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Apicella B, Tregrossi A, Oliano MM, Russo C, Ciajolo A. On-line fast analysis of light hydrocarbons, PAH and radicals by molecular-beam time of flight mass spectrometry. CHEMOSPHERE 2021; 276:130174. [PMID: 33743425 DOI: 10.1016/j.chemosphere.2021.130174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2020] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 03/01/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Volatile organic compounds (VOC) and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), emitted in the environment from a wide range of combustion sources, are hazardous to human health and considered important precursors of both primary and secondary particulate pollutants. In the present work, light hydrocarbons up to C9, as main components of combustion-derived VOC, and PAH produced in fuel-rich conditions of premixed ethylene flames were analyzed by implementing a molecular-beam time of flight mass spectrometer (MB-TOFMS), purposely built for on-line fast monitoring of the environmental impact of combustion systems. The reliability of the MB-TOFMS was preliminarily verified on a slightly-sooting flame, comparing the results with those obtained by batch sampling and gas chromatographic techniques. Electron ionization (EI) and multi-photon ionization (MPI) were used as MB-TOFMS sources and tested on combustion gases of a no-sooting premixed ethylene flame where VOC and PAH are present in traces not detectable with batch sampling and conventional analytical techniques. The mass identification accuracy was improved and guaranteed by systematically performing internal mass calibration, exploiting the formation of "in situ" clusters from combustion water in the molecular beam apparatus. Selective and sensitive monitoring of light hydrocarbons and PAH, derived from oxidation and pyrolysis reactions featuring combustion, was shown to be especially effective when using the MB-TOFMS equipped with MPI source. This technique showed to be effective also for the detection of radical species that are important for the risk assessment of aerosol and fundamental understanding of aerosol chemistry at a molecular level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Apicella
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
| | - Antonio Tregrossi
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Maria Maddalena Oliano
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Carmela Russo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Ciajolo
- Istituto di Scienze e Tecnologie per L'Energia e La Mobilità Sostenibili, STEMS-CNR, P.le Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
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2
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Laurens G, Rabary M, Lam J, Peláez D, Allouche AR. Infrared spectra of neutral polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons based on machine learning potential energy surface and dipole mapping. Theor Chem Acc 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s00214-021-02773-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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3
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Bouwman J, Hrodmarsson HR, Ellison GB, Bodi A, Hemberger P. Five Birds with One Stone: Photoelectron Photoion Coincidence Unveils Rich Phthalide Pyrolysis Chemistry. J Phys Chem A 2021; 125:1738-1746. [PMID: 33616395 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.1c00149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Phthalide pyrolysis has been assumed to be a clean fulvenallene source. We show that this is only true at low temperatures, and the C7H6 isomers 1-, 2-, and 5-ethynylcyclopentadiene are also formed at high pyrolysis temperatures. Photoion mass-selected threshold photoelectron spectra are analyzed with the help of (time-dependent) density functional theory, (TD-)DFT, and equation-of-motion ionization potential coupled cluster, EOM-IP-CCSD, calculations, as well as Franck-Condon simulations of partly overlapping bands, to determine ionization energies. The fulvenallene ionization energy is confirmed at 8.23 ± 0.01 eV, and the ionization energies of 1-, 2 and 5-ethynylcyclopentadiene are newly determined at 8.27 ± 0.01, 8.49 ± 0.01 and 8.76 ± 0.02 eV, respectively. Excited state features in the photoelectron spectrum, in particular the Ã+ 2A' band of 1-ethynylcyclopentadiene, are shown to be practical to isomer-selectively detect species when the ground-state band is congested. At high pyrolysis temperatures, the C7H6 isomers may lose a hydrogen atom and yield the fulvenallenyl radical. Its ionization energy is confirmed at 8.20 ± 0.01 eV. The vibrational fingerprint of the first triplet fulvenallenyl cation state is also revealed and yields an ionization energy of 8.33 ± 0.02 eV. Further triplet cation states are identified and modeled in the 10-11 eV range. A reaction mechanism is proposed based on potential energy surface calculations. Based on a simplified reactor model, we show that the C7H6 isomer distribution is far from thermal equilibrium in the reactor, presumably because irreversible H loss competes efficiently with isomerization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordy Bouwman
- Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Helgi R Hrodmarsson
- Laboratory for Astrophysics, Leiden Observatory, Leiden University, PO Box 9513, 2300 RA Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - G Barney Ellison
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, Colorado 80309-0215, United States
| | - Andras Bodi
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
| | - Patrick Hemberger
- Laboratory for Synchrotron Radiation and Femtochemistry, Paul Scherrer Institute, 5232 Villigen, Switzerland
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4
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Russo C, Apicella B, Ciajolo A. Blue and green luminescent carbon nanodots from controllable fuel-rich flame reactors. Sci Rep 2019; 9:14566. [PMID: 31601923 PMCID: PMC6787054 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-50919-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
The continuous synthesis in controlled gas flame reactors is here demonstrated as a very effective approach for the direct and easy production of structurally reproducible carbon nanodots. In this work, the design of a simple deposition system, inserted into the reactor, is introduced. A controlled flame reactor is employed in the present investigation. The system was optimized for the production of carbon nanoparticles including fluorescent nanocarbons. Blue and green fluorescent carbon could be easily separated from the carbon nanoparticles by extraction with organic solvents and characterized by advanced chemical (size exclusion chromatography and mass spectrometry) and spectroscopic analysis. The blue fluorescent carbon comprised a mixture of molecular fluorophores and aromatic domains; the green fluorescent carbon was composed of aromatic domains (10–20 aromatic condensed rings), bonded and/or turbostratically stacked together. The green-fluorescent carbon nanodots produced in the flame reactor were insoluble in water but soluble in N-methylpyrrolidinone and showed excitation-independent luminescence. These results provide insights for a simple and controlled synthesis of carbon nanodots with specific and versatile features, which is a promising pathway for their use in quite different applicative sectors of bioimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmela Russo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Barbara Apicella
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy
| | - Anna Ciajolo
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione, Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche, Piazzale V. Tecchio 80, 80125, Napoli, Italy.
