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Allgood SC, Su CC, Crooks AL, Meyer CT, Zhou B, Betterton MD, Barbachyn MR, Yu EW, Detweiler CS. Bacterial efflux pump modulators prevent bacterial growth in macrophages and under broth conditions that mimic the host environment. mBio 2023; 14:e0249223. [PMID: 37921493 PMCID: PMC10746280 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.02492-23] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2023] [Accepted: 09/21/2023] [Indexed: 11/04/2023] Open
Abstract
New approaches for combating microbial infections are needed. One strategy for disrupting pathogenesis involves developing compounds that interfere with bacterial virulence. A critical molecular determinant of virulence for Gram-negative bacteria are efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division family, which includes AcrAB-TolC. We previously identified small molecules that bind AcrB, inhibit AcrAB-TolC, and do not appear to damage membranes. These efflux pump modulators (EPMs) were discovered in an in-cell screening platform called SAFIRE (Screen for Anti-infectives using Fluorescence microscopy of IntracellulaR Enterobacteriaceae). SAFIRE identifies compounds that disrupt the growth of a Gram-negative human pathogen, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium), in macrophages. We used medicinal chemistry to iteratively design ~200 EPM35 analogs and test them for activity in SAFIRE, generating compounds with nanomolar potency. Analogs were demonstrated to bind AcrB in a substrate binding pocket by cryo-electron microscopy. Despite having amphipathic structures, the EPM analogs do not disrupt membrane voltage, as monitored by FtsZ localization to the cell septum. The EPM analogs had little effect on bacterial growth in standard Mueller Hinton Broth. However, under broth conditions that mimic the micro-environment of the macrophage phagosome, acrAB is required for growth, the EPM analogs are bacteriostatic, and the EPM analogs increase the potency of antibiotics. These data suggest that under macrophage-like conditions, the EPM analogs prevent the export of a toxic bacterial metabolite(s) through AcrAB-TolC. Thus, compounds that bind AcrB could disrupt infection by specifically interfering with the export of bacterial toxic metabolites, host defense factors, and/or antibiotics.IMPORTANCEBacterial efflux pumps are critical for resistance to antibiotics and for virulence. We previously identified small molecules that inhibit efflux pumps (efflux pump modulators, EPMs) and prevent pathogen replication in host cells. Here, we used medicinal chemistry to increase the activity of the EPMs against pathogens in cells into the nanomolar range. We show by cryo-electron microscopy that these EPMs bind an efflux pump subunit. In broth culture, the EPMs increase the potency (activity), but not the efficacy (maximum effect), of antibiotics. We also found that bacterial exposure to the EPMs appear to enable the accumulation of a toxic metabolite that would otherwise be exported by efflux pumps. Thus, inhibitors of bacterial efflux pumps could interfere with infection not only by potentiating antibiotics, but also by allowing toxic waste products to accumulate within bacteria, providing an explanation for why efflux pumps are needed for virulence in the absence of antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samual C. Allgood
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Chih-Chia Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Amy L. Crooks
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Christian T. Meyer
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Duet Biosystems, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
- Antimicrobial Research Consortium (ARC) Labs, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Bojun Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
| | - Meredith D. Betterton
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, Colorado, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - Edward W. Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, Ohio, USA
| | - Corrella S. Detweiler
- Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado, USA
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Barbachyn MR. Identification of a 1,2,4-Oxadiazole with Potent and Specific Activity against Clostridioides difficile, the Causative Bacterium of C. difficile Infection, an Urgent Public Health Threat. J Med Chem 2023; 66:13888-13890. [PMID: 37823241 PMCID: PMC10614189 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.3c01778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2023] [Indexed: 10/13/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of compound 57, a new, totally synthetic 1,2,4-oxadiazole antibacterial agent, is described. This oxadiazole displays highly selective, bactericidal killing of Clostridioides (Clostridium) difficile, the bacterium that causes C. difficile infection (CDI) in both hospital and community settings. The narrow spectrum of activity exhibited by 57 should avoid any disruption of commensal anaerobic bacteria in the gut microbiome, minimizing chances for recurrent CDI.
