesis of CuFeOx nano-rose electrocatalysts for oxygen evolution reaction in alkaline media

This study represents a green synthesis method for fabricating an oxygen evolution reaction (OER) electrode by depositing two-dimensional CuFeO_x on nickel foam (NF). Two-dimensional CuFeO_x was deposited on NF using in situ hydrothermal synthesis in the presence of Aloe vera extract. This phytochemical-assisted synthesis of CuFeO_x resulted in a unique nano-rose-like morphology (petal diameter 30-70 nm), which significantly improved the electrochemical surface area of the electrode. The synthesized electrode was analyzed for its OER electrocatalytic activity and it was observed that using 75% Aloe vera extract in the phytochemical-assisted synthesis of CuFeO_x resulted in improved OER electrocatalytic performance by attaining an overpotential of 310 mV for 50 mA cm^-2 and 410 mV for 100 mA cm^-2. The electrode also sustained robust stability throughout the 50 h of chronopotentiometry studies under alkaline electrolyte conditions, demonstrating its potential as an efficient OER electrode material. This study highlights the promising use of Aloe vera extract as a green and cost-effective way to synthesize efficient OER electrode materials.

Parents of children with cancer require health literacy support to meet their information needs

BACKGROUND

Timely and relevant information helps parents to cope when a child is diagnosed with cancer. However, obtaining and understanding information is not a straightforward process for parents.

OBJECTIVES

This article aims to explain paediatric cancer parents' information behaviour related to the care of their child.

METHODS

Qualitative in-depth interviews were conducted with fourteen Malaysian paediatric cancer parents and eight healthcare professionals who worked with paediatric cancer patients. Reflexivity and inductive approaches were used to interpret the data to identify meaningful themes and subthemes.

RESULTS

Three themes about how paediatric cancer parents interact with information emerged: Acquiring information, internalising information, and using information. Information may be actively sought or passively acquired. Cognitive and affective aspects influence how information is internalised into meaningful knowledge. Knowledge then leads to further action including further information gathering.

CONCLUSION

Paediatric cancer parents need health literacy support to meet their information needs. They require guidance in identifying and appraising suitable information resources. Development of suitable supporting materials is needed to facilitate parents' ability to comprehend information related to their child's cancer. Understanding parents' information behaviour could assist healthcare professionals in providing information support in the context of paediatric cancer.

Fogging to combat dengue: factors influencing stakeholders' attitudes in Malaysia

BACKGROUND

Fogging is a conventional technique used to combat Aedes mosquitoes and prevent dengue disease. It is often implemented in outbreak areas or areas harbouring a high density of Aedes mosquitoes. Currently, studies on stakeholders' attitudes towards fogging are still limited in number. Therefore, this study aims to assess Malaysian attitudes, and identify the predicting factors influencing such attitudes.

METHODS

A validated instrument was used to interview 399 randomly selected respondents from the public (n = 202, 50.6%) and scientists (n = 197, 49.4%) in the Klang Valley region of Malaysia. The data were analysed using PLS-SEM involving Smart-PLS software.

RESULTS

The results confirmed that stakeholder attitudes toward fogging should be viewed in terms of a multi-dimensional association. The stakeholders surveyed were highly positive with regard to the application of fogging to control dengue but professed moderate concerns as to associated risks. The PLS-SEM analyses demonstrated that the perceived benefit was the most important factor influencing attitudes, followed by trust in key players.

CONCLUSIONS

This result provides a good insight from the perspective of education and unravels the underlying fundamentals of stakeholders' attitudes toward the fogging technique. The findings also provide a positive indicator to the responsible parties involved to continue the usage of this technique in conjunction with improvements with regard to its safety aspects, and possibly in combination with other environmental-friendly alternatives in order to achieve a healthy environment without dengue in Malaysia.