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5
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Adamson BD, Skeen SA, Ahmed M, Hansen N. Detection of Aliphatically Bridged Multi-Core Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Sooting Flames with Atmospheric-Sampling High-Resolution Tandem Mass Spectrometry. J Phys Chem A 2018; 122:9338-9349. [PMID: 30415549 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jpca.8b08947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This paper provides experimental evidence for the chemical structures of aliphatically substituted and bridged polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH) species in gas-physe combustion environments. The identification of these single- and multicore aromatic species, which have been hypothesized to be important in PAH growth and soot nucleation, was made possible through a combination of sampling gaseous constituents from an atmospheric pressure inverse coflow diffusion flame of ethylene and high-resolution tandem mass spectrometry (MS-MS). In these experiments, the flame-sampled components were ionized using a continuous VUV lamp at 10.0 eV and the ions were subsequently fragmented through collisions with Ar atoms in a collision-induced dissociation (CID) process. The resulting fragment ions, which were separated using a reflectron time-of-flight mass spectrometer, were used to extract structural information about the sampled aromatic compounds. The high-resolution mass spectra revealed the presence of alkylated single-core aromatic compounds and the fragment ions that were observed correspond to the loss of saturated and unsaturated units containing up to a total of 6 carbon atoms. Furthermore, the aromatic structures that form the foundational building blocks of the larger PAHs were identified to be smaller single-ring and pericondensed aromatic species with repetitive structural features. For demonstrative purposes, details are provided for the CID of molecular ions at masses 202 and 434. Insights into the role of the aliphatically substituted and bridged aromatics in the reaction network of PAH growth chemistry were obtained from spatially resolved measurements of the flame. The experimental results are consistent with a growth mechanism in which alkylated aromatics are oxidized to form pericondensed ring structures or react and recombine with other aromatics to form larger, potentially three-dimensional, aliphatically bridged multicore aromatic hydrocarbons.
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Affiliation(s)
- B D Adamson
- Combustion Research Facility , Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - S A Skeen
- Combustion Research Facility , Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
| | - M Ahmed
- Chemical Sciences Division , Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory , Berkeley , California 94720 , United States
| | - N Hansen
- Combustion Research Facility , Sandia National Laboratories , Livermore , California 94551 , United States
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6
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Sun T, Wang D, Tang Y, Xing X, Zhuang J, Cheng J, Du Z. Fabric-phase sorptive extraction coupled with ion mobility spectrometry for on-site rapid detection of PAHs in aquatic environment. Talanta 2018; 195:109-116. [PMID: 30625520 DOI: 10.1016/j.talanta.2018.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2018] [Revised: 11/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
The contamination of water is a high risk to human health, so there is an urgent need to rapidly detect water pollution in the field. Ion mobility spectrometry (IMS) is suitable for on-site analysis with the merit of rapid analysis and compact size. In this study, we developed a new method which coupled fabric phase sorptive extraction (FPSE) with IMS for rapid detection of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in water present in the field. Polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) was coated on the glass fiber cloth through a sol-gel reaction. After extracting the PAHs in water, the fabric coated PDMS could be directly put into the inlet of IMS instrument for thermal desorption. The PAHs were analyzed by the IMS instrument operated in the positive ion mode with a corona discharge (CD) ionization source. The primary parameters affecting extraction efficiency such as extraction time, extraction temperature, and ionic strength were investigated and optimized by using phenanthrene (Phe), benzo[a]anthracene (BaA) and benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) as model compounds. Under the optimal conditions, the FPSE-IMS detection limits were 5 ng ml-1,8 ng ml-1 and 10 ng ml-1 respectively. Satisfactory recoveries were obtained in the range from 80.5% to 100.5% by testing the spiked real water samples and validated by the standard method(HJ487-2009). Based on the results, the method of FPSE-IMS could be feasibly applied for monitoring the water quality on-site and providing early warning in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tangqiang Sun
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Di Wang
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Yan Tang
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Xuebin Xing
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jingcong Zhuang
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Jiaxing Cheng
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China
| | - Zhenxia Du
- College of Science, Beijing Key Laboratory of Environmentally Harmful Chemical Analysis, Beijing University of Chemical Technology, Beijing, China.
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7
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On-line supercritical fluid extraction—supercritical fluid chromatography-mass spectrometry of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in soil. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2018; 1086:82-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2018.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2018] [Revised: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 04/07/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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8
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Grasso G, Calcagno M, Rapisarda A, D'Agata R, Spoto G. Atmospheric pressure MALDI for the noninvasive characterization of carbonaceous ink from Renaissance documents. Anal Bioanal Chem 2017; 409:3943-3950. [PMID: 28429066 DOI: 10.1007/s00216-017-0341-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2017] [Revised: 03/17/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The analytical methods that are usually applied to determine the compositions of inks from ancient manuscripts usually focus on inorganic components, as in the case of iron gall ink. In this work, we describe the use of atmospheric pressure/matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry (AP/MALDI-MS) as a spatially resolved analytical technique for the study of the organic carbonaceous components of inks used in handwritten parts of ancient books for the first time. Large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (L-PAH) were identified in situ in the ink of XVII century handwritten documents. We prove that it is possible to apply MALDI-MS as a suitable microdestructive diagnostic tool for analyzing samples in air at atmospheric pressure, thus simplifying investigations of the organic components of artistic and archaeological objects. The interpretation of the experimental MS results was supported by independent Raman spectroscopic investigations. Graphical abstract Atmospheric pressure/MALDI mass spectrometry detects in situ polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in the carbonaceous ink of XVII century manuscripts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuseppe Grasso
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Marzia Calcagno
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Alessandro Rapisarda
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Roberta D'Agata
- Consorzio Interuniversitaro I.N.B.B., c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spoto
- Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy. .,Consorzio Interuniversitaro I.N.B.B., c/o Department of Chemistry, University of Catania, Viale A. Doria 6, 95125, Catania, Italy.
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9
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FUJII Y, FUJINO T. Laser Desorption Ionization Mass Spectrometry of Pentacene Using 2-step Excitation Energy Transfer from Anthracene. BUNSEKI KAGAKU 2017. [DOI: 10.2116/bunsekikagaku.66.115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yosuke FUJII
- Department of Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Tokyo Metropolitan University
| | - Tatsuya FUJINO
- Department of Applied Chemistry, Graduate School of Science and Engineering, Toyo University
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Cain J, Laskin A, Kholghy MR, Thomson MJ, Wang H. Molecular characterization of organic content of soot along the centerline of a coflow diffusion flame. Phys Chem Chem Phys 2014; 16:25862-75. [DOI: 10.1039/c4cp03330b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
HR-MS speciation of young soot produced in a coflow diffusion flame reveal an array of ‘aliphatic’ and ‘aromatic’ CxHyOz constituents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeremy Cain
- University of Dayton Research Institute
- Dayton, USA
| | - Alexander Laskin
- William R. Wiley Environmental Molecular Sciences Laboratory
- Pacific Northwest National Laboratory
- Richland, USA
| | - Mohammad Reza Kholghy
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto, Canada
| | - Murray J. Thomson
- Department of Mechanical and Industrial Engineering
- University of Toronto
- Toronto, Canada
| | - Hai Wang
- Department of Mechanical Engineering
- Stanford University
- Stanford, USA
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11
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Ghislain T, Faure P, Michels R. Detection and monitoring of PAH and oxy-PAHs by high resolution mass spectrometry: comparison of ESI, APCI and APPI source detection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2012; 23:530-536. [PMID: 22281813 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0304-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2011] [Revised: 11/16/2011] [Accepted: 11/18/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
The objective of this work was to compare direct infusion in a Q-TOF mass spectrometer through three different atmospheric pressure sources, electrospray ionization (ESI), atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI), and atmospheric pressure photoionization (APPI) coupled to a high resolution Q-TOF mass spectrometer. A complex mixture of PAH and oxy-PAHs, obtained after the air oxidation of fluoranthene on mineral substrates, was used to compare the different ionization abilities of these sources. Here, we propose analytical methods for the use of all sources. Final goal was to provide background to the choice of the most appropriate source in order to analyze complex organic mixtures as those encountered in polluted soils, water, sediments, as well as in petroleum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thierry Ghislain
- G2R, Nancy-Université, CNRS, B.P. 239, 54506, Vandœuvre-lès-Nancy, France.