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Allgood SC, Su CC, Crooks AL, Meyer CT, Zhou B, Betterton MD, Barbachyn MR, Yu EW, Detweiler CS. Bacterial Efflux Pump Modulators Prevent Bacterial Growth in Macrophages and Under Broth Conditions that Mimic the Host Environment. bioRxiv 2023:2023.09.20.558466. [PMID: 37786697 PMCID: PMC10541609 DOI: 10.1101/2023.09.20.558466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/04/2023]
Abstract
New approaches for combatting microbial infections are needed. One strategy for disrupting pathogenesis involves developing compounds that interfere with bacterial virulence. A critical molecular determinant of virulence for Gram-negative bacteria are efflux pumps of the resistance-nodulation-division (RND) family, which includes AcrAB-TolC. We previously identified small molecules that bind AcrB, inhibit AcrAB-TolC, and do not appear to damage membranes. These efflux pump modulators (EPMs) were discovered in an in-cell screening platform called SAFIRE (Screen for Anti-infectives using Fluorescence microscopy of IntracellulaR Enterobacteriaceae). SAFIRE identifies compounds that disrupt the growth of a Gram-negative human pathogen, Salmonella enterica serotype Typhimurium (S. Typhimurium) in macrophages. We used medicinal chemistry to iteratively design ~200 EPM35 analogs and test them for activity in SAFIRE, generating compounds with nanomolar potency. Analogs were demonstrated to bind AcrB in a substrate binding pocket by cryo-electron microscopy (cryo-EM). Despite having amphipathic structures, the EPM analogs do not disrupt membrane voltage, as monitored by FtsZ localization to the cell septum. The EPM analogs had little effect on bacterial growth in standard Mueller Hinton Broth. However, under broth conditions that mimic the micro-environment of the macrophage phagosome, acrAB is required for growth, the EPM analogs are bacteriostatic, and increase the potency of antibiotics. These data suggest that under macrophage-like conditions the EPM analogs prevent the export of a toxic bacterial metabolite(s) through AcrAB-TolC. Thus, compounds that bind AcrB could disrupt infection by specifically interfering with the export of bacterial toxic metabolites, host defense factors, and/or antibiotics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samual C Allgood
- Molecular, Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Chih-Chia Su
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Amy L Crooks
- Molecular, Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Christian T Meyer
- Molecular, Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Chemical and Biological Engineering, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Duet Biosystems, Nashville, TN, USA
- Antimicrobial Research Consortium (ARC) Labs, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Bojun Zhou
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
| | - Meredith D Betterton
- Molecular, Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
- Department of Physics, University of Colorado, Boulder, CO, USA
- Center for Computational Biology, Flatiron Institute, New York, NY, USA
| | | | - Edward W Yu
- Department of Pharmacology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
- Cleveland Center for Membrane and Structural Biology, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA
| | - Corrella S Detweiler
- Molecular, Cellular Developmental Biology, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO, USA
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Bell AC, Boomsma AB, Flikweert NE, Hohlman RM, Zhang S, Blankespoor RL, Biros SM, Staples RJ, Brickner SJ, Barbachyn MR. The Synthesis of Functionalized 3-Aryl- and 3-Heteroaryloxazolidin-2-ones and Tetrahydro-3-aryl-1,3-oxazin-2-ones via the Iodocyclocarbamation Reaction: Access to Privileged Chemical Structures and Scope and Limitations of the Method. J Org Chem 2020; 85:6323-6337. [PMID: 32316722 DOI: 10.1021/acs.joc.9b03400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
3-Aryl- and 3-heteroaryloxazolidin-2-ones, by virtue of the diverse pharmacologic activities exhibited by them after subtle changes to their appended substituents, are becoming increasingly important and should be considered privileged chemical structures. The iodocyclocarbamation reaction has been extensively used to make many 3-alkyl-5-(halomethyl)oxazolidin-2-ones, but the corresponding aromatic congeners have been relatively underexplored. We suggest that racemic 3-aryl- and 3-heteroaryl-5-(iodomethyl)oxazolidin-2-ones, readily prepared by the iodocyclocarbamation reaction of N-allylated N-aryl or N-heteroaryl carbamates, may be useful intermediates for the rapid preparation of potential lead compounds with biological activity. We exemplify this point by using this approach to prepare racemic linezolid, an antibacterial agent. Herein, we report the results of our systematic investigation into the scope and limitations of this process and have identified some distinguishing characteristics within the aryl/heteroaryl series. We also describe the first preparation of 3-aryloxazolidin-2-ones bearing new functionalized C-5 substituents derived from conjugated 1,3-dienyl and cumulated 1,2-dienyl carbamate precursors. Finally, we describe the utility of the iodocyclocarbamation reaction for making six-membered tetrahydro-3-aryl-1,3-oxazin-2-ones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abbegail C Bell
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Alex B Boomsma
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Niecia E Flikweert
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Robert M Hohlman
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Shiyuan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Ronald L Blankespoor
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
| | - Shannon M Biros
- Department of Chemistry, Grand Valley State University, 1 Campus Drive, Allendale, Michigan 49401, United States
| | - Richard J Staples
- Center for Crystallographic Research, Department of Chemistry, Michigan State University, 578 South Shaw Lane, East Lansing, Michigan 48824, United States
| | - Steven J Brickner
- SJ Brickner Consulting, LLC, 9 Fargo Drive, Ledyard, Connecticut 06339, United States
| | - Michael R Barbachyn
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Calvin University, 1726 Knollcrest Circle SE, Grand Rapids, Michigan 49546, United States
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Abstract
The success of linezolid stimulated significant efforts to discover new agents in the oxazolidinone class. Over a dozen oxazolidinones have reached the clinic, but many were discontinued due to lack of differentiated potency, inadequate pharmacokinetics, and safety risks that included myelosuppression. Four oxazolidinones are currently undergoing clinical evaluation. The Trius Therapeutics compound tedizolid phosphate (formerly known as torezolid phosphate, TR-701, DA-7218), the most advanced, is in phase 3 clinical trials for acute bacterial skin and skin structure infections. Rib-X completed two phase 2 studies for radezolid (Rx-01_667, RX-1741) in uncomplicated skin and skin structure infections and community-acquired pneumonia. Pfizer and AstraZeneca have each identified antitubercular compounds that have completed phase 1 studies: sutezolid (PNU-100480, PF-02341272) and AZD5847 (AZD2563), respectively. The oxazolidinones share a relatively low frequency of resistance largely due to the requirement of mutations in 23S ribosomal RNA genes. However, maintaining potency against strains carrying the mobile cfr gene poses a challenge for the oxazolidinone class, as well as other 50S ribosome inhibitors that target the peptidyl transferase center.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karen Joy Shaw
- Trius Therapeutics, Inc., Department of Biology, San Diego, California 92121, USA.
