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Yoshida T, Kawamura H, Mino K, Konishi Y, Saito T, Shimizu Y, Taketomi A. Gastric cancer complicated by paraneoplastic neurological syndrome which presented with extremity numbness: a case report. Surg Case Rep 2022; 8:78. [PMID: 35482258 PMCID: PMC9051002 DOI: 10.1186/s40792-022-01429-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2022] [Accepted: 04/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Paraneoplastic neurological syndromes refer to a group of neurological disorders, which occur as distant effects of malignant tumors and are not caused by metastasis, nutritional disorders, or side effects of antitumor drugs. Case presentation A 70-year-old woman complained of a 1-month history of extremity numbness. Upon presentation to our hospital, she had worsening numbness, and experienced staggering and falling. Physical examination revealed diminished tendon reflexes in both lower limbs, stocking and glove-type abnormal sensation, and left-sided dominant high-steppage gait due to weakness of the bilateral tibialis anterior muscles. Blood tests indicated anemia, and upper gastrointestinal endoscopy revealed gastric cancer, leading to laparoscopic distal gastrectomy. A nerve conduction velocity test showed demyelinating peripheral neuropathy. Further blood tests and imaging studies ruled out nutritional disorders, such as vitamin deficiency, diabetes-related diseases, connective tissue diseases, and central nervous system metastasis, leading to the suspicion of paraneoplastic neurological syndrome. After laparoscopic distal gastrectomy, the progression of symptoms stopped, and with intravenous high-dose immunoglobulin and steroid therapy, the symptoms improved to only minor numbness in the peripheral limbs as of the 18-month follow-up. As of the 2-year follow-up, there has been no cancer recurrence or metastasis. Conclusions When paraneoplastic neurological syndrome is suspected, early diagnosis and a multidisciplinary approach, including surgical treatment, are important before irreversible neurological damage occurs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takuto Yoshida
- Department of General Surgery, Hokkaido Medical Center, 1-1, 5-7 Yamanote, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Hideki Kawamura
- Department of General Surgery, Hokkaido Medical Center, 1-1, 5-7 Yamanote, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan.
| | - Kazuhiro Mino
- Department of General Surgery, Hokkaido Medical Center, 1-1, 5-7 Yamanote, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Yuji Konishi
- Department of General Surgery, Hokkaido Medical Center, 1-1, 5-7 Yamanote, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Tomoya Saito
- Department of General Surgery, Hokkaido Medical Center, 1-1, 5-7 Yamanote, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shimizu
- Department of Gastroenterology, Hokkaido Medical Center, 1-1, 5-7 Yamanote, Nishi-ku, Sapporo, 063-0005, Japan
| | - Akinobu Taketomi
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery 1, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, N-15, W-7, Kita-ku, Sapporo, 060-8638, Japan
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Meriney SD, Tarr TB, Ojala KS, Wu M, Li Y, Lacomis D, Garcia-Ocaña A, Liang M, Valdomir G, Wipf P. Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome: mouse passive-transfer model illuminates disease pathology and facilitates testing therapeutic leads. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2017; 1412:73-81. [PMID: 29125190 DOI: 10.1111/nyas.13512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2017] [Revised: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 09/09/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Lambert-Eaton myasthenic syndrome (LEMS) is an autoimmune disorder caused by antibodies directed against the voltage-gated calcium channels that provide the calcium ion flux that triggers acetylcholine release at the neuromuscular junction. To study the pathophysiology of LEMS and test candidate therapeutic strategies, a passive-transfer animal model has been developed in mice, which can be created by daily intraperitoneal injections of LEMS patient serum or IgG into mice for 2-4 weeks. Results from studies of the mouse neuromuscular junction have revealed that each synapse has hundreds of transmitter release sites but that the probability for release at each one is likely to be low. LEMS further reduces this low probability such that transmission is no longer effective at triggering a muscle contraction. The LEMS-mediated attack reduces the number of presynaptic calcium channels, disorganizes transmitter release sites, and results in the homeostatic upregulation of other calcium channel types. Symptomatic treatment is focused on increasing the probability of release from dysfunctional release sites. Current treatment uses the potassium channel blocker 3,4-diaminopyridine (DAP) to broaden the presynaptic action potential, providing more time for calcium channels to open. Current research is focused on testing new calcium channel gating modifiers that work synergistically with DAP.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen D Meriney
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Tyler B Tarr
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Kristine S Ojala
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Man Wu
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Yizhi Li
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - David Lacomis
- Division of Neuromuscular Diseases, Departments of Neurology and Pathology, University of Pittsburgh Medical Center, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Adolfo Garcia-Ocaña
- Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, New York
| | - Mary Liang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Guillermo Valdomir
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Peter Wipf
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Swadzba ME, Hauck SM, Naim HY, Amann B, Deeg CA. Retinal glycoprotein enrichment by concanavalin a enabled identification of novel membrane autoantigen synaptotagmin-1 in equine recurrent uveitis. PLoS One 2012; 7:e50929. [PMID: 23236410 PMCID: PMC3517615 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050929] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2012] [Accepted: 10/26/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Complete knowledge of autoantigen spectra is crucial for understanding pathomechanisms of autoimmune diseases like equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous model for human autoimmune uveitis. While several ERU autoantigens were identified previously, no membrane protein was found so far. As there is a great overlap between glycoproteins and membrane proteins, the aim of this study was to test whether pre-enrichment of retinal glycoproteins by ConA affinity is an effective tool to detect autoantigen candidates among membrane proteins. In 1D Western blots, the glycoprotein preparation allowed detection of IgG reactions to low abundant proteins in sera of ERU patients. Synaptotagmin-1, a Ca2+-sensing protein in synaptic vesicles, was identified as autoantigen candidate from the pre-enriched glycoprotein fraction by mass spectrometry and was validated as a highly prevalent autoantigen by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Analysis of Syt1 expression in retinas of ERU cases showed a downregulation in the majority of ERU affected retinas to 24%. Results pointed to a dysregulation of retinal neurotransmitter release in ERU. Identification of synaptotagmin-1, the first cell membrane associated autoantigen in this spontaneous autoimmune disease, demonstrated that examination of tissue fractions can lead to the discovery of previously undetected novel autoantigens. Further experiments will address its role in ERU pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margarete E. Swadzba
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, München, Germany
| | - Stefanie M. Hauck
- Research Unit for Protein Science, Helmholtz Zentrum München–German Research Center for Environmental Health (GmbH), Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Hassan Y. Naim
- Department of Physiological Chemistry, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Barbara Amann
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, München, Germany
| | - Cornelia A. Deeg
- Institute of Animal Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, Ludwig-Maximilians University, München, Germany
- * E-mail:
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Rezaï X, Faget L, Bednarek E, Schwab Y, Kieffer BL, Massotte D. Mouse δ opioid receptors are located on presynaptic afferents to hippocampal pyramidal cells. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2012; 32:509-16. [PMID: 22252784 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-011-9791-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Delta opioid receptors participate in the control of chronic pain and emotional responses. Recent data have also identified their implication in drug-context associations pointing to a modulatory role on hippocampal activity. We used fluorescent knock-in mice that express a functional delta opioid receptor fused at its carboxy terminus with the green fluorescent protein in place of the native receptor to investigate the receptor neuroanatomical distribution in this structure. Fine mapping of the pyramidal layer was performed in hippocampal acute brain slices and organotypic cultures using fluorescence confocal imaging, co-localization with pre- and postsynaptic markers and correlative light-electron microscopy. The different approaches concurred to identify delta opioid receptors on presynaptic afferents to glutamatergic principal cells. In the latter, only scarce receptors were detected that were confined within the Golgi or vesicular intracellular compartments with no receptor present at the cell surface. In the mouse hippocampus, expression of functional delta opioid receptors is therefore mostly associated with interneurons emphasizing a presynaptic modulatory effect on the pyramidal cell firing rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xavier Rezaï
- Translational Medicine and Neurogenetics, Institut de Génétique et de Biologie Moléculaire et Cellulaire (IGBMC) CNRS/INSERM/UdS, Illkirch, France
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Abstract
Transient rises in the cytoplasmic concentration of calcium ions serve as second messenger signals that control many neuronal functions. Selective triggering of these functions is achieved through spatial localization of calcium signals. Several qualitatively different forms of local calcium signaling can be distinguished by the location of open calcium channels as well as by the distance between these channels and the calcium binding proteins that serve as the molecular targets of calcium action. Local calcium signaling is especially prominent at presynaptic active zones and postsynaptic densities, structures that are distinguished by highly organized macromolecular arrays that yield precise spatial arrangements of calcium signaling proteins. Similar forms of local calcium signaling may be employed throughout the nervous system, though much remains to be learned about the molecular underpinnings of these events.