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Wilson WB, Campiglia AD. Analysis of co-eluted isomers of high-molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in high performance liquid chromatography fractions via solid-phase nanoextraction and time-resolved Shpol'skii spectroscopy. J Chromatogr A 2011; 1218:6922-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2011.08.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2011] [Revised: 08/01/2011] [Accepted: 08/07/2011] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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13
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Wei S, Liu M, Huang B, Bi X, Sheng G, Fu J. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 302 in PM 2.5 at two industrial sites in South China. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 13:2568-74. [PMID: 21789327 DOI: 10.1039/c1em10320b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Daytime and nighttime PM(2.5) samples were collected between August 5 and 16, 2009 and between January 24 and February 4, 2010 in an industrial complex site (site A) and an electronic waste recycling site (site B) to determine the seasonal and diurnal variations of 19 individual polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with molecular weight 302 (MW302) including four highly carcinogenic dibenzopyrene (DBP) isomers dibenzo[a,l]pyrene (DBalP), dibenzo[a,e]pyrene (DBaeP), dibenzo[a,i]pyrene (DBaiP), and dibenzo[a,h]pyrene (DBahP). This is the first report on DBP isomers in air particles from South China. The total concentration of PAH MW302 isomers ranged from 1.65 to 3.60 ng m(-3) in summer and 3.82 to 9.81 ng m(-3) in winter. The strongest peaks in the chromatograms of the MW302 isomers were naphtha[2,1-a]pyrene (N21aP), dibenzo[j,l]fluoranthene (DBjlF), naphtha[1,2-b]fluoranthene (N12bF), naphtha[1,2-k]fluoranthene (N12kF) and dibenzo[a,e]fluoranthene (DBaeF), constituting 52.0 to 55.4% of the total MW302 isomers. All the MW302 isomers showed notable seasonal variations. Most of the MW302 isomers in site B showed distinctive diurnal variations with higher concentrations occurring in the night. Taking into account both concentration and potency equivalence factors (PEFs), the strongest carcinogen in the analyzed samples was DBaiP, and the ratios of sum carcinogenic potency of four highly carcinogenic DBP isomers to benzo[a]pyrene (BaP) was about 0.94 in winter to 1.89 in summer, indicating the importance of DBP isomers for the risk assessment. Health risk assessment indicated that on average, 1 in 100 000 residents in the two industrial sites may have an increased risk of cancer due to PAH exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shilong Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Organic Geochemistry, Guangdong Province Key Laboratory of Utilization and Protection of Environmental Resource, Guangzhou Institute of Geochemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Guangzhou, 510640, P.R. China
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14
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De Vriendt V, Miladinovic SM, Colaux JL, Maseri F, Wilkins CL, Lucas S. Growth mechanisms involved in the synthesis of smooth and microtextured films by acetylene magnetron discharges. LANGMUIR : THE ACS JOURNAL OF SURFACES AND COLLOIDS 2011; 27:8913-8922. [PMID: 21692461 DOI: 10.1021/la2003035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The growth of hydrogenated amorphous carbons (a-C:H) produced by continuous or pulsed discharges of acetylene (C(2)H(2)) in an unbalanced magnetron setup was investigated. At 5 × 10(-3) Torr, only smooth films are obtained, whereas at 5 × 10(-1) Torr using a pulsed discharge some microtextured films are formed if the duty cycle is low. The morphology of these microtextured films consists of nanoparticles, filamentary particles, and particular agglomerates ("microflowers"). This paper presents a study of acetylene gas phase polymerization by mass spectrometry, and a detailed analysis of bulk structure of films by combining three techniques which include IR spectroscopy, Raman spectroscopy, and laser desorption/ionization Fourier transform mass spectrometry (LDI-FTMS). Finally, based on the study of gas phase and film structure, we propose a model for the growth of both smooth and microtextured films.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valérie De Vriendt
- Research Center for the Physics of Matter and Radiation (PMR), University of Namur (FUNDP), Namur, Belgium
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15
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Zhang J, Dong X, Cheng J, Li J, Wang Y. Efficient analysis of non-polar environmental contaminants by MALDI-TOF MS with graphene as matrix. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2011; 22:1294-1298. [PMID: 21953112 DOI: 10.1007/s13361-011-0143-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 01/15/2011] [Accepted: 03/27/2011] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
In this Application Note, we describe, for the first time, the rapid analysis of hydrophobic compounds present in environmental contaminants, which includes polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) and estrogen, by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) with the use of graphene as matrix. MALDI-TOF MS with conventional matrix has limitations in analyzing low-polarity compounds owing to their difficulty in ionization. We demonstrate that compared with conventional matrix, graphene displays higher desorption/ionization efficiencies for PAHs, and no fragment ions are observed. The method also holds potential in quantitative analysis. In addition, the ionization signal increases with the increasing number of benzene rings in the PAHs, suggesting that graphene binds to PAHs via π-π stacking interactions. Furthermore, graphene as adsorbent for solid-phase extraction of coronene from river water sample displays good performance with a detection limit of 10(-7) M. This work provides a novel and convenient method for analyzing low-polarity environmental contaminants by MALDI-TOF MS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Riverside, CA 92521-0403, USA
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Shukla B, Tsuchiya K, Koshi M. Novel Products from C6H5 + C6H6/C6H5 Reactions. J Phys Chem A 2011; 115:5284-93. [DOI: 10.1021/jp201817n] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bikau Shukla
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, The University of Southern California, Los Angeles, California, United States
| | - Kentaro Tsuchiya
- Energy Technology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Tsukuba, Japan
| | - Mitsuo Koshi
- Institute of Engineering Innovation, The University of Tokyo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo, Japan
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17
