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Nilsson SME, Henschel H, Scotti G, Haapala M, Kiriazis A, Boije Af Gennäs G, Kotiaho T, Yli-Kauhaluoma J. Mechanism of the Oxidation of Heptafulvenes to Tropones Studied by Online Mass Spectrometry and Density Functional Theory Calculations. J Org Chem 2019; 84:13975-13982. [PMID: 31560537 PMCID: PMC7076690 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b02078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
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We
have identified the most likely reaction mechanism for oxidizing
heptafulvenes to the corresponding tropones by experimental and theoretical
investigations. The experimental studies were done by coupling a three-dimensional
printed miniaturized reactor with an integrated electrospray ionization
needle to a mass spectrometer. Using the experimentally observed ions
as a basis, nine alternative reaction pathways were investigated with
density functional theory calculations. The lowest energy reaction
pathway starts with the formation of an epoxide that is opened upon
the addition of a second equivalent of the oxidizing species meta-chloroperoxybenzoic acid. The adduct formed then undergoes
a Criegee-like rearrangement to yield a positively charged hemiketal,
which on deprotonation dissociates into acetone and tropone. Overall,
the reaction mechanism resembles a Hock-like rearrangement.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sofia M E Nilsson
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Henning Henschel
- Research Unit of Medical Imaging, Physics and Technology , University of Oulu , P.O. Box 5000 (Aapistie 5 A), FI-90220 Oulu , Finland.,Medical Research Center , University of Oulu and Oulu University Hospital , P.O. Box 5000 (Aapistie 5 A), FI-90220 Oulu , Finland
| | - Gianmario Scotti
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Markus Haapala
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Alexandros Kiriazis
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Gustav Boije Af Gennäs
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Tapio Kotiaho
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland.,Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, P.O. Box 55 (A.I. Virtasen Aukio 1) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
| | - Jari Yli-Kauhaluoma
- Drug Research Program, Division of Pharmaceutical Chemistry and Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, P.O. Box 56 (Viikinkaari 5 E) , FI-00014 University of Helsinki , Helsinki , Finland
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Seo B, Jeon WH, Kim CE, Kim S, Kim SH, Lee PH. Sequential Functionalization of the OH and C(sp2)O Bonds of Tropolones by Alkynes andN-Sulfonyl Azides. Adv Synth Catal 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/adsc.201500829] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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3
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Abstract
The success of linezolid stimulated significant efforts to discover new agents in the oxazolidinone class. Over a dozen oxazolidinones have reached the clinic, but many were discontinued due to lack of differentiated potency, inadequate pharmacokinetics, and safety risks that included myelosuppression. Four oxazolidinones are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. The Trius Therapeutics compound tedizolid phosphate (formerly known as torezolid phosphate, TR-701, DA-7218), the most advanced, is in phase 3 clinical trials for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Rib-X completed two phase 2 studies for radezolid (Rx-01_667, RX-1741) in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired pneumonia. Pfizer and AstraZeneca have each identified antitubercular compounds that have completed phase 1 studies: sutezolid (PNU-100480, PF-02341272) and AZD5847 (AZD2563), respectively. The oxazolidinones share a relatively low frequency of resistance largely due to the requirement of mutations in 23S ribosomal RNA genes. However, maintaining potency against strains carrying the mobile cfr gene poses a challenge for the oxazolidinone class, as well as other 50S ribosome inhibitors that target the peptidyl transferase center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Joy Shaw
- Trius Therapeutics, Inc., Department of Biology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Yan S, Miller MJ, Wencewicz TA, Möollmann U. Syntheses and biological evaluation of new cephalosporin-oxazolidinone conjugates. MEDCHEMCOMM 2010; 1:145-148. [PMID: 27087912 DOI: 10.1039/c0md00015a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Two cephalosporin-oxazolidinone conjugates were synthesized by incorporation of a carbamate linker at the 3'-position of the cephalosporin. These compounds show stability in aqueous media until specifically activated by a β-lactamase, and retain antibacterial activities profiles reflecting both the individual cephalosporin and oxazolidinone components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanshan Yan