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Starr JT, Sciotti RJ, Hanna DL, Huband MD, Mullins LM, Cai H, Gage JW, Lockard M, Rauckhorst MR, Owen RM, Lall MS, Tomilo M, Chen H, McCurdy SP, Barbachyn MR. 5-(2-Pyrimidinyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridines are antibacterial agents targeting the ATPase domains of DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2009; 19:5302-6. [PMID: 19683922 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2009.07.141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2009] [Revised: 07/29/2009] [Accepted: 07/30/2009] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Dual inhibitors of bacterial gyrB and parE based on a 5-(2-pyrimidinyl)-imidazo[1,2-a]pyridine template exhibited MICs (microg/mL) of 0.06-64 (Sau), 0.25-64 (MRSA), 0.06-64 (Spy), 0.06-64 (Spn), and 0.03-64 (FQR Spn). Selected examples were efficacious in mouse sepsis and lung infection models at <50mg/kg (PO dosing).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy T Starr
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, 445 Eastern Point Rd., Groton, CT 06340, United States.
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Ruble JC, Hurd AR, Johnson TA, Sherry DA, Barbachyn MR, Toogood PL, Bundy GL, Graber DR, Kamilar GM. Synthesis of (−)-PNU-286607 by Asymmetric Cyclization of Alkylidene Barbiturates. J Am Chem Soc 2009; 131:3991-7. [DOI: 10.1021/ja808014h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- J. Craig Ruble
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Alexander R. Hurd
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Timothy A. Johnson
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Debra A. Sherry
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Michael R. Barbachyn
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Peter L. Toogood
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Gordon L. Bundy
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - David R. Graber
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
| | - Gregg M. Kamilar
- Infectious Diseases Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor Michigan 48105, and Antibacterial Chemistry, Pfizer Global Research and Development, Eastern Point Road, Groton, Connecticut 06340
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Brickner SJ, Barbachyn MR, Hutchinson DK, Manninen PR. Linezolid (ZYVOX), the first member of a completely new class of antibacterial agents for treatment of serious gram-positive infections. J Med Chem 2008; 51:1981-90. [PMID: 18338841 DOI: 10.1021/jm800038g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Steven J Brickner
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Groton, Connecticut 06340, USA.
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Barbachyn MR. Recent Advances in the Discovery of Hybrid Antibacterial Agents. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/s0065-7743(08)00017-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/24/2023]
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11
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Poel TJ, Thomas RC, Adams WJ, Aristoff PA, Barbachyn MR, Boyer FE, Brieland J, Brideau R, Brodfuehrer J, Brown AP, Choy AL, Dermyer M, Dority M, Ford CW, Gadwood RC, Hanna D, Hongliang C, Huband MD, Huber C, Kelly R, Kim JY, Martin JP, Pagano PJ, Ross D, Skerlos L, Sulavik MC, Zhu T, Zurenko GE, Prasad JVNV. Antibacterial Oxazolidinones Possessing a Novel C-5 Side Chain. (5R)-trans-3-[3-Fluoro-4- (1-oxotetrahydrothiopyran-4-yl)phenyl]-2- oxooxazolidine-5-carboxylic Acid Amide (PF-00422602), a New Lead Compound. J Med Chem 2007; 50:5886-9. [DOI: 10.1021/jm070708p] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Toni-Jo Poel
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Richard C. Thomas
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Wade J. Adams
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Paul A. Aristoff
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Michael R. Barbachyn
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Frederick E. Boyer
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Joan Brieland
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Roger Brideau
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Joanne Brodfuehrer
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Alan P. Brown
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Allison L. Choy
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Michael Dermyer
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Michael Dority
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Charles W. Ford
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Robert C. Gadwood
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Debra Hanna
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Cai Hongliang
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Michael D. Huband
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Christopher Huber
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Rose Kelly
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Ji-Young Kim
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Joseph P. Martin
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Paul J. Pagano
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Daniel Ross
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Laura Skerlos
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Mark C. Sulavik
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Tong Zhu
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - Gary E. Zurenko
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
| | - J. V. N. Vara Prasad
- Pfizer Global Research and Development, Michigan Laboratories, 2800 Plymouth Road, Ann Arbor, Michigan 48105
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Johnson CR, Barbachyn MR, Meanwell NA, Stark CJ, Zeller JR. Utilization of Sulfoximines in the Synthesis of Optically Pure Substances. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2006. [DOI: 10.1080/03086648508073400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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13