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Ehrenhauser FS, Wornat MJ, Valsaraj KT, Rodriguez P. Design and evaluation of a dopant-delivery system for an orthogonal atmospheric-pressure photoionization source and its performance in the analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2010; 24:1351-1357. [PMID: 20391608 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.4518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/29/2023]
Abstract
Atmospheric-pressure photoionization (APPI) mass spectrometry benefits from the addition of an ionization-enhancing dopant such as benzene. A passive dopant-delivery system has therefore been designed for use with the orthogonal APPI source within a commercial liquid chromatographic instrument with mass spectrometric detector. By providing the dopant in the gas phase, the newly designed equipment avoids mixing problems and other difficulties associated with liquid dopant addition. The system is a simple and durable design that can reliably deliver virtually any dopant with sufficient vapor pressure in the temperature range of 20 to 120 degrees C. At the optimum dopant flow rate (10% of the mobile phase flow rate) for high-performance liquid chromatography with narrow-bore (2.1 mm) columns, the system allows for uninterrupted routine analysis for up to two weeks. The performance of the device has been evaluated with benzene as dopant and with a test mixture consisting of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH): naphthalene, 9H-fluorene, anthracene, and phenanthrene. All four PAH can be detected with an excellent signal-to-noise ratio in the scanning mode and a limit of detection down to 0.42 ng on column (51 pg in single-ion monitoring mode). The concentration calibration curves are linear over a range of three orders of magnitude, with correlation coefficients greater than 0.99. The utilization of benzene as dopant not only increases the sensitivity significantly - 20-fold, compared with dopant-free operation - but the low m/z values of the background ions observed also allow for the effective quantitative and qualitative analysis of PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franz S Ehrenhauser
- Cain Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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Chapter 7 Pyrolysis of Hydrocarbons. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2010. [DOI: 10.1016/s0167-9244(09)02807-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register]
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19
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Ruiz-Morales Y. Aromaticity in pericondensed cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons determined by density functional theory nucleus-independent chemical shifts and the Y-rule — Implications in oil asphaltene stability. CAN J CHEM 2009. [DOI: 10.1139/v09-052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The characterization of the stability of the fused aromatic region (FAR) in oil asphaltenes in terms of kinetic and thermodynamic stability is primary. Such an understanding is important if we are to get the optimal use from the heavy fraction of any crude oil. The FAR region is composed of pericondensed cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon compounds (CPPAHs) with N, S, and O heteroatoms. The Clar model, which states that the most important representation of a PAH is one having the maximum number of disjoint π-sextets, depicted by inscribed circles, and a minimum number of fixed double bonds, captures the essence of the kinetic and thermodynamic stability arguments. This model is readily employed for complex aromatics of the sort to be considered for asphaltenes. In the present research we prove that the aromaticity of CPPAHs can be assessed by using the qualitative easy-to-apply Y-rule. In the literature, it is proven that the Y-rule is applicable to elucidate the aromaticity of benzenoid PAHs and it has been validated for pericondensed benzenoid PAHs but not for pericondensed CPPAHs. Here, we verify that it is applicable for CPPAHs. The applicability of the Y-rule has been theoretically proven by comparing the π-electronic distribution obtained with it with the one obtained from nucleus-independent chemical shift (NICS) calculations at the density functional theory (DFT) level. The importance of doing this is that due to the polydispersity in the composition of the oil asphaltenes, and to understand their aromatic core structure, it is necessary to be able to asses the aromaticity of many cyclopenta-fused PAHs (possibly more than 500), of different sizes (up to 15 rings between hexagons and pentagons), and different spatial rearrangements in a quick but realistic and effective way. To try to do this with NICS will be very time consuming and computationally expensive, especially in the case of big systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yosadara Ruiz-Morales
- Programa de Ingeniería Molecular, Instituto Mexicano del Petróleo, Eje Lázaro Cárdenas Norte 152, México D.F. 07730, México. (e-mail: )
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Rey-Salgueiro L, Martínez-Carballo E, García-Falcón MS, Simal-Gándara J. Effects of a chemical company fire on the occurrence of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in plant foods. Food Chem 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodchem.2007.10.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
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21
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Panariello M, Apicella B, Armenante M, Bruno A, Ciajolo A, Spinelli N. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sequences in a premixed laminar flame by on-line time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2008; 22:573-581. [PMID: 18220328 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
A time-of-flight mass spectrometer in reflectron configuration has been used for the real-time detection of combustion products. The products of a premixed laminar C2H4/O2 flame at atmospheric pressure were sampled along its axis, diluted with inert gas and carried to the ion source as a molecular beam under minimal perturbation. Electron ionization and different optical ionization sources are compared. Photoionization was achieved with laser radiation from a Nd:YAG nanosecond pulsed laser at two different wavelengths in the UV range (266 and 355 nm). The mass spectra obtained using laser wavelength of 355 nm and electron ionization present a series of ions regularly spaced by 18 m/z units up to m/z 2000. This series allowed precise calibration of the instrument for compounds of high molecular weight. Information on the chemical nature of the analyzed species has been obtained by comparing mass spectra produced with different ionization methods. In order to better understand the growth mechanisms, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon sequences have been analyzed by fast Fourier transform of the mass spectra.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marina Panariello
- CNISM and Dipartimento di Scienze Fisiche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Napoli 80126, Italy.