MHD mixed convection and heatlines approach of nanofluids in rectangular wavy enclosures with multiple solid fins

Two dimensional wavy walls rectangular cavity with inclined magnetohydrodynamic has been examined in mixed convection configurations. Triple fins arranged in the upwards ladder were filled within alumina nanoliquid in the cavity. Vertical sinusoidal walls were heated, and the other side was kept cold while both horizontal walls were kept adiabatic. All walls were motionless except the top cavity that was driven to the right. The diversified range of control parameter in Richardson number, Hartmann number, number of undulations, length of the cavity has been performed in this study. The analysis was simulated using finite element method by employing the governing equation formula, and the results were delineated in the form of streamlines, isotherms, heatlines, and comparisons on several relationships between the local velocity in the y-axis line of 0.6, local and average Nusselt number along the heated surface and dimensionless average temperature. The findings revealed that high concentration nanofluids boost the rate of heat transfer without the need to apply any magnetic field. Results found that the best heat mechanisms are natural convection with significant-high Richardson number as well as constructing two waves on the vertical walls in the cavity.

Unlocking the Potential of Lignocellulosic Biomass Dragon Fruit (Hylocereus polyrhizus) in Bioplastics, Biocomposites and Various Commercial Applications

Dragon fruit, also called pitaya or pitahaya, is in the family Cactaceae. It is found in two genera: 'Selenicereus' and 'Hylocereus'. The substantial growth in demand intensifies dragon fruit processing operations, and waste materials such as peels and seeds are generated in more significant quantities. The transformation of waste materials into value-added components needs greater focus since managing food waste is an important environmental concern. Two well-known varieties of dragon fruit are pitaya (Stenocereus) and pitahaya (Hylocereus), which are different in their sour and sweet tastes. The flesh of the dragon fruit constitutes about two-thirds (~65%) of the fruit, and the peel is approximately one-third (~22%). Dragon fruit peel is believed to be rich in pectin and dietary fibre. In this regard, extracting pectin from dragon fruit peel can be an innovative technology that minimises waste disposal and adds value to the peel. Dragon fruit are currently used in several applications, such as bioplastics, natural dyes and cosmetics. Further research is recommended for diverging its development in various areas and maturing the innovation of its usage.

Ultra-effective modified clinoptilolite adsorbent for selective thorium removal from radioactive residue

This study investigated the efficacy of using phosphate-modified zeolite (PZ) as an adsorbent for removing thorium from aqueous solutions. The effects of various factors such as contact time, adsorbent mass, initial thorium concentration, and pH value of the solution on the removal efficiency were analyzed using the batch technique to obtain optimum adsorption condition. The results revealed that the optimal conditions for thorium adsorption were a contact time of 24 h, 0.03 g of PZ adsorbent, pH 3, and a temperature of 25 °C. Isotherm and kinetics parameters of the thorium adsorption on PZ were also determined, with equilibrium studies showing that the experimental data followed the Langmuir isotherm model. The maximum adsorption capacity (Q_o) for thorium was found to be 17.3 mg/g with the Langmuir isotherm coefficient of 0.09 L/mg. Using phosphate anions to modify natural zeolite increased its adsorption capacity. Furthermore, adsorption kinetics studies demonstrated that the adsorption of thorium onto PZ adsorbent fitted well with the pseudo-second-order model. The applicability of the PZ adsorbent in removing thorium from real radioactive waste was also investigated, and nearly complete thorium removal was achieved (> 99%) from the leached solution obtained from cracking and leaching processes of rare earth industrial residue under optimized conditions. This study elucidates the potential of PZ adsorbent for efficient removal of thorium from rare earth residue via adsorption, leading to a reduction in waste volume for ultimate disposition.