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Zurenko GE, Ford CW, Hutchinson DK, Brickner SJ, Barbachyn MR. Oxazolidinone antibacterial agents: development of the clinical candidates eperezolid and linezolid. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2005; 6:151-8. [PMID: 15989598 DOI: 10.1517/13543784.6.2.151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial resistance is a significant nosocomial problem and is of increasing importance in community-acquired infections. One approach for overcoming resistance is the discovery and development of agents with new mechanisms of action. The oxazolidinones make up a relatively new class of antimicrobial agents which possess a unique mechanism of bacterial protein synthesis inhibition. Eperezolid and linezolid are two novel analogues that have demonstrated a variety of positive attributes. These agents inhibit many clinically-significant bacterial species both in vitro and in animal models of human infection. Furthermore they have oral bioavailability, and are well tolerated in humans at doses which produce plasma concentrations in excess of the levels predicted to be necessary for efficacy. In this review, we discuss the key information from the literature that supports the Phase II development of linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Zurenko
- Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc.,7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001-0199, USA
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14
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Ciske FL, Barbachyn MR, Genin MJ, Grega KC, Lee CS, Dolak LA, Seest EP, Watt W, Adams WJ, Friis JM, Ford CW, Zurenko GE. The effect of remote chirality on the antibacterial activity of indolinyl, tetrahydroquinolyl and dihydrobenzoxazinyl oxazolidinones. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:4235-9. [PMID: 14623008 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.07.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
The oxazolidinones are promising agents for the treatment of infections caused by gram-positive bacteria, including multidrug-resistant strains. In ongoing studies we have discovered that a strategically placed chiral center of appropriate absolute configuration improves the antibacterial activity of indolinyl oxazolidinone analogues (gram-positive MIC's<0.5 microg/mL for the most potent congeners). The design, synthesis, antibacterial activity and pharmacokinetic profile of a selected series of alpha-methylated indoline derivatives and a related set of tetrahydroquinolyl and dihydrobenzoxazinyl analogues are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fred L Ciske
- Pfizer, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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Gordeev MF, Hackbarth C, Barbachyn MR, Banitt LS, Gage JR, Luehr GW, Gomez M, Trias J, Morin SE, Zurenko GE, Parker CN, Evans JM, White RJ, Patel DV. Novel oxazolidinone–quinolone hybrid antimicrobials. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2003; 13:4213-6. [PMID: 14623004 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2003.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 53] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Antimicrobial compounds incorporating oxazolidinone and quinolone pharmacophore substructures have been synthesized and evaluated. Representative analogues 2, 5, and 6 display an improved potency versus linezolid against gram-positive and fastidious gram-negative pathogens. The compounds are also active against linezolid- and ciprofloxacin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium strains. The MOA for these new antimicrobials is consistent with a combination of protein synthesis and gyrase A/topoisomerase IV inhibition, with a structure-dependent degree of the contribution from each inhibitory mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mikhail F Gordeev
- Vicuron Pharmaceuticals Inc., 34790 Ardentech Ct., Fremont, CA 94555, USA.
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16
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Perrault WR, Pearlman BA, Godrej DB, Jeganathan A, Yamagata K, Chen JJ, Lu CV, Herrinton PM, Gadwood RC, Chan L, Lyster MA, Maloney MT, Moeslein JA, Greene ML, Barbachyn MR. The Synthesis of N-Aryl-5(S)-aminomethyl-2-oxazolidinone Antibacterials and Derivatives in One Step from Aryl Carbamates. Org Process Res Dev 2003. [DOI: 10.1021/op034028h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- William R. Perrault
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Bruce A. Pearlman
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Delara B. Godrej
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Azhwarsamy Jeganathan
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Koji Yamagata
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Jiong J. Chen
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Cuong V. Lu
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Paul M. Herrinton
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Robert C. Gadwood
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Lai Chan
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Mark A. Lyster
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Mark T. Maloney
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Jeffery A. Moeslein
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Meredith L. Greene
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
| | - Michael R. Barbachyn
- Early Chemical Process Research and Development, Chemical Process Research and Development, and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, U.S.A
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17
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18
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Abstract
The development of bacterial resistance to currently available antibacterial agents is a growing global health problem. Of particular concern are infections caused by multidrug-resistant Gram-positive pathogens which are responsible for significant morbidity and mortality in both the hospital and community settings. A number of solutions to the problem of bacterial resistance are possible. The most common approach is to continue modifying existing classes of antibacterial agents to provide new analogues with improved attributes. Other successful strategies are to combine existing antibacterial agents with other drugs as well as the development of improved diagnostic procedures that may lead to rapid identification of the causative pathogen and permit the use of antibacterial agents with a narrow spectrum of activity. Finally, and most importantly, the discovery of novel classes of antibacterial agents employing new mechanisms of action has considerable promise. Such agents would exhibit a lack of cross-resistance with existing antimicrobial drugs. This review describes the work leading to the discovery of linezolid, the first clinically useful oxazolidinone antibacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Barbachyn
- Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA.