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22
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Shukla B, Susa A, Miyoshi A, Koshi M. In Situ Direct Sampling Mass Spectrometric Study on Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Toluene Pyrolysis. J Phys Chem A 2007; 111:8308-24. [PMID: 17685593 DOI: 10.1021/jp071813d] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
The gas-phase reaction products of toluene pyrolysis with and without acetylene addition produced in a flow tube reactor at pressures of 8.15-15.11 Torr and temperatures of 1136-1507 K with constant residence time (0.56 s) have been detected in an in situ direct sampling mass spectrometric study by using a vacuum ultraviolet single-photon ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry technique. Those products range from methyl radical to large polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) of mass 522 amu (C(42)H(18)) including smaller species, radicals, polyynes, and PAHs, together with ethynyl, methyl, and phenyl PAHs. On the basis of observed mass spectra, the chemical kinetic mechanisms of the formation of products are discussed. Especially, acetylene is mixed with toluene to understand the effect of the hydrogen abstraction and acetylene addition (HACA) mechanism on the formation pathways of products in toluene pyrolysis. The most prominent outputs of this work are the direct detection of large PAHs and new reaction pathways for the formation of PAHs with the major role of cyclopenta-fused radicals. The basis of this new reaction route is the appearance of different sequences of mass spectra that well explain the major role of aromatic radicals mainly cyclopenta fused radicals of PAHs resulting from their corresponding methyl PAHs, with active participation of c-C(5)H(5), C(6)H(5), C(6)H(5)CH(2) ,and C(9)H(7) in the formation of large PAHs. The role of the HACA only seemed important for the formation of stable condensed PAHs from unstable primary PAHs with zigzag structure (having triple fusing sites) in one step by ring growth with two carbon atoms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bikau Shukla
- Department of Chemical System Engineering, The University of Tokyo, Hongo, Tokyo 113-8656, Japan
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23
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Marsh ND, Ledesma EB, Wornat MJ, Tan MP, Zhu D, Law CK. NEWLY IDENTIFIED PRODUCTS OF BENZENE DROPLET COMBUSTION: POLYCYCLIC AROMATIC HYDROCARBONS OF THREE TO TEN RINGS. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2007. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630591007143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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24
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McClaine JW, Oña JO, Wornat MJ. Identification of a new C28H14 polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon as a product of supercritical fuel pyrolysis: Tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene. J Chromatogr A 2007; 1138:175-83. [PMID: 17098241 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.10.050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2006] [Revised: 10/20/2006] [Accepted: 10/24/2006] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene has been identified as a product of the supercritical pyrolysis of both toluene and Fischer-Tropsch synthetic jet fuel. This identification is based on HPLC/UV/MS data, which show that compound I, eluting immediately after five other C28H14 isomers, is also a C28H14 PAH. The UV spectrum of compound I has features of a benzenoid PAH, of which there are only eight C28H14 isomers. Four of these isomers--benzo[a]coronene, phenanthro[5,4,3,2-efghi]perylene, benzo[cd]naphtho[3,2,1,8-pqra]perylene, and benzo[pqr]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene--have already been identified as supercritical pyrolysis products by matching their UV spectra with those of respective reference standards. A fifth C28H14 PAH--benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, which does not have a reference standard--has also been recently identified through MS and UV data, use of annellation theory to predict UV spectral characteristics, and length-to-breadth ratio/retention time data. Of the remaining three isomers, bisanthene (IUPAC name phenanthro[1,10,9,8-opqra]perylene) has been determined not to be present in our product mixture, as its UV spectrum does not match that of any of our product PAH. Using annellation theory, we predict the UV spectral characteristics of the two remaining C28H14 benzenoid isomers, for which there are no reference standards (tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene and naphthaceno[3,4,5,6,7-defghij]naphthacene). Results from this analysis show that the predicted UV spectral features of tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene match those of compound I--and that those of naphthaceno[3,4,5,6,7-defghij]naphthacene are inconsistent with those of compound I. The length-to-breadth ratio of tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene also agrees with compound I's HPLC elution behavior. This is the first time that tribenzo[cd,ghi,lm]perylene (IUPAC name phenanthro[2,1,10,9,8,7-pqrstuv]pentaphene) has been identified as a product of fuel pyrolysis or combustion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W McClaine
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, South Stadium Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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25
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Lien GW, Chen CY, Wu CF. Analysis of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry using atmospheric pressure chemical ionization or electrospray ionization with tropylium post-column derivatization. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2007; 21:3694-3700. [PMID: 17937449 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.3267] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) with four to six rings are potent carcinogens. This study analyzed ten of the sixteen US EPA priority PAHs using reversed-phase liquid chromatography/tandem mass spectrometry (LC/MS/MS) in selected reaction monitoring mode with two ionization sources: positive atmospheric pressure chemical ionization (APCI+) or positive elecrtrospray ionization (ESI+) with tropylium post-column derivatization. Several factors were investigated, including mobile phases, stationary phases of columns and chromatographic temperature, to determine how optimal separation and sensitivity might be achieved. Methanol used as an organic mobile phase provided better sensitivities for most PAHs than acetonitrile, although some PAHs co-eluted. Acidic buffers did not increase analyte signals. Use of Restek Pinnacle II PAH columns (250 x 4.6 mm or 250 x 2.1 mm, 5 microm) with water/acetonitrile gradient at 27 degrees C made possible a good separation of the ten analytes. [M]+. were the best precursor ions in both APCI and ESI, although fluoranthene could not be detected in ESI mode when tropylium post-column derivatization was performed. [M-28]+ and [M-52]+ were the major product ions of PAHs after collision-induced dissociation, a result of neutral losses of C(2)H(4) and (C(2)H(2))(2), respectively. Chromatographic separation for PAH isomers was crucial because the mass spectra were so similar that even MS/MS could not distinguish them from each other. The recoveries of sample preparations of PAHs spiked onto air-sampling filters ranged between 77.5 and 106% with relative standard deviations between 1.1 and 15.9%. This method was validated by analyzing NIST SRM 1649a (urban dust), producing results comparable with the certified PAH concentrations. The detection limits using APCI and ESI interfaces, defined as three times the noise levels, ranged between 0.23 and 0.83 ng and between 0.16 and 0.84 ng of on-column injection, respectively.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guang-Wen Lien
- Institute of Environmental Health, College of Public Health, National Taiwan University, Taipei 10055, Taiwan
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26
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McClaine JW, Zhang X, Wornat MJ. First identification of benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene as a product of fuel pyrolysis, using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array ultraviolet-visible absorbance detection and mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2006; 1127:137-46. [PMID: 16814309 DOI: 10.1016/j.chroma.2006.05.101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2006] [Revised: 05/23/2006] [Accepted: 05/31/2006] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
We present HPLC/UV/MS evidence to support the identification of benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene as a product of supercritical toluene pyrolysis. Mass spectral data confirm that compound I-eluting in between co-eluting benzo[a]coronene/phenanthro[5,4,3,2-efghi]perylene and benzo[pqr]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, all three of which have been unequivocally identified as C(28)H(14) products of toluene pyrolysis-is also a C(28)H(14) product component. The UV spectrum of compound I is presented, and indicates that it is a benzenoid polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (PAH). Five of the eight benzenoid C(28)H(14) PAH isomers have published UV spectra, and characteristics of the remaining three are deduced from annelation theory. Only one of these compounds, benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene, is predicted to have a UV spectrum with characteristics that we find in the spectrum of compound I. In addition, benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene is the only benzenoid C(28)H(14) isomer whose length-to-breadth ratio is consistent with the HPLC retention time of compound I. The reaction mechanism through which benzo[ghi]naphtho[8,1,2-bcd]perylene is formed in this environment is shown, and is consistent with reaction pathways of other large PAH found in this product mixture.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer W McClaine
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Louisiana State University, South Stadium Drive, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
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27
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Apicella B, Millan M, Herod AA, Carpentieri A, Pucci P, Ciajolo A. Separation and measurement of flame-formed high molecular weight polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons by size-exclusion chromatography and laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2006; 20:1104-8. [PMID: 16521166 DOI: 10.1002/rcm.2419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The partial contribution of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH), capable of being detected by gas chromatography (GC-PAH), both to the total mass of the extractable organic fraction of flame-formed carbon particulates and to its UV-visible absorption and fluorescence spectra, has been determined by previous work. This contribution indicates the presence of PAH of molecular weight (MW) greater than 400 Da not accessible to conventional analysis. The detection of species in this higher MW range is important for both their potential toxicology and their possible role in soot formation. In the present work extracts of soots have been analyzed by linear mode laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (LDI-TOF-MS) to extend the MW range that can be analyzed beyond the GC-PAH. The results have been compared with both analysis by reflector mode LDI-TOF-MS and the MW evaluation obtained by SEC analysis, as the shortcomings and advantages of both techniques appear to be complementary. Matching the results from the two techniques could give interesting insights in the molecular mass range between GC-PAH and the first soot particles (of mass > 2000 Da). Mass spectra in this molecular mass range have been obtained with a main ion sequence spacing of 24 Th and a minor ion sequence also with a spacing of 24 Th but off-set by 12 Th with respect to the main sequence. The two ion progressions have been interpreted by attributing the predominant peaks mainly to PAH with even-carbon numbers and the smaller ones to cyclopenta-fused ring PAH. These distributions indicate the occurrence of two competitive mechanisms in the growth of PAH and soot nucleation, i.e. the addition of acetylene (HACA mechanism) and the incorporation of pentagons by large polycyclic aromatic molecules into their aromatic bonding network.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Apicella
- Istituto di Ricerche sulla Combustione--C.N.R., Naples, Italy.
