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Corcoran JC, Guo R, Xia Y, Wang YM. Vinyl cation-mediated intramolecular hydroarylation of alkynes using pyridinium reagents. Chem Commun (Camb) 2022; 58:11523-11526. [PMID: 36149344 PMCID: PMC9588717 DOI: 10.1039/d2cc03794g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Once considered to be exotic species of limited synthetic utility, vinyl cations have recently been shown to be highly versatile intermediates in a variety of processes. Here, we report a method for the synthesis of aryl-substituted benzocycloheptenes and -hexenes using the hydrotriflate salt of an electron-poor pyridine as a uniquely efficient proton source for a vinyl cation mediated Friedel-Crafts cyclization. The mild conditions made possible by this reagent allowed a range of simple and functionalized alkynes bearing pendant aryl groups to serve as suitable substrates for this scalable and convenient protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- James C Corcoran
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| | - Rui Guo
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| | - Yue Xia
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
| | - Yi-Ming Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania 15260, USA.
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2
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Biletskyi B, Colonna P, Masson K, Parrain JL, Commeiras L, Chouraqui G. Small rings in the bigger picture: ring expansion of three- and four-membered rings to access larger all-carbon cyclic systems. Chem Soc Rev 2021; 50:7513-7538. [PMID: 34002179 DOI: 10.1039/d0cs01396j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The release of the inherent ring strain of cyclobutane and cyclopropane derivatives allows a rapid build-up of molecular complexity. This review highlights the state-of-the-art of the ring expansions of three- and four-membered cycles and is organised by types of reactions with emphasis on the reaction mechanisms. Selected examples are discussed to illustrate the synthetic potential of this elegant synthetic tool.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bohdan Biletskyi
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Pierre Colonna
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Kévin Masson
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Jean-Luc Parrain
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurent Commeiras
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
| | - Gaëlle Chouraqui
- Aix Marseille Univ, CNRS, Centrale Marseille, iSm2, Marseille, France.
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3
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Carlson E, Boutin R, Tam W. Type 3 ring opening reaction of cyclopropanated oxabenzonorbornadienes with alcohol nucleophiles. Tetrahedron 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tet.2018.03.063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
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4
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Oelschlägel M, Zimmerling J, Tischler D. A Review: The Styrene Metabolizing Cascade of Side-Chain Oxygenation as Biotechnological Basis to Gain Various Valuable Compounds. Front Microbiol 2018; 9:490. [PMID: 29623070 PMCID: PMC5874493 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2018.00490] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Styrene is one of the most produced and processed chemicals worldwide and is released into the environment during widespread processing. But, it is also produced from plants and microorganisms. The natural occurrence of styrene led to several microbiological strategies to form and also to degrade styrene. One pathway designated as side-chain oxygenation has been reported as a specific route for the styrene degradation among microorganisms. It comprises the following enzymes: styrene monooxygenase (SMO; NADH-consuming and FAD-dependent, two-component system), styrene oxide isomerase (SOI; cofactor independent, membrane-bound protein) and phenylacetaldehyde dehydrogenase (PAD; NAD+-consuming) and allows an intrinsic cofactor regeneration. This specific way harbors a high potential for biotechnological use. Based on the enzymatic steps involved in this degradation route, important reactions can be realized from a large number of substrates which gain access to different interesting precursors for further applications. Furthermore, stereochemical transformations are possible, offering chiral products at high enantiomeric excess. This review provides an actual view on the microbiological styrene degradation followed by a detailed discussion on the enzymes of the side-chain oxygenation. Furthermore, the potential of the single enzyme reactions as well as the respective multi-step syntheses using the complete enzyme cascade are discussed in order to gain styrene oxides, phenylacetaldehydes, or phenylacetic acids (e.g., ibuprofen). Altered routes combining these putative biocatalysts with other enzymes are additionally described. Thus, the substrates spectrum can be enhanced and additional products as phenylethanols or phenylethylamines are reachable. Finally, additional enzymes with similar activities toward styrene and its metabolic intermediates are shown in order to modify the cascade described above or to use these enzyme independently for biotechnological application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michel Oelschlägel
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Juliane Zimmerling
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
| | - Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology Group, Institute of Biosciences, Technische Universität Bergakademie Freiberg, Freiberg, Germany
- Microbial Biotechnology, Ruhr University Bochum, Bochum, Germany
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5
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Lei C, Cao J, Zhou JS. Palladium-Catalyzed Arylation of Ketones and Acetonitrile with Ortho Alkylation of Aryl Rings: De Novo Synthesis of Tetralines and Benzocycloheptenes. Org Lett 2016; 18:6120-6123. [PMID: 27934365 DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.6b03130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Palladium-catalyzed α-arylation reactions of ketones with simultaneous ortho alkylation offer 1,2,3-substituted arenes. The reactions of 1,ω-dihaloalkanes also allow facile construction of medicinally important tetralines and benzocycloheptenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuanhu Lei