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19
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Barbachyn MR, Cleek GJ, Dolak LA, Garmon SA, Morris J, Seest EP, Thomas RC, Toops DS, Watt W, Wishka DG, Ford CW, Zurenko GE, Hamel JC, Schaadt RD, Stapert D, Yagi BH, Adams WJ, Friis JM, Slatter JG, Sams JP, Oien NL, Zaya MJ, Wienkers LC, Wynalda MA. Identification of phenylisoxazolines as novel and viable antibacterial agents active against Gram-positive pathogens. J Med Chem 2003; 46:284-302. [PMID: 12519066 DOI: 10.1021/jm020248u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
A new and promising group of antibacterial agents, collectively known as the oxazolidinones and exemplified by linezolid (PNU-100766, marketed as Zyvox), have recently emerged as important new therapeutic agents for the treatment of infections caused by Gram-positive bacteria. Because of their significance, extensive synthetic investigations into the structure-activity relationships of the oxazolidinones have been conducted at Pharmacia. One facet of this research effort has focused on the identification of bioisosteric replacements for the usual oxazolidinone A-ring. In this paper we describe studies leading to the identification of antibacterial agents incorporating a novel isoxazoline A-ring surrogate. In a gratifying result, the initial isoxazoline analogue prepared was found to exhibit in vitro antibacterial activity approaching that of the corresponding oxazolidinone progenitor. The synthesis and antibacterial activity profile of a preliminary series of isoxazoline analogues incorporating either a C-C or N-C linkage between their B- and C-rings will be presented. Many of the analogues exhibited interesting levels of antibacterial activity. The piperazine derivative 54 displayed especially promising in vitro activity and in vivo efficacy comparable to the activity and efficacy of linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael R Barbachyn
- Combinatorial and Medicinal Chemistry, Pharmacia Corporation, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA.
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20
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21
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Johnson CR, Barbachyn MR. .beta.-Hydroxysulfoximine-directed Simmons-Smith cyclopropanations. Synthesis of (-)- and (+)-thujopsene. J Am Chem Soc 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/ja00379a060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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22
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23
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24
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25
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26
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Grega KC, Barbachyn MR, Brickner SJ, Mizsak SA. Regioselective Metalation of Fluoroanilines. An Application to the Synthesis of Fluorinated Oxazolidinone Antibacterial Agents. J Org Chem 2002. [DOI: 10.1021/jo00121a050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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27
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Lee CS, Allwine DA, Barbachyn MR, Grega KC, Dolak LA, Ford CW, Jensen RM, Seest EP, Hamel JC, Schaadt RD, Stapert D, Yagi BH, Zurenko GE, Genin MJ. Carbon-carbon-linked (pyrazolylphenyl)oxazolidinones with antibacterial activity against multiple drug resistant gram-positive and fastidious gram-negative bacteria. Bioorg Med Chem 2001; 9:3243-53. [PMID: 11711300 DOI: 10.1016/s0968-0896(01)00233-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
In an effort to expand the spectrum of activity of the oxazolidinone class of antibacterial agents to include Gram-negative bacteria, a series of new carbon-carbon linked pyrazolylphenyl analogues has been prepared. The alpha-N-substituted methyl pyrazole (10alpha) in the C3-linked series exhibited very good Gram-positive activity with MICs <or=0.5-1 microg/mL and moderate Gram-negative activity with MICs=2-8 microg/mL against Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. This analogue was also found to have potent in vivo activity with an ED(50)=1.9 mg/kg. Beta-substitution at the C3-linked pyrazole generally results in a loss of activity. The C4-linked pyrazoles are slightly more potent than their counterparts in the C3-linked series. Most of the analogues in the C4-linked series exhibited similar levels of activity in vitro, but lower levels of activity in vivo than 10alpha. In addition, incorporation of a thioamide moiety in selected C4-linked pyrazole analogues results in an enhancement of in vitro activity leading to compounds several times more potent than eperezolid, linezolid and vancomycin. The thioamide of the N-cyanomethyl pyrazole analogue (34) exhibited an exceptional in vitro activity with MICs of <or= 0.06-0.25 microg/mL against Gram-positive pathogens and with MICs of 1 microg/mL against fastidious Gram-negative pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- C S Lee
- Combinatorial and Medicinal Chemistry Research, Pharmacia Corporation, Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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28
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Abstract
The emergence of new antibiotic-resistance in the significant Gram-positive pathogens in the last decade created a substantial medical need for new classes of antibacterial agents. Pharmacia Corporation scientists initiated a discovery research program in oxazolidinone chemistry and biology. Indanone-, tetralone-, and indoline-subunit oxazolidinones provided proof-of-concept interim improvements in antibacterial activity and safety SAR for the program. A method for enantiomeric enrichment of analogs was developed and intensive synthesis and evaluation efforts were undertaken with three oxazolidinone subclasses; the piperazine, indoline, and tropones. Members of the piperazinyl-phenyloxazolidinones possessed the most suitable chemical characteristics and biologic activity of the three subclasses. The monofluorophenyl congener eperezolid and the morpholino analog linezolid emerged as the first clinical candidates from the piperazine oxazolidinones. Linezolid was selected for continued human clinical evaluation based upon its' superior pharmacokinetic profile. Microbiologic testing revealed that linezolid compared very favorably against comparator antibiotics in vitro and in animal infection models. Linezolid possessed a unique mechanism of action in that it inhibited functional 70S initiation complex formation and did not cross-react with existing bacterial resistance. Oral bioavailability in humans was determined to be 100% and twice daily dosing in humans resulted in blood levels which even at trough values were in excess of the MIC90 for significant Gram-positive pathogens. The preclinical promise of linezolid was realized in human clinical trials where linezolid was highly efficacious in the treatment of medically significant Gram-positive infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ford
- Pharmacia Corporation, 301 Henrietta Street, Kalamazoo, MI 49007, USA.