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28
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Violi A. Cyclodehydrogenation Reactions to Cyclopentafused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. J Phys Chem A 2005; 109:7781-7. [PMID: 16834155 DOI: 10.1021/jp052384r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
B3LYP/6-31G(d,p) electronic structure calculations are employed to elucidate the reaction mechanisms for the conversion of the alternant C(18)H(12) polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon benzo[c]phenanthrene into the nonalternant C(18)H(10) PAHs cyclopenta[cd]pyrene and benzo[ghi]fluoranthene. Isomerization reactions such as 5/6-ring switching and hydrogen atom scrambling are analyzed. Bay region chemistry, involving the rupture of one benzene ring followed by the formation of a new five-membered ring, is also studied, together with the mechanism for the formation of an aryne. The rearrangement of the latter yields annelated cyclopentadienylidenecarbene, which is then trapped intramolecularly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Violi
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI 48109, USA.
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Moriwaki H, Ishitake M, Yoshikawa S, Miyakoda H, Alary JF. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sediment by liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry. ANAL SCI 2005; 20:375-7. [PMID: 15055970 DOI: 10.2116/analsci.20.375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
We describe a method for the simultaneous determination of 12 kinds of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) in sediment based on liquid chromatography-atmospheric pressure photoionization-mass spectrometry (LC/APPI/MS). The method consists of PAH extractions by ultrasonics, clean-up by a solid-phase extraction procedure and determination by LC/APPI/MS. The limits of the determination for PAHs in sediment using the proposed method ranged from 0.06 to 0.9 mg/kg. PAHs were detected by this method in sediment samples on the mg/kg level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Moriwaki
- Osaka City Institute of Public Health & Environmental Sciences, 8-34, Tojo-cho, Tennoji-ku, Osaka 543-0026, Japan.
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Kolakowski BM, Grossert JS, Ramaley L. Studies on the positive-ion mass spectra from atmospheric pressure chemical ionization of gases and solvents used in liquid chromatography and direct liquid injection. JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN SOCIETY FOR MASS SPECTROMETRY 2004; 15:311-324. [PMID: 14998533 DOI: 10.1016/j.jasms.2003.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2003] [Revised: 10/30/2003] [Accepted: 10/31/2003] [Indexed: 05/24/2023]
Abstract
Detailed studies have been made using different source gases and solvents in a Micromass Quattro mass spectrometer under positive ion atmospheric pressure chemical ionization conditions. The major background ions from nitrogen, air, or carbon dioxide were investigated by tandem mass spectrometry, followed by similar studies on solvents commonly employed in normal- and reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography, namely, water-acetonitrile, acetonitrile, and dichloromethane, with nitrogen, air, or carbon dioxide; hydrocarbon solvents were studied using nitrogen. Spectra were interpreted in terms of the gases, solvents, and their impurities. The acetonitrile spectra provided clear evidence for both charge exchange and proton transfer, the former being facilitated by the introduction of some air into a flow of nitrogen. Radical cations of acetonitrile dimers, trimers, and tetramers were observed, as were protonated dimer and trimer species. Examination of the analytical response of four polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in various hydrocarbon solvents, with nitrogen gas, showed that the sensitivity of detection for an analyte and its ionization mechanism are dependent on both the analyte structure and the solvent, with pyrene showing the highest sensitivity, phenanthrene and fluorene being intermediate, and naphthalene having the lowest sensitivity. The degree of protonation followed the same trend. Signal intensity and degree of protonation were dependent on the alkane solvent used, with isooctane providing the best overall sensitivity for the sum of protonated molecules and molecular ions. The ions observed in these studies appeared to be the most stable ions formed under equilibrium conditions in the source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beata M Kolakowski
- Department of Chemistry, Dalhousie University, Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada
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31
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Schubert P, Schantz MM, Sander LC, Wise SA. Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight 300 and 302 in environmental-matrix standard reference materials by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2003; 75:234-46. [PMID: 12553757 DOI: 10.1021/ac0259111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
An analytical approach based on gas chromatography/ mass spectrometry (GC/MS) is presented for the measurement of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons with molecular weight (MW) 300 and 302 in environmental samples. Three different GC stationary phases [5% and 50% phenyl methylpolysiloxane and dimethyl (50% liquid crystalline) polysiloxane] were compared, and retention indexes (RI) are given for 23 individual MW 302 isomers. Identification of MW 300 and 302 isomers in four environmental-matrix Standard Reference Materials (SRMs) (SRM 1597, coal tar extract; SRM 1648 and SRM 1649a, air particulate matter; and SRM 1941, marine sediment) was based on the comparison of RI data and mass spectra from authentic standards. Dibenzo[a,l]pyrene, which is of considerable interest because of its high carcinogenicity, was identified and quantified in the four environmental-matrix SRMs. A total of 23 isomers of MW 302 and four isomers of MW 300 were quantified in four different environmental-matrix SRMs, and the results are compared to previously reported results based on liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia Schubert
- Analytical Chemistry Division, National Institute of Standards and Technology, 100 Bureau Drive Stop 8392, Gaithersburg, Maryland 20899-8392, USA
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32
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Roussis SG, Prouix R. Molecular weight distributions of heavy aromatic petroleum fractions by Ag+ electrospray ionization mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 2002; 74:1408-14. [PMID: 11922311 DOI: 10.1021/ac011002k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
The ability of electrospray ionization mass spectrometry (ESI MS) to analyze heavy aromatic petroleum fractions using silver nitrate as a reagent compound to form characteristic adduct ions has been examined. The complexation of aromatic compounds containing long alkyl substituents with the silver ion leads to the formation of abundant adduct ions such as [M + Ag]+ and [2M + Ag]+. The concentration of the [2M + Ag]+ ions can be reduced by increasing the sampling cone voltage. Molecular ions and other adduct ions may also be formed depending on the structure of the aromatic molecule. Results obtained from the analysis of representative heavy petroleum fractions and vacuum residues by the Ag+ ESI MS method and conventional ionization methods were in good agreement. The current method extends the applicability of electrospray ionization to the analysis of neutral hydrocarbons in heavy aromatic petroleum fractions. It is simple and compatible with widely available LC/MS instrumentation. The extreme complexity of the Ag