Impact of Aerobika® oscillating positive expiratory pressure in improving small airway resistance, lung function, symptoms and exercise capacity in chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Background

Aerobika^® oscillating positive expiratory pressure (OPEP) device promotes airway clearance in many respiratory diseases. However, studies have yet to focus on its effectiveness in improving small airway resistance via impulse oscillometry (IOS) measurement in COPD subjects. We aim to evaluate the improvement of small airway resistance (via IOS), lung function (spirometry), exercise capacity [via 6-min walking test (6MWT)], symptoms [COPD assessment test (CAT)] and severe exacerbation events among COPD subjects using Aerobika^® OPEP.

Methods

This was a prospective, single-arm interventional study among COPD subjects with small airway disease. Subjects were instructed to use twice daily Aerobika^® OPEP (10 min each session); for 24 weeks; as an additional to standard therapy. IOS, spirometry, 6MWT, CAT score and severe exacerbation events were evaluated at baseline, 12 weeks and 24 weeks.

Results

Fifty-three subjects completed the study. Aerobika^® usage showed improvement of IOS parameters; e.g. measurement of airway resistance at 5 Hz (R5), cmH20/L/s, (12-week p = 0.008, 24-week p < 0.001), R5% predicted (12-week p = 0.007, 24-week p < 0.001) and small airway resistance (R5-R20), cmH20/L/s, (12-week p = 0.021, 24-week p < 0.001). There were improvement of lung function; e.g. FEV₁, L (12-week p = 0.018, 24-week p = 0.001), FEV₁% predicted (12-week p = 0.025, 24-week p = 0.001), FEF_25-75, L (12-week p = 0.023, 24-week p = 0.002), and FEF_25-75% predicted (12-week p = 0.024, 24-week p < 0.001). CAT score improved at 12 weeks (p < 0.001) and 24 weeks (p < 0.001). Subjects had improved exercise capacity (6MWT, metres) after 24 weeks (p = 0.016). However, there was no significant difference in severe exacerbation events 24 weeks before and after Aerobika^® usage.

Conclusion

Aerobika^® OPEP demonstrated significant improvement in small airway resistance as early as 12 weeks of usage, with sustained improvement at 24 weeks. Aerobika^® OPEP administration had significantly improved lung function, 6MWT, and CAT scores over 24 weeks. There was no difference in severe exacerbation events.

Air-Processable Perovskite Solar Cells by Hexamine Molecule Phase Stabilization

Perovskite solar cells have emerged as a potential energy alternative due to their low cost of fabrication and high power conversion efficiency. Unfortunately, their poor ambient stability has critically limited their industrialization and application in real environmental conditions. Here, we show that by introducing hexamine molecules into the perovskite lattice, we can enhance the photoactive phase stability, enabling high-performance and air-processable perovskite solar cells. The unencapsulated and freshly prepared perovskite solar cells produce a power conversion efficiency of 16.83% under a 100 mW cm^-2 1.5G solar light simulator and demonstrate high stability properties when being stored for more than 1500 h in humid air with relative humidity ranging from 65 to 90%. We envisage that our findings may revolutionize perovskite solar cell research, pushing the performance and stability to the limit and bringing the perovskite solar cells toward industrialization.

Seeing malaria through the eyes of affected communities: using photovoice to document local knowledge on zoonotic malaria causation and prevention practices among rural communities exposed to Plasmodium knowlesi malaria in Northern Borneo Island

BACKGROUND

Many rural communities in Malaysian Borneo and Southeast Asia are at risk of Plasmodium knowlesi malaria. Multiple factors contribute to infection, however, a deep understanding of illness causation and prevention practices among at-risk communities remains limited. This study aims to document local knowledge on malaria causation and preventive practices of rural communities in Sabah, Malaysia, using photovoice-a participatory research method.

METHODS

From January to June 2022, a photovoice study was conducted with rural communities in Matunggong subdistrict, Malaysia, to explore their experiences with and local knowledge of non-human primate malaria and prevention practices. The study included (1) an introductory phase in which participants were introduced to the photovoice method; (2) a documentation phase in which participants captured and narrated photos from their communities; (3) a discussion phase in which participants discussed photos and relevant topics through a series of three focus group discussions (FGDs) per village; and (4) a dissemination phase where selected photos were shared with key stakeholders through a photo exhibition. A purposively selected sample of 26 participants (adults > 18 years old, male, and female) from four villages participated in all phases of the study. The study activities were conducted in Sabah Malay dialect. Participants and the research team contributed to data review and analyses.