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29
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Genin MJ, Allwine DA, Anderson DJ, Barbachyn MR, Emmert DE, Garmon SA, Graber DR, Grega KC, Hester JB, Hutchinson DK, Morris J, Reischer RJ, Ford CW, Zurenko GE, Hamel JC, Schaadt RD, Stapert D, Yagi BH. Substituent effects on the antibacterial activity of nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl)oxazolidinones with expanded activity against the fastidious gram-negative organisms Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. J Med Chem 2000; 43:953-70. [PMID: 10715160 DOI: 10.1021/jm990373e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 591] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
A series of new nitrogen-carbon-linked (azolylphenyl)oxazolidinone antibacterial agents has been prepared in an effort to expand the spectrum of activity of this class of antibiotics to include Gram-negative organisms. Pyrrole, pyrazole, imidazole, triazole, and tetrazole moieties have been used to replace the morpholine ring of linezolid (2). These changes resulted in the preparation of compounds with good activity against the fastidious Gram-negative organisms Haemophilus influenzae and Moraxella catarrhalis. The unsubstituted pyrrolyl analogue 3 and the 1H-1,2,3-triazolyl analogue 6 have MICs against H. influenzae = 4 microgram/mL and M. catarrhalis = 2 microgram/mL. Various substituents were also placed on the azole moieties in order to study their effects on antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo. Interesting differences in activity were observed for many analogues that cannot be rationalized solely on the basis of sterics and position/number of nitrogen atoms in the azole ring. Differences in activity rely strongly on subtle changes in the electronic character of the overall azole systems. Aldehyde, aldoxime, and cyano azoles generally led to dramatic improvements in activity against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria relative to unsubstituted counterparts. However, amide, ester, amino, hydroxy, alkoxy, and alkyl substituents resulted in no improvement or a loss in antibacterial activity. The placement of a cyano moiety on the azole often generates analogues with interesting antibacterial activity in vitro and in vivo. In particular, the 3-cyanopyrrole, 4-cyanopyrazole, and 4-cyano-1H-1,2,3-triazole congeners 28, 50, and 90 had S. aureus MICs </= 0.5-1 microgram/mL and H. influenzae and M. catarrhalis MICs = 2-4 microgram/mL. These analogues are also very effective versus S. aureus and S. pneumoniae in mouse models of human infection with ED(50)s in the range of 1. 2-1.9 mg/kg versus 2.8-4.0 mg/kg for the eperezolid (1) control.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Genin
- Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA.
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30
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Barbachyn MR, Brickner SJ, Gadwood RC, Garmon SA, Grega KC, Hutchinson DK, Munesada K, Reischer RJ, Taniguchi M, Thomasco LM, Toops DS, Yamada H, Ford CW, Zurenko GE. Design, synthesis, and evaluation of novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents active against multidrug-resistant bacteria. Adv Exp Med Biol 1999; 456:219-38. [PMID: 10549371 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4615-4897-3_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
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31
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Tucker JA, Allwine DA, Grega KC, Barbachyn MR, Klock JL, Adamski JL, Brickner SJ, Hutchinson DK, Ford CW, Zurenko GE, Conradi RA, Burton PS, Jensen RM. Piperazinyl oxazolidinone antibacterial agents containing a pyridine, diazene, or triazene heteroaromatic ring. J Med Chem 1998; 41:3727-35. [PMID: 9733498 DOI: 10.1021/jm980274l] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Oxazolidinones are a novel class of synthetic antibacterial agents active against gram-positive organisms including methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus as well as selected anaerobic organisms. Important representatives of this class include the morpholine derivative linezolid 2, which is currently in phase III clinical trials, and the piperazine derivative eperezolid 3. As part of an investigation of the structure-activity relationships of structurally related oxazolidinones, we have prepared and evaluated the antibacterial properties of a series of piperazinyl oxazolidinones in which the distal nitrogen of the piperazinyl ring is substituted with a six-membered heteroaromatic ring. Compounds having MIC values </= 2 microg/mL vs selected gram-positive pathogens were discovered among each of the pyridine, pyridazine, and pyrimidine structural classes. Among these the cyanopyridine 17, the pyridazines 25 and 26, and the pyrimidine 31 exhibited in vivo potency vs S. aureus comparable to that of linezolid.