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Xie SY, Deng SL, Yu LJ, Huang RB, Zheng LS. Separation and identification of perchlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and fullerenes (C60, C70) by coupling high-performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet absorption spectroscopy and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry. J Chromatogr A 2001; 932:43-53. [PMID: 11695867 DOI: 10.1016/s0021-9673(01)01252-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Simultaneous separation and identification of perchlorinated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PCPAHs) and fullerenes is of practical interest due to the growth mechanism of fullerenes involved with PCPAHs. Non-aqueous reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC), with an ODS column and a gradient mobile phase of methanol-ethanol-cyclohexane mixtures, was combined with both rapid-scan ultraviolet spectrometry (UV) and atmospheric pressure chemical ionization mass spectrometry (APCI-MS) for the separation and identification of over 80 PCPAHs as well as fullerenes C60 and C70, that were synthesized in the discharge reaction of chloroform. PCPAH retention was found to depend on the number of aromatic rings and the degree of non-planarity of PCPAH structure. Based on the isotopic pattern of molecular ion or/and quasi-molecular ion peaks in corresponding mass spectra, molecular compositions of the PCPAH products were unambiguously determined. The results obtained from the HPLC-UV-MS analysis not only are helpful for the understanding of the fullerenes formation mechanism, but also contribute to the analytical technique capable of separating and identifying the complicated mixture of PCPAHs and fullerenes.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Y Xie
- Department of Chemistry, Xiamen University, China
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34
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Wornat MJ, Ledesma EB, Sandrowitz AK, Roth MJ, Dawsey SM, Qiao YL, Chen W. Polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons identified in soot extracts from domestic coal-burning stoves of Henan Province, China. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY 2001; 35:1943-1952. [PMID: 11393972 DOI: 10.1021/es001664b] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
Using high-pressure liquid chromatography with ultraviolet-visible diode-array detection, we have analyzed polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAH) in the dichloromethane extracts of soot deposits from coal-burning stoves in several homes of Henan Province, China--including Linxian County, where esophageal cancer rates are some of the highest in the world. Thirty-two individual polycyclic aromatic compounds, ranging in size from three to eight fused aromatic rings, have been unequivocally identified among the soot extract components--including 20 benzenoid PAH, 6 fluoranthene benzologues, 1 cyclopentafused PAH, 1 indene benzologue, 3 oxygenated PAH, and 1 ring-sulfur-containing aromatic. Most of the identified compounds have been observed before among the products of laboratory coal pyrolysis experiments, but two of the components, the six-ring C24H14 napthol[1,2-b]fluoranthene and the eight-ring C30H16 tribenzo[e,ghi,k]perylene, have never before been documented as products of coal in any system. All of the Henan coal soot extracts are remarkably similar qualitatively in that they contain the same set of identified PAH, but absolute levels of individual species vary by up to 5 orders of magnitude, from sample to sample. The bulk of the identified component mass in all of these soot extracts lies in the five- and six-ring PAH--the largest single class being the family of five-ring C20H12 isomers, to which the samples' most abundant components, benzo[b]fluoranthene and benzo[e]pyrene, belong. The five- and six-ring PAH also account for the majority of the samples' known mutagens. The three strong mutagens identified in these soot samples are the C20H12 benzo[a]-pyrene and two C24H14 PAH, dibenzo[a,e]pyrene and naphtho-[2,1-a]pyrene. Seven moderate mutagens are found among the C20H12, C22H12, C22H14, and C24H14 PAH. A major class of mutagens, the cyclopenta-fused PAH, appears to be absent from these samples, but our detection of an oxidation product of the major mutagen cyclopenta[cd]- pyrene--itself mutagenic--suggests that these soot deposits may contain additional mutagenic cyclopentafused PAH oxidation products as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- M J Wornat
- Department of Mechanical & Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, Princeton, New Jersey 08544, USA.
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35
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Determination of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in sewage reference sludge by liquid chromatography-atmospheric-pressure chemical-ionization mass spectrometry. Chromatographia 2001. [DOI: 10.1007/bf02491606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Richter H, Mazyar OA, Sumathi R, Green WH, Howard JB, Bozzelli JW. Detailed Kinetic Study of the Growth of Small Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. 1. 1-Naphthyl + Ethyne. J Phys Chem A 2000. [DOI: 10.1021/jp002428q] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Richter
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Oleg A. Mazyar
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Raman Sumathi
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - William H. Green
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Jack B. Howard
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
| | - Joseph W. Bozzelli
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139-4307, and Department of Chemical Engineering, Chemistry & Environmental Science, New Jersey Institute of Technology, Newark, New Jersey 07102
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Wornat MJ, Ledesma EB. C16H10Ethynyl-substituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons from the Pyrolysis of Coal, Coal Volatiles, and Anthracene. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630008028141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Marsh ND, Mikolajczak CJ, Wornat MJ. The effect of ethynyl substitution and cyclopenta fusion on the ultraviolet absorption spectra of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons. SPECTROCHIMICA ACTA. PART A, MOLECULAR AND BIOMOLECULAR SPECTROSCOPY 2000; 56A:1499-1511. [PMID: 10907879 DOI: 10.1016/s1386-1425(99)00280-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
We have examined the UV spectra of six newly-synthesized ethynyl-PAH (1-ethynylnaphthalene, 5-ethynylacenaphthylene, 1-ethynylanthracene, 9-ethynylphenanthrene, 3-ethynylfluoranthene, and 1-ethynylpyrene) and five corresponding CP-PAH (acenaphthylene, aceanthrylene, acephenanthrylene, cyclopenta[cd]fluoranthene, and cyclopenta[cd]pyrene) and have found the following systematic behavior: ethynyl-substitution results in average bathochromic shifts of 5 nm for the lower-wavelength beta- and beta'-bands and of 18 nm for the higher-wavelength p-band, as well as an amplification of the p-band with respect to the beta-band; the addition of a peripheral cyclopenta ring results in average bathochromic shifts of 7 nm in the beta-band, 16 nm in the beta'-band, and 44 nm in the p-band, compared to the wavelengths in the corresponding unsubstituted PAH. The addition of a cyclopenta ring also decreases the resolution of vibrational fine structure in the cases where the fine structure is particularly intense in the spectrum of the unsubstituted PAH. The effects of ethynyl substitution on the UV spectra of PAH are sufficiently consistent that new ethynyl-PAH should be identifiable based on their UV spectra alone.