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Jiajia Cao
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
| | - Jianrong Steve Zhou
- Division of Chemistry and Biological Chemistry, School of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Nanyang Technological University , 21 Nanyang Link, Singapore 637371
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6
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Chang MY, Cheng YC. Synthesis of Substituted Tetralins and Benzosuberans via BF3·OEt2-Mediated Formal (4 + 2) and (5 + 2) Stereocontrolled Cycloaddition of 4-Alkenols with Veratrol. Org Lett 2016; 18:608-11. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.5b03696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Meng-Yang Chang
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chieh Cheng
- Department
of Medicinal and Applied Chemistry, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung 807, Taiwan
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7
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Wu S, Chen Y, Xu Y, Li A, Xu Q, Glieder A, Li Z. Enantioselective trans-Dihydroxylation of Aryl Olefins by Cascade Biocatalysis with Recombinant Escherichia coli Coexpressing Monooxygenase and Epoxide Hydrolase. ACS Catal 2014. [DOI: 10.1021/cs400992z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Shuke Wu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
- Singapore-MIT
Alliance, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
| | - Yongzheng Chen
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Yi Xu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Aitao Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Qisong Xu
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
| | - Anton Glieder
- Institute of Molecular
Biotechnology, Graz University of Technology, Petersgasse 14, 8010 Graz, Austria
| | - Zhi Li
- Department
of Chemical and Biomolecular Engineering, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 4, Singapore 117585
- Singapore-MIT
Alliance, National University of Singapore, 4 Engineering Drive 3, Singapore 117583
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8
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Kotik M, Zhao W, Iacazio G, Archelas A. Directed evolution of metagenome-derived epoxide hydrolase for improved enantioselectivity and enantioconvergence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2013.02.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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9
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Tischler D, Kaschabek SR. Microbial Styrene Degradation: From Basics to Biotechnology. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND ENGINEERING 2012. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-23789-8_3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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10
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Kotik M, Archelas A, Faměrová V, Oubrechtová P, Křen V. Laboratory evolution of an epoxide hydrolase – Towards an enantioconvergent biocatalyst. J Biotechnol 2011; 156:1-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiotec.2011.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2011] [Revised: 07/25/2011] [Accepted: 08/03/2011] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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11
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Montersino S, Tischler D, Gassner GT, van Berkel WJH. Catalytic and Structural Features of Flavoprotein Hydroxylases and Epoxidases. Adv Synth Catal 2011. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201100384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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12
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González-Pérez M, Gómez-Bombarelli R, Pérez-Prior MT, Manso JA, Céspedes-Camacho IF, Calle E, Casado J. Reactivity of p-nitrostyrene oxide as an alkylating agent. A kinetic approach to biomimetic conditions. Org Biomol Chem 2011; 9:7016-22. [DOI: 10.1039/c1ob05909b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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13
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Imanishi M, Hattori K. Discovery of Novel Selective Human .BETA.3 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists as Potential Overactive Bladder (OAB) Therapies. J SYN ORG CHEM JPN 2011. [DOI: 10.5059/yukigoseikyokaishi.69.1402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
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14
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Tischler D, Kermer R, Gröning JAD, Kaschabek SR, van Berkel WJH, Schlömann M. StyA1 and StyA2B from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP: a multifunctional styrene monooxygenase system. J Bacteriol 2010; 192:5220-7. [PMID: 20675468 PMCID: PMC2944547 DOI: 10.1128/jb.00723-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2010] [Accepted: 07/24/2010] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Two-component flavoprotein monooxygenases are emerging biocatalysts that generally consist of a monooxygenase and a reductase component. Here we show that Rhodococcus opacus 1CP encodes a multifunctional enantioselective flavoprotein monooxygenase system composed of a single styrene monooxygenase (SMO) (StyA1) and another styrene monooxygenase fused to an NADH-flavin oxidoreductase (StyA2B). StyA1 and StyA2B convert styrene and chemical analogues to the corresponding epoxides at the expense of FADH2 provided from StyA2B. The StyA1/StyA2B system presents the highest monooxygenase activity in an equimolar ratio of StyA1 and StyA2B, indicating (transient) protein complex formation. StyA1 is also active when FADH2 is supplied by StyB from Pseudomonas sp. VLB120 or PheA2 from Rhodococcus opacus 1CP. However, in both cases the reductase produces an excess of FADH2, resulting in a high waste of NADH. The epoxidation rate of StyA1 heavily depends on the type of reductase. This supports that the FADH2-induced activation of StyA1 requires interprotein communication. We conclude that the StyA1/StyA2B system represents a novel type of multifunctional flavoprotein monooxygenase. Its unique mechanism of cofactor utilization provides new opportunities for biotechnological applications and is highly relevant from a structural and evolutionary point of view.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dirk Tischler
- Environmental Microbiology, TU Bergakademie Freiberg, Leipziger Str. 29, 09599 Freiberg, Germany.
