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Opršal J, Knotek P, Zickler GA, Sigg L, Schirmer K, Pouzar M, Geppert M. Cytotoxicity, Accumulation and Translocation of Silver and Silver Sulfide Nanoparticles in contact with Rainbow Trout Intestinal Cells. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2021; 237:105869. [PMID: 34082272 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2021.105869] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/08/2021] [Revised: 04/26/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Silver nanoparticles (Ag NPs) are widely used in consumer products especially because of their antimicrobial properties. However, this wide usage of Ag NPs is accompanied by their release into the environment where they will be rapidly transformed to other silver species - especially silver sulfide (Ag2S). In the present study, we synthesized Ag NPs and sulfidized them to obtain a core-shell system Ag@Ag2S NPs. Both types of particles form stable dispersions with hydrodynamic diameters of less than 100 nm when diluted in water, but tend to form micrometer-sized agglomerates in biological exposure media. Application of Ag and Ag@Ag2S NPs to rainbow trout intestinal cells (RTgutGC) resulted in a concentration-dependent cytotoxicity for both types of particles, as assessed by a three-endpoint assay for metabolic activity, membrane integrity and lysosomal integrity. The Ag NPs were shown to be slightly more toxic than the Ag@Ag2S NPs. Adding Ag or Ag@Ag2S NPs to RTgutGC cells, grown on a permeable membrane to mimic the intestinal barrier, revealed considerable accumulation of silver for both types of particles. Indeed, the cells significantly attenuated the NP translocation, allowing only a fraction of the metal to translocate across the intestinal epithelium. These findings support the notion that the intestine constitutes an important sink for Ag NPs and that, despite the reduced cytotoxicity of a sulfidized NP form, the particles can enter fish where they may constitute a long-term source for silver ion release and cytotoxicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Opršal
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic; Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland
| | - Petr Knotek
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Department of General and Inorganic Chemistry, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Gregor A Zickler
- University of Salzburg, Department of Chemistry and Physics of Materials, 5020 Salzburg, Austria
| | - Laura Sigg
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; ETH Zürich, Institute of Biogeochemistry and Pollutant Dynamics, 8092 Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; EPF Lausanne, School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, 1015 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Miloslav Pouzar
- University of Pardubice, Faculty of Chemical Technology, Institute of Environmental and Chemical Engineering, 53210 Pardubice, Czech Republic; Center of Materials and Nanotechnologies, Faculty of Chemical Technology, University of Pardubice, 53002 Pardubice, Czech Republic
| | - Mark Geppert
- Eawag - Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600 Dübendorf, Switzerland; University of Salzburg, Department of Biosciences, 5020 Salzburg, Austria.
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Yue Y, Li X, Sigg L, Suter MJF, Pillai S, Behra R, Schirmer K. Interaction of silver nanoparticles with algae and fish cells: a side by side comparison. J Nanobiotechnology 2017; 15:16. [PMID: 28245850 PMCID: PMC5331694 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-017-0254-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2016] [Accepted: 02/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silver nanoparticles (AgNP) are widely applied and can, upon use, be released into the aquatic environment. This raises concerns about potential impacts of AgNP on aquatic organisms. We here present a side by side comparison of the interaction of AgNP with two contrasting cell types: algal cells, using the algae Euglena gracilis as model, and fish cells, a cell line originating from rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) gill (RTgill-W1). The comparison is based on the AgNP behavior in exposure media, toxicity, uptake and interaction with proteins. Results (1) The composition of exposure media affected AgNP behavior and toxicity to algae and fish cells. (2) The toxicity of AgNP to algae was mediated by dissolved silver while nanoparticle specific effects in addition to dissolved silver contributed to the toxicity of AgNP to fish cells. (3) AgNP did not enter into algal cells; they only adsorbed onto the cell surface. In contrast, AgNP were taken up by fish cells via endocytic pathways. (4) AgNP can bind to both extracellular and intracellular proteins and inhibit enzyme activity. Conclusion Our results showed that fish cells take up AgNP in contrast to algal cells, where AgNP sorbed onto the cell surface, which indicates that the cell wall of algae is a barrier to particle uptake. This particle behaviour results in different responses to AgNP exposure in algae and fish cells. Yet, proteins from both cell types can be affected by AgNP exposure: for algae, extracellular proteins secreted from cells for, e.g., nutrient acquisition. For fish cells, intracellular and/or membrane-bound proteins, such as the Na+/K+-ATPase, are susceptible to AgNP binding and functional impairment. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12951-017-0254-9) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yue
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland.,Department of Basic Sciences and Aquatic Medicine, Norwegian University of Life Sciences (NMBU), Oslo, 0454, Norway
| | - Xiaomei Li
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laura Sigg
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.,, Wattstrasse 13a, 8307, Effretikon, Switzerland
| | - Marc J-F Suter
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Smitha Pillai
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland.,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Renata Behra
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
| | - Kristin Schirmer
- Department of Environmental Toxicology, Eawag, Swiss Federal Institute of Aquatic Science and Technology, 8600, Dübendorf, Switzerland. .,School of Architecture, Civil and Environmental Engineering, École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne, 1015, Lausanne, Switzerland. .,Department of Environmental Systems Science (D-USYS), ETH-Zürich, 8092, Zürich, Switzerland.
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Botha TL, Boodhia K, Wepener V. Adsorption, uptake and distribution of gold nanoparticles in Daphnia magna following long term exposure. AQUATIC TOXICOLOGY (AMSTERDAM, NETHERLANDS) 2016; 170:104-111. [PMID: 26650707 DOI: 10.1016/j.aquatox.2015.11.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2015] [Revised: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 11/22/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Gold nanoparticles (nAu) have recently been studied and developed within the biological and photothermal therapeutic contexts. The major clinical interest is within the application of novel drug delivery systems. Environmental exposure to nanoparticles can occur in different stages of the lifecycle of the product; from their synthesis, applications, product weathering and their disposal. Freshwater Daphnids, specifically Daphnia magna, have been used since the 1960s as a standard species in acute and chronic aquatic toxicity testing. Visualization of the interactions and uptake of nAu by D. magna was related to reproduction and molting patterns. Exposure to nAu was done using a chronic reproduction test performed for 14 days at six concentrations (0.5mg/L, 2mg/L, 5mg/L, 10mg/L, 15mg/L and 20mg/L). Microscopy was used to determine whether there was any uptake or interaction of nAu with daphnia. However the concentration of nAu in the media and the charge of particles played a role in the uptake and surface adsorption. As exposure concentrations of nAu increased it appeared that the nAu aggregated onto the surface and in the gut of the organisms in higher concentrations. There was no evidence of nAu internalization into the body cavity of the daphnia. Aquatic exposure to nAu resulted in increased adhesion of the particles to the carapace of daphnia, ingestion and uptake into the gut of daphnia and had no significant effect on reproduction and molting patterns.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarryn Lee Botha
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa.
| | - Kailen Boodhia
- Toxicology Department, NIOH Hospital Street, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Victor Wepener
- Unit for Environmental Sciences and Management, North-West University, Private Bag X6001, Potchefstroom 2520, South Africa
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