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Affiliation(s)
- J A Tucker
- Discovery Research, Pharmacia & Upjohn, 7000 Portage Road, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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32
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Abstract
The oxazolidinones are a new chemical class of synthetic antibacterial agents that are active orally or intravenously against multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacteria. Their unique mechanism of action and activity against bacteria that pose therapeutic problems in hospital and community treatments make them promising candidates for antimicrobial agents.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ford
- Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc., Kalamazoo, MI 49001, USA
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33
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Ford CW, Hamel JC, Wilson DM, Moerman JK, Stapert D, Yancey RJ, Hutchinson DK, Barbachyn MR, Brickner SJ. In vivo activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antimicrobial agents, against experimental bacterial infections. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:1508-13. [PMID: 8726028 PMCID: PMC163358 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.6.1508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The Upjohn oxazolidinones, U-100592 and U-100766, are orally bioavailable synthetic antimicrobial agents with spectra of activity against antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant gram-positive pathogens. In several mouse models of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus infection, U-100592 and U-100766 yielded oral 50% effective doses (ED50) ranging from 1.9 to 8.0 mg/kg of body weight, which compared favorably with vancomycin subcutaneous ED50 values of 1.1 to 4.4 mg/kg. Similarly, both compounds were active versus a Staphylococcus epidermidis experimental systemic infection. U-100592 and U-100766 effectively cured an Enterococcus faecalis systemic infection, with ED50 values of 1.3 and 10.0 mg/kg, and versus a vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus faecium infection in immunocompromised mice, both drugs effected cures at 12.5 and 24.0 mg/kg. Both compounds were exceptionally active in vivo against penicillin- and cephalosporin-resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae, with ED50 values ranging from 1.2 to 11.7 mg/kg in systemic infection models. In soft tissue infection models with S. aureus and E. faecalis, both compounds exhibited acceptable curative activities in the range of 11.0 to 39.0 mg/kg. U-100766 was also very active versus the Bacteroides fragilis soft tissue infection model (ED50 = 46.3 mg/kg). In combination-therapy studies, both U-100592 and U-100766 were indifferent or additive in vivo against a monomicrobic S. aureus infection in combination with other antibiotics active against gram-positive bacteria and combined as readily as vancomycin with gentamicin in the treatment of a polymicrobic S. aureus-Escherichia coli infection. U-100592 and U-100766 are potent oxazolidinones active against antibiotic-susceptible and -resistant gram-positive pathogens in experimental systemic and soft tissue infections.
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Affiliation(s)
- C W Ford
- Pharmacia & Upjohn Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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34
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Barbachyn MR, Toops DS, Grega KC, Hendges SK, Ford CW, Zurenko GE, Hamel JC, Schaadt JD, Stapert D, Yagi BH, Buysse JM, Demyan WF, Kilburn JO, Glickman SE. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new tropone-substituted phenyloxazolidinone antibacterial agents 2. Modification of the phenyl ring — the potentiating effect of fluorine substitution on in vivo activity. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00155-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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35
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Barbachyn MR, Toops DS, Ulanowicz DA, Grega KC, Brickner SJ, Ford CW, Zurenko GE, Hamel JC, Schaadt RD, Stapert D, Yagi BH, Buysse JM, Demyan WF, Kilburn JO, Glickman SE. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of new tropone-substituted phenyloxazolidinone antibacterial agents 1. Identification of leads and importance of the tropone substitution pattern. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1996. [DOI: 10.1016/0960-894x(96)00154-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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36
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Zurenko GE, Yagi BH, Schaadt RD, Allison JW, Kilburn JO, Glickman SE, Hutchinson DK, Barbachyn MR, Brickner SJ. In vitro activities of U-100592 and U-100766, novel oxazolidinone antibacterial agents. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 1996; 40:839-45. [PMID: 8849237 PMCID: PMC163216 DOI: 10.1128/aac.40.4.839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 345] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Oxazolidinones make up a relatively new class of antimicrobial agents which possess a unique mechanism of bacterial protein synthesis inhibition. U-100592 (S)-N-[[3-[3-fluoro-4-[4-(hydroxyacetyl)-1-piperazinyl]- phenyl]-2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]-acetamide and U-100766 (S)-N-[[3-[3-fluoro-4-(4-morpholinyl)phenyl]- 2-oxo-5-oxazolidinyl]methyl]-acetamide are novel oxazolidinone analogs from a directed chemical modification program. MICs were determined for a variety of bacterial clinical isolates; the respective MICs of U-100592 and U-100766 at which 90% of isolates are inhibited were as follows: methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus, 4 and 4 micrograms/ml; methicillin-resistant S. aureus, 4 and 4 micrograms/ml; methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus epidermidis, 2 and 2 micrograms/ml; methicillin-resistant S. epidermidis, 1 and 2 micrograms/ml; Enterococcus faecalis, 2 and 4 micrograms/ml; Enterococcus faecium, 2 and 4 micrograms/ml; Streptococcus pyogenes, 1 and 2 micrograms/ml; Streptococcus pneumoniae, 0.50 and 1 microgram/ml; Corynebacterium spp., 0.50 and 0.50 micrograms/ml; Moraxella catarrhalis, 4 and 4 micrograms/ml; Listeria monocytogenes, 8 and 2 micrograms/ml; and Bacteroides fragilis, 16 and 4 micrograms/ml. Most strains of Mycobacterium tuberculosis and the gram-positive anaerobes were inhibited in the range of 0.50 to 2 micrograms/ml. Enterococcal strains resistant to vancomycin (VanA, VanB, and VanC resistance phenotypes), pneumococcal strains resistant to penicillin, and M. tuberculosis strains resistant to common antitubercular agents (isoniazid, streptomycin, rifampin, ethionamide, and ethambutol) were not cross-resistant to the oxazolidinones. The presence of 10, 20, and 40% pooled human serum did not affect the antibacterial activities of the oxazolidinones. Time-kill studies demonstrated a bacteriostatic effect of the analogs against staphylococci and enterococci but a bactericidal effect against streptococci. The spontaneous mutation frequencies of S. aureus ATCC 29213 were <3.8 x 10(-10) and <8 x 10(-11) for U-100592 and U-100766, respectively. Serial transfer of three staphylococcal and two enterococcal strains on drug gradient plates produced no evidence of rapid resistance development. Thus, these new oxazolidinone analogs demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activities against a variety of clinically important human pathogens.