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15
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Kotik M, Štěpánek V, Grulich M, Kyslík P, Archelas A. Access to enantiopure aromatic epoxides and diols using epoxide hydrolases derived from total biofilter DNA. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/j.molcatb.2010.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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16
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Imanishi M, Nakajima Y, Tomishima Y, Hamashima H, Washizuka K, Sakurai M, Matsui S, Imamura E, Ueshima K, Yamamoto T, Yamamoto N, Ishikawa H, Nakano K, Unami N, Hamada K, Matsumura Y, Takamura F, Hattori K. Discovery of a Novel Series of Benzoic Acid Derivatives as Potent and Selective Human β3 Adrenergic Receptor Agonists with Good Oral Bioavailability. 3. Phenylethanolaminotetraline (PEAT) Skeleton Containing Biphenyl or Biphenyl Ether Moiety. J Med Chem 2008; 51:4804-22. [DOI: 10.1021/jm800222k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Masashi Imanishi
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yutaka Nakajima
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuyo Tomishima
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Hamashima
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kenichi Washizuka
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Minoru Sakurai
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Shigeo Matsui
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Emiko Imamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Koji Ueshima
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Takao Yamamoto
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Nobuhiro Yamamoto
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Ishikawa
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Keiko Nakano
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Naoko Unami
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kaori Hamada
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Yasuhiro Matsumura
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Fujiko Takamura
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
| | - Kouji Hattori
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Pharmacological Research Laboratories, Applied Pharmacology Research Laboratories, and Analysis & Pharmacokinetic Research Laboratories, Astellas Pharma Inc., 21, Miyukigaoka, Tsukuba-shi, Ibaraki 305-8585, Japan
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17
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Capriati V, Florio S, Luisi R. α-Substituted α-Lithiated Oxiranes: Useful Reactive Intermediates. Chem Rev 2008; 108:1918-42. [DOI: 10.1021/cr0683921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Vito Capriati
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 - Bari, Italy
| | - Saverio Florio
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 - Bari, Italy
| | - Renzo Luisi
- Dipartimento Farmaco-Chimico, Università di Bari, Consorzio Interuniversitario C.I.N.M.P.I.S., Via E. Orabona 4, I-70125 - Bari, Italy
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18
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Harada H, Hirokawa Y, Suzuki K, Hiyama Y, Oue M, Kawashima H, Kato H, Yoshida N, Furutani Y, Kato S. Discovery of a novel and potent human and rat beta3-adrenergic receptor agonist, [3-[(2R)-[[(2R)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]-1H-indol-7-yloxy]acetic acid. Chem Pharm Bull (Tokyo) 2005; 53:184-98. [PMID: 15684518 DOI: 10.1248/cpb.53.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
In search for potent and selective beta3-adrenergic receptor (beta3-AR) agonists as potential drugs for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity, a novel series of 1-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-aminoethanol derivatives were prepared and evaluated for their biological activity at human beta1-, beta2-, and beta3-ARs and rat beta3-AR expressed in Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells. Replacement of the right-hand side (RHS, benzene ring) in the 'first generation' beta3-AR agonists BRL 37344 and CL 316243 with a 1H-indole ring gave compound 31 with unique pharmacological properties among beta3-AR agonists. Initial in vitro assays showed that 31 possesses modest rat and human beta3-ARs agonistic activity. Introduction of various substituent into the indole nucleus of 31 afforded a number of compounds with good beta3-ARs agonistic activity. In particular, 90 having a carboxylic acid functionality at the 7-position of the indole nucleus showed the most potent human beta3-AR agonistic activity. Finally, optical resolution of 90 led to the identification of the most promising compound, [3-[(2R)-[[(2R)-(3-chlorophenyl)-2-hydroxyethyl]amino]propyl]-1H-indol-7-yloxy]acetic acid (96, AJ-9677). This compound exhibited potent human beta3-AR agonistic activity (EC50=0.062 nM, IA=116%) with 210- and 103-fold selectivity over human beta2-AR and beta1-AR, respectively. Compound 96 also exhibited potent rat beta3-AR agonistic activity (EC50=0.016 nM, IA=110%). Moreover, repeated oral administration of 96 inhibited body weight gain and significantly decreased glucose, insulin, free fatty acid, and triglyceride concentrations in plasma in KK-Ay/Ta mice. On the basis of this pharmacological profile, 96 entered clinical development as a drug for the treatment of type II diabetes and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Harada