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Affiliation(s)
- George J Augustine
- Department of Neurobiology, Duke University Medical Center, Box 3209, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
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Meir A, Ginsburg S, Butkevich A, Kachalsky SG, Kaiserman I, Ahdut R, Demirgoren S, Rahamimoff R. Ion channels in presynaptic nerve terminals and control of transmitter release. Physiol Rev 1999; 79:1019-88. [PMID: 10390521 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.1999.79.3.1019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 220] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The primary function of the presynaptic nerve terminal is to release transmitter quanta and thus activate the postsynaptic target cell. In almost every step leading to the release of transmitter quanta, there is a substantial involvement of ion channels. In this review, the multitude of ion channels in the presynaptic terminal are surveyed. There are at least 12 different major categories of ion channels representing several tens of different ion channel types; the number of different ion channel molecules at presynaptic nerve terminals is many hundreds. We describe the different ion channel molecules at the surface membrane and inside the nerve terminal in the context of their possible role in the process of transmitter release. Frequently, a number of different ion channel molecules, with the same basic function, are present at the same nerve terminal. This is especially evident in the cases of calcium channels and potassium channels. This abundance of ion channels allows for a physiological and pharmacological fine tuning of the process of transmitter release and thus of synaptic transmission.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Meir
- Department of Physiology and the Bernard Katz Minerva Centre for Cell Biophysics, Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, Israel
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Osborne SL, Herreros J, Bastiaens PI, Schiavo G. Calcium-dependent oligomerization of synaptotagmins I and II. Synaptotagmins I and II are localized on the same synaptic vesicle and heterodimerize in the presence of calcium. J Biol Chem 1999; 274:59-66. [PMID: 9867811 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.274.1.59] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Synaptotagmins constitute a large family of membrane proteins characterized by their distinct distributions and different biochemical features. Genetic evidence suggests that members of this protein family are likely to function as calcium sensors in calcium-regulated events in neurons, although the precise molecular mechanism remains ill defined. Here we demonstrate that different synaptotagmin isoforms (Syt I, II, and IV) are present in the same synaptic vesicle population from rat brain cortex. In addition, Syt I and II co-localize on the same small synaptic vesicle (SSV), and they heterodimerize in the presence of calcium with a concentration dependence resembling that of the starting phase of SSV exocytosis (EC50 = 6 +/- 4 microM). The association between Syt I and Syt II was demonstrated by immunoprecipitation of the native proteins and the recombinant cytoplasmic domains and by using fluorescence resonance energy transfer (FRET). Although a subpopulation of SSV containing Syt I and IV can be isolated, these two isoforms do not show a calcium-dependent interaction. These results suggest that the self-association of synaptotagmins with different calcium binding features may create a variety of calcium sensors characterized by distinct calcium sensitivities. This combinatorial hypothesis predicts that the probability of a single SSV exocytic event is determined, in addition to the gating properties of the presynaptic calcium channels, by the repertoire and relative abundance of distinct synaptotagmin isoforms present on the SSV surface.
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Affiliation(s)
- S L Osborne
- Molecular Neuropathobiology, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, 44 Lincoln's Inn Fields, London WC2A 3PX, United Kingdom
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Schiavo G, Osborne SL, Sgouros JG. Synaptotagmins: more isoforms than functions? Biochem Biophys Res Commun 1998; 248:1-8. [PMID: 9675075 DOI: 10.1006/bbrc.1998.8527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- G Schiavo
- Molecular Neuropathobiology Laboratory, Imperial Cancer Research Fund, London, United Kingdom.
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9
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Linial M, Parnas D. Deciphering neuronal secretion: tools of the trade. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 1996; 1286:117-52. [PMID: 8652611 DOI: 10.1016/0304-4157(96)00007-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- M Linial
- Department of Biological Chemistry, The Alexander Silberman Institute of Life Sciences, The Hebrew University, Jerusalem, Israel.
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Darnell RB. Onconeural antigens and the paraneoplastic neurologic disorders: at the intersection of cancer, immunity, and the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 1996; 93:4529-36. [PMID: 8643438 PMCID: PMC39311 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.93.10.4529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 216] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Paraneoplastic neurologic disorders (PNDs) are believed to be autoimmune neuronal degenerations that develop in some patients with systemic cancer. A series of genes encoding previously undiscovered neuronal proteins have been cloned using antiserum from PND patients. Identification of these onconeural antigens suggests a reclassification of the disorders into four groups: those in which neuromuscular junction proteins, nerve terminal/vesicle-associated proteins, neuronal RNA binding proteins, or neuronal signal-transduction proteins serve as target antigens. This review considers insights into basic neurobiology, tumor immunology, and autoimmune neuronal degeneration offered by the characterization of the onconeural antigens.
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Affiliation(s)
- R B Darnell
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuro-Oncology, The Rockefeller University, New York, 10021, USA
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