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA. ; Tel: +1 574 631 7571
| | - Marvin J Miller
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA. ; Tel: +1 574 631 7571
| | - Timothy A Wencewicz
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Notre Dame, 251 Nieuwland Science Hall, Notre Dame, Indiana, 46556, USA. ; Tel: +1 574 631 7571
| | - Ute Möollmann
- Leibniz Institute for Natural Products Research and Infection Biology - Hans Knöell Institute, Beutenbergstrasse 11a, D-07745 Jena, Germany
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5
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Brickner SJ, Barbachyn MR, Hutchinson DK, Manninen PR. Linezolid (ZYVOX), the first member of a completely new class of antibacterial agents for treatment of serious gram-positive infections. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1981-90. [PMID: 18338841 DOI: 10.1021/jm800038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Brickner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Barbachyn MR, Cleek GJ, Dolak LA, Garmon SA, Morris J, Seest EP, Thomas RC, Toops DS, Watt W, Wishka DG, Ford CW, Zurenko GE, Hamel JC, Schaadt RD, Stapert D, Yagi BH, Adams WJ, Friis JM, Slatter JG, Sams JP, Oien NL, Zaya MJ, Wienkers LC, Wynalda MA. Identification of phenylisoxazolines as novel and viable antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive pathogens. J Med Chem 2003; 46:284-302. [PMID: 12519066 DOI: 10.1021/jm020248u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new and promising group of antibacterial agents, collectively known as the oxazolidinones and exemplified by linezolid (PNU-100766, marketed as Zyvox), have recently emerged as important new therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Because of their significance, extensive synthetic investigations into the structure-activity relationships of the oxazolidinones have been conducted at Pharmacia. One facet of this research effort has focused on the identification of bioisosteric replacements for the usual oxazolidinone A-ring. In this paper we describe studies leading to the identification of antibacterial agents incorporating a novel isoxazoline A-ring surrogate. In a gratifying result, the initial isoxazoline analogue prepared was found to exhibit in vitro antibacterial activity approaching that of the corresponding oxazolidinone progenitor. The synthesis and antibacterial activity profile of a preliminary series of isoxazoline analogues incorporating either a C-C or N-C linkage between their B- and C-rings will be presented. Many of the analogues exhibited interesting levels of antibacterial activity. The piperazine derivative 54 displayed especially promising in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy comparable to the activity and efficacy of linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Barbachyn
- Combinatorial and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA.
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Karki RG, Kulkarni VM. Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) of 3-aryloxazolidin-2-one antibacterials. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3153-60. [PMID: 11711290 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00186-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Three-dimensional quantitative structure-activity relationship (3D-QSAR) studies for 3-aryloxazolidin-2-one antibacterials were performed using the genetic function approximation algorithm. This study was performed using 60 compounds, in which the QSAR models were developed using a training set of 50 compounds. The in vitro minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) against Staphylococcus aureus SFCO-1a was used for the study. The predictive ability of the QSAR model was evaluated by using a test set of 10 compounds. The statistical quality of the QSAR models was assessed using statistical parameters r(2), r(2)(cv) (cross-validated r(2)), r(2)(pred) (predictive r(2)) and lack of fit measure (LOF). The results obtained indicate that the antibacterial activity of the 3-aryloxazolidin-2-ones is strongly dependent on electronic factor as expressed by lowest unoccupied molecular orbital energy (LUMO), spatial factor as expressed by density and thermodynamic factors accounted for by molar refractivity and heat of formation. The model is presently being used to design and predict new potent molecules prior to synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- R G Karki
- Pharmaceutical Division, Department of Chemical Technology, University of Mumbai, Matunga, Mumbai 400019, India
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de Parrodi CA, Juaristi E, Quintero L, Clara-Sosa A. Preparation of enantiomerically pure cis- and trans-N-(propionyl)hexahydrobenzoxazolidin-2-ones. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1997. [DOI: 10.1016/s0957-4166(97)00064-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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