- Chemistry Research Laboratories, Dainippon Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd, Osaka, Japan.
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19
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Grishina GV, Luk’yanenko ER, Borisenko AA. A Simple Diastereoselective Synthesis of Chiral Nonracemic Aliphatic Amines. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF ORGANIC CHEMISTRY 2005. [DOI: 10.1007/s11178-005-0248-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Abstract
During the last decade a number of beta3-adrenergic receptor agonists have been advanced to clinical trials. The results of human studies to date have been disappointing with respect to sustained increases in metabolic rate and weight loss. Cloning of beta3-adrenoceptors in a number of species and subsequent pharmacological evaluations revealed these early investigational drugs to be weakly active against the human receptor, suggesting an explanation for the poor performance of these compounds in clinical trials. This information has been integrated into subsequent research efforts resulting in the discovery of agents with activities optimised for the human receptor. This new generation of compounds is in late preclinical/early clinical development and are poised to address the role beta3-adrenoceptor signalling plays in the obese state. Issues related to the potential for beta3-adrenergic agonists to positively impact metabolic parameters in humans are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- R L Dow
- Central Research Division, Pfizer, Inc., Eastern Point Road, Groton, CT 06340, USA
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Weissman SA, Rossen K, Reider PJ. Stereoselective synthesis of styrene oxides via a Mitsunobu cyclodehydration. Org Lett 2001; 3:2513-5. [PMID: 11483048 DOI: 10.1021/ol016167u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
[reaction: see text] The Mitsunobu cyclodehydration of chiral phenethane-1,2-diols (4), readily accessed from the styrene derivative (5), has been demonstrated to provide the corresponding styrene oxides (2) with high levels of stereoretention (up to 99%). Optimized reaction conditions are described, from which the combination of tricyclohexylphosphine (Chx(3)P) and diisopropylazodicarboxylate (DIAD) in THF and R = EWG provides the best results.
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Affiliation(s)
- S A Weissman
- Department of Process Research, Merck & Co., Inc, Rahway, NJ 07065, USA.
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Abstract
[formula: see text] Reaction of zirconacyclopentadienes with 2-iodobenzyl halide and 2-iodobenzoyl halide afforded benzocycloheptene derivatives and benzocycloheptenone derivatives in good to high yields.
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Juaristi E, León-Romo JL, Reyes A, Escalante J. Recent applications of α-phenylethylamine (α-PEA) in the preparation of enantiopure compounds. Part 3: α-PEA as chiral auxiliary. Part 4: α-PEA as chiral reagent in the stereodifferentiation of prochiral substrates. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1999. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(99)00242-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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Tanaka K, Yasuda M. A practical synthesis of (R)-3-chlorostyrene oxide starting from 3-chloroethylbenzene. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00337-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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25
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Enantiomeric impurities in chiral catalysts, auxiliaries and synthons used in enantioselective synthesis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(98)00201-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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Synthesis of enantiopure 3-chlorostyrene oxide via an asymmetric epoxidation-hydrolytic kinetic resolution sequence. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(97)00568-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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