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Affiliation(s)
- G E Zurenko
- Pharmacia & Upjohn, Inc., Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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37
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Brickner SJ, Hutchinson DK, Barbachyn MR, Manninen PR, Ulanowicz DA, Garmon SA, Grega KC, Hendges SK, Toops DS, Ford CW, Zurenko GE. Synthesis and antibacterial activity of U-100592 and U-100766, two oxazolidinone antibacterial agents for the potential treatment of multidrug-resistant gram-positive bacterial infections. J Med Chem 1996; 39:673-9. [PMID: 8576909 DOI: 10.1021/jm9509556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial resistance development has become a very serious clinical problem for many classes of antibiotics. The 3-aryl-2-oxazolidinones are a relatively new class of synthetic antibacterial agents, having a new mechanism of action which involves very early inhibition of bacterial protein synthesis. We have prepared two potent, synthetic oxazolidinones, U-100592 and U-100766, which are currently in clinical development for the treatment of serious multidrug-resistant Gram-positive bacterial infections caused by strains of staphylococci, streptococci, and enterococci. The in vitro and in vivo (po and iv) activities of U-100592 and U-100766 against representative strains are similar to those of vancomycin. U-100592 and U-100766 demonstrate potent in vitro activity against Mycobacterium tuberculosis. A novel and practical asymmetric synthesis of (5S)-(acetamidomethyl)-2-oxazolidinones has been developed and is employed for the synthesis of U-100592 and U-100766. This involves the reaction of N-lithioarylcarbamates with (R)-glycidyl butyrate, resulting in excellent yields and high enantiomeric purity of the intermediate (R)-5-(hydroxymethyl)-2-oxazolidinones.
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Affiliation(s)
- S J Brickner
- Upjohn Laboratories, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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38
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Barbachyn MR, Hutchinson DK, Brickner SJ, Cynamon MH, Kilburn JO, Klemens SP, Glickman SE, Grega KC, Hendges SK, Toops DS, Ford CW, Zurenko GE. Identification of a novel oxazolidinone (U-100480) with potent antimycobacterial activity. J Med Chem 1996; 39:680-5. [PMID: 8576910 DOI: 10.1021/jm950956y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
During the course of our investigations in the oxazolidinone antibacterial agent area, we have identified a subclass with especially potent in vitro activity against mycobacteria. The salient structural feature of these oxazolidinone analogues, 6 (U-100480), 7 (U-101603), and 8 (U-101244), is their appended thiomorpholine moiety. The rational design, synthesis, and evaluation of the in vitro antimycobacterial activity of these analogues is described. Potent activity against a screening strain of Mycobacterium tuberculosis was demonstrated by 6 and 7 (minimum inhibitory concentrations or MIC's < or = 0.125 micrograms/mL). Oxazolidinones 6 and 8 exhibit MIC90 values of 0.50 micrograms/mL or less against a panel of organisms consisting of five drug-sensitive and five multidrug-resistant strains of M. tuberculosis, with 6 being the most active congener. Potent in vitro activity against other mycobacterial species was also demonstrated by 6. For example, 6 exhibited excellent in vitro activity against multiple clinical isolates of Mycobacterium avium complex (MIC's = 0.5-4 micrograms/mL). Orally administered 6 displays in vivo efficacy against M. tuberculosis and M. avium similar to that of clinical comparators isoniazid and azithromycin, respectively. Consideration of these factors, along with a favorable pharmaco-kinetic and chronic toxicity profile in rats, suggests that 6 (U-100480) is a promising antimycobacterial agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- M R Barbachyn
- Upjohn Laboratories, Upjohn Company, Kalamazoo, Michigan 49001, USA
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Barbachyn MR, Hutchinson DK, Toops DS, Reid RJ, Zurenko GE, Yagi BH, Schaadt RD, Allison JW. U-87947E, a protein quinolone antibacterial agent incorporating a bicyclo[1.1.1]pent-1-yl (BCP) subunit. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 1993. [DOI: 10.1016/s0960-894x(01)81251-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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