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Affiliation(s)
- N D Marsh
- Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, Princeton University, NJ 08544, USA
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Marsh ND, Wornat MJ, Scott LT, Necula A, Lafleur AL, Plummer EF. The Identification of Cyclopenta-Fused and Ethynyl-Substituted Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Benzene Droplet Combustion Products. Polycycl Aromat Compd 2000. [DOI: 10.1080/10406630008233852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Siegmann K, Sattler K. Formation mechanism for polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in methane flames. J Chem Phys 2000. [DOI: 10.1063/1.480648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
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Islas CA, Suelves I, Carter JF, Herod AA, Kandiyoti R. Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of a coal extract and its fractions separated by planar chromatography: correlation of structural features with molecular mass. RAPID COMMUNICATIONS IN MASS SPECTROMETRY : RCM 2000; 14:1766-1782. [PMID: 11006584 DOI: 10.1002/1097-0231(20001015)14:19<1766::aid-rcm91>3.0.co;2-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/23/2023]
Abstract
The structural characterisation of a coal liquefaction extract and its three fractions separated by planar chromatography has been described. Size exclusion chromatography showed the molecular mass distributions to become progressively larger with decreasing mobility on the plate. UV-fluorescence spectroscopy of the fractions indicated parallel increases in the sizes of polynuclear aromatic ring systems. Analysis by probe-mass spectrometry of the 'whole' coal extract showed the expected array of small polynuclear aromatic groups extending to m/z 450. The probe mass spectra of the lightest fraction ('mobile in pyridine and acetonitrile') showed similar features, except for effects due to vacuum drying to remove solvent. In sharp contrast, the two heaviest fractions ('mobile in pyridine and immobile in acetonitrile' and 'immobile in pyridine') showed no significant ions other than those from residual NMP solvent (m/z 98 and 99). Pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of these two heaviest fractions showed only traces of aromatic compounds or fragments. The aromatic pyrolysis products of these fractions were too large and involatile to pass through the GC column. The major components observed in the pyrolysis-gas chromatography/mass spectrometry of the two heavy fractions were alkanes and alkenes, ranging between C10-C25. Since none of the samples contained free alkanes, alkenes or cycloalkanes before pyrolysis, they were generated during the pyrolysis step. The shifts of UV-fluorescence spectral intensity to shorter wavelengths with decreasing size indicated by size exclusion chromatography (SEC) provide direct evidence of differences in structure with changing molecular mass. This evidence strongly suggests that species identified as being of large molecular mass in this extract sample are not composed of molecular aggregates. It remains difficult to establish whether and when it would be legitimate to invoke molecular aggregates to explain the large molecular masses (MMs) identified here and in other work. Copyright 2000 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- CA Islas
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Chemical Technology, Imperial College (University of London), Prince Consort Road, London SW7 2BY, UK
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Wornat MJ, Vriesendorp FJJ, Lafleur AL, Plummer EF, Necula A, Scott LT. The Identification of New Ethynyl-Substituted and Cyclopenta-Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in the Products of Anthracene Pyrolysis. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1999. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639908020548] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Arrington CA, Ramos C, Robinson AD, Zwier TS. Aromatic Ring-Forming Reactions of Metastable Diacetylene with 1,3-Butadiene. J Phys Chem A 1998. [DOI: 10.1021/jp980648m] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb A. Arrington
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
| | - Christopher Ramos
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
| | - Allison D. Robinson
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
| | - Timothy S. Zwier
- Department of Chemistry, Purdue University, West Lafayette, Indiana 47907-1393
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Lafleur AL, Howard JB, Plummer E, Taghizadeh K, Necula A, Scott LT, Swallow KC. Identification of Some Novel Cyclopenta-Fused Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Ethylene Flames. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1998. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639808233840] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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Wornat MJ, Vernaglia BA, Lafleur AL, Plummer EF, Taghizadeh K, Nelson PF, Li CZ, Necula A, Scott LT. Cyclopenta-fused polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons from brown coal pyrolysis. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80007-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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46
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Spectroscopic and compositional signatures of pah-loaded mixtures in the soot inception region of a premixed ethylene flame. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0082-0784(98)80555-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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Richter H, Labrocca AJ, Grieco WJ, Taghizadeh K, Lafleur AL, Howard JB. Generation of Higher Fullerenes in Flames. J Phys Chem B 1997. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962928c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Richter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Aaron J. Labrocca
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - William J. Grieco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Arthur L. Lafleur
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jack B. Howard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Richter H, Taghizadeh K, Grieco WJ, Lafleur AL, Howard JB. Preparative-Scale Liquid Chromatography and Characterization of Large Fullerenes Generated in Low-Pressure Benzene Flames. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp962356w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Henning Richter
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Koli Taghizadeh
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - William J. Grieco
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Arthur L. Lafleur
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Jack B. Howard
- Department of Chemical Engineering and Center for Environmental Health Sciences, Massachusetts Institute of Technology, 77 Massachusetts Avenue, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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Lafleur AL, Howard JB, Taghizadeh K, Plummer EF, Scott LT, Necula A, Swallow KC. Identification of C20H10 Dicyclopentapyrenes in Flames: Correlation with Corannulene and Fullerene Formation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 1996. [DOI: 10.1021/jp9605313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Masonjones MC, Mukherjee J, Sarofim AF, Taghizadeh K, Lafleur AL. High Temperature Pyrolysis ofO-Terphenyl: Evidence for Kinetic Control in the Benzene Polymerization Pathway and Importance of Arene Aggregation/ Condensation Reactions in the Formation of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons. Polycycl Aromat Compd 1996. [DOI: 10.1080/10406639608048350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
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