RESULTS

Rural communities in Sabah, Malaysia possess local knowledge that attributes non-human primate malaria to natural factors related to the presence of mosquitoes that bite humans and which carry "kuman-malaria" or malaria parasite. Participants revealed various preventive practises ranging from traditional practises, including burning dried leaves and using plants that produce foul odours, to non-traditional approaches such as aerosols and mosquito repellents. By engaging with researchers and policymakers, the participants or termed as co-researchers in this study, showcased their ability to learn and appreciate new knowledge and perspectives and valued the opportunity to share their voices with policymakers. The study successfully fostered a balance of power dynamics between the co-researchers, research team members and policymakers.

CONCLUSION

There were no misconceptions about malaria causation among study participants. The insights from study participants are relevant because of their living experience with the non-human malaria. It is critical to incorporate rural community perspectives in designing locally effective and feasible malaria interventions in rural Sabah, Malaysia. Future research can consider adapting the photovoice methodology for further research with the community toward building locally tailored-malaria strategies.

Stability of glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) measurements from whole blood samples kept at -196°C for seven to eight years in The Malaysian Cohort study

OBJECTIVE

Glycated haemoglobin (HbA1c) is a standard indication for screening type 2 diabetes that also has been widely used in large-scale epidemiological studies. However, its long-term quality (in terms of reproducibility) stored in liquid nitrogen is still unknown. This study is aimed to evaluate the stability and reproducibility of HbA1c measurements from frozen whole blood samples kept at -196°C for more than 7 years.

METHODS

A total of 401 whole blood samples with a fresh HbA1c measurement were randomly selected from The Malaysian Cohort's (TMC) biobank. The HbA1c measurements of fresh and frozen (stored for 7-8 years) samples were assayed using different high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) systems. The HbA1c values of the fresh samples were then calculated and corrected according to the later system. The reproducibility of HbA1c measurements between calculated-fresh and frozen samples was assessed using a Passing-Bablok linear regression model. The Bland-Altman plot was then used to evaluate the concordance of HbA1c values.

RESULTS

The different HPLC systems highly correlated (r = 0.99) and agreed (ICC = 0.96) with each other. Furthermore, the HbA1c measurements for frozen samples strongly correlate with the corrected HbA1c values of the fresh samples (r = 0.875) with a mean difference of -0.02 (SD: -0.38 to 0.38). Although the mean difference is small, discrepancies were observed within the diabetic and non-diabetic samples.

CONCLUSION

These data demonstrate that the HbA1c measurements between fresh and frozen samples are highly correlated and reproducible.

Recent Advances in Processing of Titanium and Titanium Alloys through Metal Injection Molding for Biomedical Applications: 2013-2022

Metal injection molding (MIM) is one of the most widely used manufacturing processes worldwide as it is a cost-effective way of producing a variety of dental and orthopedic implants, surgical instruments, and other important biomedical products. Titanium (Ti) and Ti alloys are popular modern metallic materials that have revamped the biomedical sector as they have superior biocompatibility, excellent corrosion resistance, and high static and fatigue strength. This paper systematically reviews the MIM process parameters that extant studies have used to produce Ti and Ti alloy components between 2013 and 2022 for the medical industry. Moreover, the effect of sintering temperature on the mechanical properties of the MIM-processed sintered components has been reviewed and discussed. It is concluded that by appropriately selecting and implementing the processing parameters at different stages of the MIM process, defect-free Ti and Ti alloy-based biomedical components can be produced. Therefore, this present study could greatly benefit future studies that examine using MIM to develop products for biomedical applications.